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Let's Build a Cladogram Worksheet Key: A Step-by-Step Guide
Introduction:
Have you ever stared at a cladogram worksheet, feeling overwhelmed by the branching lines and unfamiliar terminology? Constructing and interpreting cladograms can seem daunting, but with a clear understanding of the process and a helpful key, it becomes a manageable and even enjoyable exercise in understanding evolutionary relationships. This comprehensive guide will walk you through building your own cladogram worksheet key, providing you with the tools and knowledge to master this crucial biological concept. We'll cover everything from understanding the basics of cladograms to creating your own key, ensuring you confidently tackle any cladogram challenge.
What is a Cladogram?
Before diving into building a key, let's solidify our understanding of cladograms themselves. A cladogram is a branching diagram that depicts the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. It's based on shared derived characteristics, also known as synapomorphies – features that evolved in a common ancestor and are passed down to its descendants. Understanding these shared traits is fundamental to constructing accurate cladograms.
Understanding Shared Derived Characteristics (Synapomorphies)
Identifying synapomorphies is the cornerstone of cladogram construction. These are characteristics that are unique to a particular group of organisms and their common ancestor. For example, the presence of feathers is a synapomorphy for birds, differentiating them from other vertebrates. Conversely, features present in multiple groups but not their common ancestor are not considered synapomorphies; they're analogous traits resulting from convergent evolution (developing similar traits independently).
Steps to Build a Cladogram Worksheet Key
Now, let's move on to the practical aspect: creating a key for your cladogram worksheet. This key will serve as a guide, helping you correctly place organisms on the cladogram based on their characteristics.
1. Identify the Organisms: Begin by listing all the organisms you'll be including in your cladogram. This is your starting point.
2. Character Selection: Choose a set of characteristics relevant to the organisms in your study. Select both shared and unique characteristics. Ensure the characteristics are easily observable and measurable.
3. Character Matrix: Create a character matrix. This is a table listing each organism and indicating the presence (1) or absence (0) of each characteristic. This structured approach prevents confusion and ensures accuracy.
4. Outgroup Selection: Choose an outgroup—an organism that is closely related to the group but not part of it. This helps establish a baseline for comparison.
5. Cladogram Construction: Now, using your character matrix, start building the cladogram. Begin with the outgroup and gradually branch off, grouping organisms based on shared derived characteristics. The closer organisms are on the cladogram, the more recently they shared a common ancestor.
6. Key Creation: Your cladogram worksheet key should directly correspond to your character matrix. For each characteristic, clearly state its presence or absence and which branches it defines. This key ensures clarity and reproducibility.
Example: Building a Cladogram Key for Vertebrates
Let’s illustrate with a simplified example. We'll use four vertebrates: lizard, bird, shark, and human.
Characteristics:
Characteristic 1: Presence of Jaws
Characteristic 2: Presence of Lungs
Characteristic 3: Presence of Feathers
Characteristic 4: Presence of Hair
Character Matrix:
| Organism | Jaws (1/0) | Lungs (1/0) | Feathers (1/0) | Hair (1/0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shark | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lizard | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bird | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Human | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Using this matrix, we can construct a cladogram and subsequently a key that clearly maps the characteristics to the branching points on the diagram. Your key would define each branch based on the presence or absence of specified features.
Conclusion:
Constructing a cladogram worksheet key is a valuable skill that strengthens your understanding of evolutionary relationships. By systematically selecting characteristics, creating a character matrix, and following the step-by-step process outlined above, you can confidently build accurate and informative cladograms. Remember to clearly define your characteristics and ensure the logical consistency of your key. With practice, creating and interpreting cladograms will become second nature.
FAQs:
1. What if two organisms share the same characteristics? This indicates a close evolutionary relationship; they'll branch together on the cladogram.
2. Can I use more than one character to define a branch? Absolutely! Using multiple characteristics for each branch strengthens the accuracy of your cladogram.
3. What software can help with cladogram construction? Various software packages, including Phylogram and MEGA, facilitate cladogram creation and analysis.
4. Are cladograms ever revised? Yes, as new data emerges, cladograms are often refined or even completely redrawn to reflect updated evolutionary understanding.
5. How do I know if my cladogram is correct? The accuracy of your cladogram depends on the correctness of your data and the selection of relevant characteristics. Compare your results with established phylogenetic analyses when possible.
