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POGIL: Unlocking the Secrets of Gene Expression Control in Prokaryotes
Introduction:
Delving into the intricate world of prokaryotic gene regulation can feel like navigating a complex maze. But what if there was a simplified, interactive approach that made understanding this crucial biological process significantly easier? This blog post explores the power of Process-Oriented Guided-Inquiry Learning (POGIL) activities in mastering the control of gene expression in prokaryotes. We'll break down the key concepts, mechanisms, and practical applications of POGIL, showing how this innovative teaching method can transform your understanding of this fundamental aspect of microbiology. Prepare to unlock the secrets of gene regulation, one POGIL activity at a time!
Understanding Prokaryotic Gene Expression
Before diving into the POGIL methodology, let's establish a foundational understanding of gene expression control in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes, lacking a nucleus, regulate gene expression primarily at the transcriptional level. This means that the control of which genes are transcribed into mRNA, and ultimately translated into proteins, is a tightly controlled process. This control is vital for adapting to changing environmental conditions, conserving energy, and maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Key Mechanisms of Prokaryotic Gene Regulation:
Operons: These are clusters of genes transcribed together under the control of a single promoter. The lac operon and trp operon are classic examples, illustrating how gene expression is regulated based on the availability of lactose and tryptophan, respectively.
Transcription Factors: These proteins bind to specific DNA sequences near the promoter region, either enhancing (activators) or inhibiting (repressors) the binding of RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcription.
Small Molecules: The presence or absence of specific small molecules (like lactose or tryptophan) can directly influence the activity of repressor proteins, effectively turning genes "on" or "off."
Environmental Signals: Prokaryotes respond to environmental cues like nutrient availability, temperature, and pH by altering gene expression patterns. These signals often trigger signaling cascades that ultimately modify the activity of transcription factors or other regulatory components.
The Power of POGIL in Mastering Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
POGIL, or Process-Oriented Guided-Inquiry Learning, is a student-centered pedagogical approach that emphasizes active learning and collaborative problem-solving. Instead of passively receiving information, students actively construct their knowledge through guided inquiry and peer interaction. This makes POGIL particularly well-suited for tackling complex biological concepts like gene regulation.
How POGIL Activities Enhance Understanding:
Active Learning: Students are not just passive recipients of knowledge; they are active participants in constructing their understanding through guided activities and discussions.
Collaborative Learning: Working in small groups fosters peer learning, allowing students to learn from each other's perspectives and build a shared understanding of the concepts.
Problem-Solving Skills: POGIL activities often involve problem-solving scenarios, encouraging students to apply their knowledge to real-world contexts.
Critical Thinking: Students are challenged to analyze data, interpret results, and formulate their own conclusions, fostering critical thinking skills.
Improved Retention: Active engagement and collaborative learning enhance knowledge retention compared to traditional lecture-based methods.
Designing Effective POGIL Activities for Prokaryotic Gene Regulation:
Creating effective POGIL activities requires careful consideration of the learning objectives and the specific concepts being addressed. Here are some key elements:
Focusing on Key Concepts:
The activities should focus on the key mechanisms of prokaryotic gene regulation, such as operons, transcription factors, and the roles of small molecules. Students should be able to explain how these mechanisms contribute to the overall control of gene expression.
Incorporating Interactive Elements:
Activities should incorporate interactive elements such as diagrams, simulations, or data analysis tasks to engage students and enhance their understanding.
Using Real-world Examples:
Using real-world examples, such as the lac and trp operons, helps students connect abstract concepts to practical applications.
Promoting Collaborative Discussion:
Activities should promote collaborative discussion and peer learning, allowing students to share their ideas and build a shared understanding of the concepts.
Conclusion:
POGIL activities offer a powerful and effective approach to teaching the complex topic of prokaryotic gene expression control. By promoting active learning, collaborative discussion, and problem-solving skills, POGIL helps students develop a deeper and more lasting understanding of this crucial biological process. Integrating POGIL into your curriculum can significantly enhance student learning outcomes and engagement. The interactive and collaborative nature of POGIL makes the often-daunting subject of gene regulation more approachable and ultimately more rewarding for students.
