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Women Circumcision: Before and After – Understanding the Impact
The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), often referred to as female circumcision, is a deeply complex and sensitive issue with far-reaching consequences for women's health and well-being. This comprehensive guide delves into the realities of female circumcision, examining the situation before and after the procedure, exploring the physical and psychological impacts, and highlighting the crucial need for its eradication. We aim to provide accurate, sensitive, and informative content to facilitate a better understanding of this pervasive global health concern. This post will not glorify or endorse FGM in any way; rather, it serves to inform and educate.
Understanding Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): Before the Procedure
Before undergoing FGM, girls and women typically experience a normal life, though often overshadowed by cultural pressures and societal expectations surrounding the practice. The "before" picture varies significantly depending on the individual's age, cultural context, and family dynamics.
The Social and Cultural Context
Tradition and Beliefs: FGM is often deeply ingrained in cultural traditions and beliefs, sometimes linked to ideas of purity, marriageability, and social acceptance. These traditions are passed down through generations, making it challenging to overcome ingrained practices.
Community Pressure: Families may face significant pressure from their communities to perform FGM on their daughters. This pressure can be intense, leading to feelings of fear, obligation, and isolation for those who consider alternative choices.
Lack of Education: Limited access to education and information about the health risks of FGM contributes to the continuation of the practice. Many women are unaware of the long-term physical and psychological consequences.
Psychological Well-being (Before): While seemingly normal before the procedure, the anticipation and anxiety surrounding FGM can significantly impact a girl's or woman's psychological well-being. This often goes unrecognized.
The Immediate Aftermath: After the Procedure
The immediate aftermath of FGM is characterized by severe pain, bleeding, infection, and potential complications. The intensity and type of these complications depend heavily on the type of FGM performed. The "after" picture is often one of trauma, both physical and emotional.
Immediate Physical Complications
Pain and Bleeding: Severe pain and significant bleeding are common immediate effects. The level of pain can be excruciating and may require pain management.
Infection: The unhygienic conditions under which FGM is often performed increase the risk of infection, potentially leading to sepsis and even death.
Shock and Trauma: The procedure itself can be traumatic, leading to severe shock and psychological distress.
Urinary and Menstrual Complications: Difficulty urinating and painful menstruation are common after effects, often lasting for a lifetime.
Long-Term Physical Consequences
Scarring and Keloid Formation: Permanent scarring is almost inevitable. This scarring can interfere with sexual function and childbirth.
Sexual Dysfunction: FGM significantly increases the risk of sexual dysfunction, including difficulties with intercourse and painful sexual experiences.
Childbirth Complications: Complications during pregnancy and childbirth, such as obstructed labor, uterine rupture, and fistula formation are significantly more likely.
Chronic Pain: Many women experience chronic pain in the genital area throughout their lives.
The Psychological Impact: Before and After
The psychological impact of FGM is profound and long-lasting, affecting women's self-esteem, mental health, and overall well-being both before and after the procedure.
Psychological Impact Before the Procedure
Anxiety and Fear: The anticipation of the procedure itself can cause intense anxiety and fear in young girls.
Loss of Innocence: FGM often represents a loss of innocence and bodily autonomy.
Psychological Impact After the Procedure
Depression and PTSD: Many women who have undergone FGM experience depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Low Self-Esteem: The experience can significantly damage self-esteem and body image.
Social Isolation: The shame and stigma associated with FGM can lead to social isolation and difficulty forming healthy relationships.
The Fight for Eradication: A Call to Action
Eradicating FGM requires a multi-pronged approach that involves education, community engagement, and legal interventions. Addressing the underlying cultural beliefs and societal pressures is crucial for sustainable change. This requires a collaborative effort from governments, healthcare professionals, community leaders, and international organizations.
Conclusion
Female genital mutilation is a devastating practice with profound and lasting consequences for women's health and well-being. Understanding the experiences of women both before and after the procedure is crucial to effectively combating this harmful practice. The journey toward eradication requires a collective commitment to education, empowerment, and advocacy.
FAQs:
1. Is FGM reversible? In some cases, surgical repair is possible, but it is often complex and may not fully restore normal function.
2. What legal protections exist for victims of FGM? Many countries have outlawed FGM, with varying levels of enforcement. Victims may be entitled to legal support and protection.
3. Where can I find support if I or someone I know has experienced FGM? Numerous organizations provide support and resources for victims of FGM. A simple online search will provide relevant resources for your specific location.
4. What role can men play in ending FGM? Men hold significant influence within many communities and their active participation in challenging traditional practices is vital.
5. How can I get involved in the fight against FGM? Support organizations dedicated to ending FGM through volunteering, donations, or raising awareness.
Disclaimer: This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Consult with a healthcare professional for any health concerns.
