Gram Negative Bacteria Flowchart

Gram-Negative Bacteria Flowchart: A Comprehensive Guide to Identification

Identifying bacteria is crucial in various fields, from clinical diagnostics to environmental microbiology. One of the most fundamental steps in bacterial identification is the Gram stain, differentiating bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups. This post provides a detailed, visual, and text-based guide to navigating the identification of Gram-negative bacteria, culminating in a practical flowchart you can use as a reference. We'll cover key characteristics, common genera, and essential diagnostic steps, ensuring you can confidently approach Gram-negative bacterial identification.

Understanding the Gram Stain and its Significance

The Gram stain is a differential staining technique that separates bacteria based on the structure of their cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick peptidoglycan layer, retaining the crystal violet stain and appearing purple under a microscope. Conversely, Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulting in them losing the crystal violet stain and appearing pink after counterstaining with safranin. This difference in cell wall structure is key to understanding their differential susceptibility to antibiotics and their varying pathogenic mechanisms.

Key Characteristics of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Several characteristics beyond the Gram stain help differentiate various Gram-negative bacteria. These include:

#### 1. Cell Morphology:

Cocci: Spherical or ovoid shape (e.g., Neisseria).
Bacilli: Rod-shaped (e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
Coccobacilli: Intermediate between cocci and bacilli (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae).
Spiral: Spiral or curved shapes (e.g., Vibrio cholerae, Helicobacter pylori).

#### 2. Oxygen Requirements:

Aerobic: Requires oxygen for growth (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
Anaerobic: Grows in the absence of oxygen (e.g., some Bacteroides species).
Facultative Anaerobic: Can grow with or without oxygen (e.g., Escherichia coli).


#### 3. Metabolic Activities:

Gram-negative bacteria exhibit a wide range of metabolic activities, including fermentation of sugars, utilization of specific carbon sources, and production of enzymes like oxidase and catalase. These metabolic tests are critical in differentiating closely related species.

#### 4. Antibiotic Susceptibility:

Gram-negative bacteria often exhibit different susceptibility patterns to various antibiotics due to the presence of the outer membrane and its associated efflux pumps. Understanding antibiotic resistance patterns is crucial for effective treatment.

The Gram-Negative Bacteria Identification Flowchart

The following flowchart provides a simplified approach to identifying common Gram-negative bacteria. Remember, this is a simplified version and additional tests may be required for definitive identification.

(Insert a visually appealing flowchart here. The flowchart should visually represent the decision-making process based on morphology, oxygen requirement, biochemical tests (e.g., oxidase, catalase, lactose fermentation), and potential genera. For example, the first branch could be Cocci vs. Bacilli. Each branch should lead to further tests and potential genera until a tentative identification is reached.)

Note: Creating the actual flowchart would require a graphic design program.

Utilizing Biochemical Tests for Precise Identification

Several biochemical tests are essential for accurate identification beyond morphology and Gram stain results. These include:

Oxidase Test: Detects the presence of cytochrome c oxidase.
Catalase Test: Detects the presence of catalase enzyme.
Indole Test: Detects the production of indole from tryptophan.
Methyl Red Test: Detects the production of mixed acids from glucose fermentation.
Voges-Proskauer Test: Detects the production of acetoin from glucose fermentation.
Citrate Utilization Test: Detects the ability to utilize citrate as a sole carbon source.


These tests, along with others specific to particular genera, provide crucial information for precise identification. Always refer to microbiology laboratory manuals for detailed protocols.

Conclusion

Identifying Gram-negative bacteria requires a systematic approach combining microscopic examination, Gram staining, and various biochemical tests. The flowchart presented here serves as a valuable guide, simplifying the process and assisting in narrowing down possibilities. However, remember that this flowchart is a simplified representation, and further specialized tests may be needed for definitive species-level identification. Accurate identification is paramount for effective treatment and disease control.

FAQs

1. What is the significance of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria? The outer membrane contributes to the bacterium's resistance to antibiotics and the host immune system due to the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which acts as an endotoxin.

2. Are all Gram-negative bacteria pathogenic? No, many Gram-negative bacteria are part of the normal flora of humans and the environment and are not pathogenic. However, some genera, such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Pseudomonas, contain species that are significant human pathogens.

3. Can Gram staining alone identify a bacterial species? No, Gram staining only provides a broad classification. Further biochemical tests are necessary for species-level identification.