FAQs:
1. What are some specific examples of POGIL activities for prokaryotic gene regulation? Examples include model-building activities for operons, data analysis tasks involving the effects of different environmental conditions on gene expression, and problem-solving scenarios involving mutations that affect gene regulation.
2. How can instructors assess student learning in a POGIL setting? Assessment can be done through group work evaluations, individual quizzes, and larger projects requiring application of the learned concepts.
3. Are there readily available POGIL activities for prokaryotic gene expression? While there might not be readily packaged, pre-made POGIL activities specifically for this topic, many resources on general POGIL design can be adapted.
4. How can I adapt existing POGIL activities to focus on prokaryotic gene expression? Carefully examine the existing activities and modify the content to align with the specifics of prokaryotic gene regulation mechanisms and operons.
5. What are the limitations of using POGIL for teaching this topic? POGIL requires active participation and may not be suitable for all learning styles. Some students might need additional support or scaffolding to fully engage in the activities.
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Principles of Biology Lisa Bartee, Walter Shiner, Catherine Creech, 2017 The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines. Laboratories and classroom activities introduce techniques used to study biological processes and provide opportunities for students to develop their ability to conduct research. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Eukaryotic Gene Expression Ajit Kumar, 2013-03-09 The recent surge of interest in recombinant DNA research is understandable considering that biologists from all disciplines, using recently developed mo lecular techniques, can now study with great precision the structure and regulation of specific genes. As a discipline, molecular biology is no longer a mere subspeciality of biology or biochemistry: it is the new biology. Current approaches to the outstanding problems in virtually all the traditional disci plines in biology are now being explored using the recombinant DNA tech nology. In this atmosphere of rapid progress, the role of information exchange and swift publication becomes quite crucial. Consequently, there has been an equally rapid proliferation of symposia volumes and review articles, apart from the explosion in popular science magazines and news media, which are always ready to simplify and sensationalize the implications of recent dis coveries, often before the scientific community has had the opportunity to fully scrutinize the developments. Since many of the recent findings in this field have practical implications, quite often the symposia in molecular biology are sponsored by private industry and are of specialized interest and in any case quite expensive for students to participate in. Given that George Wash ington University is a teaching institution, our aim in sponsoring these Annual Spring Symposia is to provide, at cost, a forum for students and experts to discuss the latest developments in selected areas of great significance in biology. Additionally, since the University is located in Washington, D. C. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: The Operon Jeffrey H. Miller, William S. Reznikoff, 1980 |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Prokaryotic Gene Expression Simon Baumberg, 1999-05-27 Prokaryotic gene expression is not only of theoretical interest but also of highly practical significance. It has implications for other biological problems, such as developmental biology and cancer, brings insights into genetic engineering and expression systems, and has consequences for important aspects of applied research. For example, the molecular basis of bacterial pathogenicity has implications for new antibiotics and in crop development. Prokaryotic Gene Expression is a major review of the subject, providing up-to-date coverage as well as numerous insights by the prestigious authors. Topics covered include operons; protein recognition of sequence specific DNA- and RNA-binding sites; promoters; sigma factors, and variant tRNA polymerases; repressors and activators; post-transcriptional control and attenuation; ribonuclease activity, mRNA stability, and translational repression; prokaryotic DNA topology, topoisomerases, and gene expression; regulatory networks, regulatory cascades and signal transduction; phosphotransfer reactions; switch systems, transcriptional and translational modulation, methylation, and recombination mechanisms; pathogenicity, toxin regulation and virulence determinants; sporulation and genetic regulation of antibiotic production; origins of regulatory molecules, selective pressures and evolution of prokaryotic regulatory mechanisms systems. Over 1100 references to the primary literature are cited. Prokaryotic Gene Expression is a comprehensive and authoritative review of current knowledge and research in the area. It is essential reading for postgraduates and researchers in the field. Advanced undergraduates in biochemistry, molecular biology, and microbiology will also find this book useful. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Preparing for the Biology AP Exam Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Fred W. Holtzclaw, Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw, 2009-11-03 Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw bring over 40 years of AP Biology teaching experience to this student manual. Drawing on their rich experience as readers and faculty consultants to the College Board and their participation on the AP Test Development Committee, the Holtzclaws have designed their resource to help your students prepare for the AP Exam. Completely revised to match the new 8th edition of Biology by Campbell and Reece. New Must Know sections in each chapter focus student attention on major concepts. Study tips, information organization ideas and misconception warnings are interwoven throughout. New section reviewing the 12 required AP labs. Sample practice exams. The secret to success on the AP Biology exam is to understand what you must know and these experienced AP teachers will guide your students toward top scores! |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Basic Concepts in Biochemistry: A Student's Survival Guide Hiram F. Gilbert, 2000 Basic Concepts in Biochemistry has just one goal: to review the toughest concepts in biochemistry in an accessible format so your understanding is through and complete.--BOOK JACKET. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Control of Messenger RNA Stability Joel Belasco, Joel G. Belasco, George Brawerman, 1993-04-06 This is the first comprehensive review of mRNA stability and its implications for regulation of gene expression. Written by experts in the field, Control of Messenger RNA Stability serves both as a reference for specialists in regulation of mRNA stability and as a general introduction for a broader community of scientists. Provides perspectives from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems Offers a timely, comprehensive review of mRNA degradation, its regulation, and its significance in the control of gene expression Discusses the mechanisms, RNA structural determinants, and cellular factors that control mRNA degradation Evaluates experimental procedures for studying mRNA degradation |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: POGIL Activities for AP Biology , 2012-10 |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: The Pancreatic Beta Cell , 2014-02-20 First published in 1943, Vitamins and Hormones is the longest-running serial published by Academic Press. The Series provides up-to-date information on vitamin and hormone research spanning data from molecular biology to the clinic. A volume can focus on a single molecule or on a disease that is related to vitamins or hormones. A hormone is interpreted broadly so that related substances, such as transmitters, cytokines, growth factors and others can be reviewed. This volume focuses on the pancreatic beta cell. - Expertise of the contributors - Coverage of a vast array of subjects - In depth current information at the molecular to the clinical levels - Three-dimensional structures in color - Elaborate signaling pathways |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Control of Gene Expression Norman Maclean, 1976 The control of gene expression and its levels of action; Gene expression in prokaryotes; Experimental systems of differential gene fuction in eukaryotes-systems involving one type of protein; Experimental systems of differential gene fuction in eukaryotes-systems of limited complexity; Experimental systems of differential gene fuction in eukaryotes-systems not well understood in molecular terms; RNA involvement in gene expression; General concepts of gene regulation. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Biophysical Chemistry James P. Allen, 2009-01-26 Biophysical Chemistry is an outstanding book that delivers both fundamental and complex biophysical principles, along with an excellent overview of the current biophysical research areas, in a manner that makes it accessible for mathematically and non-mathematically inclined readers. (Journal of Chemical Biology, February 2009) This text presents physical chemistry through the use of biological and biochemical topics, examples and applications to biochemistry. It lays out the necessary calculus in a step by step fashion for students who are less mathematically inclined, leading them through fundamental concepts, such as a quantum mechanical description of the hydrogen atom rather than simply stating outcomes. Techniques are presented with an emphasis on learning by analyzing real data. Presents physical chemistry through the use of biological and biochemical topics, examples and applications to biochemistry Lays out the necessary calculus in a step by step fashion for students who are less mathematically inclined Presents techniques with an emphasis on learning by analyzing real data Features qualitative and quantitative problems at the end of each chapter All art available for download online and on CD-ROM |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Translational Control of Gene Expression Nahum Sonenberg, John W. B. Hershey, Michael B. Mathews, 2001 Since the 1996 publication of Translational Control, there has been fresh interest in protein synthesis and recognition of the key role of translation control mechanisms in regulating gene expression. This new monograph updates and expands the scope of the earlier book but it also takes a fresh look at the field. In a new format, the first eight chapters provide broad overviews, while each of the additional twenty-eight has a focus on a research topic of more specific interest. The result is a thoroughly up-to-date account of initiation, elongation, and termination of translation, control mechanisms in development in response to extracellular stimuli, and the effects on the translation machinery of virus infection and disease. This book is essential reading for students entering the field and an invaluable resource for investigators of gene expression and its control. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: The Molecular Basis of Heredity A.R. Peacocke, R.B. Drysdale, 2013-12-17 |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: The Double Helix James D. Watson, 1969-02 Since its publication in 1968, The Double Helix has given countless readers a rare and exciting look at one highly significant piece of scientific research-Watson and Crick's race to discover the molecular structure of DNA. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: The Making of the Fittest: DNA and the Ultimate Forensic Record of Evolution Sean B. Carroll, 2007-08-28 A geneticist discusses the role of DNA in the evolution of life on Earth, explaining how an analysis of DNA reveals a complete record of the events that have shaped each species and how it provides evidence of the validity of the theory of evolution. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Edgar Wingender, 1993 A much-needed guide through the overwhelming amount of literature in the field. Comprehensive and detailed, this book combines background information with the most recentinsights. It introduces current concepts, emphasizing the transcriptional control of genetic information. Moreover, it links data on the structure of regulatory proteins with basic cellular processes. Both advanced students and experts will find answers to such intriguing questions as: - How are programs of specific gene repertoires activated and controlled? - Which genes drive and control morphogenesis? - Which genes govern tissue-specific tasks? - How do hormones control gene expression in coordinating the activities of different tissues? An abundant number of clearly presented glossary terms facilitates understanding of the biological background. Speacial feature: over 2200 (!) literature references. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Uncovering Student Ideas in Science: 25 formative assessment probes Page Keeley, 2005 V. 1. Physical science assessment probes -- Life, Earth, and space science assessment probes. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Anatomy of Gene Regulation Panagiotis A. Tsonis, 2003-01-13 No longer simple line drawings on a page, molecular structures can now be viewed in full-figured glory, often in color and even with interactive possibilities. Anatomy of Gene Regulation is the first book to present the parts and processes of gene regulation at the three-dimensional level. Vivid structures of nucleic acids and their companion proteins are revealed in full-color, three-dimensional form. Beginning with a general introduction to three-dimensional structures, the book looks at the organization of the genome, the structure of DNA, DNA replication and transcription, splicing, protein synthesis, and ultimate protein death. Throughout, the text employs a discussion of genetics and structural mechanics. The concise and unique synthesis of information will offer insight into gene regulation, and into the development of methods to interfere with regulation at diseased states. This textbook and its accompanying web site are appropriate for both undergraduate and graduate students in genetics, molecular biology, structural biology, and biochemistry courses. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: The Na, K-ATPase Jean-Daniel Horisberger, 1994 This text addresses the question, How does the sodium pump pump'. A variety of primary structure information is available, and progress has been made in the functional characterization of the Na, K-pump, making the answer to this question possible, within reach of currently used techniques |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Basics of Foundation Design Bengt Fellenius, 2017-03-17 The Red Book presents a background to conventional foundation analysis and design. The text is not intended to replace the much more comprehensive 'standard' textbooks, but rather to support and augment these in a few important areas, supplying methods applicable to practical cases handled daily by practising engineers and providing the basic soil mechanics background to those methods. It concentrates on the static design for stationary foundation conditions. Although the topic is far from exhaustively treated, it does intend to present most of the basic material needed for a practising engineer involved in routine geotechnical design, as well as provide the tools for an engineering student to approach and solve common geotechnical design problems. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Geometric and Ergodic Aspects of Group Actions S. G. Dani, Anish Ghosh, 2020-01-13 This book gathers papers on recent advances in the ergodic theory of group actions on homogeneous spaces and on geometrically finite hyperbolic manifolds presented at the workshop “Geometric and Ergodic Aspects of Group Actions,” organized by the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India, in 2018. Written by eminent scientists, and providing clear, detailed accounts of various topics at the interface of ergodic theory, the theory of homogeneous dynamics, and the geometry of hyperbolic surfaces, the book is a valuable resource for researchers and advanced graduate students in mathematics. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Signal Transduction in Plants P. Aducci, 1997 The molecular aspects of recognition and transduction of different kinds of signals is a research area that is spawning increasing interest world-wide. Major advances have been made in animal systems but recently plants too, have become particularly attractive because of their promising role in biotechnology. The type of signals peculiar to the plant world and the similarity of plant transduction pathways investigated thus far to their animal counterparts are prompting more and more studies in this modern area of cell biology. The present book provides a comprehensive survey of all aspects of the recognition and transduction of plant signals of both chemical and physical origin such as hormones, light, toxins and elicitors. The contributing authors are drawn from diverse areas of plant physiology and plant molecular biology and present here different approaches to studying the recognition and transduction of different signals which specifically trigger molecular processes in plants. Recent advances in the field are reviewed, providing the reader with the current state of knowledge as well as insight into research perspectives and future developments. The book should interest a wide audience that includes not only researchers, advanced students, and teachers of plant biology, biochemistry and agriculture, but it has also significant implications for people working in related fields of animal systems. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Hormonal Control of Reproduction Colin Russell Austin, Roger Valentine Short, 1984 In this, our Second Edition of Reproduction in Mammals, we are responding to numerous requests for a more up-to-date and rather more detailed treatment of the subject. The First Edition was accorded an excellent reception, but the first five books were written ten years ago and inevitably there have been advances on many fronts since then. As before, the manner of presentation is intended to make the subject matter interesting to read and readily comprehensible to undergraduates in the biological sciences, and yet with sufficient depth to provide a valued source of information to graduates engaged in both teaching and research. Our authors have been selected from among the best known in their respective fields. This volume discusses the manifold ways in which hormones control the reproductive processes in male and female mammals. The hypothalamus regulates both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, whilst the pineal can exert a modulating influence on the hypothalamus. The pituitary gonadotrophins regulate the endocrine and gametogenic activities of the gonads, and there are important local feedback effects of hormones within the gonads themselves. Non-pregnant females display many different types of oestrous or menstrual cycles, and there are likewise great species differences in the endocrinology of pregnancy. But the hallmark of mammals is lactation, and this also exerts a major control on subsequent reproductive activity. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Study Guide 1 DCCCD Staff, Dcccd, 1995-11 |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Medical Microbiology Illustrated S. H. Gillespie, 2014-06-28 Medical Microbiology Illustrated presents a detailed description of epidemiology, and the biology of micro-organisms. It discusses the pathogenicity and virulence of microbial agents. It addresses the intrinsic susceptibility or immunity to antimicrobial agents. Some of the topics covered in the book are the types of gram-positive cocci; diverse group of aerobic gram-positive bacilli; classification and clinical importance of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection; classification of parasitic infections which manifest with fever; collection of blood for culture and control of substances hazardous to health. The classification and clinical importance of neisseriaceae is fully covered. The definition and pathogenicity of haemophilus are discussed in detail. The text describes in depth the classification and clinical importance of spiral bacteria. The isolation and identification of fungi are completely presented. A chapter is devoted to the laboratory and serological diagnosis of systemic fungal infections. The book can provide useful information to microbiologists, physicians, laboratory scientists, students, and researchers. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Evolution of Metabolic Pathways R. Ibrahim, L. Varin, V. De Luca, John Romeo, 2000-09-15 The past decade has seen major advances in the cloning of genes encoding enzymes of plant secondary metabolism. This has been further enhanced by the recent project on the sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome. These developments provide the molecular genetic basis to address the question of the Evolution of Metabolic Pathways. This volume provides in-depth reviews of our current knowledge on the evolutionary origin of plant secondary metabolites and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis. The chapters cover five major topics: 1. Role of secondary metabolites in evolution; 2. Evolutionary origins of polyketides and terpenes; 3. Roles of oxidative reactions in the evolution of secondary metabolism; 4. Evolutionary origin of substitution reactions: acylation, glycosylation and methylation; and 5. Biochemistry and molecular biology of brassinosteroids. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: DNA National Science Foundation (U.S.), 1983 Essays discuss recombinant DNA research, and the structure, mobility, and self-repairing mechanisms of DNA. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Plant Organelles Eric Reid, 1979 |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Biotechnology Ellyn Daugherty, 2012 |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Biological Data Exploration with Python, Pandas and Seaborn Martin Jones, 2020-06-03 In biological research, we''re currently in a golden age of data. It''s never been easier to assemble large datasets to probe biological questions. But these large datasets come with their own problems. How to clean and validate data? How to combine datasets from multiple sources? And how to look for patterns in large, complex datasets and display your findings? The solution to these problems comes in the form of Python''s scientific software stack. The combination of a friendly, expressive language and high quality packages makes a fantastic set of tools for data exploration. But the packages themselves can be hard to get to grips with. It''s difficult to know where to get started, or which sets of tools will be most useful. Learning to use Python effectively for data exploration is a superpower that you can learn. With a basic knowledge of Python, pandas (for data manipulation) and seaborn (for data visualization) you''ll be able to understand complex datasets quickly and mine them for biological insight. You''ll be able to make beautiful, informative charts for posters, papers and presentations, and rapidly update them to reflect new data or test new hypotheses. You''ll be able to quickly make sense of datasets from other projects and publications - millions of rows of data will no longer be a scary prospect! In this book, Dr. Jones draws on years of teaching experience to give you the tools you need to answer your research questions. Starting with the basics, you''ll learn how to use Python, pandas, seaborn and matplotlib effectively using biological examples throughout. Rather than overwhelm you with information, the book concentrates on the tools most useful for biological data. Full color illustrations show hundreds of examples covering dozens of different chart types, with complete code samples that you can tweak and use for your own work. This book will help you get over the most common obstacles when getting started with data exploration in Python. You''ll learn about pandas'' data model; how to deal with errors in input files and how to fit large datasets in memory. The chapters on visualization will show you how to make sophisticated charts with minimal code; how to best use color to make clear charts, and how to deal with visualization problems involving large numbers of data points. Chapters include: Getting data into pandas: series and dataframes, CSV and Excel files, missing data, renaming columns Working with series: descriptive statistics, string methods, indexing and broadcasting Filtering and selecting: boolean masks, selecting in a list, complex conditions, aggregation Plotting distributions: histograms, scatterplots, custom columns, using size and color Special scatter plots: using alpha, hexbin plots, regressions, pairwise plots Conditioning on categories: using color, size and marker, small multiples Categorical axes:strip/swarm plots, box and violin plots, bar plots and line charts Styling figures: aspect, labels, styles and contexts, plotting keywords Working with color: choosing palettes, redundancy, highlighting categories Working with groups: groupby, types of categories, filtering and transforming Binning data: creating categories, quantiles, reindexing Long and wide form: tidying input datasets, making summaries, pivoting data Matrix charts: summary tables, heatmaps, scales and normalization, clustering Complex data files: cleaning data, merging and concatenating, reducing memory FacetGrids: laying out multiple charts, custom charts, multiple heat maps Unexpected behaviours: bugs and missing groups, fixing odd scales High performance pandas: vectorization, timing and sampling Further reading: dates and times, alternative syntax |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Biological Regulation and Development Robert Goldberger, 2012-12-06 The motivation for us to produce a treatise on regulation was mainly our convic tion that it would be fun, and at the same time productive, to approach the subject in a way that differs from that of other treatises. We had ourselves written reviews for various volumes over the years, most of them bringing