Christian Slaves Muslim Masters

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: A Complex History

The phrase "Christian slaves, Muslim masters" evokes a potent image, often steeped in misconception and simplification. This post aims to delve into the complex realities of Christian slavery under Muslim rule throughout history, acknowledging the nuances and avoiding generalizations. We will explore the various historical contexts, the differing forms of enslavement, and the often-overlooked complexities of this multifaceted historical relationship. This isn’t about assigning blame or justifying practices, but rather providing a more nuanced understanding of a dark chapter in human history.

The Scope of Christian Slavery Under Muslim Rule

The existence of Christian slaves under Muslim rulers is a documented historical reality spanning centuries and encompassing vast geographical areas. It's crucial to understand that this wasn't a monolithic phenomenon; the nature of slavery varied significantly depending on factors like time period, location, and the specific legal and social context of the Muslim society in question. The term "Muslim" itself covers a vast and diverse range of cultures and legal systems over many centuries. There was never a single, uniform system of enslavement across the entire Muslim world.

The Barbary Coast Raids: A Notable Example

One well-known example involves the Barbary Coast raids, which targeted European coastal communities from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These raids resulted in the enslavement of thousands of Christians, often taken captive during sea battles or coastal attacks. The captives were sold into slavery in North African markets, subjected to various forms of forced labor, and often converted to Islam. The conditions varied dramatically, ranging from relatively lenient treatment to brutal exploitation depending on the master and the specific circumstances.

Slavery Within the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, a vast and long-lasting power, also possessed a system of slavery that included Christians. While the empire had its own legal framework regarding slavery, the treatment of slaves varied considerably based on factors like their skills, ethnicity, and the whims of their owners. Some Christian slaves might find themselves integrated into their masters' households, while others endured harsh treatment in agricultural settings or as galley slaves. The diversity of the Ottoman Empire itself makes it impossible to speak of a single experience of Christian slavery within its borders.

The Nature of Enslavement: Beyond Simple Captivity

It's important to avoid the pitfall of portraying all Christian slaves under Muslim rule as experiencing identical fates. The reality was far more nuanced. Some slaves were war captives, others were criminals, still others were victims of raids or sold into slavery through various means. The legal and social standing of a slave could influence their treatment, with some enjoying relative autonomy and opportunities for advancement, while others faced brutal oppression. Manumission (release from slavery) was also a possibility, albeit often contingent on various factors.

Religious Conversion and its Implications

Religious conversion played a complex role. While conversion to Islam sometimes offered a pathway to freedom or improved social standing, it wasn't a guaranteed escape from slavery. Conversion could also be forced, and the process itself didn't always erase the social stigma associated with being a former slave. The relationship between religion and slavery in this context requires careful examination to avoid oversimplification.

Comparing to Other Forms of Slavery

It is equally important to contextualize Christian slavery within the Muslim world by comparing it to other forms of slavery that existed at the same time. Slavery was a widespread practice across the globe, and various cultures and societies developed their own systems of enslavement. Comparing and contrasting these systems can provide a broader understanding of the phenomenon and its unique characteristics within the context of the Muslim world.

The Legacy and Continued Relevance

The legacy of Christian slavery under Muslim rule continues to shape historical narratives and interfaith relations. Understanding this complex history demands careful research, avoiding both romanticization and demonization. It requires acknowledging the diversity of experiences and avoiding the trap of creating simplistic narratives. Open dialogue and honest engagement are crucial to fostering mutual understanding and addressing the lasting effects of this historical phenomenon.


Conclusion:

The topic of Christian slaves and Muslim masters is a fraught and sensitive one, demanding a careful and nuanced approach. Avoiding generalizations and acknowledging the immense variety of experiences is essential to understanding this intricate historical reality. It is crucial to engage with this history responsibly, learning from the past to promote a future of understanding and respect.


FAQs:

1. Were all Christian slaves treated brutally? No, the treatment of Christian slaves varied widely depending on various factors including the master, the region, and the individual's skills and circumstances. Some slaves experienced harsh conditions, while others were treated relatively well.

2. Was conversion to Islam always a path to freedom? Not necessarily. While conversion sometimes led to improved circumstances or even manumission, it wasn't a guaranteed escape from slavery, and conversion itself could be forced.

3. How does this history compare to other forms of slavery? Christian slavery under Muslim rule shares some similarities with other forms of slavery, like chattel slavery in the Americas, but it also possessed its own unique characteristics stemming from religious, legal, and cultural contexts.

4. What primary sources exist to document this history? Numerous primary sources exist, including legal texts, travel accounts, letters, and even the personal narratives of former slaves, though these sources need to be critically examined within their historical context.