4. What are some common clinical infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria? Gram-negative bacteria cause a wide array of infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, and gastrointestinal illnesses.

5. Where can I find more detailed information on specific Gram-negative bacteria? Detailed information on specific genera and species can be found in microbiology textbooks, scientific journals, and online databases like NCBI.


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  gram negative bacteria flowchart: Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control Linda Caveney, Barbara Jones, Kimberly Ellis, 2011-11-15 Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control is a practical guide to infection surveillance and control in the veterinary setting. Outlining the steps for designing and implementing an infection control plan, the book offers information on both nosocomial infections and zoonotic diseases to aid the veterinary team in ensuring that veterinary practices and hospitals are safe for both the animal patients and their human caregivers. Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control provides guidelines to creating standard operating procedures for effective and efficient infection control in any veterinary practice. With background information on pathogens, bacteria, and disease transmission, the book focuses on specific infection prevention strategies, including disinfection, sterilization, and isolation. A companion website provides review questions and the figures from the book in PowerPoint. Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control gives practicing veterinarians, technicians, and practice managers in both small and large animal facilities the tools they need to successfully develop an infection-control program.
  gram negative bacteria flowchart: Concise Pathology for Exam Preparation_4e-E-book Geetika Khanna, 2020-11-12 The fourth edition of this book has been thoroughly updated and revised in accordance with the competency-based curriculum of Pathology. It has been structured in question-answer format that incorporates information in a concise manner with bulleted points for rapid review and easy recapitulation. This is an endeavour to make understanding of Pathology easier so as to facilitate learning by students and help them apply their knowledge to the problems they encounter in their clinical practice later in life. This edition is based on Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th edition.• Covers questions that are commonly/frequently asked in major universities.• Covers all must know topics in a very simple language and easily comprehensible style.• Organized in small paragraphs and bulleted points to help in rapid revision before examination.• Tabulation of contrasting features of morphologically similar conditions for further clarification of concepts.• Text enriched with flowcharts explaining mechanism of evolution of disease.• Special emphasis has been laid on clinical presentation (symptoms and signs) and understanding the evolution of disease.• Prioritization of laboratory investigations has been stressed upon in order to provide an integrated approach to the study of pathology and to strengthen the clinical decision-making ability.
  gram negative bacteria flowchart: Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application, Essentials Michael J. Leboffe, Burton E. Pierce, 2019-02-01 This newest addition to the best-selling Microbiology: Laboratory Theory & Application series of manuals provides an excellent value for courses where lab time is at a premium or for smaller enrollment courses where customization is not an option. The Essentials edition is intended for courses populated by nonmajors and allied health students and includes exercises selected to reflect core microbiology laboratory concepts.
  gram negative bacteria flowchart: Foundations in Microbiology' 2007 Ed.(sixth Edition)2007 Edition ,
  gram negative bacteria flowchart: Retina Atul Kumar, 2021-11-30 This book is a comprehensive guide to the medical and surgical management of retinal diseases and disorders. The new edition has been fully revised and updated to provide clinicians with the latest advances in the field. Divided into 63 chapters, the text begins with an overview of clinical anatomy and physiology of the vitreous and retina, imaging and ultrasonography, and electrophysiology. The following sections cover management of numerous different retinal disorders, from macular dystrophies, retinal arterial occlusion and diabetic macular edema, to giant retinal tears, blunt ocular trauma, cancer associated retinopathies, shaken baby syndrome, and many more. This second edition features the latest developments in diagnostics, clinical management guidelines, instruments and vitreoretinal surgeries. New topics include the emerging role of 3D ‘heads up’ vitreoretinal surgery and microscope integrated optical coherence tomography in retinal surgery. The extensive text is further enhanced by clinical images and illustrations. The previous edition (9789352702947) published in 2018.
  gram negative bacteria flowchart: Problem Based Urology Paolo Gontero, Roger S. Kirby, Culley C. Carson III, 2013-03-27 This short, pithy book – addressed to primary care physicians, will also be invaluable to those studying urology, prior to taking any professional exam. Urological problems are so common as to represent a significant burden for many care physicians and GPs in their everyday practice worldwide. A major concern is how far to go themselves in the diagnosis and treatment of a urological diseases and when to refer the patient for specialist care. Problem Based Urology will provide an easy and user friendly tool to help in decision making on the main urological problems and the most appropriate timing for referral to specialist care. Within each chapter, one or more flow charts will help the reader, step-by-step, to formulate the most likely diagnosis on the basis of findings from medical history, examination and investigations and to start an appropriate first line treatment or to refer the patient to the specialist where appropriate. Each step of the flow chart will be explained in legends consecutively numbered at the bottom of the flow chart diagram. Besides, each chapter will be enriched with tables reporting the most common diseases to be accounted in the differential diagnosis, treatment choices manageable by the primary care physician or GP.
  gram negative bacteria flowchart: Advances in CLOT Treatment (ACT) HK Chopra, Navin C Nanda, Jagat Narula, GS Wander, CN Manjunath, Praveen Chandra, Viveka Kumar, CK Ponde, AK Pancholia, 2023-03-25 SECTION 1: CLINICAL SECTION 2: DIAGNOSIS SECTION 3: TENECTEPLASE (TNK) AND CLOT TREATMENT SECTION 4: NOACs IN CLOT TREATMENT SECTION 5: THROMBOSIS AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE SECTION 6: THROMBOSIS AND HYPERTENSION SECTION 7: THROMBOSIS AND HEART FAILURE SECTION 8: THROMBOSIS AND DYSLIPIDEMIA SECTON 9: THROMBOSIS AND DIABETES MELLITUS SECTION 10: THROMBOSIS AND ARRHYTHMIA SECTION 11: THROMBOSIS AND CARDIOMYOPATHY SECTION 12: THROMBOSIS AND RHD SECTION 13: DVT SECTION 14: THROMBOSIS AND PAD SECTION 15: THROMBOSIS AND CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE SECTION 16: THROMBOSIS AND VERTEBRAL ARTERY DISEASE SECTION 17: THROMBOSIS AND STROKE INTRACEREBRAL ARTERIAL DISEASE SECTION 18: THROMBOSIS AND KIDNEY SECTION 19: THROMBOSIS AND CARDIAC SURGERY SECTION 20: THROMBOSIS AND CRITICAL CARE SECTION 21: THROMBOSIS IN EMERGENCY AND URGENT CARE SECTION 22: THROMBOSIS AND SEPSIS SECTION 23: THROMBOSIS AND WOMEN SECTION 24: THROMBOSIS AND EYE SECTION 25: THROMBOSIS AND LUNG SECTION 26: NOAC AND DRUGS INTERACTION SECTION 27: COVID-INFLICTED COAGULOPATHY SECTION 28: CLOT IN ECMO SECTION 29: THROMBOSIS AND COVID VACCINATION SECTION 30: THROMBOSIS AND NUTRITION SECTION 31: CARDIO-ONCOLOGY AND THROMBOSIS SECTION 32: POSTMITRAL CLIP THROMBOSIS SECTION 33: PEDIATRICS AND THROMBOSIS SECTION 34: SKIN AND THROMBOSIS SECTION 35: THROMBOSIS AND AVN SECTION 36: FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THROMBOSIS CARE
Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart - Centers for Disease …
Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart. * = See Biochemical Tests for Gram Negative Organism ID Job aid for positive and negative result reference. This job aid is a component of the free, …

