Advertisement
Gram-Negative Bacteria Flowchart: A Comprehensive Guide to Identification
Identifying bacteria is crucial in various fields, from clinical diagnostics to environmental microbiology. One of the most fundamental steps in bacterial identification is the Gram stain, differentiating bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups. This post provides a detailed, visual, and text-based guide to navigating the identification of Gram-negative bacteria, culminating in a practical flowchart you can use as a reference. We'll cover key characteristics, common genera, and essential diagnostic steps, ensuring you can confidently approach Gram-negative bacterial identification.
Understanding the Gram Stain and its Significance
The Gram stain is a differential staining technique that separates bacteria based on the structure of their cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick peptidoglycan layer, retaining the crystal violet stain and appearing purple under a microscope. Conversely, Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulting in them losing the crystal violet stain and appearing pink after counterstaining with safranin. This difference in cell wall structure is key to understanding their differential susceptibility to antibiotics and their varying pathogenic mechanisms.
Key Characteristics of Gram-Negative Bacteria
Several characteristics beyond the Gram stain help differentiate various Gram-negative bacteria. These include:
#### 1. Cell Morphology:
Cocci: Spherical or ovoid shape (e.g., Neisseria).
Bacilli: Rod-shaped (e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
Coccobacilli: Intermediate between cocci and bacilli (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae).
Spiral: Spiral or curved shapes (e.g., Vibrio cholerae, Helicobacter pylori).
#### 2. Oxygen Requirements:
Aerobic: Requires oxygen for growth (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
Anaerobic: Grows in the absence of oxygen (e.g., some Bacteroides species).
Facultative Anaerobic: Can grow with or without oxygen (e.g., Escherichia coli).
#### 3. Metabolic Activities:
Gram-negative bacteria exhibit a wide range of metabolic activities, including fermentation of sugars, utilization of specific carbon sources, and production of enzymes like oxidase and catalase. These metabolic tests are critical in differentiating closely related species.
#### 4. Antibiotic Susceptibility:
Gram-negative bacteria often exhibit different susceptibility patterns to various antibiotics due to the presence of the outer membrane and its associated efflux pumps. Understanding antibiotic resistance patterns is crucial for effective treatment.
The Gram-Negative Bacteria Identification Flowchart
The following flowchart provides a simplified approach to identifying common Gram-negative bacteria. Remember, this is a simplified version and additional tests may be required for definitive identification.
(Insert a visually appealing flowchart here. The flowchart should visually represent the decision-making process based on morphology, oxygen requirement, biochemical tests (e.g., oxidase, catalase, lactose fermentation), and potential genera. For example, the first branch could be Cocci vs. Bacilli. Each branch should lead to further tests and potential genera until a tentative identification is reached.)
Note: Creating the actual flowchart would require a graphic design program.
Utilizing Biochemical Tests for Precise Identification
Several biochemical tests are essential for accurate identification beyond morphology and Gram stain results. These include:
Oxidase Test: Detects the presence of cytochrome c oxidase.
Catalase Test: Detects the presence of catalase enzyme.
Indole Test: Detects the production of indole from tryptophan.
Methyl Red Test: Detects the production of mixed acids from glucose fermentation.
Voges-Proskauer Test: Detects the production of acetoin from glucose fermentation.
Citrate Utilization Test: Detects the ability to utilize citrate as a sole carbon source.
These tests, along with others specific to particular genera, provide crucial information for precise identification. Always refer to microbiology laboratory manuals for detailed protocols.
Conclusion
Identifying Gram-negative bacteria requires a systematic approach combining microscopic examination, Gram staining, and various biochemical tests. The flowchart presented here serves as a valuable guide, simplifying the process and assisting in narrowing down possibilities. However, remember that this flowchart is a simplified representation, and further specialized tests may be needed for definitive species-level identification. Accurate identification is paramount for effective treatment and disease control.
FAQs
1. What is the significance of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria? The outer membrane contributes to the bacterium's resistance to antibiotics and the host immune system due to the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which acts as an endotoxin.
2. Are all Gram-negative bacteria pathogenic? No, many Gram-negative bacteria are part of the normal flora of humans and the environment and are not pathogenic. However, some genera, such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Pseudomonas, contain species that are significant human pathogens.
3. Can Gram staining alone identify a bacterial species? No, Gram staining only provides a broad classification. Further biochemical tests are necessary for species-level identification.
4. What are some common clinical infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria? Gram-negative bacteria cause a wide array of infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, and gastrointestinal illnesses.
5. Where can I find more detailed information on specific Gram-negative bacteria? Detailed information on specific genera and species can be found in microbiology textbooks, scientific journals, and online databases like NCBI.