5. How can we use this historical knowledge to promote interfaith understanding today? By acknowledging the complexities of the past, engaging in honest dialogue, and fostering respectful interactions, we can learn from past injustices and build more tolerant and understanding interfaith relationships today.


  christian slaves muslim masters: Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters R. Davis, 2003-09-16 This is a study that digs deeply into this 'other' slavery, the bondage of Europeans by North-African Muslims that flourished during the same centuries as the heyday of the trans-Atlantic trade from sub-Saharan Africa to the Americas. Here are explored the actual extent of Barbary Coast slavery, the dynamic relationship between master and slave, and the effects of this slaving on Italy, one of the slave takers' primary targets and victims.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Holy War and Human Bondage Robert C. Davis, 2009-07-01 Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Early-Modern Mediterranean tells a story unfamiliar to most modern readers—how this pervasive servitude involved, connected, and divided those on both sides of the Mediterranean. The work explores how men and women, Christians and Muslims, Jews and sub-Saharan Africans experienced their capture and bondage, while comparing what they went through with what black Africans endured in the Americas. Drawing heavily on archival sources not previously available in English, Holy War and Human Bondage teems with personal and highly felt stories of Muslims and Christians who personally fell into captivity and slavery, or who struggled to free relatives and co-religionists in bondage. In these pages, readers will discover how much race slavery and faith slavery once resembled one other and how much they overlapped in the Early-Modern mind. Each produced its share of personal suffering and social devastation—yet the whims of history have made the one virtually synonymous with human bondage while confining the other to almost complete oblivion.
  christian slaves muslim masters: White Gold Giles Milton, 2012-04-12 This is the forgotten story of the million white Europeans, snatched from their homes and taken in chains to the great slave markets of North Africa to be sold to the highest bidder. Ignored by their own governments, and forced to endure the harshest of conditions, very few lived to tell the tale. Using the firsthand testimony of a Cornish cabin boy named Thomas Pellow, Giles Milton vividly reconstructs a disturbing, little known chapter of history. Pellow was bought by the tyrannical sultan of Morocco who was constructing an imperial pleasure palace of enormous scale and grandeur, built entirely by Christian slave labour. As his personal slave, he would witness first-hand the barbaric splendour of the imperial court, as well as experience the daily terror of a cruel regime. Gripping, immaculately researched, and brilliantly realised, WHITE GOLD reveals an explosive chapter of popular history, told with all the pace and verve of one of our finest historians.
  christian slaves muslim masters: White Slaves, African Masters Paul Baepler, 1999-05-15 IntroductionCotton Mather: The Glory of GoodnessJohn D. Foss: A Journal, of the Captivity and Sufferings of John FossJames Leander Cathcart: The Captives, Eleven Years in AlgiersMaria Martin: History of the Captivity and Sufferings of Mrs. Maria MartinJonathan Cowdery: American Captives in TripoliWilliam Ray: Horrors of SlaveryRobert Adams: The Narrative of Robert AdamsEliza Bradley: An Authentic NarrativeIon H. Perdicaris: In Raissuli's HandsAppendix: Publishing History of the American Barbary Captive Narrative Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Servants of Allah Sylviane A. Diouf, 1998-11 Explores the stories of African Muslim slaves in the New World. The author argues that although Islam as brought by the Africans did not outlive the last slaves, what they wrote on the sands of the plantations is a successful story of strength, resilience, courage, pride, and dignity. She discusses Christian Europeans, African Muslims, the Atlantic slave trade, literacy, revolts, and the Muslim legacy. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
  christian slaves muslim masters: Slavery and Islam Jonathan A.C. Brown, 2020-03-05 What happens when authorities you venerate condone something you know is wrong? Every major religion and philosophy once condoned or approved of slavery, but in modern times nothing is seen as more evil. Americans confront this crisis of authority when they erect statues of Founding Fathers who slept with their slaves. And Muslims faced it when ISIS revived sex slavery, justifying it with verses from the Quran and the practice of Muhammad. Exploring the moral and ultimately theological problem of slavery, Jonathan A.C. Brown traces how the Christian, Jewish and Islamic traditions have tried to reconcile modern moral certainties with the infallibility of God’s message. He lays out how Islam viewed slavery in theory, and the reality of how it was practiced across Islamic civilization. Finally, Brown carefully examines arguments put forward by Muslims for the abolition of slavery.
  christian slaves muslim masters: The Forgotten Slave Trade Simon Webb, 2020-12-28 “A solid introduction and useful survey of slaving activity by the Muslims of North Africa over the course of several centuries.” —Chronicles Everybody knows about the transatlantic slave trade, which saw black Africans snatched from their homes, taken across the Atlantic Ocean and then sold into slavery. However, a century before Britain became involved in this terrible business, whole villages and towns in England, Ireland, Italy, Spain and other European countries were being depopulated by slavers, who transported the men, women and children to Africa where they were sold to the highest bidder. This is the forgotten slave trade; one which saw over a million Christians forced into captivity in the Muslim world. Starting with the practice of slavery in the ancient world, Simon Webb traces the history of slavery in Europe, showing that the numbers involved were vast and that the victims were often treated far more cruelly than black slaves in America and the Caribbean. Castration, used very occasionally against black slaves taken across the Atlantic, was routinely carried out on an industrial scale on European boys who were exported to Africa and the Middle East. Most people are aware that the English city of Bristol was a major center for the transatlantic slave trade in the eighteenth century, but hardly anyone knows that 1,000 years earlier it had been an important staging-post for the transfer of English slaves to Africa. Reading this book will forever change how you view the slave trade and show that many commonly held beliefs about this controversial subject are almost wholly inaccurate and mistaken.