Gram Bacilli Negative Cocci - Ohio State University College of …
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that will not grow on MacConkey agar: Actinobacillus, Gardnerella, Brucella, Francisella, Eikenella, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Legionella, Bordetella, …

Gram Negative Bacteria Flowchart (Download Only)
The following flowchart provides a simplified approach to identifying common Gram-negative bacteria. Remember, this is a simplified version and additional tests may be required for …

Bacteria Classification Flow Chart - ps2020.iaslc.org
Bacteria Classification Flowchart | PDF - Scribd Basic classification of commonly tested bacteria - medical student reference. This document outlines procedures for identifying gram …

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology - ResearchGate
Description: Gram Negative, Aerobic/Microaerophilic rods and cocci Key differences are: pigments/fluorescent, motility, growth requirements, denitrification, morphology, and oxidase, …

Gram Negative Rods Non-Stool Pathogens Flowchart
This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.” Find the course at https://www.cdc.gov/labtraining.aboratory. Gram …

Unknown Identification Work Flow Flowchart - TMCC
Gram Stain . Gram Positive Cocci . Gram Negative Bacilli . Catalase - Catalase + Catalase - Catalase + Perform: ... TMCC Microbiology Resource Center Unknown Identification Work …

Gram Negative Rods Stool Pathogens Flowchart
Gram Negative Rods Stool Pathogens Flowchart. This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.”.