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Dynamic Homology and Phylogenetic Systematics Ward Wheeler, 2006 |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Understanding Evolution Kostas Kampourakis, 2014-04-03 Bringing together conceptual obstacles and core concepts of evolutionary theory, this book presents evolution as straightforward and intuitive. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Molecular Evolution Roderick D.M. Page, Edward C. Holmes, 2009-07-14 The study of evolution at the molecular level has given the subject of evolutionary biology a new significance. Phylogenetic 'trees' of gene sequences are a powerful tool for recovering evolutionary relationships among species, and can be used to answer a broad range of evolutionary and ecological questions. They are also beginning to permeate the medical sciences. In this book, the authors approach the study of molecular evolution with the phylogenetic tree as a central metaphor. This will equip students and professionals with the ability to see both the evolutionary relevance of molecular data, and the significance evolutionary theory has for molecular studies. The book is accessible yet sufficiently detailed and explicit so that the student can learn the mechanics of the procedures discussed. The book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in molecular evolution/phylogenetic reconstruction. It will also be a useful supplement for students taking wider courses in evolution, as well as a valuable resource for professionals. First student textbook of phylogenetic reconstruction which uses the tree as a central metaphor of evolution. Chapter summaries and annotated suggestions for further reading. Worked examples facilitate understanding of some of the more complex issues. Emphasis on clarity and accessibility. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: How to Build a Dinosaur Jack Horner, James Gorman, 2009-03-19 A world-renowned paleontologist reveals groundbreaking science that trumps science fiction: how to grow a living dinosaur. Over a decade after Jurassic Park, Jack Horner and his colleagues in molecular biology labs are in the process of building the technology to create a real dinosaur. Based on new research in evolutionary developmental biology on how a few select cells grow to create arms, legs, eyes, and brains that function together, Jack Horner takes the science a step further in a plan to reverse evolution and reveals the awesome, even frightening, power being acquired to recreate the prehistoric past. The key is the dinosaur's genetic code that lives on in modern birds- even chickens. From cutting-edge biology labs to field digs underneath the Montana sun, How to Build a Dinosaur explains and enlightens an awesome new science. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Handbook of Trait-Based Ecology Francesco de Bello, Carlos P. Carmona, André T. C. Dias, Lars Götzenberger, Marco Moretti, Matty P. Berg, 2021-03-11 Trait-based ecology is rapidly expanding. This comprehensive and accessible guide covers the main concepts and tools in functional ecology. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Study and Master Life Sciences Grade 11 CAPS Study Guide Gonasagaren S. Pillay, Prithum Preethlall, Bridget Farham, Annemarie Gebhardt, 2014-08-21 |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Phylogenetics E. O. Wiley, Bruce S. Lieberman, 2011-10-11 The long-awaited revision of the industry standard on phylogenetics Since the publication of the first edition of this landmark volume more than twenty-five years ago, phylogenetic systematics has taken its place as the dominant paradigm of systematic biology. It has profoundly influenced the way scientists study evolution, and has seen many theoretical and technical advances as the field has continued to grow. It goes almost without saying that the next twenty-five years of phylogenetic research will prove as fascinating as the first, with many exciting developments yet to come. This new edition of Phylogenetics captures the very essence of this rapidly evolving discipline. Written for the practicing systematist and phylogeneticist, it addresses both the philosophical and technical issues of the field, as well as surveys general practices in taxonomy. Major sections of the book deal with the nature of species and higher taxa, homology and characters, trees and tree graphs, and biogeography—the purpose being to develop biologically relevant species, character, tree, and biogeographic concepts that can be applied fruitfully to phylogenetics. The book then turns its focus to phylogenetic trees, including an in-depth guide to tree-building algorithms. Additional coverage includes: Parsimony and parsimony analysis Parametric phylogenetics including maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches Phylogenetic classification Critiques of evolutionary taxonomy, phenetics, and transformed cladistics Specimen selection, field collecting, and curating Systematic publication and the rules of nomenclature Providing a thorough synthesis of the field, this important update to Phylogenetics is essential for students and researchers in the areas of evolutionary biology, molecular evolution, genetics and evolutionary genetics, paleontology, physical anthropology, and zoology. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Preparing for the Biology AP Exam Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Fred W. Holtzclaw, Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw, 2009-11-03 Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw bring over 40 years of AP Biology teaching experience to this student manual. Drawing on their rich experience as readers and faculty consultants to the College Board and their participation on the AP Test Development Committee, the Holtzclaws have designed their resource to help your students prepare for the AP Exam. Completely revised to match the new 8th edition of Biology by Campbell and Reece. New Must Know sections in each chapter focus student attention on major concepts. Study tips, information organization ideas and misconception warnings are interwoven throughout. New section reviewing the 12 required AP labs. Sample practice exams. The secret to success on the AP Biology exam is to understand what you must know and these experienced AP teachers will guide your students toward top scores! |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: The Timetree of Life S. Blair Hedges, Sudhir Kumar, 2009-04-23 The evolutionary history of life includes two primary components: phylogeny and timescale. Phylogeny refers to the branching order (relationships) of species or other taxa within a group and is crucial for understanding the inheritance of traits and for erecting classifications. However, a timescale is equally important because it provides a way to compare phylogeny directly with the evolution of other organisms and with planetary history such as geology, climate, extraterrestrialimpacts, and other features.The Timetree of Life is the first reference book to synthesize the wealth of information relating to the temporal component of phylogenetic trees. In the past, biologists have relied exclusively upon the fossil record to infer an evolutionary timescale. However, recent revolutionary advances in molecular biology have made it possible to not only estimate the relationships of many groups of organisms, but also to estimate their times of divergence with molecular clocks. The routineestimation and utilization of these so-called 'time-trees' could add exciting new dimensions to biology including enhanced opportunities to integrate large molecular data sets with fossil and biogeographic evidence (and thereby foster greater communication between molecular and traditional systematists). Theycould help estimate not only ancestral character states but also evolutionary rates in numerous categories of organismal phenotype; establish more reliable associations between causal historical processes and biological outcomes; develop a universally standardized scheme for biological classifications; and generally promote novel avenues of thought in many arenas of comparative evolutionary biology.This authoritative reference work brings together, for the first time, experts on all major groups of organisms to assemble a timetree of life. The result is a comprehensive resource on evolutionary history which will be an indispensable reference for scientists, educators, and students in the life sciences, earth sciences, and molecular biology. For each major group of organism, a representative is illustrated and a timetree of families and higher taxonomic groups is shown. Basic aspects ofthe evolutionary history of the group, the fossil record, and competing hypotheses of relationships are discussed. Details of the divergence times are presented for each node in the timetree, and primary literature references are included. The book is complemented by an online database(www.timetree.net) which allows researchers to both deposit and retrieve data. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Dinosaur Paleobiology Stephen L. Brusatte, 2012-04-30 The study of dinosaurs has been experiencing a remarkable renaissance over the past few decades. Scientific understanding of dinosaur anatomy, biology, and evolution has advanced to such a degree that paleontologists often know more about 100-million-year-old dinosaurs than many species of living organisms. This book provides a contemporary review of dinosaur science intended for students, researchers, and dinosaur enthusiasts. It reviews the latest knowledge on dinosaur anatomy and phylogeny, how dinosaurs functioned as living animals, and the grand narrative of dinosaur evolution across the Mesozoic. A particular focus is on the fossil evidence and explicit methods that allow paleontologists to study dinosaurs in rigorous detail. Scientific knowledge of dinosaur biology and evolution is shifting fast, and this book aims to summarize current understanding of dinosaur science in a technical, but accessible, style, supplemented with vivid photographs and illustrations. The Topics in Paleobiology Series is published in collaboration with the Palaeontological Association, and is edited by Professor Mike Benton, University of Bristol. Books in the series provide a summary of the current state of knowledge, a trusted route into the primary literature, and will act as pointers for future directions for research. As well as volumes on individual groups, the series will also deal with topics that have a cross-cutting relevance, such as the evolution of significant ecosystems, particular key times and events in the history of life, climate change, and the application of a new techniques such as molecular palaeontology. The books are written by leading international experts and will be pitched at a level suitable for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers in both the paleontological and biological sciences. Additional resources for this book can be found at: http://www.wiley.com/go/brusatte/dinosaurpaleobiology. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree Jonathan B. Losos, 2011-02-09 In a book both beautifully illustrated and deeply informative, Jonathan Losos, a leader in evolutionary ecology, celebrates and analyzes the diversity of the natural world that the fascinating anoline lizards epitomize. Readers who are drawn to nature by its beauty or its intellectual challenges—or both—will find his book rewarding.—Douglas J. Futuyma, State University of New York, Stony Brook This book is destined to become a classic. It is scholarly, informative, stimulating, and highly readable, and will inspire a generation of students.—Peter R. Grant, author of How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's Finches Anoline lizards experienced a spectacular adaptive radiation in the dynamic landscape of the Caribbean islands. The radiation has extended over a long period of time and has featured separate radiations on the larger islands. Losos, the leading active student of these lizards, presents an integrated and synthetic overview, summarizing the enormous and multidimensional research literature. This engaging book makes a wonderful example of an adaptive radiation accessible to all, and the lavish illustrations, especially the photographs, make the anoles come alive in one's mind.