  christian slaves muslim masters: The Barbary Slaves Stephen Clissold, 1992
  christian slaves muslim masters: Islam's Black Slaves Ronald Segal, 2002-02-09 Traces the history of the Islamic slave trade from its inception in the seventh century through its history in China, India, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Libya, and Spain.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Christian Slavery Katharine Gerbner, 2018-02-07 Could slaves become Christian? If so, did their conversion lead to freedom? If not, then how could perpetual enslavement be justified? In Christian Slavery, Katharine Gerbner contends that religion was fundamental to the development of both slavery and race in the Protestant Atlantic world. Slave owners in the Caribbean and elsewhere established governments and legal codes based on an ideology of Protestant Supremacy, which excluded the majority of enslaved men and women from Christian communities. For slaveholders, Christianity was a sign of freedom, and most believed that slaves should not be eligible for conversion. When Protestant missionaries arrived in the plantation colonies intending to convert enslaved Africans to Christianity in the 1670s, they were appalled that most slave owners rejected the prospect of slave conversion. Slaveholders regularly attacked missionaries, both verbally and physically, and blamed the evangelizing newcomers for slave rebellions. In response, Quaker, Anglican, and Moravian missionaries articulated a vision of Christian Slavery, arguing that Christianity would make slaves hardworking and loyal. Over time, missionaries increasingly used the language of race to support their arguments for slave conversion. Enslaved Christians, meanwhile, developed an alternate vision of Protestantism that linked religious conversion to literacy and freedom. Christian Slavery shows how the contentions between slave owners, enslaved people, and missionaries transformed the practice of Protestantism and the language of race in the early modern Atlantic world.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Captives and Corsairs Gillian Weiss, 2011-03-11 Captives and Corsairs uncovers a forgotten story in the history of relations between the West and Islam: three centuries of Muslim corsair raids on French ships and shores and the resulting captivity of tens of thousands of French subjects and citizens in North Africa. Through an analysis of archival materials, writings, and images produced by contemporaries, the book fundamentally revises our picture of France's emergence as a nation and a colonial power, presenting the Mediterranean as an essential vantage point for studying the rise of France. It reveals how efforts to liberate slaves from North Africa shaped France's perceptions of the Muslim world and of their own Frenchness. From around 1550 to 1830, freeing these captives evolved from an expression of Christian charity to a method of state building and, eventually, to a rationale for imperial expansion. Captives and Corsairs thus advances new arguments about the fluid nature of slavery and firmly links captive redemption to state formation—and in turn to the still vital ideology of liberatory conquest.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Black Morocco Chouki El Hamel, 2014-02-27 Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam chronicles the experiences, identity and achievements of enslaved black people in Morocco from the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. Chouki El Hamel argues that we cannot rely solely on Islamic ideology as the key to explain social relations and particularly the history of black slavery in the Muslim world, for this viewpoint yields an inaccurate historical record of the people, institutions and social practices of slavery in Northwest Africa. El Hamel focuses on black Moroccans' collective experience beginning with their enslavement to serve as the loyal army of the Sultan Isma'il. By the time the Sultan died in 1727, they had become a political force, making and unmaking rulers well into the nineteenth century. The emphasis on the political history of the black army is augmented by a close examination of the continuity of black Moroccan identity through the musical and cultural practices of the Gnawa.
  christian slaves muslim masters: African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1, The Sources Alice Bellagamba, Sandra E. Greene, Martin A. Klein, 2013-05-13 Though the history of slavery is a central topic for African, Atlantic world and world history, most of the sources presenting research in this area are European in origin. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (such as European travel accounts, colonial documents, court cases, and missionary records) and less-explored sources of information (such as folklore, oral traditions, songs and proverbs, life histories collected by missionaries and colonial officials, correspondence in Arabic, and consular and admiralty interviews with runaway slaves). Each source has a short introduction highlighting its significance and orienting the reader. This first of two volumes provides students and scholars with a trove of African sources for studying African slavery and the slave trade.