| women circumcision before and after: Female Genital Mutilation Nahid Toubia, Susan Izett, World Health Organization, 1998 2. Prevalence and epidemiology |
| women circumcision before and after: Transcultural Bodies Ylva Hernlund, Bettina Shell-Duncan, 2007-06-07 Female circumcision or, more precisely, female genital cutting (FGC), remains an important cultural practice in many African countries, often serving as a coming-of-age ritual. It is also a practice that has generated international dispute and continues to be at the center of debates over women's rights, the limits of cultural pluralism, the balance of power between local cultures, international human rights, and feminist activism. In our increasingly globalized world, these practices have also begun immigrating to other nations, where transnational complexities vex debates about how to resolve the issue. Bringing together thirteen essays, Transcultural Bodies provides an ethnographically rich exploration of FGC among African diasporas in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Australia. Contributors analyze changes in ideologies of gender and sexuality in immigrant communities, the frequent marginalization of African women's voices in debates over FGC, and controversies over legislation restricting the practice in immigrant populations. |
| women circumcision before and after: Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States Sarah B. Rodriguez, 2014 In 'Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States', Sarah Rodriguez presents an engaging and surprising history of surgeries on the clitoris, revealing how medical views of the female body and female sexuality have changed, and in some cases not changed, throughout the last century and a half. |
| women circumcision before and after: The Female Circumcision Controversy Ellen Gruenbaum, 2015-03-17 To the Western eye, there is something jarringly incongruous, even shocking, about the image of a six-year-old girl being held down by loving relatives so that her genitals can be cut. Yet two million girls experience this each year. Most Westerners, upon learning of the practice of female circumcision, have responded with outrage; those committed to improving the status of women have gone beyond outrage to action by creating various programs for eradicating the practice. But few understand the real life complexities families face in deciding whether to follow the traditional practices or to take the risk of change. In The Female Circumcision Controversy, Ellen Gruenbaum points out that Western outrage and Western efforts to stop genital mutilation often provoke a strong backlash from people in the countries where the practice is common. She looks at the validity of Western arguments against the practice. In doing so, she explores both outsider and insider perspectives on female circumcision, concentrating particularly on the complex attitudes of the individuals and groups who practice it and on indigenous efforts to end it. Gruenbaum finds that the criticisms of outsiders are frequently simplistic and fail to appreciate the diversity of cultural contexts, the complex meanings, and the conflicting responses to change. Drawing on over five years of fieldwork in Sudan, where the most severe forms of genital surgery are common, Gruenbaum shows that the practices of female circumcision are deeply embedded in Sudanese cultural traditions—in religious, moral, and aesthetic values, and in ideas about class, ethnicity, and gender. Her research illuminates both the resistance to and the acceptance of change. She shows that change is occurring as the result of economic and social developments, the influences of Islamic activists, the work of Sudanese health educators, and the efforts of educated African women. That does not mean that there is no role for outsiders, Gruenbaum asserts, and she offers suggestions for those who wish to help facilitate change. By presenting specific cultural contexts and human experiences with a deep knowledge of the tremendous variation of the practice and meaning of female circumcision, Gruenbaum provides an insightful analysis of the process of changing this complex, highly debated practice. |
| women circumcision before and after: Cut: One Woman's Fight Against FGM in Britain Today Hibo Wardere, 2016-04-07 Imagine for a moment that you are 6-years-old and you are woken in the early hours, bathed and then dressed in rags before being led down to an ominous looking tent at the end of your garden. And there, you are subjected to the cruellest cut, ordered by your own mother. Forced down on a bed, her legs held apart, Hibo Warderewas made to undergo female genital cutting, a process so brutal, she nearly died. As a teenager she moved to London in the shadow of the Somalian Civil War where she quickly learnt the procedure she had undergone in her home country was not 'normal' in the west. She embarked on a journey to understand FGM and its roots, whilst raising her own family and dealing with the devastating consequences of the cutting in her own life. Today Hibo finds herself working in London as an FGM campaigner, helping young girls whose families plan to take them abroad for the procedure. She has vowed to devote herself to the campaign against FGM. Eloquent and searingly honest, this is Hibo's memoir which promises not only to tell her remarkable story but also to shed light on a medieval practice that's being carried out in the 21stcentury, right on our doorstep. FGM in the UK has gone undocumented for too long and now that's going to change. Devastating, empowering and informative, this book brings to life a clash of cultures at the heart of contemporary society and shows how female genital mutilation is a very British problem. |
| women circumcision before and after: Cultural Relativism in the Face of the West B. Billet, 2016-04-30 Billet examines the debate between the uniform application of universal human rights and cultural relativism. Billet outlines the foundations and evolution of both schools of thought. The book also examines case studies that involve either women or children and are typically viewed by the West as violations of fundamental human rights. |
| women circumcision before and after: Sexual Mutilations George C. Denniston, Marilyn Fayre Milos, 1997-04-30 Condemning the circumcision of boys in industrialized societies as well as traditional practices elsewhere, the 23 essays look at medical, legal, ethical, sociological, anthropological, historical, religious, and political dimensions. They discuss its physical and psychological consequences for the victim, its role in tradition, the medical industry's investment, current legislative efforts, methods being implemented to safeguard children, and other topics. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
| women circumcision before and after: Female Circumcision Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf, 2006 Bolokoli, khifad, tahara, tahoor, qudiin, irua, bondo, kuruna, negekorsigin, and kene-kene are a few of the terms used in local African languages to denote a set of cultural practices collectively known as female circumcision. Practiced in many countries across Africa and Asia, this ritual is hotly debated. Supporters regard it as a central coming-of-age ritual that ensures chastity and promotes fertility. Human rights groups denounce the procedure as barbaric. It is estimated that between 100 million and 130 million girls and women today have undergone forms of this genital surgery. Female Circumcision gathers together African activists to examine the issue within its various cultural and historical contexts, the debates on circumcision regarding African refugee and immigrant populations in the United States, and the human rights efforts to eradicate the practice. This work brings African women's voices into the discussion, foregrounds indigenous processes of social and cultural change, and demonstrates the manifold linkages between respect for women's bodily integrity, the empowerment of women, and democratic modes of economic development. This volume does not focus narrowly on female circumcision as a set of ritualized surgeries sanctioned by society. Instead, the contributors explore a chain of connecting issues and processes through which the practice is being transformed in local and transnational contexts. The authors document shifts in local views to highlight processes of change and chronicle the efforts of diverse communities as agents in the process of cultural and social transformation. |