1.1.2 Flow Chart for the Presumptive Identification of Selected ...
This new key provides a broad perspective of strategies useful for the biochemical identification of bacterial fish pathogens and it will be helpful in both diagnostic work and in teaching.

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM …
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC 23715)+/-&*Colonies appear dark purple in color on. utrient agar, brain …

TABLE OF CONTENTS Contacts - University of Nebraska …
"Gram positive cocci in pairs and chains" may suggest Streptococcus species or Enterococcus species. ―Gram positive diplococci‖ may suggest Streptococcus pneumoniae. ―Gram …

Identification of an Unknown Bacterium and Writing Up a …
Keys are charts that require decisions at branch points, much like a flow chart in computer logic: If the answer to a question is yes, then do X; if the answer is no, then do Y. Dichotomous keys …

Gram Negative Flow Chart Copy - netsec.csuci.edu
The following flow chart outlines a typical diagnostic pathway for identifying Gram-negative bacteria. It's crucial to remember that this is a general guideline, and specific laboratory …

GRAM POSITIVE FLOWCHART BACTERIA COCCI - SHEFFIELD …
1.6 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION FLOWCHART GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA BACILLI COCCI ANAEROBIC AEROBIC SIMPLE GROWTH REQUIREMENTS …

LABORATORY HANDBOOK - KSU
Simplified Flow Chart for Identification of Gram-Negative Rods Most gram-positive organisms cannot grow on MacConkeys. Lactose Fermenters (LF) show colonies that are pink or red, …

Gram Negative Bacteria - University of Massachusetts Medical …
Objectives. Define the molecular structure of Gram-negative organisms Highlight differences between Gram-negatives and Gram-positives Discuss the most important clinically-relevant …

THE BEST ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART EVER (at least the …
THE "BEST" ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART EVER (at least the best we could make) Created by. James McCormack, BSc(Pharm), PharmD and Fawziah Lalji, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, …

Gram Bacillus spp., Positive Lactobacillus spp., Clostridium …
Gram Positive Cocci Obligate anaerobic Peptostreptococcus spp., Peptinophilus spp., Parvimonas spp., Anaerococcus spp., Atopobium spp., F. magna Aerobic/ Facultative …

Bacterial Classification, Structure and Function - Columbia …
Gram positive bacteria stain blue-purple and Gram negative bacteria stain red. The difference between the two groups is believed to be due to a much larger peptidoglycan (cell wall) in …

Interpretation of Gram Stains for the Nonmicrobiologist
gram-negative diplococci are diagnostically significant for gonococcal infection only in a urethral smear from a man; women may have saprophytic gram-negative diplococci in the …

Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart - Centers for …
Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart. * = See Biochemical Tests for Gram Negative Organism ID Job aid for positive and negative result reference. This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.”. Find the course at.

Gram Bacilli Negative Cocci - Ohio State University College of …
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that will not grow on MacConkey agar: Actinobacillus, Gardnerella, Brucella, Francisella, Eikenella, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Legionella, Bordetella, Helicobacter.

Gram Negative Bacteria Flowchart (Download Only)
The following flowchart provides a simplified approach to identifying common Gram-negative bacteria. Remember, this is a simplified version and additional tests may be required for definitive identification.

Bacteria Classification Flow Chart - ps2020.iaslc.org
Bacteria Classification Flowchart | PDF - Scribd Basic classification of commonly tested bacteria - medical student reference. This document outlines procedures for identifying gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including performing a Gram stain, oxidase test, lactose fermentation test, and other identification tests. Classification ...

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology - ResearchGate
Description: Gram Negative, Aerobic/Microaerophilic rods and cocci Key differences are: pigments/fluorescent, motility, growth requirements, denitrification, morphology, and oxidase, read...

Gram Negative Rods Non-Stool Pathogens Flowchart
This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.” Find the course at https://www.cdc.gov/labtraining.aboratory. Gram Negative Rods Non-Stool Pathogens Flowchart * = See Biochemical Tests for Gram Negative Organism ID Job aid for positive and negative . result reference.