  christian slaves muslim masters: White Cargo Don Jordan, Michael Walsh, 2008-03-08 White Cargo is the forgotten story of the thousands of Britons who lived and died in bondage in Britain's American colonies. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, more than 300,000 white people were shipped to America as slaves. Urchins were swept up from London's streets to labor in the tobacco fields, where life expectancy was no more than two years. Brothels were raided to provide breeders for Virginia. Hopeful migrants were duped into signing as indentured servants, unaware they would become personal property who could be bought, sold, and even gambled away. Transported convicts were paraded for sale like livestock. Drawing on letters crying for help, diaries, and court and government archives, Don Jordan and Michael Walsh demonstrate that the brutalities usually associated with black slavery alone were perpetrated on whites throughout British rule. The trade ended with American independence, but the British still tried to sell convicts in their former colonies, which prompted one of the most audacious plots in Anglo-American history. This is a saga of exploration and cruelty spanning 170 years that has been submerged under the overwhelming memory of black slavery. White Cargo brings the brutal, uncomfortable story to the surface.
  christian slaves muslim masters: White Slavery in the Barbary States Charles Sumner, 1847
  christian slaves muslim masters: Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean Joshua M. White, 2017-11-28 The 1570s marked the beginning of an age of pervasive piracy in the Mediterranean that persisted into the eighteenth century. Nowhere was more inviting to pirates than the Ottoman-dominated eastern Mediterranean. In this bustling maritime ecosystem, weak imperial defenses and permissive politics made piracy possible, while robust trade made it profitable. By 1700, the limits of the Ottoman Mediterranean were defined not by Ottoman territorial sovereignty or naval supremacy, but by the reach of imperial law, which had been indelibly shaped by the challenge of piracy. Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean is the first book to examine Mediterranean piracy from the Ottoman perspective, focusing on the administrators and diplomats, jurists and victims who had to contend most with maritime violence. Pirates churned up a sea of paper in their wake: letters, petitions, court documents, legal opinions, ambassadorial reports, travel accounts, captivity narratives, and vast numbers of decrees attest to their impact on lives and livelihoods. Joshua M. White plumbs the depths of these uncharted, frequently uncatalogued waters, revealing how piracy shaped both the Ottoman legal space and the contours of the Mediterranean world.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Enemies and Familiars Debra Blumenthal, 2011-06-15 A prominent Mediterranean port located near Islamic territories, the city of Valencia in the late fifteenth century boasted a slave population of pronounced religious and ethnic diversity: captive Moors and penally enslaved Mudejars, Greeks, Tartars, Russians, Circassians, and a growing population of black Africans. By the end of the fifteenth century, black Africans comprised as much as 40 percent of the slave population of Valencia. Whereas previous historians of medieval slavery have focused their efforts on defining the legal status of slaves, documenting the vagaries of the Mediterranean slave trade, or examining slavery within the context of Muslim-Christian relations, Debra Blumenthal explores the social and human dimensions of slavery in this religiously and ethnically pluralistic society. Enemies and Familiars traces the varied experiences of Muslim, Eastern, and black African slaves from capture to freedom. After describing how men, women, and children were enslaved and brought to the Valencian marketplace, this book examines the substance of slaves' daily lives: how they were sold and who bought them; the positions ascribed to them within the household hierarchy; the sorts of labor they performed; and the ways in which some reclaimed their freedom. Scrutinizing a wide array of archival sources (including wills, contracts, as well as hundreds of civil and criminal court cases), Blumenthal investigates what it meant to be a slave and what it meant to be a master at a critical moment of transition. Arguing that the dynamics of the master-slave relationship both reflected and determined contemporary opinions regarding religious, ethnic, and gender differences, Blumenthal's close study of the day-to-day interactions between masters and their slaves not only reveals that slavery played a central role in identity formation in late medieval Iberia but also offers clues to the development of racialized slavery in the early modern Atlantic world.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Islam and the Abolition of Slavery W. G. Clarence-Smith, 2006 Publisher description
  christian slaves muslim masters: Barbarian Cruelty Francis Brooks, 2019-05-16 It was during the 1600s that Barbary corsairs-pirates from the Barbary Coast of North Africa (today Algeria, Libya and Morocco)-were at their most active and terrible. With the full support of the Moorish rulers of North Africa, these Muslim slavers raided southern Europe, the Atlantic European coast, Britain and Ireland almost at will. There
  christian slaves muslim masters: A Companion to Religious Minorities in Early Modern Rome Matthew Coneys Wainwright, Emily Michelson, 2020-12-15 An examination of groups and individuals in Rome who were not Roman Catholic, or not born so. It demonstrates how other religions had a lasting impact on early modern Catholic institutions in Rome.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Slavery Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, 2001-08-17 This book has been re-published to coincide the occasion of the third World Conference against Racism, Xenophobia, and intolerance, held in Durban, South Africa, 2001. The prevailing opinion is that slavery has been committed to the dustbins of history, yet the effect of this odious barbarism primarily against the African people manifest itself well into the 21st century. Since it's formal abolition in 1863, it has assumed a more devious face, in the form of refurbished slavery. Globalisation through the domination of the forces of production by Multi National cartels is a new form of slavery. Allamah Rizvi re-visits this contentious issue of the slave and defines it within its rightful context.