| women circumcision before and after: Female "circumcision" in Africa Bettina Shell-Duncan, Ylva Hernlund, 2000 To ban excision in Meru, Kenya, Lynn Thomas |
| women circumcision before and after: The Hosken Report Fran P. Hosken, 1979 |
| women circumcision before and after: Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised? Shaye J. D. Cohen, 2005-09-06 This book represents engaged scholarship at its very best. Cohen presents the vast range of texts at his command with brevity and wit. Elegantly written, this is a very stimulating book that is sure to provoke admiration, discussion, and controversy.—David Biale, author of Cultures of the Jews A distinguished and wide-ranging work of scholarship. Cohen’s definitive discussion of the covenant of circumcision enhances our understanding of Jewish identity formation, women’s status in Judaism, Jewish-Christian polemic, and the impact of diverse cultural environments on the evolution of Jewish tradition.—Judith R. Baskin, author of Midrashic Women |
| women circumcision before and after: Prisoners of Ritual Hanny Lightfoot-Klein, 1989 This unique volume focuses on the psychosexual and social effects of female genital mutilation, an ancient, deeply entrenched custom saturating the larger part of Africa. Over a period of six years, Author Hanny Lightfoot-Klein trekked through outlying areas of Sudan, Kenya, and Egypt, where she lived with a number of African families. What she learned by way of in-depth personal interviews and firsthand observation has enabled her to add a previously unknown and often astonishing dimension to our knowledge of ritual practices and human sexuality. This valuable book will be extremely helpful to professionals and scholars in women's studies, social psychology, psychotherapy, psychiatry, gynecology, sexology, as well as cross-cultural and African studies. It should also interest anyone who is concerned with male circumcision in the United States. |
| women circumcision before and after: Cutting the Rose: Female Genital Mutilation - The Practice and Its Prevention Efua Dorkenoo, 1994-01-01 Only from such models is it fully possible to explore such issues as the rights of women and of children, of the part which the well-being of women plays in the health of a nation, and also the strengths and weaknesses of the various international campaigns on the subject. |
| women circumcision before and after: Female Genital Mutilation Center for Reproductive Law & Policy, 2000-06 1. Background and history |
| women circumcision before and after: Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation , 2008 |
| women circumcision before and after: #MakeoverMonday Andy Kriebel, Eva Murray, 2018-10-02 Explore different perspectives and approaches to create more effective visualizations #MakeoverMonday offers inspiration and a giant dose of perspective for those who communicate data. Originally a small project in the data visualization community, #MakeoverMonday features a weekly chart or graph and a dataset that community members reimagine in order to make it more effective. The results have been astounding; hundreds of people have contributed thousands of makeovers, perfectly illustrating the highly variable nature of data visualization. Different takes on the same data showed a wide variation of theme, focus, content, and design, with side-by-side comparisons throwing more- and less-effective techniques into sharp relief. This book is an extension of that project, featuring a variety of makeovers that showcase various approaches to data communication and a focus on the analytical, design and storytelling skills that have been developed through #MakeoverMonday. Paging through the makeovers ignites immediate inspiration for your own work, provides insight into different perspectives, and highlights the techniques that truly make an impact. Explore the many approaches to visual data communication Think beyond the data and consider audience, stakeholders, and message Design your graphs to be intuitive and more communicative Assess the impact of layout, color, font, chart type, and other design choices Creating visual representation of complex datasets is tricky. There’s the mandate to include all relevant data in a clean, readable format that best illustrates what the data is saying—but there is also the designer’s impetus to showcase a command of the complexity and create multidimensional visualizations that “look cool.” #MakeoverMonday shows you the many ways to walk the line between simple reporting and design artistry to create exactly the visualization the situation requires. |
| women circumcision before and after: Female Genital Mutilation World Health Organization, UNICEF., United Nations Population Fund, 1997 This document contains the joint statement of the World Health Organization (WHO), UN Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) on female genital mutilation. The introduction to the statement notes that the purpose of the statement is not to criticize or condemn but to allow people to understand the hazards and indignity of harmful practices and to realize that it is possible to give up harmful practices without giving up meaningful aspects of their culture. |
| women circumcision before and after: A Tradition in Transition Susan Costello, Marjorie Quinn, Allison Tatchell, Lynne Jordan, Koula Neophytou, 2013 |
| women circumcision before and after: Female Circumcision Mary Nyangweso, Mary Nyangweso Wangila, 2007 A Kenyan woman theologian--an insider--examines arguments for and against the controversial practice of female circumcision. Based on her interviews with fifty Kenyan women representing Christianity, Islam, African Initiated Churches, and traditional religion, Wangila emphasizes the importance of understanding the gender relationships and cultural beliefs behing the practice and the important role played by religion. |
| women circumcision before and after: Common Worship: Times and Seasons President's Edition Common Worship, 2013-07-15 This revised, expanded edition of the Common Worship President’s Edition contains everything to celebrate Holy Communion Order One throughout the church year. It combines relevant material from the original President’s Edition with Eucharistic material from Times and Seasons, Festivals and Pastoral Services, and the Additional Collects. |
| women circumcision before and after: Female Mutilation Hilary Burrage, 2016 This book comprises a collection of narratives by people whose lives have been touched by female genital mutilation (FMG), across five continents. |
