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# The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #21
The Industrial Revolution—a period of unprecedented technological advancement that irrevocably reshaped human civilization. This isn't just about smoky factories and steam engines; it's a complex tapestry woven with threads of scientific discovery, ingenious invention, and societal upheaval. This blog post, your crash course in the Industrial Revolution as it relates to the history of science (#21 in an imagined series!), delves into the key scientific breakthroughs that fueled this transformative era and explores its lasting impact. We'll examine the pivotal role science played, not just in driving technological innovation, but also in shaping the very fabric of modern society. Get ready for a whirlwind tour through the age of steam, steel, and scientific revolution.
The Seeds of Change: Scientific Advancements Preceding the Revolution
Before the dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution could unfold, a fertile ground of scientific advancements had already been prepared. The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, with its emphasis on observation, experimentation, and mathematical reasoning, laid the foundation. Key developments included:
Newtonian Physics: Sir Isaac Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation provided a framework for understanding the physical world, paving the way for advancements in mechanics and engineering. This understanding was crucial for designing more efficient machines and structures.
The Development of Chemistry: Early chemical discoveries, though rudimentary by modern standards, were critical to advancements in metallurgy, the production of new materials, and the development of new manufacturing processes. The understanding of chemical reactions became increasingly important in refining processes.
Improved Mathematical Tools: The refinement of calculus and other mathematical tools provided the language and methodology necessary to model and predict the behavior of complex systems, essential for designing and optimizing machinery.
Powering the Revolution: Steam, Coal, and the Rise of Energy
The Industrial Revolution wasn't just about new ideas; it was about harnessing energy on an unprecedented scale. The transition from water and animal power to steam power, fueled by abundant coal reserves, marked a turning point:
The Steam Engine: While not a new invention, the refinement and widespread adoption of the steam engine, particularly James Watt's improvements, provided a reliable and powerful source of energy for factories and transportation. This invention revolutionized manufacturing and enabled the mass production of goods.
Coal Mining and Metallurgy: The increased demand for coal spurred innovations in mining techniques and the development of more efficient methods for extracting and transporting this vital fuel source. Advancements in metallurgy allowed for the creation of stronger and more durable materials needed for building machinery and infrastructure.
Transforming Industries: Textiles, Iron, and Beyond
The impact of the Industrial Revolution rippled through various industries, transforming them beyond recognition:
The Textile Industry: The textile industry was among the first to undergo significant transformation, with inventions like the spinning jenny and the power loom dramatically increasing the speed and efficiency of cloth production. This led to mass production and lower prices, affecting everything from clothing to home furnishings.
The Iron Industry: Advances in iron production, particularly the development of the Bessemer process, led to the mass production of cheaper and stronger iron, fueling the construction of railroads, bridges, and buildings. This created a massive demand for labor and resources.
Transportation Revolution: The steam engine wasn't just confined to factories. Its application to steamboats and locomotives revolutionized transportation, allowing for faster and more efficient movement of goods and people. This interconnectedness spurred economic growth and facilitated trade.
The Social and Environmental Impact: A Double-Edged Sword
The Industrial Revolution was not without its downsides. While it brought about unprecedented economic growth and technological advancement, it also led to significant social and environmental problems:
Urbanization and Overcrowding: The influx of workers into cities led to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions, contributing to the spread of disease and poverty.
Pollution and Environmental Degradation: The burning of coal and the release of industrial waste caused widespread air and water pollution, with lasting impacts on the environment.
Social Inequality: The wealth generated by the Industrial Revolution was not evenly distributed, leading to a widening gap between the rich and the poor and fueling social unrest.
Conclusion
The Industrial Revolution, driven by scientific breakthroughs and technological innovations, fundamentally altered the course of human history. It marked a transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one, shaping the world we live in today. While the revolution brought immense progress, its legacy also includes significant social and environmental challenges that continue to resonate in the 21st century. Understanding this complex interplay of scientific advancement, technological innovation, and societal impact is crucial to comprehending the modern world.
FAQs
1. What was the most significant scientific discovery of the Industrial Revolution? While many discoveries contributed, the refinement and application of the steam engine arguably holds the most significant impact on the pace and scale of the revolution.
2. How did the Industrial Revolution affect social structures? It led to urbanization, the rise of a new industrial working class, and increased social inequality, creating significant social and political upheaval.
3. What were the major environmental consequences of the Industrial Revolution? Widespread air and water pollution, deforestation, and depletion of natural resources were significant environmental consequences.