  christian slaves muslim masters: A Muslim American Slave Omar Ibn Said, 2011-07-20 Born to a wealthy family in West Africa around 1770, Omar Ibn Said was abducted and sold into slavery in the United States, where he came to the attention of a prominent North Carolina family after filling “the walls of his room with piteous petitions to be released, all written in the Arabic language,” as one local newspaper reported. Ibn Said soon became a local celebrity, and in 1831 he was asked to write his life story, producing the only known surviving American slave narrative written in Arabic. In A Muslim American Slave, scholar and translator Ala Alryyes offers both a definitive translation and an authoritative edition of this singularly important work, lending new insights into the early history of Islam in America and exploring the multiple, shifting interpretations of Ibn Said’s narrative by the nineteenth-century missionaries, ethnographers, and intellectuals who championed it. This edition presents the English translation on pages facing facsimile pages of Ibn Said’s Arabic narrative, augmented by Alryyes’s comprehensive introduction, contextual essays and historical commentary by leading literary critics and scholars of Islam and the African diaspora, photographs, maps, and other writings by Omar Ibn Said. The result is an invaluable addition to our understanding of writings by enslaved Americans and a timely reminder that “Islam” and “America” are not mutually exclusive terms. This edition presents the English translation on pages facing facsimile pages of Ibn Said’s Arabic narrative, augmented by Alryyes’s comprehensive introduction and by photographs, maps, and other writings by Omar Ibn Said. The volume also includes contextual essays and historical commentary by literary critics and scholars of Islam and the African diaspora: Michael A. Gomez, Allan D. Austin, Robert J. Allison, Sylviane A. Diouf, Ghada Osman, and Camille F. Forbes. The result is an invaluable addition to our understanding of writings by enslaved Americans and a timely reminder that “Islam” and “America” are not mutually exclusive terms. Best Books for General Audiences, selected by the American Association of School Librarians
  christian slaves muslim masters: Mediterranean Captivity Through Arab Eyes, 1517-1798 Nabil I. Matar, 2020-11-05 Introduction: Mediterranean Captivities -- Qiṣaṣ al-Asrā, or Stories of the Captives -- Letters -- Divine Intervention: Christian and Islamic -- Conversion and Resistance -- Ransom and Return -- Captivity of Books -- Epilogue: Esclaves turcs in Sculpture -- Postscript: How Should the Sculptures Be Treated?
  christian slaves muslim masters: Renaissance People Robert C. Davis, Beth Lindsmith, 2019-02-14 Renaissance burst forth in all its glory around 1500 and spread throughout Europe. This period of great creativity and productivity in the arts and sciences is illuminated in Renaissance People: Lives That Shaped the Modern Age through the lives of more than ninety of its illustrious intellectuals, artists, literary figures, scientists, and rulers. --from publisher description.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Slavery Milton Meltzer, 1971 The life, hardships, struggles, punishments, pleasures and revolts of slaves from ancient times.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Muslims of Medieval Latin Christendom, c.1050–1614 Brian A. Catlos, 2014-03-20 An innovative study which explores how the presence of Muslim communities transformed Europe and stimulated Christian society to define itself.
  christian slaves muslim masters: The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420 David Eltis, Keith R. Bradley, Craig Perry, Stanley L. Engerman, Paul Cartledge, David Richardson, 2021-08-12 In this volume, leading scholars provide essay-length coverage of slavery in a wide variety of medieval contexts around the globe.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Slave Religion Albert J. Raboteau, 2004-10-07 Twenty-five years after its original publication, Slave Religion remains a classic in the study of African American history and religion. In a new chapter in this anniversary edition, author Albert J. Raboteau reflects upon the origins of the book, the reactions to it over the past twenty-five years, and how he would write it differently today. Using a variety of first and second-hand sources-- some objective, some personal, all riveting-- Raboteau analyzes the transformation of the African religions into evangelical Christianity. He presents the narratives of the slaves themselves, as well as missionary reports, travel accounts, folklore, black autobiographies, and the journals of white observers to describe the day-to-day religious life in the slave communities. Slave Religion is a must-read for anyone wanting a full picture of this invisible institution.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Institutional Slavery Jennifer Oast, 2016-01-05 This book focuses on slave ownership in Virginia as it was practiced by a variety of institutions.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Race and Slavery in the Middle East Bernard Lewis, 1990 From the days before Moses up through the 1960s, slavery was a fact of life in the Middle East. But if the Middle East was one of the last regions to renounce slavery, how do we account for its--and especially Islam's--image of racial harmony? How did these long years of slavery affect racial relations? In Race and Slavery in the Middle East, Bernard Lewis explores these questions and others, examining the history of slavery in law, social thought, practice, and literature and art over the last two millennia.