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Microbiology and Infectious Diseases on the Move Thomas Locke, Sally Keat, Andrew Walker, Rory Mackinnon, 2012-04-27 The Medicine on the Move series provides fully flexible access to subjects across the curriculum in a unique combination of print and mobile formats ideal for the busy medical student and junior doctor. No matter what your learning style, whether you are studying a subject for the first time or revisiting it during exam preparation, Medicine on the Move will give you the support you need. This innovative print and app package will help you to connect with the topics of microbiology and infectious diseases, to learn, understand, and enjoy them, and to cement your knowledge in preparation for exams and future clinical practice. By using this resource in print or as an app, you really will experience the opportunity to learn medicine on the move. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet L. Duben-Engelkirk, 2008 Designed for associate-degree MLT/CLT programs and baccalaureate MT/CLS programs, this textbook presents the essentials of clinical microbiology. It provides balanced coverage of specific groups of microorganisms and the work-up of clinical specimens by organ system, and also discusses the role of the microbiology laboratory in regard to emerging infections, healthcare epidemiology, and bioterrorism. Clinical case studies and self-assessment questions show how to incorporate the information into everyday practice. More than 400 illustrations and visual information displays enhance the text. Essentials boxes, chapter outlines, key terms, summaries, and other study aids help students retain information. A bound-in CD-ROM includes additional review questions, case studies, and Web links. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Practical Handbook of Microbiology Emanuel Goldman, Lorrence H Green, 2008-08-29 The field of microbiology has developed considerably in the last 20 years, building exponentially on its own discoveries and growing to encompass many other disciplines. Unfortunately, the literature in the field tends to be either encyclopedic in scope or presented as a textbook and oriented for the student. Finding its niche between these two pol |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: The global threat of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria volume II Ziad Daoud, Milena Dropa, 2023-05-24 |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Pathophysiology Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005 This unique 2-in-1 reference presents vital information on pathophysiology in two helpful ways on every page. The wide inner column contains detailed narrative text; the narrow outer column contains brief bulleted summaries of the same information. This format enables nurses to quickly scan the bulleted points and jump to in-depth information as needed without turning the page. Organized by body system, the book covers 220 diseases and disorders. Two 8-page full-color inserts illustrate selected disorders. Illustrations and flowcharts demonstrate abnormal structures and pathophysiologic processes. Icons highlight complications, life-threatening disorders, emergency interventions, and effects of treatment on disease processes. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application, Essentials, 2nd Edition Lourdes Norman-McKay, Michael J Leboffe, Burton E Pierce, 2022-01-14 This newest addition to the best-selling Microbiology: Laboratory Theory & Application series of manuals provides an excellent value for courses where lab time is at a premium or for smaller enrollment courses where customization is not an option. The Essentials edition is intended for courses populated by nonmajors and allied health students and includes exercises selected to reflect core microbiology laboratory concepts. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: High-yield Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Louise Hawley, 2007 This new edition extracts the most important information on microbiology and infectious diseases and presents it in a concise, succinct fashion to prepare students for the USMLE. The book also serves as an excellent course review, with illustrations, review questions, and high-yield case study sections. This edition features 70 new images. High-Yield™ means exactly that...readers reap maximum benefits from very focused study. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Cowan and Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria Samuel Tertius Cowan, 1993 A practical manual of the key characteristics of the bacteria likely to be encountered in microbiology laboratories and in medical and veterinary practice. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Essentials of Clinical Periodontology & Periodontics Shantipriya Reddy, 2017-11-30 Periodontology is the study of the supporting structures of teeth (gums, bones and cement-like substance that hold the teeth, and the periodontal ligament); and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions that affect them. This fifth edition has been fully revised to provide dental students with the most recent advances in periodontology. Beginning with an introduction to the normal periodontium and classification and epidemiology of periodontal diseases, the following chapters provide in depth discussion on the periodontal pathology and the diagnosis and treatment of different types of periodontal disease. In addition to extensive referencing and numerous clinical photographs, diagrams and tables, this comprehensive guide includes a DVD ROM demonstrating procedures in periodontal surgery. The accompanying free booklet, Manual of Clinical Periodontics (9789352702237), provides case histories, instruments and viva voce questions to help students prepare for examinations. Key points Fully revised new edition presenting latest advances in periodontology Includes DVD ROM demonstrating surgical procedures Accompanying free booklet provides case histories and viva voce questions Previous edition (9789351522430) published in 2014 |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Textbook of Periodontics Shalu Bathla, 2021-02-10 |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology - E-Book Patricia M. Tille, 2015-12-28 Perfect your lab skills with the gold standard in microbiology! Serving as both the #1 bench reference for practicing microbiologists and as a favorite text for students in clinical laboratory science programs, Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 14th Edition covers all the topical information and critical thinking practice you need for effective laboratory testing. This new edition also features hundreds step-by-step procedures, updated visuals, new case studies, and new material on the latest trends and equipment in clinical microbiology — including automation, automated streaking, MALDI-TOF, and incubator microscopes. It's everything you need to get quality lab results in class and in clinical practice! - More than 800 detailed, full-color illustrations aid comprehension and help in visualizing concepts. - Expanded sections on parasitology, mycology, and virology eliminate the need to purchase separate books on this material. - General and Species boxes in the organism chapters highlight the important topics that will be discussed in the chapter. - Case studies provide the opportunity to apply information to a variety of diagnostic scenarios, and help improve decision-making and critical thinking skills. - Hands-on procedures include step-by-step instructions, full-color photos, and expected results. - A glossary of terms is found at the back of the book for quick reference. - Learning objectives begin each chapter, offering a measurable outcome to achieve by the completing the material. - Learning resources on the Evolve companion website enhance learning with review questions and procedures. - NEW! Coverage of automation, automated streaking, MALDI-TOF, and incubator microscopes keeps you in the know on these progressing topics. - NEW! Updated images provide a more vivid look into book content and reflect the latest procedures. - NEW! Thoroughly reviewed and updated chapters equip you with the most current information. - NEW! Significant lab manual improvements provide an excellent learning resource at no extra cost. - NEW! 10 extra case studies on the Evolve companion website offer more opportunities to improve critical thinking skills. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Textbook of Pathology and Genetics for Nurses E-Book Sonal Sharma, Geetika Khanna, S D Gangane, 2019-05-18 This book has been written keeping in mind the modern-day nursing students, who would like crisp and clear working knowledge of pathology and genetics, which will enable them in delivering better patient care. All the disease processes have been described in brief yet wholesome manner and in simple language. This book will pave the way for the basic pathogenesis of all diseases and help students in the long run. - Designed keeping in mind the curriculum prescribed by the INC - Topics presented in points and small paragraphs for quicker learning - Exam-oriented multiple-choice, short-answer and long-answer type questions provided - All appropriate recent trends included - In this edition Stem cell therapy which marks a new era in the healthcare has been included |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Comprehensive Pharmacology for Undergraduates Chandrashekar R, 2024-08-27 This book briefly addresses each and every area of pharmacology, and is both evidence-based and outcome-focused. Healthcare professionals must have a solid understanding of pharmacology to improve patients’ quality of life, prevent medical errors, and avoid potentially harmful drug-drug interactions. Pharmacology should be studied by all medical and paramedical students since it provides a solid foundation for understanding the specifics of drugs and the factors that influence them. The book includes relevant flowcharts, diagrams, and tables that present the subject’s contents in more understandable way for undergraduate students. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Manual of Clinical Microbiology Patrick R. Murray, 1995 For the past 28 years, the Manual of Cinical Microbiology has been recognized as the benchmark for excellence among microbiology books. The sixth edition of this book once again provides the definitive reference work for running an effective state–of–the–art diagnostic laboratory, presenting a more direct approach to organizing information, with thorough but concise treatments of all the major areas of microbiology, including new microbial discoveries, changing diagnostic methods and emerging therapeutic challenges facing clinicians. Increased emphasis has been given to infection control and the role of molecular diagnostic procedures and it contains the very latest and authorative work on phylogenetic and nomenclatural changes so important in all areas of clinical microbiology. The authors –many of them new in this edition –are all acknowledged experts in their fields and write with accuracy and authority on the latest and most significant discoveries in bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology and susceptibility testing. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Study Guide for Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology - E-Book Betty A. Forbes, Daniel F. Sahm, Alice S. Weissfeld, 2016-06-30 Corresponding to chapters in Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 12th Edition, this new guide reviews important topics and helps students master key material. It includes chapter objectives, a summary of key points, review questions, and case studies. Material is presented in an engaging format that challenges students to apply their knowledge to real-life scenarios. Type Source Promotion - Chapter Objectives open each chapter, providing a measurable outcome to achieve by completing the material. - A summary of Key Points from the main text helps students clearly identify key concepts covered in each chapter. - Review Questions in each chapter test students on important knowledge in addition to key terms and abbreviations. - Case studies in each chapter offer challenging questions for further analysis, and challenge students to apply their knowledge to the real world. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: ENT Essentials David W Kennedy, Elina Toskala, 2019-09-30 This book is a comprehensive guide to the complete field of otolaryngology for trainees. Divided into seven sections, the manual covers all sub-specialties in ENT practice – ear, face, sleep medicine, laryngology, head and neck, rhinology and allergy, and paediatric ENT. Each section is further divided to discuss the management of various disorders within the subspecialty in question. Highly illustrated with figures and tables to enhance learning, this useful text is edited by respected ENT specialists from University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia. Lead editor, David Kennedy, is past President of the International Rhinology Society. Key Points Comprehensive guide to otolaryngology for trainees Highly illustrated with figures and tables Edited by recognised ENT specialists from Philadelphia Lead editor, David Kennedy, is past President of the International Rhinology Society |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Automated Microbial Identification and Quantitation Wayne P. Olson, 1996-01-31 This book focuses on practical, proven applications to automate the microbial identification process economically and with greater levels of safety and quality for patients. A diverse group of recognized experts survey the topic and present the latest techniques and technologies for microbial detection. They cover bacteria and yeasts, the technology of automation, equipment, methods, and the validation issues involved in going automated. They also explore the challenges of detection and quantititation of contaminants in the increasing number of biologic injectable drugs and identify current trends in the industry. Features |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology Robert A. Pollack, Lorraine Findlay, Walter Mondschein, R. Ronald Modesto, 2018-07-11 The Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology, 5e by Pollack, et al. presents exercises and experiments covered in a 1 or 2-semester undergraduate microbiology laboratory course for allied health students. The labs are introduced in a clear and concise manner, while maintaining a student-friendly tone. The manual contains a variety of interactive activities and experiments that teach students the basic concepts of microbiology. The 5th edition contains new and updated labs that cover a wide array of topics, including identification of microbes, microbial biochemistry, medical microbiology, food microbiology, and environmental microbiology. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Antibacterial Agents Rosaleen Anderson, Paul W. Groundwater, Adam Todd, Alan Worsley, 2012-07-23 Antibacterial agents act against bacterial infection either by killing the bacterium or by arresting its growth. They do this by targeting bacterial DNA and its associated processes, attacking bacterial metabolic processes including protein synthesis, or interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis and function. Antibacterial Agents is an essential guide to this important class of chemotherapeutic drugs. Compounds are organised according to their target, which helps the reader understand the mechanism of action of these drugs and how resistance can arise. The book uses an integrated “lab-to-clinic” approach which covers drug discovery, source or synthesis, mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, clinical aspects (including links to current guidelines, significant drug interactions, cautions and contraindications), prodrugs and future improvements. Agents covered include: agents targeting DNA - quinolone, rifamycin, and nitroimidazole antibacterial agents agents targeting metabolic processes - sulfonamide antibacterial agents and trimethoprim agents targeting protein synthesis - aminoglycoside, macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics, chloramphenicol, and oxazolidinones agents targeting cell wall synthesis - β-Lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics, cycloserine, isonaizid, and daptomycin Antibacterial Agents will find a place on the bookshelves of students of pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmaceutical sciences, drug design/discovery, and medicinal chemistry, and as a bench reference for pharmacists and pharmaceutical researchers in academia and industry. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Professional Guide to Pathophysiology , 2010-01-01 Professional Guide to Pathophysiology, Third Edition, combines the best of a diseases reference with the best of a full-color atlas in one clinical reference for every practice setting. This comprehensive guide focuses on the pathophysiologic developments behind more than 400 disorders across all body systems, so the practitioner fully understands the pathophysiologic rationale behind focused assessments, behind patient signs and symptoms, behind the kinds of tests that are done, and behind the treatments that are given. Now in full color throughout, the book features hundreds of illustrations depicting anatomical structures and pathophysiological processes, as well as scores of informative tables and flowcharts. P> |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook , 2020-08-06 In response to the ever-changing needs and responsibilities of the clinical microbiology field, Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, Fourth Edition has been extensively reviewed and updated to present the most prominent procedures in use today. The Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook provides step-by-step protocols and descriptions that allow clinical microbiologists and laboratory staff personnel to confidently and accurately perform all analyses, including appropriate quality control recommendations, from the receipt of the specimen through processing, testing, interpretation, presentation of the final report, and subsequent consultation. If you are looking for online access to the latest from this reference or site access for your lab, please visit www.wiley.com/learn/clinmicronow. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases A Parthasarathy, 2019-04-30 The new edition of this comprehensive book provides clinicians with the latest advances in the diagnosis and management of paediatric infectious diseases. Divided into ten chapters, the text begins with discussion on general topics relating to infectious diseases, and diagnosis and management. Each of the following chapters covers a different type of infection – systemic, bacterial, viral, protozoal, parasitic and fungal; and emerging infections. The increasing concern of resistance to treatment is discussed in depth, as are infections in immune compromised patients, guidelines and protocols, and vaccines and immunisation. The second edition of this detailed reference is highly illustrated with clinical photographs, diagrams, boxes and tables. The book concludes with appendices on intravenous fluid therapy and drug dosage. Key points Fully revised, second edition providing latest advances in paediatric infectious diseases Covers numerous common and more complicated infections Includes appendices on intravenous fluid therapy and drug dosage Previous edition (9789350903773) published in 2013 |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Medical Microbiology and Parasitology PMFU 4th Edition-E-book B. S. Nagoba, ASHA PICHARE, 2020-06-19 The fourth edition of this book is thoroughly updated in accordance with the competency-based curriculum of Microbiology. This book highlights the important aspects of Medical Microbiology and presents a concise exam-oriented text as per the revised guidelines of Medical Council of India and health universities across the country, and nearby countries. Ideal for undergraduate students of medical, dental, physiotherapy, nursing, pharmacy and science - Revised as per the Competency Based Undergraduate Curriculum and ensured coverage of all the competencies. - Format based upon the pattern followed by the examiners in framing questions in the exams–both theory and practical. - Enriched text with newer developments, additional figures, photographs, flowcharts, tables to facilitate greater retention of knowledge. - More emphasis on systemize presentation of information in bulleted points, that helps to recollect the things easily. Additional Feature Complimentary access to full e-book. New to this Edition - Included details of the competencies at the beginning of units with chapter numbers and at the beginning of chapters, wherever applicable. - Extensive revision of Clinical/Applied Microbiology with inclusion of new chapters like Anaemia, Bone and Joint Infections, Infections of Skin and Soft Tissue, Infection Control Practices, Respect for Patient Samples and Confidentiality in Patient Identity, National Health Programmes, etc. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Textbook of Microbiology R. Vasanthakumari, 2016-01-01 This book fulfils the requirements of undergraduate medical students as per MCI recommendations. It covers the subject in five sections: General Microbiology, Immunology, Systemic Microbiology (includes Bacteriology, Virology and Mycology), Clinical and Applied Microbiology and Parasitology. This edition is a thoroughly revised and updated version of the second edition. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Clinical Update: Cardio-Diabetes Medicine S Arulrhaj, 2023-05-15 Section 1: Epidemiology Section 2: Clinical Presentation Section 3: Investigations Section 4: Invasive Procedure Section 5: Therapeutics Options Section 6: Prevention |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology Patricia M. Tille, 2021-02-04 **Textbook and Academic Authors Association (TAA) Textbook Excellence Award Winner, 2024** **Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Laboratory Technology** Perfect your lab skills with the essential text for diagnostic microbiology! Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 15th Edition Is known as the #1 bench reference for practicing microbiologists and as the preeminent text for students in clinical laboratory science programs. With hundreds of full-color illustrations and step-by-step methods for procedures, this text provides a solid, basic understanding of diagnostic microbiology and also covers more advanced techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Written by noted CLS educator Dr. Patricia Tille, Diagnostic Microbiology has everything you need to get accurate lab test results in class and in clinical practice. - More than 800 high-quality, full-color illustrations help you visualize concepts. - Expanded sections on parasitology, mycology, and virology allow you to use just one book, eliminating the need to purchase other microbiology textbooks for these topics. - Hands-on procedures show exactly what takes place in the lab, including step-by-step methods, photos, and expected results. - Case studies allow you to apply your knowledge to diagnostic scenarios and to develop critical thinking skills. - Genera and Species boxes provide handy, at-a-glance summaries at the beginning of each organism chapter. - Learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter provide measurable outcomes to achieve by completing the chapter material. - A glossary defines terms at the back of the book and on the Evolve companion website. - New! Updated content includes infectious disease trends and new illustrations such as culture plate images of real specimens, complex gram stains, lactophenol cotton blue microscopy, and more. - NEW COVID-19 information has been added. - UPDATED topics include the Human Microbiome Project, expanded MALDI-TOF applications and molecular diagnostics in conjunction with traditional microbiology, additional streps, and significant news in mycology. - EXPANDED glossary defines terms on the Evolve companion website. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Textbook of Clinical Neonatology Ranjan Kumar Pejavar, Rhishikesh Thakre, 2021-05-31 |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Food Safety: Theory and Practice Paul Knechtges, 2012 Written for graduate students or college seniors, Food Safety: Theory and Practice emphasizes a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to food safety. It covers important topics related to the prevention of foodborne illnesses and diseases with a “farm-to-fork” perspective. Each chapter starts with a set of learning objectives for the student and ends with a list of important references and websites for further study and research. Scientific principles that underpin food safety are introduced, and terminology is explained to facilitate comprehension by the student. In keeping with current trends, risk analysis and food safety management are stressed throughout the textbook. The writing style is concise and to the point, and the book contains hundreds of references, figures, and tables. Extremely well organized, this book can serve as the primary text for a food safety course, or it can serve as a background text for more specialized courses in food safety. Key topics include: Risk and hazard analysis of goods - covers risk assessment and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) evaluations of food safety. Safety management of the food supply - provides a farm-to-fork overview of food safety, emphasizing the risks associated with each step in the food supply. Food safety laws, regulations, enforcement, and responsibilities - describes the major provisions, relationship, and hierarchy of laws and guidelines designed to ensure a safe food supply. The pivotal role of food sanitation/safety inspectors - including the interpretation of standards, problem solving and decision making, education of the food handling staff, and participation in foodborne illness outbreak investigations. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Essentials of Microbiology for Dental Students - E-Book Amita Jain, Parul Jain, 2023-07-26 This book presents a thorough and systematic approach of microbiology in a very clear,concise, simplified and easily understandable manner. The text is amply illustrated by largenumber of figures, flowcharts, tables and boxes. This will help not only in understanding theconcepts to clear the professional exams but will also teach the importance and application ofmicrobiology in clinical practice.• Focus on clinical and laboratory aspects of infectious diseases covering bacterial, tubercular,viral, parasitic and fungal infections.• Organization of the text into sections helps to recollect the facts easily.• Chapter outline in the beginning of each chapter helps to facilitate self-learning by thestudents.• Syndromic approach to common syndromes highlights the important causes and laboratorydiagnostic approach.• Flowcharts and line diagrams represent the diagnostic procedures and life cycles.• Questions given at the end of chapters for self-assessment of topics.• Multiple choice questions section-by-section at the end of the book for self-assessment ofthe topics studied.Online Resources at www.medenact.com• Complimentary access to full e-book.• Procedural animations. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: ISCCM Manual of RRT & ECMO in ICU Rajesh Chandra Mishra, Kanwalpreet Sodhi, Vivek Gupta, KC Prakash, 2023-02-24 PART I: RRT Section SECTION 1: AKI and Introduction to RRT Introduction to Renal Replacement Therapy 1. Managerial Aspects of Setting Up Renal Replacement Therapy in Intensive Care Unit 2. Acute Kidney Injury: Epidemiology and Causes SECTION 2: RRT: Basic Principles 3. Principles of Renal Replacement Therapy: Practical Applications 4. Types of Renal Replacement Therapy in ICU 5. Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy in ICU: Renal and Nonrenal 6. Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy SECTION 3: RRT Components 7. RRT Hardware: Cannulas and Dialysis Membranes 8. CRRT: Know the Machine 9. Dialysate Fluids and Replacement Fluids in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy SECTION 4: Management during RRT 10. Sustained Low-efficiency Extended Daily Dialysis in ICU 11. CRRT Prescription in ICU Patients 12. Anticoagulation in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy 13. Transportation of Patients Who are on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy 14. Monitoring during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy 15. High-volume CRRT 16. Switch Over From or Termination of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy SECTION 5: Issues during RRT 17. Complications during Renal Replacement Therapy 18. Troubleshooting in Renal Replacement Therapy 19. Nutrition during Renal Replacement Therapy 20. Drug Dosing in Patients Receiving Renal Replacement Therapy SECTION 6: Renal Replacement Therapy: Special Considerations 21. Dyselectrolytemia and Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients 22. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Specific Situations/Diseases 23. Renal Replacement Therapy and Pregnancy 24. Acute Peritoneal Dialysis in ICU 25. Renal Replacement Therapy in Poisonings: Basic Principles 26. Hemoperfusion for the Treatment of Poisoning. 