—David Wake, University of California, Berkeley This magnificent book is a celebration and synthesis of one of the most eventful adaptive radiations known. With disarming prose and personal narrative Jonathan Losos shows how an obsession, beginning at age ten, became a methodology and a research plan that, together with studies by colleagues and predecessors, culminated in many of the principles we now regard as true about the origins and maintenance of biodiversity. This work combines rigorous analysis and glorious natural history in a unique volume that stands with books by the Grants on Darwin's finches among the most informed and engaging accounts ever written on the evolution of a group of organisms in nature.—Dolph Schluter, author of The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: At the Water's Edge Carl Zimmer, 1999-09-08 Everybody Out of the Pond At the Water's Edge will change the way you think about your place in the world. The awesome journey of life's transformation from the first microbes 4 billion years ago to Homo sapiens today is an epic that we are only now beginning to grasp. Magnificent and bizarre, it is the story of how we got here, what we left behind, and what we brought with us. We all know about evolution, but it still seems absurd that our ancestors were fish. Darwin's idea of natural selection was the key to solving generation-to-generation evolution -- microevolution -- but it could only point us toward a complete explanation, still to come, of the engines of macroevolution, the transformation of body shapes across millions of years. Now, drawing on the latest fossil discoveries and breakthrough scientific analysis, Carl Zimmer reveals how macroevolution works. Escorting us along the trail of discovery up to the current dramatic research in paleontology, ecology, genetics, and embryology, Zimmer shows how scientists today are unveiling the secrets of life that biologists struggled with two centuries ago. In this book, you will find a dazzling, brash literary talent and a rigorous scientific sensibility gracefully brought together. Carl Zimmer provides a comprehensive, lucid, and authoritative answer to the mystery of how nature actually made itself. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Scientific Argumentation in Biology Victor Sampson, Sharon Schleigh, 2013 Develop your high school students' understanding of argumentation and evidence-based reasoning with this comprehensive book. Like three guides in one 'Scientific Argumentation in Biology' combines theory, practice, and biology content. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Coral Reef Ecology Yuri I. Sorokin, 2013-03-12 Coral reef communities are among the most complex, mature and productive ecosystems on earth. Their activity resulted in the creation of vast lime constructions. Being extremely productive and having the function of a powerful biofilter, coral reefs play an important role in global biogeochemical processes and in the reproduction of food resources in tropical marine regions. All aspects of coral reef science are covered systematically and on the basis of a holistic ecosystem approach. The geological history of coral reefs, their geomorphology as well as biology including community structure of reef biota, their functional characteristics, physiological aspects, biogeochemical metabolism, energy balance, environmental problems and management of resources are treated in detail. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward Jay A. Gottfried, 2011-03-28 Synthesizing coverage of sensation and reward into a comprehensive systems overview, Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward presents a cutting-edge and multidisciplinary approach to the interplay of sensory and reward processing in the brain. While over the past 70 years these areas have drifted apart, this book makes a case for reuniting sensation a |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Ungulate Taxonomy Colin Groves, Peter Grubb, 2011-11-15 A group of special interest to mammalogists, taxonomists, and systemicists, ungulates have proven difficult to classify. This comprehensive review of the taxonomic relationships of artiodactyls and perissodactyls brings forth new evidence in order to propose a theory of ungulate taxonomy. With this straightforward volume, Colin Groves and the late Peter Grubb cut through previous assumptions to define ungulate genera, species, and subspecies. The species-by-species accounts incorporate new molecular, cytogenetic, and morphological data, as well as the authors’ own observations and measurements. The authors include references and supporting arguments for new classifications. A starting point for further research, this book is sure to be discussed and hotly debated in the mammalogical community. A well-reasoned synthesis, Ungulate Taxonomy will be a defining volume for years to come. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: POGIL Activities for High School Biology High School POGIL Initiative, 2012 |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Tree Thinking: An Introduction to Phylogenetic Biology David A. Baum, Stacey D. Smith, 2012-08-10 Baum and Smith, both professors evolutionary biology and researchers in the field of systematics, present this highly accessible introduction to phylogenetics and its importance in modern biology. Ever since Darwin, the evolutionary histories of organisms have been portrayed in the form of branching trees or “phylogenies.” However, the broad significance of the phylogenetic trees has come to be appreciated only quite recently. Phylogenetics has myriad applications in biology, from discovering the features present in ancestral organisms, to finding the sources of invasive species and infectious diseases, to identifying our closest living (and extinct) hominid relatives. Taking a conceptual approach, Tree Thinking introduces readers to the interpretation of phylogenetic trees, how these trees can be reconstructed, and how they can be used to answer biological questions. Examples and vivid metaphors are incorporated throughout, and each chapter concludes with a set of problems, valuable for both students and teachers. Tree Thinking is must-have textbook for any student seeking a solid foundation in this fundamental area of evolutionary biology. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Perl Programming for Biologists D. Curtis Jamison, 2003-07-14 Working on the assumption that the reader has no formal training in programming, Perl Programming for Biologists demonstrates how Perl is used to solve biological problems. Each chapter opens with a set of learning objectives, provides numerous review questions and self-study exercises, and concludes with a bulleted summary of key points. The author incorporates numerous real-life examples throughout the text. Upon completing the book, readers are able to quickly perform such tasks as correcting recurring errors in spreadsheets, scanning a Fasta sequence for every occurrence of an EcoRI site, adapting other writers' scripts to one's own purposes, and most important, writing reusable and maintainable scripts that spare the rote repetition of code. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: IB Biology Student Workbook Tracey Greenwood, Lissa Bainbridge-Smith, Kent Pryor, Richard Allan, 2014-10-02 |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science National Academy of Sciences, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Science Education, Working Group on Teaching Evolution, 1998-05-06 Today many school students are shielded from one of the most important concepts in modern science: evolution. In engaging and conversational style, Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science provides a well-structured framework for understanding and teaching evolution. Written for teachers, parents, and community officials as well as scientists and educators, this book describes how evolution reveals both the great diversity and similarity among the Earth's organisms; it explores how scientists approach the question of evolution; and it illustrates the nature of science as a way of knowing about the natural world. In addition, the book provides answers to frequently asked questions to help readers understand many of the issues and misconceptions about evolution. The book includes sample activities for teaching about evolution and the nature of science. For example, the book includes activities that investigate fossil footprints and population growth that teachers of science can use to introduce principles of evolution. Background information, materials, and step-by-step presentations are provided for each activity. In addition, this volume: Presents the evidence for evolution, including how evolution can be observed today. Explains the nature of science through a variety of examples. Describes how science differs from other human endeavors and why evolution is one of the best avenues for helping students understand this distinction. Answers frequently asked questions about evolution. Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science builds on the 1996 National Science Education Standards released by the National Research Councilâ€and offers detailed guidance on how to evaluate and choose instructional materials that support the standards. Comprehensive and practical, this book brings one of today's educational challenges into focus in a balanced and reasoned discussion. It will be of special interest to teachers of science, school administrators, and interested members of the community. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things George Lakoff, 2008-08-08 Its publication should be a major event for cognitive linguistics and should pose a major challenge for cognitive science. In addition, it should have repercussions in a variety of disciplines, ranging from anthropology and psychology to epistemology and the philosophy of science. . . . Lakoff asks: What do categories of language and thought reveal about the human mind? Offering both general theory and minute details, Lakoff shows that categories reveal a great deal.—David E. Leary, American Scientist |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Evolution at the Molecular Level Robert K. Selander, Andrew G. Clark, Thomas S. Whittam, 1991 The intent of this book is to present the content and capture the excitement of recent advances in the study of evolution that have been achieved through the integration of molecular biology and evolutionary genetics. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Darwin-Inspired Learning Carolyn J. Boulter, Michael J. Reiss, Dawn L. Sanders, 2015-01-19 Charles Darwin has been extensively analysed and written about as a scientist, Victorian, father and husband. However, this is the first book to present a carefully thought out pedagogical approach to learning that is centered on Darwin’s life and scientific practice. The ways in which Darwin developed his scientific ideas, and their far reaching effects, continue to challenge and provoke contemporary teachers and learners, inspiring them to consider both how scientists work and how individual humans ‘read nature’. Darwin-inspired learning, as proposed in this international collection of essays, is an enquiry-based pedagogy, that takes the professional practice of Charles Darwin as its source. Without seeking to idealise the man, Darwin-inspired learning places importance on: • active learning • hands-on enquiry • critical thinking • creativity • argumentation • interdisciplinarity. In an increasingly urbanised world, first-hand observations of living plants and animals are becoming rarer. Indeed, some commentators suggest that such encounters are under threat and children are living in a time of ‘nature-deficit’. Darwin-inspired learning, with its focus on close observation and hands-on enquiry, seeks to re-engage children and young people with the living world through critical and creative thinking modeled on Darwin’s life and science. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Bioinformatics Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette, 2004-03-24 In this book, Andy Baxevanis and Francis Ouellette . . . haveundertaken the difficult task of organizing the knowledge in thisfield in a logical progression and presenting it in a digestibleform. And they have done an excellent job. This fine text will makea major impact on biological research and, in turn, on progress inbiomedicine. We are all in their debt. —Eric Lander from the Foreword Reviews from the First Edition ...provides a broad overview of the basic tools for sequenceanalysis ... For biologists approaching this subject for the firsttime, it will be a very useful handbook to keep on the shelf afterthe first reading, close to the computer. —Nature Structural Biology ...should be in the personal library of any biologist who usesthe Internet for the analysis of DNA and protein sequencedata. —Science ...a wonderful primer designed to navigate the novice throughthe intricacies of in scripto analysis ... The accomplished genesearcher will also find this book a useful addition to theirlibrary ... an excellent reference to the principles ofbioinformatics. —Trends in Biochemical Sciences This new edition of the highly successful Bioinformatics:A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteinsprovides a sound foundation of basic concepts, with practicaldiscussions and comparisons of both computational tools anddatabases relevant to biological research. Equipping biologists with the modern tools necessary to solvepractical problems in sequence data analysis, the Second Editioncovers the broad spectrum of topics in bioinformatics, ranging fromInternet concepts to predictive algorithms used on sequence,structure, and expression data. With chapters written by experts inthe field, this up-to-date reference thoroughly covers vitalconcepts and is appropriate for both the novice and the experiencedpractitioner. Written in clear, simple language, the book isaccessible to users without an advanced mathematical or computerscience background. This new edition includes: All new end-of-chapter Web resources, bibliographies, andproblem sets Accompanying Web site containing the answers to the problems,as well as links to relevant Web resources New coverage of comparative genomics, large-scale genomeanalysis, sequence assembly, and expressed sequence tags A glossary of commonly used terms in bioinformatics andgenomics Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genesand Proteins, Second Edition is essential reading forresearchers, instructors, and students of all levels in molecularbiology and bioinformatics, as well as for investigators involvedin genomics, positional cloning, clinical research, andcomputational biology. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Systematics Ward C. Wheeler, 2012-05-29 Systematics: A Course of Lectures is designed for use in an advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate level course in systematics and is meant to present core systematic concepts and literature. The book covers topics such as the history of systematic thinking and fundamental concepts in the field including species concepts, homology, and hypothesis testing. Analytical methods are covered in detail with chapters devoted to sequence alignment, optimality criteria, and methods such as distance, parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Trees and tree searching, consensus and super-tree methods, support measures, and other relevant topics are each covered in their own sections. The work is not a bleeding-edge statement or in-depth review of the entirety of systematics, but covers the basics as broadly as could be handled in a one semester course. Most chapters are designed to be a single 1.5 hour class, with those on parsimony, likelihood, posterior probability, and tree searching two classes (2 x 1.5 hours). |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Visualization in Science Education John K. Gilbert, 2006-03-30 This book addresses key issues concerning visualization in the teaching and learning of science at any level in educational systems. It is the first book specifically on visualization in science education. The book draws on the insights from cognitive psychology, science, and education, by experts from five countries. It unites these with the practice of science education, particularly the ever-increasing use of computer-managed modelling packages. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Discipline-Based Education Research National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Science Education, Committee on the Status, Contributions, and Future Directions of Discipline-Based Education Research, 2012-08-27 The National Science Foundation funded a synthesis study on the status, contributions, and future direction of discipline-based education research (DBER) in physics, biological sciences, geosciences, and chemistry. DBER combines knowledge of teaching and learning with deep knowledge of discipline-specific science content. It describes the discipline-specific difficulties learners face and the specialized intellectual and instructional resources that can facilitate student understanding. Discipline-Based Education Research is based on a 30-month study built on two workshops held in 2008 to explore evidence on promising practices in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. This book asks questions that are essential to advancing DBER and broadening its impact on undergraduate science teaching and learning. The book provides empirical research on undergraduate teaching and learning in the sciences, explores the extent to which this research currently influences undergraduate instruction, and identifies the intellectual and material resources required to further develop DBER. Discipline-Based Education Research provides guidance for future DBER research. In addition, the findings and recommendations of this report may invite, if not assist, post-secondary institutions to increase interest and research activity in DBER and improve its quality and usefulness across all natural science disciples, as well as guide instruction and assessment across natural science courses to improve student learning. The book brings greater focus to issues of student attrition in the natural sciences that are related to the quality of instruction. Discipline-Based Education Research will be of interest to educators, policy makers, researchers, scholars, decision makers in universities, government agencies, curriculum developers, research sponsors, and education advocacy groups. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Wetland Plants Julie K. Cronk, M. Siobhan Fennessy, 2016-04-19 A detailed account of the biology and ecology of vascular wetland plants and their applications in wetland plant science, Wetland Plants: Biology and Ecology presents a synthesis of wetland plant studies and reviews from biology, physiology, evolution, genetics, community and population ecology, environmental science, and engineering. It provides a |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Phylogenetic Trees Made Easy Barry G. Hall, 2004 |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Naming Nature: The Clash Between Instinct and Science Carol Kaesuk Yoon, 2010-08-02 Examines the history of taxonomy, describing the quest of scientists to name and classify living things from Carl Linnaeus to early twenty-first-century scientists who rely more on microscopic evidence than their senses, which has encouraged an indifference to nature that is responsible for the extinction of many species. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Inferring Phylogenies Joseph Felsenstein, 2004-01 Phylogenies, or evolutionary trees, are the basic structures necessary to think about and analyze differences between species. Statistical, computational, and algorithmic work in this field has been ongoing for four decades now, and there have been great advances in understanding. Yet no book has summarized this work. Inferring Phylogenies does just that in a single, compact volume. Phylogenies are inferred with various kinds of data. This book concentrates on some of the central ones: discretely coded characters, molecular sequences, gene frequencies, and quantitative traits. Also covered are restriction sites, RAPDs, and microsatellites. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: The Economic Value of Biodiversity David Pearce, Dominic Moran, 2013-11-05 Biodiversity loss is one of the major resource problems facing the world, and the policy options available are restricted by inappropriate economic tools which fail to capture the value of species and their variety. This study describes in non-technical terms how cost-benefit analysis techniques can be applied to species and species loss, and how they provide a measure of the efficiency of conservation measures. Only when conservation can be shown to pass such a basic economic test, the authors claim, will it be incorporated into policies.;David Pearce has also written Blueprint for a Green Economy. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Science as a Way of Knowing John Alexander Moore, 1993 This book makes Moore's wisdom available to students in a lively, richly illustrated account of the history and workings of life. Employing rhetoric strategies including case histories, hypotheses and deductions, and chronological narrative, it provides both a cultural history of biology and an introduction to the procedures and values of science. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Pheromones and Animal Behavior Tristram D. Wyatt, 2014-01-23 This book explains how animals use chemical communication, emphasising the evolutionary context and covering fields from ecology to neuroscience and chemistry. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: On the Origin of Species Illustrated Charles Darwin, 2020-12-04 On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),[3] published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.[4] Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: Reef Creature Identification Paul Humann, Ned DeLoach, Les Wilk, 2013 First published in 1992, this guide has been significantly expanded in a new 3rd edition. The popular, user-friendly field guide, covering all major groups of marine invertebrates encountered by divers on coral reefs and adjacent habitats, has grown to include 900 species beautifully documented with more than 1200 underwater photographs -- nearly doubling the total in the previous editions. Les Wilk has joined Paul Humann and Ned DeLoach authoring the comprehensive new edition. |
| lets build a cladogram worksheet key: The Compleat Cladist: A Primer of Phylogenetic Procedures E. O. Wiley, 2022-10-26 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
Mrs. Campos' Science Classroom - Home
Cladogram Worksheet
Cladogram Worksheet. Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Hour:_________ CLADOGRAM ANALYSIS. What is a cladogram? …
Lets Build A Cladogram Worksheet Key Full PDF
Now, let's move on to the practical aspect: creating a key for your cladogram worksheet. This key will serve as a guide, helping you correctly place organisms on the cladogram based on their …
Cladogram worksheet key - SharpSchool
Draw a cladogram depicting the evolutionary relationships among all six species (including Humans) according to their percentage similarity in the gene shown in the table.
How to Build a Cladogram. - sawyerscience.com
Building a cladogram can seem challenging at first, but following a few simple steps can be very beneficial. Watch the following, short video, read the directions, and then practice building …
Cladistics worksheet
What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a …
Name: Cladogram Worksheet - Mrs. Tran's Biology Portal
Let's build a cladogram worksheet key
Let's build a cladogram worksheet answer key
When a lineage splits (speciation), it is represented as branching on a phylogeny. Background Information: A cladogram is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups. It …
Let's build a cladogram worksheet answers key
Let's build a cladogram worksheet answers key It is based on phylogeny which is the study of evolutionary relationshipssometimes a cladogram is called a phylogenetic tree though …
Cladogram Worksheet With Answers Copy - goramblers.org
a cladogram worksheet with answers, helping you confidently navigate the world of evolutionary relationships. We'll break down the concepts, offer practice exercises, and provide detailed …
PART I - Analyze the Cladogram - KARA BEDFORD
Introduction to Cladogram Construction - Carolina …
In this introductory example of cladogram construction, students use observable traits of animals as a line of empirical evidence supporting the common ancestry among the animals.