  christian slaves muslim masters: The Cross in the Shadow of the Crescent Erwin W. Lutzer, 2013-02-01 Islam is on the rise all over the West, including America. In this compelling new book, bestselling author Erwin Lutzer urges Christians to see this as both an opportunity to share the gospel and a reason for concern. We have now reached a tipping point—the spread of Islam is rapidly altering the way we live. These changes are cause for alarm, for they endanger our freedoms of speech and religion. At the same time, this opens an incredible door of ministry for Christians, for Muslims normally do not have access to the gospel in their own lands. In The Cross in the Shadow of the Crescent, readers will discover helpful answers to these questions and more: How does Islam’s growing influence affect me personally? In what ways are our freedoms of speech and religion in danger? How can I extend Christ’s love to Muslims around me? A sensitive, responsible, and highly informative must-read!
  christian slaves muslim masters: Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King, 2025-01-14 A beautiful commemorative edition of Dr. Martin Luther King's essay Letter from Birmingham Jail, part of Dr. King's archives published exclusively by HarperCollins. With an afterword by Reginald Dwayne Betts On April 16, 1923, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., responded to an open letter written and published by eight white clergyman admonishing the civil rights demonstrations happening in Birmingham, Alabama. Dr. King drafted his seminal response on scraps of paper smuggled into jail. King criticizes his detractors for caring more about order than justice, defends nonviolent protests, and argues for the moral responsibility to obey just laws while disobeying unjust ones. Letter from Birmingham Jail proclaims a message - confronting any injustice is an acceptable and righteous reason for civil disobedience. This beautifully designed edition presents Dr. King's speech in its entirety, paying tribute to this extraordinary leader and his immeasurable contribution, and inspiring a new generation of activists dedicated to carrying on the fight for justice and equality.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Jews and the American Slave Trade Saul Friedman, 2017-09-29 The Nation of Islam's Secret Relationship between Blacks and Jews has been called one of the most serious anti-Semitic manuscripts published in years. This work of so-called scholars received great celebrity from individuals like Louis Farrakhan, Leonard Jeffries, and Khalid Abdul Muhammed who used the document to claim that Jews dominated both transatlantic and antebellum South slave trades. As Saul Friedman definitively documents in Jews and the American Slave Trade, historical evidence suggests that Jews played a minimal role in the transatlantic, South American, Caribbean, and antebellum slave trades.Jews and the American Slave Trade dissects the questionable historical technique employed in Secret Relationship, offers a detailed response to Farrakhan's charges, and analyzes the impetus behind these charges. He begins with in-depth discussion of the attitudes of ancient peoples, Africans, Arabs, and Jews toward slavery and explores the Jewish role hi colonial European economic life from the Age of Discovery tp Napoleon. His state-by-state analyses describe in detail the institution of slavery in North America from colonial New England to Louisiana. Friedman elucidates the role of American Jews toward the great nineteenth-century moral debate, the positions they took, and explains what shattered the alliance between these two vulnerable minority groups in America.Rooted in incontrovertible historical evidence, provocative without being incendiary, Jews and the American Slave Trade demonstrates that the anti-slavery tradition rooted in the Old Testament translated into powerful prohibitions with respect to any involvement in the slave trade. This brilliant exploration will be of interest to scholars of modern Jewish history, African-American studies, American Jewish history, U.S. history, and minority studies.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Pirates Of Barbary Adrian Tinniswood, 2011-05-31 From the coast of Southern Europe to Morocco and the Ottoman states of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, Christian and Muslim seafarers met in bustling ports to swap religions, to battle and to trade goods and sales - raiding as far as Ireland and Iceland in search of their human currency.Studying the origins of these men, their culture and practices, Adrian Tinniswood expertly recreates the twilight world of the corsairs and uncovers a truly remarkable clash of civilisations Drawing on a wealth of material, from furious royal proclamations to the private letters of pirates and their victims, as well as recent Islamic accounts, Pirates of Barbary provides a new perspectives of the corsairs and a fascinating insight into what it meant to sacrifice all you have for a life so violent, so uncertain and so alien that it sets you apart from the rest of mankind.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Black Slaveowners Larry Koger, 2011-12-02 Drawing on the federal census, wills, mortgage bills of sale, tax returns, and newspaper advertisements, this authoritative study describes the nature of African-American slaveholding, its complexity, and its rationales. It reveals how some African-American slave masters had earned their freedom and how some free Blacks purchased slaves for their own use. The book provides a fresh perspective on slavery in the antebellum South and underscores the importance of African Americans in the history of American slavery. The book also paints a picture of the complex social dynamics between free and enslaved Blacks, and between Black and white slaveowners. It illuminates the motivations behind African-American slaveholding--including attempts to create or maintain independence, to accumulate wealth, and to protect family members--and sheds light on the harsh realities of slavery for both Black masters and Black slaves. • BLACK SLAVEOWNERS--Shows how some African Americans became slave masters • MOTIVATIONS FOR SLAVEHOLDING--Highlights the motivations behind African-American slaveholding • SOCIAL DYNAMICS--Sheds light on the complex social dynamics between free and enslaved Blacks • ANEBELLUM SOUTH--Provides a perspective on slavery in the antebellum South