27. Therapeutic Apheresis 28. Extracorporeal Therapies in Sepsis 29. Renal Replacement Therapy in Children 30. Quality Assurance for Renal Replacement Therapy 31. Multiple Choice Questions on Renal Replacement Therapy PART II: ECMO Section SECTION 7: ECMO: Basic Principle Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Introduction 32. ECMO: Definition, Type, and Variants 33. ECMO Physiology 34. Indications and Contraindications of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 35. Know the Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Machine: Circuit and Hardware SECTION 8: ECMO Component 36. Cannulation in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 37. Circuit Priming and ECMO Initiation 38. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuit Diagram SECTION 9: ECMO: Administrative Issues 39. Development of ECMO Program 40. Communication, Consent, and Ethical Issues during ECMO 41. Cost Reduction Strategy during ECMO SECTION 10: Management during ECMO 42. Anticoagulation Management during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Heparin and Alternatives 43. Mechanical Ventilation in Patients Undergoing ECMO 44. Managing Pain, Anxiety and Psychological Issues during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 45. Blood and Component Therapy during ECMO: When and Why? 46. Proning and Mobilization on ECMO 47. Monitoring during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 48. Procedures during ECMO Emergency and Nonemergency 49. ECMO Weaning, Trial Off, and Decannulation 50. Post Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 51. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit SECTION 11: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Complication 52. Infection Control Issues during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 53. Managing Complication during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 54. Managing Left Ventricular Distension during VA ECMO 5... |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application Michael J. Leboffe, Burton E. Pierce, 2015-01-01 Designed for major and non-major students taking an introductory level microbiology lab course. Whether your course caters to pre-health professional students, microbiology majors or pre-med students, everything they need for a thorough introduction to the subject of microbiology is right here. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Microbiology Daniel V. Lim, 2003 |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Postgraduate Medicine Gurpreet S Wander, 2021-11 |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control Linda Caveney, Barbara Jones, Kimberly Ellis, 2011-11-15 Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control is a practical guide to infection surveillance and control in the veterinary setting. Outlining the steps for designing and implementing an infection control plan, the book offers information on both nosocomial infections and zoonotic diseases to aid the veterinary team in ensuring that veterinary practices and hospitals are safe for both the animal patients and their human caregivers. Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control provides guidelines to creating standard operating procedures for effective and efficient infection control in any veterinary practice. With background information on pathogens, bacteria, and disease transmission, the book focuses on specific infection prevention strategies, including disinfection, sterilization, and isolation. A companion website provides review questions and the figures from the book in PowerPoint. Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control gives practicing veterinarians, technicians, and practice managers in both small and large animal facilities the tools they need to successfully develop an infection-control program. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Concise Pathology for Exam Preparation_4e-E-book Geetika Khanna, 2020-11-12 The fourth edition of this book has been thoroughly updated and revised in accordance with the competency-based curriculum of Pathology. It has been structured in question-answer format that incorporates information in a concise manner with bulleted points for rapid review and easy recapitulation. This is an endeavour to make understanding of Pathology easier so as to facilitate learning by students and help them apply their knowledge to the problems they encounter in their clinical practice later in life. This edition is based on Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th edition.• Covers questions that are commonly/frequently asked in major universities.• Covers all must know topics in a very simple language and easily comprehensible style.• Organized in small paragraphs and bulleted points to help in rapid revision before examination.• Tabulation of contrasting features of morphologically similar conditions for further clarification of concepts.• Text enriched with flowcharts explaining mechanism of evolution of disease.• Special emphasis has been laid on clinical presentation (symptoms and signs) and understanding the evolution of disease.• Prioritization of laboratory investigations has been stressed upon in order to provide an integrated approach to the study of pathology and to strengthen the clinical decision-making ability. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application, Essentials Michael J. Leboffe, Burton E. Pierce, 2019-02-01 This newest addition to the best-selling Microbiology: Laboratory Theory & Application series of manuals provides an excellent value for courses where lab time is at a premium or for smaller enrollment courses where customization is not an option. The Essentials edition is intended for courses populated by nonmajors and allied health students and includes exercises selected to reflect core microbiology laboratory concepts. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Foundations in Microbiology' 2007 Ed.(sixth Edition)2007 Edition , |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Retina Atul Kumar, 2021-11-30 This book is a comprehensive guide to the medical and surgical management of retinal diseases and disorders. The new edition has been fully revised and updated to provide clinicians with the latest advances in the field. Divided into 63 chapters, the text begins with an overview of clinical anatomy and physiology of the vitreous and retina, imaging and ultrasonography, and electrophysiology. The following sections cover management of numerous different retinal disorders, from macular dystrophies, retinal arterial occlusion and diabetic macular edema, to giant retinal tears, blunt ocular trauma, cancer associated retinopathies, shaken baby syndrome, and many more. This second edition features the latest developments in diagnostics, clinical management guidelines, instruments and vitreoretinal surgeries. New topics include the emerging role of 3D ‘heads up’ vitreoretinal surgery and microscope integrated optical coherence tomography in retinal surgery. The extensive text is further enhanced by clinical images and illustrations. The previous edition (9789352702947) published in 2018. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Problem Based Urology Paolo Gontero, Roger S. Kirby, Culley C. Carson III, 2013-03-27 This short, pithy book – addressed to primary care physicians, will also be invaluable to those studying urology, prior to taking any professional exam. Urological problems are so common as to represent a significant burden for many care physicians and GPs in their everyday practice worldwide. A major concern is how far to go themselves in the diagnosis and treatment of a urological diseases and when to refer the patient for specialist care. Problem Based Urology will provide an easy and user friendly tool to help in decision making on the main urological problems and the most appropriate timing for referral to specialist care. Within each chapter, one or more flow charts will help the reader, step-by-step, to formulate the most likely diagnosis on the basis of findings from medical history, examination and investigations and to start an appropriate first line treatment or to refer the patient to the specialist where appropriate. Each step of the flow chart will be explained in legends consecutively numbered at the bottom of the flow chart diagram. Besides, each chapter will be enriched with tables reporting the most common diseases to be accounted in the differential diagnosis, treatment choices manageable by the primary care physician or GP. |