| women circumcision before and after: Forensic Gynaecology Maureen Dalton, 2014-10-09 This comprehensive book covers the care of victims of sexual and domestic violence. Containing much practical advice - including writing legal reports and court skills, and issues of consent and capacity - the content highlights throughout the need to provide good-quality care to victims, not just for successful prosecutions but, more importantly, for the sake of the victim's mental and physical health. There are chapters on important topics such as child sex exploitation, female genital mutilation, male victims, training, and psychological issues. The content covers the syllabi for DFCASA, MFFLM(SOM) Part 2 and the RCOG ATSM in forensic gynaecology. This book is recommended for gynaecologists, sexual health doctors and nurses, genitourinary medicine doctors and nurses, emergency medicine doctors and nurses, midwives, counsellors and psychologists who work with victims, paediatricians, forensic doctors and nurses, specialist police officers and lawyers, and those working in sexual assault referral centres and independent sexual violence advisers. |
| women circumcision before and after: Women and Health Marlene B. Goldman, Rebecca Troisi, Kathryn M. Rexrode, 2012-12-31 Women and Health is a comprehensive reference that addresses health issues affecting women of all ages — from adolescence through maturity. It goes far beyond other books on this topic, which concentrate only on reproductive health, and has a truly international perspective. It covers key issues ranging from osteoporosis to breast cancer and other cancers, domestic violence, sexually transmitted diseases, occupational hazards, eating disorders, heart disease and other chronic illnesses, substance abuse, and societal and behavioral influences on health. In this second edition of Women and Health, chapters thoughtfully explore the current state of women's health and health care, including the influences of sex and gender on the occurrence of a wide variety of diseases and conditions. All chapters have been extensively updated and emphasize the epidemiology of the condition — the etiology, occurrence, primary and secondary prevention (screening), risk factors, surveillance, changing trends over time, and critical analysis of the diagnostic and treatment options and controversies. Treatment sections in each chapter have been expanded to create a stronger dialogue between epidemiologists and women's health practitioners. - Saves researchers and clinicians time in quickly accessing the very latest details on a broad range of women's health issues, as opposed to searching through thousands of journal articles - Provides a common language for epidemiologists, public health practitioners, and women's health specialists to discuss the behavioral, cultural, and biological determinants of women's health - Researchers and medical specialists will learn how the gender-specific risks and features of one organ system's diseases affect the health of other organ systems - For example: Hormone replacement therapy used to treat imbalance within the endocrine system is also being used to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease; Drugs developed for type 2 diabetes are now being used in chemoprevention - Orients the non-gerontologist about the importance of considering the entire life cycle of women within research designs and treatment plans - Professors teaching courses in women's health will use slides and additional materials to structure lectures/courses; students will use slides as a unique resource to study for exams |
| women circumcision before and after: Woman, why Do You Weep? Asma El Dareer, 1982 |
| women circumcision before and after: Desert Flower Waris Dirie, Cathleen Miller, 2009-06-06 An “outstandingly dramatic and moving” memoir of fleeing a brutal girlhood in Somalia—and becoming a supermodel and UN special ambassador (Kirkus Reviews). To escape an arranged marriage to a sixty-year-old man, Waris Dirie ran away from her oppressive life in the African desert when she was barely in her teens, illiterate and impoverished, with nothing to her name but a tattered shawl. She traveled alone across the dangerous Somali desert to Mogadishu—the first leg of a remarkable journey that would take her to London, where she worked as a house servant; then to nearly every corner of the globe as an internationally renowned fashion model; and ultimately to New York City, where she became a human rights ambassador for the U.N. Poignant and powerfully told, Desert Flower is Waris’s extraordinary story. “Affecting and at times very entertaining . . . it is Dirie’s remarkable lack of narcissism or entitlement that makes her so captivating a raconteur.” —Publishers Weekly “Written with innocence and warmth, this book shows how one woman’s tragedy can help others.” —The New York Times Book Review “Waris’s story is one of remarkable courage. From the deserts of Somalia to the world of high fashion, she battles against oppression and emerges a real champion. She is the most beautiful inspiration to anyone.” —Elton John |
| women circumcision before and after: The Girls in the Wild Fig Tree Nice Leng'ete, 2021-09-14 'A real hero looks like Nice Leng'ete . . . [An] elegant and inspiring memoir' New York Times Nice Leng`ete was raised in a Maasai village in Kenya. In 1998, when Nice was six, her parents fell sick and died, and Nice and her sister Soila were taken in by their father's brother, who had little interest in the girls beyond what their dowries might fetch. Fearing the cut (female genital mutilation, a painful and sometimes deadly ritualistic surgery), which was the fate of all Maasai women, Nice and Soila climbed a tree to hide. Nice hoped to find a way to avoid the cut forever, but Soila understood it would be impossible. But maybe if one of the sisters submitted, the other would be spared. After Soila chose to undergo the surgery, sacrificing herself to save Nice, their lives diverged. Soila married, dropped out of school, and had children -- all in her teenage years -- while Nice postponed receiving the cut, continued her education, and became the first in her family to attend college. Supported by Amref, Nice used visits home to set an example for what an uncut Maasai woman can achieve. Other women listened, and the elders finally saw the value of intact, educated girls as the way of the future. The village has since ended FGM entirely, and Nice continues the fight to end FGM throughout Africa and the world. Nice's journey from heartbroken child and community outcast, to leader of the Maasai is an inspiration and a reminder that one person can change the world -- and every girl is worth saving. |
| women circumcision before and after: Divine Fertility Sada Mire, 2020-02-05 This book uniquely explores the impact of indigenous ideology and thought on everyday life in Northeast Africa. Furthermore, in highlighting the diversity in pre-Christian, pre-Islamic regional beliefs and practices that extend beyond the simplistic political arguments of the current dominant narratives, the study shows that for millennia complex indigenous institutions have bound people together beyond the labels of Christianity and Islam; they have sustained peace through cultural exchange and tolerance (if not always complete acceptance). Through recent archaeological and ethnographic research, the concepts, landscapes, materials and rituals believed to be associated with the indigenous and shared culture of the Sky-God belief are examined. The author makes sense, for the first time, of the relationship between the notion of sacred fertility and a number of regional archaeological features and on-going ancient practices including FGM, spirit possessions, and other physically invasive practices and the ritual hunt. The book explores one of the most important pilgrimage centres in Somaliland and Somalia, the sacred landscape of Saint Aw-Barkhadle, founded ca. 12th century AD. It is believed to be the burial place of the rulers of the first Muslim Ifat and Awdal dynasties in this region, and potentially the lost first capital of Awdal kingdom before Harar. This ritual centre is seen as a ‘microcosm’ of the ancient Horn of Africa with its exceptional multi-religious heritage, through which the author lays out a locally appropriate archaeological interpretational framework, the Ritual Set, also applied here to the Ethiopian sites of Tiya, Sheikh Hussein Bale, Aksum and Lalibela, setting these places against a wider historical background of indigenous Sky-God belief. This archaeological study of sacred landscapes, stelae traditions, ancient Christian and medieval Muslim centres of Northeast Africa is the first to put forward a theoretical and analytical framework for the interpretation of the shared regional heritage and the indigenous archaeology of the region. It will be invaluable to archaeologists, anthropologists, historians and policymakers interested in Africa and beyond. |