MAKING CLADOGRAMS: Background and Procedures …
KEY TO APPLICATION: (look for near vertical branches upwards from diagonal line on cladogram) • “Iguana-like” animal: (branch from or near turtle line): Iguana is a reptile, like a …
V CLASSIFICATION - Living Oceans Foundation
INSTRUCTIONS: You will now construct your own dichotomous key. 1. Create a dichotomous key for the corals in the photographs provided by your teacher. Follow the instructions below titled …
The Evolution Lab MISSION 1 - Übercrawl
Introductory video: Watch the video to learn some tree basics and to get an overview for how the Build A Tree game works. Each level tasks you with building a phylogenetic tree—a small …
How to Make a Cladogram - Boston University
How to Make a Cladogram. Cladograms are diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades”. By depicting these relationships, cladograms …
CLADOGRAM ANALYSIS - Chandler Unified School District
PART II - Create Your Own Cladogram To make a cladogram, you must first look at the animals you are studying and establish characteristics that they share and ones that are unique to …
Lets Build A Cladogram Worksheet Key Lamprey
free answer key for cladogram analysis creating a phylogenetic tree ... of our tutorial videos explains how to answer one of the exam questions provided ... lampreys, nematodes, tuna, …
Let’s Build a Cladogram! - TEACHING THE JONES WAY
A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. Organisms that are grouped more closely on a cladogram share a more recent common ancestor than those farther …
Mrs. Campos' Science Classroom - Home
How to Build a Cladogram. Ickground: Cladograms are diagrams that we use to show phylogenies. A phylogeny is a hypothesized evolutionary history between species that takes into account things …
Cladogram Worksheet
Cladogram Worksheet. Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Hour:_________ CLADOGRAM ANALYSIS. What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts …
Lets Build A Cladogram Worksheet Key Full PDF
Now, let's move on to the practical aspect: creating a key for your cladogram worksheet. This key will serve as a guide, helping you correctly place organisms on the cladogram based on their …
Cladogram worksheet key - SharpSchool
Draw a cladogram depicting the evolutionary relationships among all six species (including Humans) according to their percentage similarity in the gene shown in the table.
How to Build a Cladogram. - sawyerscience.com
Building a cladogram can seem challenging at first, but following a few simple steps can be very beneficial. Watch the following, short video, read the directions, and then practice building some …
Cladistics worksheet
What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a cladogram …
Name: Cladogram Worksheet - Mrs. Tran's Biology Portal
PART I - Analyze the Cladogram: Examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the diagram points to a derived character, or something different (or newer) than what was seen in previous groups. …
Let's build a cladogram worksheet key
Let's build a cladogram worksheet key Combine how to teach (or review) a dichotomous classification key with a wonderful community service project! I absolutely love the holiday …
Let's build a cladogram worksheet answer key
When a lineage splits (speciation), it is represented as branching on a phylogeny. Background Information: A cladogram is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups. It is …
Let's build a cladogram worksheet answers key
Let's build a cladogram worksheet answers key It is based on phylogeny which is the study of evolutionary relationshipssometimes a cladogram is called a phylogenetic tree though technically …
Cladogram Worksheet With Answers Copy - goramblers.org
a cladogram worksheet with answers, helping you confidently navigate the world of evolutionary relationships. We'll break down the concepts, offer practice exercises, and provide detailed …
PART I - Analyze the Cladogram - KARA BEDFORD
PART I - Analyze the Cladogram. Examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the diagram points to a derived character, or something different (or newer) than what was seen in previous groups. …
Introduction to Cladogram Construction - Carolina Knowledge …
In this introductory example of cladogram construction, students use observable traits of animals as a line of empirical evidence supporting the common ancestry among the animals.
MAKING CLADOGRAMS: Background and Procedures …
KEY TO APPLICATION: (look for near vertical branches upwards from diagonal line on cladogram) • “Iguana-like” animal: (branch from or near turtle line): Iguana is a reptile, like a turtle. • “Rat-like” …
V CLASSIFICATION - Living Oceans Foundation
INSTRUCTIONS: You will now construct your own dichotomous key. 1. Create a dichotomous key for the corals in the photographs provided by your teacher. Follow the instructions below titled How …
The Evolution Lab MISSION 1 - Übercrawl
Introductory video: Watch the video to learn some tree basics and to get an overview for how the Build A Tree game works. Each level tasks you with building a phylogenetic tree—a small piece of …
How to Make a Cladogram - Boston University
How to Make a Cladogram. Cladograms are diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades”. By depicting these relationships, cladograms …
CLADOGRAM ANALYSIS - Chandler Unified School District
PART II - Create Your Own Cladogram To make a cladogram, you must first look at the animals you are studying and establish characteristics that they share and ones that are unique to each …
Lets Build A Cladogram Worksheet Key Lamprey
free answer key for cladogram analysis creating a phylogenetic tree ... of our tutorial videos explains how to answer one of the exam questions provided ... lampreys, nematodes, tuna, clam and Use …