gram negative bacteria flowchart: Advances in CLOT Treatment (ACT) HK Chopra, Navin C Nanda, Jagat Narula, GS Wander, CN Manjunath, Praveen Chandra, Viveka Kumar, CK Ponde, AK Pancholia, 2023-03-25 SECTION 1: CLINICAL SECTION 2: DIAGNOSIS SECTION 3: TENECTEPLASE (TNK) AND CLOT TREATMENT SECTION 4: NOACs IN CLOT TREATMENT SECTION 5: THROMBOSIS AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE SECTION 6: THROMBOSIS AND HYPERTENSION SECTION 7: THROMBOSIS AND HEART FAILURE SECTION 8: THROMBOSIS AND DYSLIPIDEMIA SECTON 9: THROMBOSIS AND DIABETES MELLITUS SECTION 10: THROMBOSIS AND ARRHYTHMIA SECTION 11: THROMBOSIS AND CARDIOMYOPATHY SECTION 12: THROMBOSIS AND RHD SECTION 13: DVT SECTION 14: THROMBOSIS AND PAD SECTION 15: THROMBOSIS AND CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE SECTION 16: THROMBOSIS AND VERTEBRAL ARTERY DISEASE SECTION 17: THROMBOSIS AND STROKE INTRACEREBRAL ARTERIAL DISEASE SECTION 18: THROMBOSIS AND KIDNEY SECTION 19: THROMBOSIS AND CARDIAC SURGERY SECTION 20: THROMBOSIS AND CRITICAL CARE SECTION 21: THROMBOSIS IN EMERGENCY AND URGENT CARE SECTION 22: THROMBOSIS AND SEPSIS SECTION 23: THROMBOSIS AND WOMEN SECTION 24: THROMBOSIS AND EYE SECTION 25: THROMBOSIS AND LUNG SECTION 26: NOAC AND DRUGS INTERACTION SECTION 27: COVID-INFLICTED COAGULOPATHY SECTION 28: CLOT IN ECMO SECTION 29: THROMBOSIS AND COVID VACCINATION SECTION 30: THROMBOSIS AND NUTRITION SECTION 31: CARDIO-ONCOLOGY AND THROMBOSIS SECTION 32: POSTMITRAL CLIP THROMBOSIS SECTION 33: PEDIATRICS AND THROMBOSIS SECTION 34: SKIN AND THROMBOSIS SECTION 35: THROMBOSIS AND AVN SECTION 36: FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THROMBOSIS CARE |
Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart - Centers for Disease …
Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart. * = See Biochemical Tests for Gram Negative Organism ID Job aid for positive and negative result reference. This job aid is a component of the free, …
Gram Bacilli Negative Cocci - Ohio State University College of …
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that will not grow on MacConkey agar: Actinobacillus, Gardnerella, Brucella, Francisella, Eikenella, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Legionella, Bordetella, …
Gram Negative Bacteria Flowchart (Download Only)
The following flowchart provides a simplified approach to identifying common Gram-negative bacteria. Remember, this is a simplified version and additional tests may be required for …
Bacteria Classification Flow Chart - ps2020.iaslc.org
Bacteria Classification Flowchart | PDF - Scribd Basic classification of commonly tested bacteria - medical student reference. This document outlines procedures for identifying gram …
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology - ResearchGate
Description: Gram Negative, Aerobic/Microaerophilic rods and cocci Key differences are: pigments/fluorescent, motility, growth requirements, denitrification, morphology, and oxidase, …
Gram Negative Rods Non-Stool Pathogens Flowchart
This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.” Find the course at https://www.cdc.gov/labtraining.aboratory. Gram …
Unknown Identification Work Flow Flowchart - TMCC
Gram Stain . Gram Positive Cocci . Gram Negative Bacilli . Catalase - Catalase + Catalase - Catalase + Perform: ... TMCC Microbiology Resource Center Unknown Identification Work …
Gram Negative Rods Stool Pathogens Flowchart
Gram Negative Rods Stool Pathogens Flowchart. This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.”.
1.1.2 Flow Chart for the Presumptive Identification of Selected ...
This new key provides a broad perspective of strategies useful for the biochemical identification of bacterial fish pathogens and it will be helpful in both diagnostic work and in teaching.
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM …
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC 23715)+/-&*Colonies appear dark purple in color on. utrient agar, brain …
TABLE OF CONTENTS Contacts - University of Nebraska …
"Gram positive cocci in pairs and chains" may suggest Streptococcus species or Enterococcus species. ―Gram positive diplococci‖ may suggest Streptococcus pneumoniae. ―Gram …
Identification of an Unknown Bacterium and Writing Up a …
Keys are charts that require decisions at branch points, much like a flow chart in computer logic: If the answer to a question is yes, then do X; if the answer is no, then do Y. Dichotomous keys …
Gram Negative Flow Chart Copy - netsec.csuci.edu
The following flow chart outlines a typical diagnostic pathway for identifying Gram-negative bacteria. It's crucial to remember that this is a general guideline, and specific laboratory …
GRAM POSITIVE FLOWCHART BACTERIA COCCI - SHEFFIELD …
1.6 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION FLOWCHART GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA BACILLI COCCI ANAEROBIC AEROBIC SIMPLE GROWTH REQUIREMENTS …
LABORATORY HANDBOOK - KSU
Simplified Flow Chart for Identification of Gram-Negative Rods Most gram-positive organisms cannot grow on MacConkeys. Lactose Fermenters (LF) show colonies that are pink or red, …
Gram Negative Bacteria - University of Massachusetts Medical …
Objectives. Define the molecular structure of Gram-negative organisms Highlight differences between Gram-negatives and Gram-positives Discuss the most important clinically-relevant …
THE BEST ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART EVER (at least the …
THE "BEST" ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART EVER (at least the best we could make) Created by. James McCormack, BSc(Pharm), PharmD and Fawziah Lalji, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, …
Gram Bacillus spp., Positive Lactobacillus spp., Clostridium …
Gram Positive Cocci Obligate anaerobic Peptostreptococcus spp., Peptinophilus spp., Parvimonas spp., Anaerococcus spp., Atopobium spp., F. magna Aerobic/ Facultative …
Bacterial Classification, Structure and Function - Columbia …
Gram positive bacteria stain blue-purple and Gram negative bacteria stain red. The difference between the two groups is believed to be due to a much larger peptidoglycan (cell wall) in …
Interpretation of Gram Stains for the Nonmicrobiologist
gram-negative diplococci are diagnostically significant for gonococcal infection only in a urethral smear from a man; women may have saprophytic gram-negative diplococci in the …
Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart - Centers for …
Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart. * = See Biochemical Tests for Gram Negative Organism ID Job aid for positive and negative result reference. This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.”. Find the course at.