| women circumcision before and after: Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision George C. Denniston, Pia Grassivaro Gallo, Frederick M. Hodges, Marilyn Fayre Milos, Franco Viviani, 2006-09-14 Every year 13.3 millions boys and 2 million girls are subjected to circumcision, the involuntary removal of part or all of their external sex organs. Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision illuminates the vulnerability of human society to medical, economic, and historical pressures. It provides a much-needed, thoughtful, and detailed analysis of the devastating impact of circumcision on bodily integrity and human rights, and it provides hope for change. |
| women circumcision before and after: Improving the Health Care of Women and Girls Affected by Female Genital Mutilation/cutting Lynne Jordan, Koula Neophytou, Catherine James, 2014-01 |
| women circumcision before and after: The Social Organization of Sexuality Edward O. Laumann, John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, Stuart Michaels, 2000-12-15 Reports the complete results of the United States' most comprehensive representative survey of sexual practices in the general adult population. |
| women circumcision before and after: History of Circumcision P. C. Remondino, 2001 A history of male and female circumcision originally published in 1900, the book is based on a long and personal observation of the changes made in man by circumcision. Dr. Remondino inquired into the moral, physical, and mental effects of circumcision in the three major religions. He goes beyond just discussing circumcision, by including all the mutilations practiced on the genitals as a contribution to the natural history of man. Over 26 chapters include antiquity of circumcision, theories as to the origin of circumcision, the spread of circumcision, the history of castration and eunuchism reasons for being circumcised, medical conditions and related surgery, and attempts to abolish circumcision. |
| women circumcision before and after: Vulvar Reconstruction Following Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) and other Acquired Deformities Dan mon O ́Dey, 2018-12-06 This book describes essential operative techniques that can be used to anatomically reconstruct the outer female genital in acquired deformities derived from ritual genital mutilation/cutting, and diseases causing similar deforming defects. Following an introduction with general insights on the topic, the main chapters deal with basic considerations and special anatomical information. With the help of high-quality videos and images, the reader receives detailed instructions on clitoral and vulvar reconstruction with techniques invented by the author, named the NMCS-procedure, the OD-flap and the aOAP-flap procedures. The book is rounded out with chapters describing postoperative care and how to manage complications. The integrity of their outer genitals is important for patients’ physical and psychological wellbeing. As such, the vulva is now receiving increasing attention and will likely continue to grow in importance in plastic surgery. The author, who has developed outstanding procedures for vulvar and clitoral reconstruction over the years, shares his considerable experience and hopes to highlight the importance of these methods to overcome the burden of female genital mutilation/cutting. |
| women circumcision before and after: Female Circumcision Author, Mary Nyangweso Wangila, 2015-03-04 A Kenyan woman theologian examines arguments for and against the controversial practice of female circumcision. Based on interviews with 50 Kenyan women representing Christianity, Islam, African Initiated Churches, and traditional religion, Wangila emphasizes the importance of understanding the gender relationships and cultural beliefs behind the practice and the important role played by religion. Wangila calls for eradication of the practice to carefully designed educational efforts sensitive to religious and cultural beliefs. |
| women circumcision before and after: Female Genital Mutilation Nahid Toubia, 1995 |
| women circumcision before and after: Desert Dawn Waris Dirie, Jeanne D'Haem, 2004 Fashion model, UN ambassador and courageous spirit, Waris Dirie is a remarkable woman, born into a traditional family of tribal desert nomads in Somalia. She told her story - enduring, at five years old, the ancient and savage custom of female circumcision; running away at twelve on foot through the desert in order to escape an arranged marriage; being discovered by Terence Donovan as she worked as a cleaner in London; and becoming a top fashion model - in her book, the worldwide bestseller, Desert Flower. Although Waris Dirie fled her homeland, she never forgot the country and culture that moulded her. The world of famine and violence, where women have no voice and no place - the very world that nearly destroyed her also gave her the tools to survive. She traces the roots of her courage, resilience and humour back to her motherland, and most particularly to her mother. Desert Dawn is the story of that return and a testimony to the stubborn fact that you can love something dearly and yet not love all that it represents. Desert Dawn is about coming home. |
| women circumcision before and after: Sexual Dysfunction Richard Balon, 2008-01-01 The area of human sexuality, and sexual dysfunction in particular, has been undergoing enormous developments and advances. This volume, written by a team of international experts in the area of sexology, is an authoritative review of the latest developments in this field. Areas such as evaluation of sexual dysfunction, impact of psychotropic medications, mental and physical illness and substance abuse on sexual functioning are covered in a highly informative manner. In addition, several sexual dysfunctions, namely hypoactive sexual desire disorder, male erectile disorder and premature ejaculation are reviewed. A chapter on the developments in imaging of sexual dysfunction, an area that is undergoing rapid expansion, is also included. This publication, filled with a variety of clinically essential information, provides psychiatrists, psychologists, sex therapists, urologists, gynecologists, both clinically and research oriented, with the latest developments in the area of sexual dysfunction. |
| women circumcision before and after: "They Took Me and Told Me Nothing" Nadya Khalife, Human Rights Watch (Organization), 2010 Recommendations -- Background -- Female genital mutilation around the world -- Female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan -- Female genital mutilation : a human rights issue -- Official action on FGM. |