together all possible facts relevant to a particular operon, virus, or biosynthetic system. And we were not convinced of the value of such reviews for anyone but the expert in the field reviewed. We thought it might be more interesting and more instructive-for both author and reader-to avoid reviewing topics that anyone scientist might work on, but instead to review the various parts of what many different scientists work on. Cutting across the traditional boundaries that have separated the subjects in past volumes on regulation is not an easy thing to do-not because it is difficult to think of what interesting topics should replace the old ones, but because it is difficult to find authors who possess sufficient breadth of knowledge and who are willing to write about areas outside those pursued in their own laboratories. For example, no one scientist works on suppression per se. He may study the structure of suppressor tRNAs in Escherichia coli, he may study phenotypic suppression of various characters in drosophila, he may study polarity in gene expression, and so on. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction Lambert Jones, 2021-11-16 The intelligence displayed by machines is known as artificial intelligence. Autonomously operating cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, natural-language understanding, etc. are some of the modern machine capabilities which are generally classified as AI. There are three types of artificial intelligence systems- humanized, human-inspired, and analytical artificial intelligence. The long-term goal of artificial intelligence is to develop general intelligence. A few of the other goals are planning, learning, reasoning and perception. Artificial intelligence finds its applications in many fields such as software engineering, operations research and computer science along with healthcare, economics and video games. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of artificial intelligence which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: POGIL Activities for High School Chemistry High School POGIL Initiative, 2012 |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Post-Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression in Plants Witold Filipowicz, Thomas Hohn, 2012-12-06 A recent volume of this series (Signals and Signal Transduction Pathways in Plants (K. Palme, ed.) Plant Molecular Biology 26, 1237-1679) described the relay races by which signals are transported in plants from the sites of stimuli to the gene expression machinery of the cell. Part of this machinery, the transcription apparatus, has been well studied in the last two decades, and many important mechanisms controlling gene expression at the transcriptional level have been elucidated. However, control of gene expression is by no means complete once the RNA has been produced. Important regulatory devices determine the maturation and usage of mRNA and the fate of its translation product. Post-transcriptional regulation is especially important for generating a fast response to environmental and intracellular signals. This book summarizes recent progress in the area of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in plants. 18 chapters of the book address problems of RNA processing and stability, regulation of translation, protein folding and degradation, as well as intracellular and cell-to-cell transport of proteins and nucleic acids. Several chapters are devoted to the processes taking place in plant organelles. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Freshwater Algae Edward G. Bellinger, David C. Sigee, 2015-02-23 This is the second edition of Freshwater Algae; the popular guide to temperate freshwater algae. This book uniquely combines practical information on sampling and experimental techniques with an explanation of basic algal taxonomy plus a key to identify the more frequently-occurring organisms. Fully revised, it describes major bioindicator species in relation to key environmental parameters and their implications for aquatic management. This second edition includes: the same clear writing style as the first edition to provide an easily accessible source of information on algae within standing and flowing waters, and the problems they may cause the identification of 250 algae using a key based on readily observable morphological features that can be readily observed under a conventional light microscope up-to-date information on the molecular determination of taxonomic status, analytical microtechniques and the potential role of computer analysis in algal biology upgrades to numerous line drawings to include more detail and extra species information, full colour photographs of live algae – including many new images from the USA and China Bridging the gap between simple identification texts and highly specialised research volumes, this book is used both as a comprehensive introduction to the subject and as a laboratory manual. The new edition will be invaluable to aquatic biologists for algal identification, and for all practitioners and researchers working within aquatic microbiology in industry and academia. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Regulation of Gene Expression Gary H. Perdew, Jack P. Vanden Heuvel, Jeffrey M. Peters, 2014-11-22 The use of molecular biology and biochemistry to study the regulation of gene expression has become a major feature of research in the biological sciences. Many excellent books and reviews exist that examine the experimental methodology employed in specific areas of molecular biology and regulation of gene expression. However, we have noticed a lack of books, especially textbooks, that provide an overview of the rationale and general experimental approaches used to examine chemically or disease-mediated alterations in gene expression in mammalian systems. For example, it has been difficult to find appropriate texts that examine specific experimental goals, such as proving that an increased level of mRNA for a given gene is attributable to an increase in transcription rates. Regulation of Gene Expression: Molecular Mechanisms is intended to serve as either a textbook for graduate students or as a basic reference for laboratory personnel. Indeed, we are using this book to teach a graduate-level class at The Pennsylvania State University. For more details about this class, please visit http://moltox. cas. psu. edu and select “Courses. ” The goal for our work is to provide an overview of the various methods and approaches to characterize possible mechanisms of gene regulation. Further, we have attempted to provide a framework for students to develop an understanding of how to determine the various mechanisms that lead to altered activity of a specific protein within a cell. |
| pogil control of gene expression in prokaryotes: Colleges that Change Lives Loren Pope, 1996 The distinctive group of forty colleges profiled here is a well-kept secret in a status industry. They outdo the Ivies and research universities in producing winners. And they work their magic on the B and C students as well as on the A students. Loren Pope, director of the College Placement Bureau, provides essential information on schools that he has chosen for their proven ability to develop potential, values, initiative, and risk-taking in a wide range of students. Inside you'll find evaluations of each school's program and personality to help you decide if it's a community that's right for you; interviews with students that offer an insider's perspective on each college; professors' and deans' viewpoints on their school, their students, and their mission; and information on what happens to the graduates and what they think of their college experience. Loren Pope encourages you to be a hard-nosed consumer when visiting a college, advises how to evaluate a school in terms of your own needs and strengths, and shows how the college experience can enrich the rest of your life. |
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cellular processes rely on posttranscriptional control of gene expression This book describes the mechanisms of gene expression at this level that occur in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and …
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Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes How do prokaryotes use operons to control gene expression? Why? Houses usually have a light source in every room, but it would be a waste …
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How is gene expression controlled? . Gene acBvity is controlled first and foremost at the level of transcripBon. Whether a gene is transcribed is determined largely by the interplay between …
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explores the power of Process-Oriented Guided-Inquiry Learning (POGIL) activities in mastering the control of gene expression in prokaryotes. We'll break down the key concepts, …
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transcriptional controls in prokaryotes the regulation of gene expression by transcription termination and RNA processing and the structure and expression of initiation factor genes It …
Control Of Gene Expression In Prokaryotes Pogil
gene expression by transcription termination and RNA processing, and the structure and expression of initiation factor genes. It then examines the effect of the codon context on …
Control Of Gene Expression In Prokaryotes Pogil
Control Of Gene Expression In Prokaryotes Pogil (book) Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression Orna Resnekov,Alexander von Gabain,2013-06-29 Many important cellular …
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Table of Contents - POGIL
Gene Expression—Translation ..... 133 Genetic Mutations .................................... 141 Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes ................. 151
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Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes. (Basic Concepts) THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS CRITICAL FOR ALL ORGANISMS. WHY GENE REGULATION? …
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Oct 20, 2023 · Regulation of Gene Expression - Biology for AP® Courses In prokaryotes, gene expression is regulated primarily at the level of transcription, when DNA is copied into RNA. …
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The amount of glucose in the cell decides the level of gene expression. This control is regulated by catabolite activator protein (CAP), an allosteric regulatory protein (Fig. 5.3). The level of …
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