  christian slaves muslim masters: The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas Robert L. Paquette, Mark Michael Smith, 2016-01-28 A series of penetrating, original, and authoritative essays on the history and historiography of the institution of slavery in the New World, written by a team of leading international contributors.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 , 2021-11-29 Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 explores the Black Sea region as an encounter zone of cultures, legal regimes, religions, and enslavement practices. The topics discussed in the chapters include Byzantine slavery, late medieval slave trade patterns, slavery in Christian societies, Tatar and cossack raids, the position of Circassians in the slave trade, and comparisons with the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. This volume aims to stimulate a broader discussion on the patterns of unfreedom in the Black Sea area and to draw attention to the importance of this region in the broader debates on global slavery. Contributors are: Viorel Achim, Michel Balard, Hannah Barker, Andrzej Gliwa, Colin Heywood, Sergei Pavlovich Karpov, Mikhail Kizilov, Dariusz Kołodziejczyk, Maryna Kravets, Natalia Królikowska-Jedlińska, Sandra Origone, Victor Ostapchuk, Daphne Penna, Felicia Roșu, and Ehud R. Toledano.
  christian slaves muslim masters: The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420-AD 1804 David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, Keith R. Bradley, Paul Cartledge, Seymour Drescher, 2011-07-25 The various manifestations of coerced labour between the opening up of the Atlantic world and the formal creation of Haiti.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Christian Martyrs Under Islam Christian C. Sahner, 2020-03-31 A look at the developing conflicts in Christian-Muslim relations during late antiquity and the early Islamic era How did the medieval Middle East transform from a majority-Christian world to a majority-Muslim world, and what role did violence play in this process? Christian Martyrs under Islam explains how Christians across the early Islamic caliphate slowly converted to the faith of the Arab conquerors and how small groups of individuals rejected this faith through dramatic acts of resistance, including apostasy and blasphemy. Using previously untapped sources in a range of Middle Eastern languages, Christian Sahner introduces an unknown group of martyrs who were executed at the hands of Muslim officials between the seventh and ninth centuries CE. Found in places as diverse as Syria, Spain, Egypt, and Armenia, they include an alleged descendant of Muhammad who converted to Christianity, high-ranking Christian secretaries of the Muslim state who viciously insulted the Prophet, and the children of mixed marriages between Muslims and Christians. Sahner argues that Christians never experienced systematic persecution under the early caliphs, and indeed, they remained the largest portion of the population in the greater Middle East for centuries after the Arab conquest. Still, episodes of ferocious violence contributed to the spread of Islam within Christian societies, and memories of this bloodshed played a key role in shaping Christian identity in the new Islamic empire. Christian Martyrs under Islam examines how violence against Christians ended the age of porous religious boundaries and laid the foundations for more antagonistic Muslim-Christian relations in the centuries to come.
  christian slaves muslim masters: Ending Slavery Kevin Bales, 2007-09-28 None of us is truly free while others remain enslaved. The continuing existence of slavery is one of the greatest tragedies facing our global humanity. Today we finally have the means and increasingly the conviction to end this scourge and to bring millions of slaves to freedom. Read Kevin Bales's practical and inspiring book, and you will discover how our world can be free at last.—Desmond Tutu Ever since the Emancipation Proclamation, Americans have congratulated themselves on ending slavery once and for all. But did we? Kevin Bales is a powerful and effective voice in pointing out the appalling degree to which servitude, forced labor and outright slavery still exist in today's world, even here. This book is a valuable primer on the persistence of these evils, their intricate links to poverty, corruption and globalization—and what we can do to combat them. He's a modern-day William Lloyd Garrison.—Adam Hochschild, author of Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves I know modern slavery from the inside, and since coming to freedom I am committed to end it forever. This book shows us how to make a world where no more childhoods will be stolen and sold as mine was.—Given Kachepa, former U.S. slave, recipient of the Yoshiyama Award Kevin Bales does not just pontificate from behind a desk. From the charcoal pits of Brazil to the brothels of Thailand, he has seen the victims of modern day slavery. In Ending Slavery, Bales gives us an update on what's happening (and not happening), and a controversial plan to abolish slavery in the 21st century. This is a must read for anyone who wants to learn about the great human rights issue of our times.—Ambassador John Miller, former director of the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
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“What Is Islamic About Slavery in Muslim Societies?” Cooper ...
mately made manumission in Muslim societies different from manumission elsewhere—masters’ choices about whether or not to undertake this ‘pious act’ were often based on other criteria, in the case of Cooper’s research, concern about the long-term viability of Zanzibar’s clove economy.18 15Ibid., pp. 287, 8.