| women circumcision before and after: Sexual Health, Human Rights and the Law World Health Organization, 2015-06-17 This report demonstrates the relationship between sexual health, human rights and the law. Drawing from a review of public health evidence and extensive research into human rights law at international, regional and national levels, the report shows how states in different parts of the world can and do support sexual health through legal and other mechanisms that are consistent with human rights standards and their own human rights obligations. |
| women circumcision before and after: Fluid Bonds Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt, 2006 How Do We Recognize The Centrality Of Gender As An Organizing Principle In The Ways Water Is Envisioned? Fluid Bonds Notes The Way Gender Intersects With Other Factors Such As Race, Ethnicity, Economic, Social And Political Aspects, And Geographical Locations. In Water We See An 'Othering', As Though The 'Problems' (Such As Access To Resources, Health Of Women And Children) Have Been Sorted Out In Developed Countries And Only Exist In Developing Countries. |
| women circumcision before and after: Female Circumcision Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf, 2013-03-01 Bolokoli, khifad, tahara, tahoor, qudiin, irua, bondo, kuruna, negekorsigin, and kene-kene are a few of the terms used in local African languages to denote a set of cultural practices collectively known as female circumcision. Practiced in many countries across Africa and Asia, this ritual is hotly debated. Supporters regard it as a central coming-of-age ritual that ensures chastity and promotes fertility. Human rights groups denounce the procedure as barbaric. It is estimated that between 100 million and 130 million girls and women today have undergone forms of this genital surgery. Female Circumcision gathers together African activists to examine the issue within its various cultural and historical contexts, the debates on circumcision regarding African refugee and immigrant populations in the United States, and the human rights efforts to eradicate the practice. This work brings African women's voices into the discussion, foregrounds indigenous processes of social and cultural change, and demonstrates the manifold linkages between respect for women's bodily integrity, the empowerment of women, and democratic modes of economic development. This volume does not focus narrowly on female circumcision as a set of ritualized surgeries sanctioned by society. Instead, the contributors explore a chain of connecting issues and processes through which the practice is being transformed in local and transnational contexts. The authors document shifts in local views to highlight processes of change and chronicle the efforts of diverse communities as agents in the process of cultural and social transformation. |
INFORMATION FOR YOUNG WOMEN FEMALE …
CONTENTS. What is female circumcision? . Circumcision and the law . Why does circumcision happen? . Where is circumcision practised? . Percentage of women aged 15 to 49 years who …
Women Circumcision Before And After Full PDF
Women Circumcision: Before and After – Understanding the Impact The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), often referred to as female circumcision, is a deeply complex and sensitive …
Female Circumcision: The History, the Current Prevalence and …
Female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM) or female genital cutting (FGC), is practiced in many countries spanning parts of Africa, the Middle East and Southeast …
INFORMATION FOR WOMEN WHO HAVE HAD FEMALE …
Women who have undergone circumcision can find sexual intercourse painful and traumatic, and experience difficulty with penetration as well as having decreased sexual enjoyment.
INFORMATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS FEMALE …
Women and girls who are subjected to FGC are exposed to short and long-term effects to their physical, psychological, sexual and reproductive health. It is a form of discrimination and is …
Health Effects of Female Circumcision - United States Agency …
women and girls in the traditional practice, female circumcision, and explain both the immediate effects and the long term health consequences of this practice.
SHARE WITH WOMEN CIRCUMCISION - midwife
Your health care provider will typically perform the circumcision in the hospital before you go home. Religious circumcisions are most often done at home or in a synagogue. Before the …
Women Circumcision Before And After - yh.helsingborg.se
It is estimated that between 100 million and 130 million girls and women today have undergone forms of this genital surgery. Female Circumcision gathers together African activists to …
Women Circumcision Before And After [PDF]
The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), often referred to as female circumcision, is a deeply complex and sensitive issue with far-reaching consequences for women's health and …
Women’s knowledge and perception of male circumcision …
Abstract. The roll-out of medical male circumcision (MC) is progressing in Southern and Eastern Africa. Little is known about the effect of this roll-out on women. The objective of this study …
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)
Education on anatomy and physiology before and after defibulation (e.g. false beliefs on infibulated and defibulated external genitals, virginity, sexuality, and genital self-image)
Women Circumcision Before And After
Mar 4, 2015 · The study centres on women aged 15-49 and their daughters, presenting estimates and examining differentials in prevalence, and highlighting patterns within the data that can …
FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING / MUTILATION FLIP CHART
Some women who are circumcised may have had most or part of the clitoris, labia minora and labia majora (skin and tissue around the vagina) removed. The raw area is then stitched …
Sex and Male Circumcision: Women's Preferences Across …
In the overwhelming majority of studies, women expressed a preference for the circumcised penis. The main reasons given for this preference were better appearance, better hygiene, …
The Consequences of Female Circumcision for Health and …
Until recently, the effects of female circumcision on health and sexuality were poorly documented, and the bulk of the literature consisted of general articles decrying the practice, discussions of …
Female Circumcision Pictures Before And After Pictures Copy
Female Circumcision Pictures Before And After Pictures Center for Reproductive Law & Policy
Newborn Circumcision - Brigham and Women's Hospital
What is a circumcision? Circumcision is a surgery that removes the foreskin of the penis. The foreskin is a piece of skin that protects the end of the penis. The surgery takes about 15 …
Pros and cons of circumcision: an evidence-based overview
Based on three large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in Africa, it can clearly be stated that circumcision lowers the risk of infection with the human immunodeciency virus …
Women Circumcision Before And After
Female Circumcision gathers together African activists to examine the issue within its various cultural and historical contexts, the debates on circumcision regarding African refugee and …
Female Circumcision: The History, the Current Prevalence and …
Female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM) or female genital cutting (FGC), is practiced in many countries spanning parts of Africa, the Middle East and Southeast …
Women Circumcision Before And After
Women Circumcision Before And After Efua Dorkenoo,Scilla Elworthy ...And the Diamonds Were Taken... O. Mark Eda,2019-10-30 To cut is to humiliate for no particular reason but, for the ...