Gram Bacilli Negative Cocci - Ohio State University College of …
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that will not grow on MacConkey agar: Actinobacillus, Gardnerella, Brucella, Francisella, Eikenella, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Legionella, Bordetella, Helicobacter.
Gram Negative Bacteria Flowchart (Download Only)
The following flowchart provides a simplified approach to identifying common Gram-negative bacteria. Remember, this is a simplified version and additional tests may be required for definitive identification.
Bacteria Classification Flow Chart - ps2020.iaslc.org
Bacteria Classification Flowchart | PDF - Scribd Basic classification of commonly tested bacteria - medical student reference. This document outlines procedures for identifying gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including performing a Gram stain, oxidase test, lactose fermentation test, and other identification tests. Classification ...
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology - ResearchGate
Description: Gram Negative, Aerobic/Microaerophilic rods and cocci Key differences are: pigments/fluorescent, motility, growth requirements, denitrification, morphology, and oxidase, read...
Gram Negative Rods Non-Stool Pathogens Flowchart
This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.” Find the course at https://www.cdc.gov/labtraining.aboratory. Gram Negative Rods Non-Stool Pathogens Flowchart * = See Biochemical Tests for Gram Negative Organism ID Job aid for positive and negative . result reference.
Unknown Identification Work Flow Flowchart - TMCC
Gram Stain . Gram Positive Cocci . Gram Negative Bacilli . Catalase - Catalase + Catalase - Catalase + Perform: ... TMCC Microbiology Resource Center Unknown Identification Work Flow Flowchart. Title: Unknown Identification Work Flow Flowchart Author: TMCC Biology Department Microbiology Resource Center Created Date: 10/10/2017 12:27:13 PM ...
Gram Negative Rods Stool Pathogens Flowchart
Gram Negative Rods Stool Pathogens Flowchart. This job aid is a component of the free, on-demand CDC training course “Biochemicals and Gram Negative Organism ID.”.
1.1.2 Flow Chart for the Presumptive Identification of Selected ...
This new key provides a broad perspective of strategies useful for the biochemical identification of bacterial fish pathogens and it will be helpful in both diagnostic work and in teaching.
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM …
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC 23715)+/-&*Colonies appear dark purple in color on. utrient agar, brain heart infusion agar, or tryptic soy agar.**Produces a red-brown pigmen.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Contacts - University of Nebraska …
"Gram positive cocci in pairs and chains" may suggest Streptococcus species or Enterococcus species. ―Gram positive diplococci‖ may suggest Streptococcus pneumoniae. ―Gram negative coccobacilli‖ may suggest Haemophilus species. ―Lactose fermenting Gram negative rods‖ may suggest Enterobacteriaceae.
Identification of an Unknown Bacterium and Writing Up a …
Keys are charts that require decisions at branch points, much like a flow chart in computer logic: If the answer to a question is yes, then do X; if the answer is no, then do Y. Dichotomous keys are written from known characteristics of the possible organisms you may need to identify.
Gram Negative Flow Chart Copy - netsec.csuci.edu
The following flow chart outlines a typical diagnostic pathway for identifying Gram-negative bacteria. It's crucial to remember that this is a general guideline, and specific laboratory procedures may vary.
GRAM POSITIVE FLOWCHART BACTERIA COCCI
1.6 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION FLOWCHART GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA BACILLI COCCI ANAEROBIC AEROBIC SIMPLE GROWTH REQUIREMENTS FASTIDIOUS GROWTH ... Gram Negative Identification Flowchart . Chapter 6: Antibiotics Microbiology and Infectious Diseas es: The Basics 58 CHAPTER 6: ANTIBIOTICS 6.1 ANTIBIOTIC MODE OF ACTION: CELL WALL ...
LABORATORY HANDBOOK - KSU
Simplified Flow Chart for Identification of Gram-Negative Rods Most gram-positive organisms cannot grow on MacConkeys. Lactose Fermenters (LF) show colonies that are pink or red, Non-Lactose Fermenters (NLF) are colorless.
Gram Negative Bacteria - University of Massachusetts …
Objectives. Define the molecular structure of Gram-negative organisms Highlight differences between Gram-negatives and Gram-positives Discuss the most important clinically-relevant Gram-negative bacteria Review treatments for Gram-negatives Illustrate clinical scenarios involving Gram-negative infection (Won’t discuss much about laboratory ...
THE BEST ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART EVER (at least …
THE "BEST" ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART EVER (at least the best we could make) Created by. James McCormack, BSc(Pharm), PharmD and Fawziah Lalji, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, FCSHP with assistance from Tim Lau. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of …
Gram Bacillus spp., Positive Lactobacillus spp., Clostridium …
Gram Positive Cocci Obligate anaerobic Peptostreptococcus spp., Peptinophilus spp., Parvimonas spp., Anaerococcus spp., Atopobium spp., F. magna Aerobic/ Facultative anaerobic In chains Alpha-hemolytic S. pneumoniae, Viridans group strep Beta-hemoltyic Group A (S. pyogenes) Group B (S. agalactiae) Group C, F, G Gamma-hemolytic Group D (S. bovis ...
Bacterial Classification, Structure and Function - Columbia …
Gram positive bacteria stain blue-purple and Gram negative bacteria stain red. The difference between the two groups is believed to be due to a much larger peptidoglycan (cell wall) in Gram positives.
Interpretation of Gram Stains for the Nonmicrobiologist
gram-negative diplococci are diagnostically significant for gonococcal infection only in a urethral smear from a man; women may have saprophytic gram-negative diplococci in the characteristically has: (1) an absence of inflammatory cells; (2) a decreased number of gram-positive lactobacilli morphotypes; (3) an excess number of pleomorphic gram ...