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Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters R. Davis,2003-09-16 This is a study that digs deeply into this 'other' slavery, the bondage of Europeans by North-African Muslims that flourished during the same centuries as the heyday of the trans-Atlantic trade from sub-Saharan Africa to the Americas.

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Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860 The Moor's Last Stand Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters The Forgotten Slave Trade The Incredible True Story of a Shipwreck, Enslavement, and Survival on the Sahara The Metaphor of Slavery in Pauline Christianity Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters Jewish Autonomy in a Slave Society The Fire Next ...

Corsairs and Captivity: Slavery and Race During the Early …
Jun 2, 2024 · Additionally, Muslim captors rationalized the enslavement of Britons based on their Christian faith as opposed to their race. During this period, Islamic societies were generally “prepared to enslave anyone, of 7 Davis, Christian Slaves, 74. 8 Davis, Christian Slaves, 75-76. 9 Colley, Captives, 94. 10 Colley, Captives, 82-83.

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Devil? Early American Uses of Islam - JSTOR
gerian argued that he could not countenance the end of Christian slavery because it would hurt the interests of the Algerian state, there would be no way to compensate the Muslim slave masters, and nothing could safely be done with the freed slaves. Franklin's salvo against slavery was published in 1790 in major northern newspapers.'

General Average, Human Jettison, and the Status of Slaves in …
Christian Mediterranean and comparing this with the late eighteenth-century Atlantic. Under the law of general average (GA), a shipmaster may legally sacrifice ... pp. 15–24; his interlocutor was Robert Davis, Christian slaves, Muslim masters: white slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 (Basingstoke, 2003 ...

Allah and the A’bda: Islam and Slavery in the Americas …
Origin of Muslim Slaves Muslim slaves came from a variety of places in Africa. Most were taken from “Islamic-dominated ethnic groups [in West Africa] such as Mandigos, Fulas, Gambians, Senegambians, Senegalese, Cape Verdeans, and Sierra Leoneans” (Nanji 148). The tribal lands of these kingdoms are situated in close proximity to Arab North ...

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TAMBURLAINE the GREAT PART TWO - ElizabethanDrama.org
Davis, Robert C. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003. 4 A. Our Story So Far: a Review of Part One. With a small crew of bandits, Tamburlaine, a Scythian shepherd, began his rise to power …

SLAVES AND CAPTIVES ON MALTA: 1053/4 and 1091
Christian slaves with their freedom as equals. That the free Muslims offered their daughters in marriage might suggest that the slaves were not Christian, since Islam prohibits Muslim women from marrying non­ Muslims. Godfrey Wettinger points out that had there been Christian survivors from before 870 who remained Christians, they would

Did Black People Own White Slaves - obiemaps.oberlin.edu
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters R. Davis,2003-09-16 This is a study that digs deeply into this 'other' slavery, the bondage of Europeans by North-African Muslims that flourished during the same centuries as the heyday of the trans-Atlantic trade from sub-Saharan Africa to the Americas.

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A White Slave in Africa: A Re-reading of Captivity Narratives
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters (2003) estimates the number of such captives to have reached approximately a million and two hundred and fifty thousand. The diverse experiences of incarceration produced numerous texts that described their tragic misfortunes. Although the aim of such writings at the time they were produced and disseminated was

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The First American Muslims - Harvard University
Christianity was commonplace; however, historical records indicate that many African Muslim slaves strove to preserve their religious and cultural heritage even after conversion. Much of this history remains to be recovered. Historical documents, including oral …

Early Christianity, Slavery, and Women’s Bodies - Springer
Christian slaveholders continued to beat their slaves, even when those slaves were themselves Christian. These slaveholders also persisted in exploiting their slaves sexually. Ancient Christian theologians, who were far more likely to be slaveholders than slaves, demonstrated little if any awareness of the sexual vulnerabilities of slaves.

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Slavery and Christianity: First to Fifteenth Centuries
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CHRISTIAN SLAVES, MUSLIM MASTERS White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 Rudolf Dekker CHILDHOOD, MEMORY AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN HOLLAND From the Golden Age to Romanticism Caroline Dodds Pennock BONDS OF BLOOD Gender, Lifecycle and Sacrifice in Aztec Culture Elizabeth Drayson THE LEAD BOOKS OF …

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million Christian and Muslim men, women and children, according to the historian Robert C. Davis—also experienced bondage somewhere on or around the Mediterranean, ... 9 Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 23-24.

List of Publications - Tel Aviv University
15. Ehud R. Toledano, “Robert C Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003,” in Journal of African History, 2006 (in press) [Reviews: between 2006-2012, 10 more published (to be added)] E. Papers Presented at Conferences (selected) 1.

Christian Slaves Muslim Masters - weareindenver.com
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