Infant Circumcision - Gentle Procedures Hamilton
Before Circumcision 12 After Circumcision 12 General Care Following The Circumcision 13 ... Reduced cervical cancer in women – Circumcision reduces the risk of cervical cancer of a …
Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: …
circumcised men or between women with circumcised and uncir-cumcised spouses. However, circumcised men reported more partners and were more likely to report frequent orgasm …
Male Circumcision: Implications for Women as Sexual …
male circumcision Women benefit as sexual partners if men have fewer penile infections.Systematic reviews show ... circumcision was rare before 1945, was intro-duced in …
Cultural change after migration: Circumcision of girls in …
and Eritrea, circumcision is meant to moderate sexual urges [7], whereas in others, group motives are not linked to sexual behaviour at all. Girls in some groups are often sexually active before …
North Carolina Women’s Hospital - UNC Collaborative for …
After the circumcision, the tip of the penis, called ... will be exposed. Before you come to the hospital in labor, you should talk with your health care provider about circumcision and decide …
Women and Reproductive Health Challenges in Igboland: A …
The objective of the work is women and reproductive health challenges in south east, Nigeria. The research also treats the nature of reproductive health challenges in Igboland before and after …
COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE FORESKIN - BAUS
movement is reduced. Most men adapt to these changes after circumcision, and enjoy a healthy sex life. You may find it helpful to use a hypoallergenic, silicone-based lubricant, especially in …
Healing and Resumption of Sex after Male Circumcision
associated with sex before healing. Circumcision of HIV-positive men was associated with a temporary upsurge in penile viral shedding, which declined to pre-circumcision levels within six …
CONSENT FOR CIRCUMCISION - Brigham and Women's …
penis and may lead to an infection. Circumcision prevents this but the build-up can also be prevented by proper hygiene during bathing. Circumcision does not eliminate the need for …
Patient Information - Gentle Procedures Ireland
6. Reduced cervical cancer in women – Circumcision reduces the risk of cervical cancer of a man’s female partner as there is less risk of adherence and colonization of human …
FGC REFORMATION: THE EGYPTIAN CULTURAL DILEMMA
the circumcision of Abraham and Jesus to support FGC.18 As previously noted, the circumcision of women has been traced back to centuries before Christ. Moreover, the practice on females …
Women Circumcision Before And After - yh.helsingborg.se
Women Circumcision Before And After Maria Frederika Malmström Female genital mutilation Uwe von Fritschen,Cornelia Strunz,Roland Scherer,2020 Die Anzahl der Frauen mit Genitalverst …
CARING FOR YOUR WOUND FOLLOWING CIRCUMCISION
sex before the wound has healed this could open the wound and result in an infection. It also puts you and your partner at risk of getting HIV or other sexually transmitted infection (STIs). • …
Women Circumcision Before And After
Women Circumcision Before And After Y Pai Female Circumcision Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf,2013-03-01 Bolokoli, khifad, tahara, tahoor, qudiin, irua, bondo, kuruna, …
Female Circumcision in Kenya - sites.ecu.edu
last type of circumcision is Introcision, which is the enlargement of the vaginal orifice by tearing it downward either by hand or with a sharp tool. 6 Health risks are present after circumcision, as …
Circumcision for life - UNAIDS
way to look after ourselves and our bodies. Men often feel uncomfortable talking about sex and their bodies. This booklet gives us information on Medical Male Circumcision (MMC), …
The Psychological Impact of Circumcision - Doctors …
Nov 5, 2015 · Evidence indicates that the ability to learn and remember is present from before birth [1,2] and that newborn infants have fully functioning pain pathways.[3] Therefore, one …
Women Circumcision Before And After
The Circumcision of Women Olayinka Koso-Thomas,1987-05 Wolfgang Sachs is one of the most thoughtful intellectuals to deal with the dual crisis in the Western world's relations with nature …
Circumcision Pre- and Post- Operative Instructions - Alaska …
Circumcision Pre- and Post- Operative Instructions Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin (tube or sac of skin covering the tip of the penis). PREPARATION FOR DAY OF …
Does Male Circumcision Reduce Women's Risk of Sexually …
Morris et al. Male Circumcision and STIs in Women increased by 156% from 0.9 to 2.3 cases per 100,000 females (3), risking fatalities, stillbirths in pregnant women, prematurity and
Circumcision in childhood and male sexual function: a …
4.26±2.91 before and 2.63±1.82 after circumcision. They concluded that improvements in IELT and PEDT after circumcision were statistically significant.