4. What role did chemistry play in the Industrial Revolution? Chemistry was crucial in improving metallurgy, developing new materials, and refining manufacturing processes, particularly in the textile and chemical industries.
5. How did the Industrial Revolution impact global trade? Improved transportation, particularly through steamships and railways, significantly increased the speed and efficiency of global trade, leading to increased economic interconnectedness.
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Miner's Friend; Or, an Engine to Raise Water by Fire, Described Thomas Savery, 1827 |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Singularity Is Nearer Ray Kurzweil, 2024-06-25 The noted inventor and futurist’s successor to his landmark book The Singularity Is Near explores how technology will transform the human race in the decades to come Since it was first published in 2005, Ray Kurzweil’s The Singularity Is Near and its vision of an exponential future have spawned a worldwide movement. Kurzweil's predictions about technological advancements have largely come true, with concepts like AI, intelligent machines, and biotechnology now widely familiar to the public. In this entirely new book Ray Kurzweil brings a fresh perspective to advances toward the Singularity—assessing his 1999 prediction that AI will reach human level intelligence by 2029 and examining the exponential growth of technology—that, in the near future, will expand human intelligence a millionfold and change human life forever. Among the topics he discusses are rebuilding the world, atom by atom with devices like nanobots; radical life extension beyond the current age limit of 120; reinventing intelligence by connecting our brains to the cloud; how exponential technologies are propelling innovation forward in all industries and improving all aspects of our well-being such as declining poverty and violence; and the growth of renewable energy and 3-D printing. He also considers the potential perils of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence, including such topics of current controversy as how AI will impact employment and the safety of autonomous cars, and After Life technology, which aims to virtually revive deceased individuals through a combination of their data and DNA. The culmination of six decades of research on artificial intelligence, The Singularity Is Nearer is Ray Kurzweil’s crowning contribution to the story of this science and the revolution that is to come. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Industrial Revolution in World History Peter N Stearns, 2012-08-07 The industrial revolution was the single most important development in human history over the past three centuries, and it continues to shape the contemporary world. With new methods and organizations for producing goods, industrialization altered where people live, how they play, and even how they define political issues. By exploring the ways the industrial revolution reshaped world history, this book offers a unique look into the international factors that started the industrial revolution and its global spread and impact. In the fourth edition, noted historian Peter N. Stearns continues his global analysis of the industrial revolution with new discussions of industrialization outside of the West, including the study of India, the Middle East, and China. In addition, an expanded conclusion contains an examination of the changing contexts of industrialization. The Industrial Revolution in World History is essential for students of world history and economics, as well as for those seeking to know more about the global implications of what is arguably the defining socioeconomic event of modern times. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Higher Education in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution Nancy W. Gleason, 2018-06-21 This open access collection examines how higher education responds to the demands of the automation economy and the fourth industrial revolution. Considering significant trends in how people are learning, coupled with the ways in which different higher education institutions and education stakeholders are implementing adaptations, it looks at new programs and technological advances that are changing how and why we teach and learn. The book addresses trends in liberal arts integration of STEM innovations, the changing role of libraries in the digital age, global trends in youth mobility, and the development of lifelong learning programs. This is coupled with case study assessments of the various ways China, Singapore, South Africa and Costa Rica are preparing their populations for significant shifts in labour market demands – shifts that are already underway. Offering examples of new frameworks in which collaboration between government, industry, and higher education institutions can prevent lagging behind in this fast changing environment, this book is a key read for anyone wanting to understand how the world should respond to the radical technological shifts underway on the frontline of higher education. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Civilization's Crisis: A Set Of Linked Challenges John Scales Avery, 2017-04-20 Modern civilization faces a broad spectrum of daunting problems, but rational solutions are available for them all. This book explores the following issues: (1) Threats to the environment and climate change; (2) a growing population and vanishing resources; (3) the global food and refugee crisis; (4) intolerable economic inequality; (5) the threat of nuclear war; (6) the military-industrial complex; and (7) limits to growth. These problems are closely interlinked, and their possible solutions are discussed in this book. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Utilitarianism - Ed. Heydt John Stuart Mill, 2010-08-06 John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism is a philosophical defense of utilitarianism, a moral theory stating that right actions are those that tend to promote overall happiness. The essay first appeared as a series of articles published in Fraser’s Magazine in 1861; the articles were collected and reprinted as a single book in 1863. Mill discusses utilitarianism in some of his other works, including On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, but Utilitarianism contains his only sustained defence of the theory. In this Broadview Edition, Colin Heydt provides a substantial introduction that will enable readers to understand better the polemical context for Utilitarianism. Heydt shows, for example, how Mill’s moral philosophy grew out of political engagement, rather than exclusively out of a speculative interest in determining the nature of morality. Appendices include precedents to Mill’s work, reactions to Utilitarianism, and related writings by Mill. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The 2030 Spike Colin Mason, 2013-06-17 The clock is relentlessly ticking! Our world teeters on a knife-edge between a peaceful and prosperous future for all, and a dark winter of death and destruction that threatens to smother the light of civilization. Within 30 years, in the 2030 decade, six powerful 'drivers' will converge with unprecedented force in a statistical spike that could tear humanity apart and plunge the world into a new Dark Age. Depleted fuel supplies, massive population growth, poverty, global climate change, famine, growing water shortages and international lawlessness are on a crash course with potentially catastrophic consequences. In the face of both doomsaying and denial over the state of our world, Colin Mason cuts through the rhetoric and reams of conflicting data to muster the evidence to illustrate a broad picture of the world as it is, and our possible futures. Ultimately his message is clear; we must act decisively, collectively and immediately to alter the trajectory of humanity away from catastrophe. Offering over 100 priorities for immediate action, The 2030 Spike serves as a guidebook for humanity through the treacherous minefields and wastelands ahead to a bright, peaceful and prosperous future in which all humans have the opportunity to thrive and build a better civilization. This book is powerful and essential reading for all people concerned with the future of humanity and planet earth. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Permanent Supportive Housing National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Policy and Global Affairs, Science and Technology for Sustainability Program, Committee on an Evaluation of Permanent Supportive Housing Programs for Homeless Individuals, 2018-08-11 Chronic homelessness is a highly complex social problem of national importance. The problem has elicited a variety of societal and public policy responses over the years, concomitant with fluctuations in the economy and changes in the demographics of and attitudes toward poor and disenfranchised citizens. In recent decades, federal agencies, nonprofit organizations, and the philanthropic community have worked hard to develop and implement programs to solve the challenges of homelessness, and progress has been made. However, much more remains to be done. Importantly, the results of various efforts, and especially the efforts to reduce homelessness among veterans in recent years, have shown that the problem of homelessness can be successfully addressed. Although a number of programs have been developed to meet the needs of persons experiencing homelessness, this report focuses on one particular type of intervention: permanent supportive housing (PSH). Permanent Supportive Housing focuses on the impact of PSH on health care outcomes and its cost-effectiveness. The report also addresses policy and program barriers that affect the ability to bring the PSH and other housing models to scale to address housing and health care needs. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Fossil Capital Andreas Malm, 2016-02-01 How capitalism first promoted fossil fuels with the rise of steam power The more we know about the catastrophic implications of climate change, the more fossil fuels we burn. How did we end up in this mess? In this masterful new history, Andreas Malm claims it all began in Britain with the rise of steam power. But why did manufacturers turn from traditional sources of power, notably water mills, to an engine fired by coal? Contrary to established views, steam offered neither cheaper nor more abundant energy—but rather superior control of subordinate labour. Animated by fossil fuels, capital could concentrate production at the most profitable sites and during the most convenient hours, as it continues to do today. Sweeping from nineteenth-century Manchester to the emissions explosion in China, from the original triumph of coal to the stalled shift to renewables, this study hones in on the burning heart of capital and demonstrates, in unprecedented depth, that turning down the heat will mean a radical overthrow of the current economic order. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century John Ashley Soames Grenville, 2005 Provides a comprehensive survey of the key events and personalities of this period. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults, 2015-01-27 Young adulthood - ages approximately 18 to 26 - is a critical period of development with long-lasting implications for a person's economic security, health and well-being. Young adults are key contributors to the nation's workforce and military services and, since many are parents, to the healthy development of the next generation. Although 'millennials' have received attention in the popular media in recent years, young adults are too rarely treated as a distinct population in policy, programs, and research. Instead, they are often grouped with adolescents or, more often, with all adults. Currently, the nation is experiencing economic restructuring, widening inequality, a rapidly rising ratio of older adults, and an increasingly diverse population. The possible transformative effects of these features make focus on young adults especially important. A systematic approach to understanding and responding to the unique circumstances and needs of today's young adults can help to pave the way to a more productive and equitable tomorrow for young adults in particular and our society at large. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults describes what is meant by the term young adulthood, who young adults are, what they are doing, and what they need. This study recommends actions that nonprofit programs and federal, state, and local agencies can take to help young adults make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. According to this report, young adults should be considered as a separate group from adolescents and older adults. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults makes the case that increased efforts to improve high school and college graduate rates and education and workforce development systems that are more closely tied to high-demand economic sectors will help this age group achieve greater opportunity and success. The report also discusses the health status of young adults and makes recommendations to develop evidence-based practices for young adults for medical and behavioral health, including preventions. What happens during the young adult years has profound implications for the rest of the life course, and the stability and progress of society at large depends on how any cohort of young adults fares as a whole. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults will provide a roadmap to improving outcomes for this age group as they transition from adolescence to adulthood. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Process Engineering and Industrial Management Jean-Pierre Dal Pont, 2013-03-04 Process Engineering, the science and art of transforming raw materials and energy into a vast array of commercial materials, was conceived at the end of the 19th Century. Its history in the role of the Process Industries has been quite honorable, and techniques and products have contributed to improve health, welfare and quality of life. Today, industrial enterprises, which are still a major source of wealth, have to deal with new challenges in a global world. They need to reconsider their strategy taking into account environmental constraints, social requirements, profit, competition, and resource depletion. “Systems thinking” is a prerequisite from process development at the lab level to good project management. New manufacturing concepts have to be considered, taking into account LCA, supply chain management, recycling, plant flexibility, continuous development, process intensification and innovation. This book combines experience from academia and industry in the field of industrialization, i.e. in all processes involved in the conversion of research into successful operations. Enterprises are facing major challenges in a world of fierce competition and globalization. Process engineering techniques provide Process Industries with the necessary tools to cope with these issues. The chapters of this book give a new approach to the management of technology, projects and manufacturing. Contents Part 1: The Company as of Today 1. The Industrial Company: its Purpose, History, Context, and its Tomorrow?, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 2. The Two Modes of Operation of the Company – Operational and Entrepreneurial, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 3. The Strategic Management of the Company: Industrial Aspects, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. Part 2: Process Development and Industrialization 4. Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 5. Foundations of Process Industrialization, Jean-François Joly. 6. The Industrialization Process: Preliminary Projects, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont and Michel Royer. 7. Lifecycle Analysis and Eco-Design: Innovation Tools for Sustainable Industrial Chemistry, Sylvain Caillol. 8. Methods for Design and Evaluation of Sustainable Processes and Industrial Systems, Catherine Azzaro-Pantel. 9. Project Management Techniques: Engineering, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. Part 3: The Necessary Adaptation of the Company for the Future 10. Japanese Methods, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 11. Innovation in Chemical Engineering Industries, Oliver Potier and Mauricio Camargo. 12. The Place of Intensified Processes in the Plant of the Future, Laurent Falk. 13. Change Management, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 14. The Plant of the Future, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Transforming the Future Riel Miller, 2018-04-27 People are using the future to search for better ways to achieve sustainability, inclusiveness, prosperity, well-being and peace. In addition, the way the future is understood and used is changing in almost all domains, from social science to daily life. This book presents the results of significant research undertaken by UNESCO with a number of partners to detect and define the theory and practice of anticipation around the world today. It uses the concept of ‘Futures Literacy’ as a tool to define the understanding of anticipatory systems and processes – also known as the Discipline of Anticipation. This innovative title explores: • new topics such as Futures Literacy and the Discipline of Anticipation; • the evidence collected from over 30 Futures Literacy Laboratories and presented in 14 full case studies; • the need and opportunity for significant innovation in human decision-making systems. This book will be of great interest to scholars, researchers, policy-makers and students, as well as activists working on sustainability issues and innovation, future studies and anticipation studies. The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781351047999, has been made available under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Cotton Giorgio Riello, 2015-04-16 Today's world textile and garment trade is valued at a staggering $425 billion. We are told that under the pressure of increasing globalisation, it is India and China that are the new world manufacturing powerhouses. However, this is not a new phenomenon: until the industrial revolution, Asia manufactured great quantities of colourful printed cottons that were sold to places as far afield as Japan, West Africa and Europe. Cotton explores this earlier globalised economy and its transformation after 1750 as cotton led the way in the industrialisation of Europe. By the early nineteenth century, India, China and the Ottoman Empire switched from world producers to buyers of European cotton textiles, a position that they retained for over two hundred years. This is a fascinating and insightful story which ranges from Asian and European technologies and African slavery to cotton plantations in the Americas and consumer desires across the globe. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: American Military History Volume 1 Army Center of Military History, 2016-06-05 American Military History provides the United States Army-in particular, its young officers, NCOs, and cadets-with a comprehensive but brief account of its past. The Center of Military History first published this work in 1956 as a textbook for senior ROTC courses. Since then it has gone through a number of updates and revisions, but the primary intent has remained the same. Support for military history education has always been a principal mission of the Center, and this new edition of an invaluable history furthers that purpose. The history of an active organization tends to expand rapidly as the organization grows larger and more complex. The period since the Vietnam War, at which point the most recent edition ended, has been a significant one for the Army, a busy period of expanding roles and missions and of fundamental organizational changes. In particular, the explosion of missions and deployments since 11 September 2001 has necessitated the creation of additional, open-ended chapters in the story of the U.S. Army in action. This first volume covers the Army's history from its birth in 1775 to the eve of World War I. By 1917, the United States was already a world power. The Army had sent large expeditionary forces beyond the American hemisphere, and at the beginning of the new century Secretary of War Elihu Root had proposed changes and reforms that within a generation would shape the Army of the future. But world war-global war-was still to come. The second volume of this new edition will take up that story and extend it into the twenty-first century and the early years of the war on terrorism and includes an analysis of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq up to January 2009. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Age of Anomaly Andrei Polgar, 2018-05-18 Something is seriously wrong with the economy, the financial system and ultimately, our way of life. You're probably reading this because, well, you feel the same way. Perhaps you're worried about one specific scenario (the death of the banking system, hyperinflation or something else) but then again, maybe you're not able to identify specific threats. Instead, you just feel something is wrong. You feel it deep down inside and it haunts you. Rightfully so, in my opinion! The Age of Anomaly is here to provide much-needed clarity. My name is Andrei Polgar but a lot of you might know me as the One Minute Economics guy on YouTube and I've never been an economist who desperately wants to sound intelligent. Instead, through my work, I've had one goal and one goal only: making economics easy to understand, something traditional education has failed at remarkably. As time passes, my work is featured in more and more universities all over the world. Students love it, people who already graduated feel the same way and even those who aren't necessarily interested in economics become fascinated by this often misunderstood but amazing field. Why do people like what I do? For one simple reason: because it works. Through The Age of Anomaly, I've made it clear that understanding financial calamities and being prepared doesn't have to involve rocket science. Anyone can do it and frankly, everyone should do it. I've provided a from A to Z perspective by: 1) Analyzing quite a few hand-picked economic calamities of the past, from the Tulip Mania to the Great Depression, the Great Recession and even case studies pretty much nobody heard of such as the Short Domain Mania of 2015-2016 2) Drawing parallels and finding common denominators so as to provide tips that help readers become better and better at spotting financial storms 3) Explaining that becoming better at spotting financial storms is just not enough. Even I may very well end up being caught off-guard by the next crash and as such, it makes sense to dedicate just at much energy to becoming more resilient in general so as to better withstand anything life throws your way By becoming good at spotting financial storms as well as resilient, you'll be multiple orders of magnitude (and I consider even this the understatement of the century) better off than the average individual, who blissfully chooses to live in a bubble of ignorance! |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Ocean literacy for all: a toolkit Santoro, Francesca, Selvaggia, Santin, Scowcroft, Gail, Fauville, Géraldine, Tuddenham, Peter, UNESCO Office Venice and Regional Bureau for Science and Culture in Europe (Italy), IOC, 2017-12-18 |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Most Powerful Idea in the World William Rosen, 2012-03-15 The Most Powerful Idea in the World argues that the very notion of intellectual property drove not only the invention of the steam engine but also the entire Industrial Revolution. -- Back cover. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century, 2003-02-01 The anthrax incidents following the 9/11 terrorist attacks put the spotlight on the nation's public health agencies, placing it under an unprecedented scrutiny that added new dimensions to the complex issues considered in this report. The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century reaffirms the vision of Healthy People 2010, and outlines a systems approach to assuring the nation's health in practice, research, and policy. This approach focuses on joining the unique resources and perspectives of diverse sectors and entities and challenges these groups to work in a concerted, strategic way to promote and protect the public's health. Focusing on diverse partnerships as the framework for public health, the book discusses: The need for a shift from an individual to a population-based approach in practice, research, policy, and community engagement. The status of the governmental public health infrastructure and what needs to be improved, including its interface with the health care delivery system. The roles nongovernment actors, such as academia, business, local communities and the media can play in creating a healthy nation. Providing an accessible analysis, this book will be important to public health policy-makers and practitioners, business and community leaders, health advocates, educators and journalists. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Fact Book Council on Wage and Price Stability (U.S.), 1978 |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Crash Course Chris Martenson, 2011-02-14 The next twenty years will be completely unlike the last twenty years. The world is in economic crisis, and there are no easy fixes to our predicament. Unsustainable trends in the economy, energy, and the environment have finally caught up with us and are converging on a very narrow window of time—the Twenty-Teens. The Crash Course presents our predicament and illuminates the path ahead, so you can face the coming disruptions and thrive--without fearing the future or retreating into denial. In this book you will find solid facts and grounded reasoning presented in a calm, positive, non-partisan manner. Our money system places impossible demands upon a finite world. Exponentially rising levels of debt, based on assumptions of future economic growth to fund repayment, will shudder to a halt and then reverse. Unfortunately, our financial system does not operate in reverse. The consequences of massive deleveraging will be severe. Oil is essential for economic growth. The reality of dwindling oil supplies is now internationally recognized, yet virtually no developed nations have a Plan B. The economic risks to individuals, companies, and countries are varied and enormous. Best-case, living standards will drop steadily worldwide. Worst-case, systemic financial crises will toss the world into jarring chaos. This book is written for those who are motivated to learn about the root causes of our predicaments, protect themselves and their families, mitigate risks as much as possible, and control what effects they can. With challenge comes opportunity, and The Crash Course offers a positive vision for how to reshape our lives to be more balanced, resilient, and sustainable. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Air Force Combat Units of World War II Maurer Maurer, 1961 |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Makers Chris Anderson, 2012-09-13 If a country wants to remain economically vibrant, it needs to manufacture things. In recent years, however, many nations have become obsessed with making money out of selling services, leaving the real business of manufacturing to others. Makers is about how all that is being reversed. Over the past ten years, the internet has democratised publishing, broadcasting and communications, leading to a massive increase in the range of participation in everything digital - the world of bits. Now the same is happening to manufacturing - the world of things. Chris Anderson, bestselling author of The Long Tail, explains how this is happening: how such technologies as 3D printing and electronics assembly are becoming available to everybody, and how people are building successful businesses as a result. Whereas once every aspiring entrepreneur needed the support of a major manufacturer, now anybody with a smart idea and a little expertise can make their ideas a reality. Just as Google, Facebook and others have created highly successful companies in the virtual world, so these new inventors and manufacturers are assuming positions of ever greater importance in the real world. The next industrial revolution is on its way. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Capital in the Twenty-First Century Thomas Piketty, 2017-08-14 What are the grand dynamics that drive the accumulation and distribution of capital? Questions about the long-term evolution of inequality, the concentration of wealth, and the prospects for economic growth lie at the heart of political economy. But satisfactory answers have been hard to find for lack of adequate data and clear guiding theories. In this work the author analyzes a unique collection of data from twenty countries, ranging as far back as the eighteenth century, to uncover key economic and social patterns. His findings transform debate and set the agenda for the next generation of thought about wealth and inequality. He shows that modern economic growth and the diffusion of knowledge have allowed us to avoid inequalities on the apocalyptic scale predicted by Karl Marx. But we have not modified the deep structures of capital and inequality as much as we thought in the optimistic decades following World War II. The main driver of inequality--the tendency of returns on capital to exceed the rate of economic growth--today threatens to generate extreme inequalities that stir discontent and undermine democratic values if political action is not taken. But economic trends are not acts of God. Political action has curbed dangerous inequalities in the past, the author says, and may do so again. This original work reorients our understanding of economic history and confronts us with sobering lessons for today. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism Ha-Joon Chang, 2010-09-02 Ha-Joon Chang dispels the myths and prejudices that have come to dominate our understanding of how the world works. He succeeds in both setting the historical record straight ('the washing machine has changed the world more than the internet'; 'the US does not have the highest living standard in the world'; 'people in poor countries are more entrepreneurial than people in rich countries') and persuading us of the consequences of his analysis ('making rich people richer doesn't make the rest of us richer'; 'companies should not be run in the interest of their owners'; 'financial markets need to become less, not more, efficient'). As Chang shows above all else, all economic choices are political ones, and it is time we started to be honest about them. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: First Farmers Peter Bellwood, 2004-11-30 First Farmers: the Origins of Agricultural Societies offers readers an understanding of the origins and histories of early agricultural populations in all parts of the world. Uses data from archaeology, comparative linguistics, and biological anthropology to cover developments over the past 12,000 years Examines the reasons for the multiple primary origins of agriculture Focuses on agricultural origins in and dispersals out of the Middle East, central Africa, China, New Guinea, Mesoamerica and the northern Andes Covers the origins and dispersals of major language families such as Indo-European, Austronesian, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo and Uto-Aztecan |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Global Governance and the Emergence of Global Institutions for the 21st Century Augusto Lopez-Claros, Arthur L. Dahl, Maja Groff, 2020-01-23 Identifies the major weaknesses in the current United Nations system and proposes fundamental reforms to address each. This title is also available as Open Access. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850–1914 Ernst Homburg, Anthony S. Travis, Harm G. Schröter, 1998-10-31 Europe is the cradle of the modem international chemical industry. From the middle of the nineteenth century until the outbreak of World War I, the European chemical industry influenced not only the production and control of science and technology, but also made significant contributions towards economic development, as well as bringing about profound changes in working and living enviromnents. It is a highly complex heritage, both rich and threatening, that calls for close scrutinity. Fortunately, a unique opportunity to explore the historical development of the European chemical industry from a variety of novel standpoints, was made possible during 1993 as part of the European Science Foundation (ESF) programme called 'The Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939.' This process of exploration has taken place through three workshops, each dealing with different time periods. The workshop concerned with the period 1850-1914, which corresponds roughly to the so-called Second Industrial Revolution, was held in Maastricht, The Netherlands, on 23-25 March 1995. This volume is the outcome of that workshop. The other workshops dealing with European chemical industry were held in Liege in 1994, covering the First Industrial Revolution period, 1789-1850, and Strasbourg in 1996, covering the period between the two World Wars. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies Erik Brynjolfsson, Andrew McAfee, 2014-01-20 The big stories -- The skills of the new machines : technology races ahead -- Moore's law and the second half of the chessboard -- The digitization of just about everything -- Innovation : declining or recombining? -- Artificial and human intelligence in the second machine age -- Computing bounty -- Beyond GDP -- The spread -- The biggest winners : stars and superstars -- Implications of the bounty and the spread -- Learning to race with machines : recommendations for individuals -- Policy recommendations -- Long-term recommendations -- Technology and the future (which is very different from technology is the future). |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: A Realist Theory of Science Roy Bhaskar, 2020-05-05 A Realist Theory of Science is one of the few books that have changed our understanding of the philosophy of science. In this analysis of the natural sciences, with a particular focus on the experimental process itself, Roy Bhaskar provides a definitive critique of the traditional, positivist conception of science and stakes out an alternative, realist position. Since it original publication in 1975, a movement known as 'Critical Realism', which is both intellectually diverse and international in scope, has developed on the basis of key concepts outlined in the text. The book has been hailed in many quarters as a 'Copernican Revolution' in the study of the nature of science, and the implications of its account have been far-reaching for many fields of the humanities and social sciences. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: A Singularidade está mais próxima Ray Kurzweil, 2024-10-04 O que significará viver livre dos limites do nosso corpo? Quem nos tornaremos se a nossa mente puder ser arquivada e replicada? Como lidaremos com os riscos inerentes a uma tecnologia tão incrivelmente poderosa? Para o futurista, inventor e guru do tecno-otimismo Ray Kurzweil, as inovações das próximas décadas mudarão a vida humana para sempre: mais potente que a orgânica, a inteligência artificial se fundirá com o cérebro biológico, expandindo enormemente a nossa consciência e as nossas capacidades cognitivas. Kurzweil prevê, ainda, uma era de abundância em que os avanços na tecnologia da informação tornarão bens e serviços essenciais cada vez mais acessíveis — da produção de alimentos e vestuário à eficiência de utensílios e moradias; da geração de energia limpa e sustentável ao tratamento de doenças e prolongamento da vida. Este livro trata, portanto, da nossa aproximação final com esse ponto de Singularidade, e das oportunidades e dos perigos que isso representa. E profetiza: se conseguirmos enfrentar os desafios científicos, éticos, sociais e políticos que tamanho avanço nos coloca, transformaremos profundamente, e para melhor, a vida na Terra. Livre do confinamento do nosso crânio, e processando em um substrato milhões de vezes mais rápido do que o tecido biológico, a mente humana será capacitada para crescer de maneira exponencial, em última análise expandindo a nossa inteligência milhões de vezes. Esse e o cerne da minha definição de Singularidade. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Limits to Growth Donella H. Meadows, 1972 Examines the factors which limit human economic and population growth and outlines the steps necessary for achieving a balance between population and production. Bibliogs |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The First Industrial Revolution Phyllis Deane, 1979 This book identifies the strategic changes that affected Britain from 1750-1850. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi Khosrowpour, 2009 This set of books represents a detailed compendium of authoritative, research-based entries that define the contemporary state of knowledge on technology--Provided by publisher. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Rising Above the Gathering Storm Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century: An Agenda for American Science and Technology, 2007-03-08 In a world where advanced knowledge is widespread and low-cost labor is readily available, U.S. advantages in the marketplace and in science and technology have begun to erode. A comprehensive and coordinated federal effort is urgently needed to bolster U.S. competitiveness and pre-eminence in these areas. This congressionally requested report by a pre-eminent committee makes four recommendations along with 20 implementation actions that federal policy-makers should take to create high-quality jobs and focus new science and technology efforts on meeting the nation's needs, especially in the area of clean, affordable energy: 1) Increase America's talent pool by vastly improving K-12 mathematics and science education; 2) Sustain and strengthen the nation's commitment to long-term basic research; 3) Develop, recruit, and retain top students, scientists, and engineers from both the U.S. and abroad; and 4) Ensure that the United States is the premier place in the world for innovation. Some actions will involve changing existing laws, while others will require financial support that would come from reallocating existing budgets or increasing them. Rising Above the Gathering Storm will be of great interest to federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, public decision makers, research sponsors, regulatory analysts, and scholars. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective Robert C. Allen, 2009-04-09 Why did the industrial revolution take place in 18th century Britain and not elsewhere in Europe or Asia? Robert Allen argues that the British industrial revolution was a successful response to the global economy of the 17th and 18th centuries. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: Battlefield of the Future - 21st Century Warfare Issues Lawrence Grinter, 2012-08-01 This is a book about strategy and war fighting. It contains 11 essays which examine topics such as military operations against a well-armed rogue state, the potential of parallel warfare strategy for different kinds of states, the revolutionary potential of information warfare, the lethal possibilities of biological warfare and the elements of an ongoing revolution in military affairs. The purpose of the book is to focus attention on the operational problems, enemy strategies and threat that will confront U.S. national security decision makers in the twenty-first century. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: The Haitian Revolution Toussaint L'Ouverture, 2019-11-12 Toussaint L’Ouverture was the leader of the Haitian Revolution in the late eighteenth century, in which slaves rebelled against their masters and established the first black republic. In this collection of his writings and speeches, former Haitian politician Jean-Bertrand Aristide demonstrates L’Ouverture’s profound contribution to the struggle for equality. |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: 21 Lessons for the 21st Century Yuval Noah Harari, 2018-08-30 **THE NUMBER ONE BESTSELLER** In twenty-one bite-sized lessons, Yuval Noah Harari explores what it means to be human in an age of bewilderment. How can we protect ourselves from nuclear war, ecological cataclysms and technological disruptions? What can we do about the epidemic of fake news or the threat of terrorism? What should we teach our children? The world-renowned historian and intellectual Yuval Noah Harari takes us on a thrilling journey through today's most urgent issues. The golden thread running through his exhilarating new book is the challenge of maintaining our collective and individual focus in the face of constant and disorienting change. Faced with a litany of existential and real crises, are we still capable of understanding the world we have created? '[Harari] has teed up a crucial global conversation about how to take on the problems of the 21st century' Bill Gates, New York Times '21 Lessons is, simply put, a crucial book' Adam Kay, author of Undoctored |
| the industrial revolution crash course history of science 21: A Patriot's History of the United States Larry Schweikart, Michael Patrick Allen, 2004-12-29 For the past three decades, many history professors have allowed their biases to distort the way America’s past is taught. These intellectuals have searched for instances of racism, sexism, and bigotry in our history while downplaying the greatness of America’s patriots and the achievements of “dead white men.” As a result, more emphasis is placed on Harriet Tubman than on George Washington; more about the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II than about D-Day or Iwo Jima; more on the dangers we faced from Joseph McCarthy than those we faced from Josef Stalin. A Patriot’s History of the United States corrects those doctrinaire biases. In this groundbreaking book, America’s discovery, founding, and development are reexamined with an appreciation for the elements of public virtue, personal liberty, and private property that make this nation uniquely successful. This book offers a long-overdue acknowledgment of America’s true and proud history. |
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