Unknown Identification Work Flow Flowchart - TMCC
Gram Stain . Gram Positive Cocci . Gram Negative Bacilli . Catalase - Catalase + Catalase - Catalase + Perform: ... TMCC Microbiology Resource Center Unknown Identification Work Flow Flowchart. Title: Unknown Identification Work Flow Flowchart Author: TMCC Biology Department Microbiology Resource Center Created Date: 10/10/2017 12:27:13 PM ...

Gram Negative Rods Stool Pathogens Flowchart
Gram Negative Rods Stool Pathogens Flowchart. This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.”.

1.1.2 Flow Chart for the Presumptive Identification of Selected ...
This new key provides a broad perspective of strategies useful for the biochemical identification of bacterial fish pathogens and it will be helpful in both diagnostic work and in teaching.

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM …
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC 23715)+/-&*Colonies appear dark purple in color on. utrient agar, brain heart infusion agar, or tryptic soy agar.**Produces a red-brown pigmen.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Contacts - University of Nebraska …
"Gram positive cocci in pairs and chains" may suggest Streptococcus species or Enterococcus species. ―Gram positive diplococci‖ may suggest Streptococcus pneumoniae. ―Gram negative coccobacilli‖ may suggest Haemophilus species. ―Lactose fermenting Gram negative rods‖ may suggest Enterobacteriaceae.

Identification of an Unknown Bacterium and Writing Up a …
Keys are charts that require decisions at branch points, much like a flow chart in computer logic: If the answer to a question is yes, then do X; if the answer is no, then do Y. Dichotomous keys are written from known characteristics of the possible organisms you may need to identify.

Gram Negative Flow Chart Copy - netsec.csuci.edu
The following flow chart outlines a typical diagnostic pathway for identifying Gram-negative bacteria. It's crucial to remember that this is a general guideline, and specific laboratory procedures may vary.

GRAM POSITIVE FLOWCHART BACTERIA COCCI
1.6 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION FLOWCHART GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA BACILLI COCCI ANAEROBIC AEROBIC SIMPLE GROWTH REQUIREMENTS FASTIDIOUS GROWTH ... Gram Negative Identification Flowchart . Chapter 6: Antibiotics Microbiology and Infectious Diseas es: The Basics 58 CHAPTER 6: ANTIBIOTICS 6.1 ANTIBIOTIC MODE OF ACTION: CELL WALL ...

LABORATORY HANDBOOK - KSU
Simplified Flow Chart for Identification of Gram-Negative Rods Most gram-positive organisms cannot grow on MacConkeys. Lactose Fermenters (LF) show colonies that are pink or red, Non-Lactose Fermenters (NLF) are colorless.

Gram Negative Bacteria - University of Massachusetts …
Objectives. Define the molecular structure of Gram-negative organisms Highlight differences between Gram-negatives and Gram-positives Discuss the most important clinically-relevant Gram-negative bacteria Review treatments for Gram-negatives Illustrate clinical scenarios involving Gram-negative infection (Won’t discuss much about laboratory ...

THE BEST ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART EVER (at least …
THE "BEST" ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART EVER (at least the best we could make) Created by. James McCormack, BSc(Pharm), PharmD and Fawziah Lalji, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, FCSHP with assistance from Tim Lau. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of …

Gram Bacillus spp., Positive Lactobacillus spp., Clostridium …
Gram Positive Cocci Obligate anaerobic Peptostreptococcus spp., Peptinophilus spp., Parvimonas spp., Anaerococcus spp., Atopobium spp., F. magna Aerobic/ Facultative anaerobic In chains Alpha-hemolytic S. pneumoniae, Viridans group strep Beta-hemoltyic Group A (S. pyogenes) Group B (S. agalactiae) Group C, F, G Gamma-hemolytic Group D (S. bovis ...

Bacterial Classification, Structure and Function - Columbia …
Gram positive bacteria stain blue-purple and Gram negative bacteria stain red. The difference between the two groups is believed to be due to a much larger peptidoglycan (cell wall) in Gram positives.

Interpretation of Gram Stains for the Nonmicrobiologist
gram-negative diplococci are diagnostically significant for gonococcal infection only in a urethral smear from a man; women may have saprophytic gram-negative diplococci in the characteristically has: (1) an absence of inflammatory cells; (2) a decreased number of gram-positive lactobacilli morphotypes; (3) an excess number of pleomorphic gram ...