GOD CIRCUMCISED THE ISRAELITES AGAIN Joshua 5:1-15
Of course, women do not have to be circumcised. But to the people of Israel, circumcision had immense importance to God and to themselves. Circumcision is very painful. After …
Infant Circumcision - gentleprocedureskelowna.ca
Before Circumcision 12 After Circumcision 12 General Care Following The Circumcision 13 ... Reduced cervical cancer in women – Circumcision reduces the risk of cervical cancer of a …
Does Male Circumcision Reduce Women's Risk of Sexually …
Morris et al. Male Circumcision and STIs in Women increased by 156% from 0.9 to 2.3 cases per 100,000 females (3), risking fatalities, stillbirths in pregnant women, prematurity and
Get circumcised - know the facts - Department of Health
and to have the dressing removed. After this, you should gently wash your penis with soap and water, using a soft cloth. The stitches will also fall out after 10 to 14 days. If you have …
Lengthening of the penile frenulum (frenuloplasty) procedure …
Circumcision, observation. What should I expect before the procedure? You will usually be admitted on the same day as your surgery. You will normally receive an appointment for pre …
What Men Should Know About Male Circumcision
Women can receive detailed information about what male circumcision is and the health benefits it provides. WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF MY PARTICIPATION IN THE STUDY? The …
Care of Your Child After a Circumcision - Children's Hospital …
Circumcision is a way that doctors take off the foreskin of . the penis. What to expect . It is normal to have some discomfort at home especially at the ... Babies can keep doing the same things …
INFORMATION FOR YOUNG WOMEN FEMALE …
Female circumcision usually happens to girls before they turn 15 years old. Circumcision is unfair and goes against the human rights of women and girls. Some girls who go through this cutting …
Covenant, Women, and Circumcision: Formulating a …
Covenant, Women, and Circumcision: Formulating a Covenantal Simhat Bat Ceremony Sharon R. Siegel Biography: Sharon R. Siegel, a graduate of Columbia Law School, is an attorney with a …
Decline in Frequency of Newborn Male Circumcision After …
the changes in newborn circumcision frequency nationally and by state from 1998 to 2011. We also examined trends between health insurance type and newborn male circumcision fre …
Circumcision and Circumcisability
Most women do not have such bodies, though Jewish women in antiquity participated in circumcision as ritual experts themselves. Most men do have such bodies, though Jewish men …
A Charter of Good Practice for Circumcision to promote HIV …
6. Behaviour change after circumcision All initiation practices teach young men about good and ethical behaviour around manhood, after circumcision. However, early socialisation around …
Circumcision - After the Operation
Circumcision . After the Operation . Going home . Boys who have had circumcision are usually able to go home the same day. The wound . It is important to tell your son about the change in …
Circumcision Information and Consent - n-wh.org
Circumcision Information and Consent You may be considering to have your newborn boy circumcised. Circumcisions are usually performed by your obstetrician before your baby is …
Male circumcision situation analysis report template - UNAIDS
Figure 10 Proportion of uncircumcised males accepting circumcision before and after male circumcision HIV link is provided. Figure 11 Percentage of men aged 15-49 circumcised by …
Circumcision Revisited: A Universal Practice - ijhssnet.com
All the rituals before and after the operation were testimonies of its importance in that particular society. Nwapa provides an illustration of the rituals: "The woman gave instructions. ... Alice …
Circumcision related to urinary tract infections, sexually …
May 28, 2012 · isms before they were circumcised, whereas none of them didaftertheprocedure.16 Güns¸aret al.carriedoutaprospec-tive study of 50 boys who underwent …
Abraham Justified Before Circumcision - ST ANDREW …
to whom God first gave the rite of circumcision. Genesis 17:9-11 And God said to Abraham: “As for you, you shall keep My covenant, you and your descendants after you throughout their …
THE IMPACT OF CIRCUMCISION TOWARDS WOMEN
circumcision and the impact of female circumcision towards women. Circumcision technique is implemented by scratching a small part of clitoris using an equipment which has been boiled …
Circumcision - Wiley Online Library
Share with Women Circumcision What is circumcision? At birth,baby boys have loose skin that covers the head of the penis. Thisskin iscalled the foreskin. When all or part of theforeskin of …
BIOLOGY, ISLAM AND THE SCIENCE OF - JSTOR
Dec 13, 2013 · Female circumcision was not banned outright, but the wife of the Director of Education designed the midwifery programme to teach women less invasive forms of …
Alaska Native Medical Center: Mother Baby Unit SUPERSEDES …
Mar 13, 2018 · 3.5. If the infant’s mother is HIV positive, circumcision should be delayed until the infant’s HIV status is known (Lippincott, 2013). 3.6. No randomized trials have determined the …
Having Your Baby - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Circumcision Circumcision is the surgical removal of part of the foreskin of the penis. The decision regarding circumcision is a per-sonal one, and parents are encouraged to discuss this decision …
Somali Women in Western Exile: Reassessing Female …
364 Sara Johnsdotter Muslim scholars propagating for an eradication of female circumcision find some support in the Qur’an. The passages ‘Verily, we create man in the best conformation’
Baruch Frydman-Kohl
Circumcision took place in Egypt, [before the Paschal sacrifice, of which Exodus 12:48] says: ‘No uncircumcised person shall partake of it.’ Moses our teacher circumcised [the people]. For with …
INFORMATION FOR WOMEN WHO HAVE HAD FEMALE …
using this service will be treated by experienced women’s health nurses. The African Women’s Clinic and De-infibulation Clinic Bookings: (03) 8345 3037 The Royal Women’s Hospital also …
Information for Adult Patients following Circumcision
Circumcision A circumcision is an operation where the foreskin is surgically removed Following the operation You may have the operation under a general anaesthetic when you will be …
