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The Individual is the Unit of Analysis for Case-Control Studies: A Deep Dive
Understanding the fundamental principles of research design is crucial for anyone involved in epidemiological studies. One key concept often causing confusion, particularly for those new to the field, is the unit of analysis. This post clarifies why the individual is the unit of analysis for case-control studies, exploring the implications of this principle and dispelling common misconceptions. We'll delve into the reasons behind this choice, examine the advantages and limitations, and illustrate its practical application with clear examples. By the end, you'll have a robust grasp of this vital aspect of case-control study design.
What is a Unit of Analysis?
Before diving into the specifics of case-control studies, let's define the crucial term: the unit of analysis. Simply put, the unit of analysis is the entity about which we are collecting and analyzing data. This could be an individual person, a family, a community, a school, or even a country, depending on the research question. Choosing the correct unit of analysis is paramount to the validity and interpretation of research findings. A mismatched unit of analysis can lead to erroneous conclusions and flawed research.
Why the Individual is the Unit of Analysis in Case-Control Studies
Case-control studies are observational studies that compare individuals with a particular disease or outcome (cases) to individuals without the disease (controls). The aim is to identify factors that may be associated with the disease. The core principle guiding the choice of the individual as the unit of analysis stems from the inherent nature of this comparison. We are interested in understanding the characteristics, exposures, and risk factors at the individual level that might differentiate cases from controls.
Consider an investigation into the link between smoking and lung cancer. We wouldn't analyze smoking prevalence at the county level and compare it to lung cancer rates at the county level. Instead, we would analyze individual smoking habits (smoker or non-smoker) and compare those within the case (lung cancer patients) and control (healthy individuals) groups. Each individual contributes independent data points to the analysis.
This individual-level analysis allows for precise examination of risk factors and their association with the disease. Aggregate-level data, while potentially informative for generating hypotheses, can mask important individual-level variations and lead to ecological fallacies – drawing incorrect inferences about individuals based on group-level data.
Data Collection and Analysis at the Individual Level
The emphasis on the individual as the unit of analysis directly informs how data is collected and analyzed in case-control studies. Information on various potential risk factors (age, sex, occupation, lifestyle choices, etc.) is gathered for each individual participant, both cases and controls. This data is then analyzed using statistical methods that account for the individual variation within each group. Common techniques include logistic regression, which allows for the assessment of the association between individual-level risk factors and the disease outcome while adjusting for confounding variables.
Advantages of Using the Individual as the Unit of Analysis
The individual-level focus offers several significant advantages:
Precision: It allows for a more precise assessment of the association between risk factors and the disease outcome.
Control for Confounding: Statistical techniques can account for individual-level variations and control for confounding factors, improving the accuracy of results.
Generalizability: Findings are more readily generalizable to the wider population from which the sample was drawn, as they reflect individual-level variability.
Efficiency: Individual-level data collection can be relatively efficient, especially with well-designed sampling strategies.
Limitations of Using the Individual as the Unit of Analysis
While the individual is undeniably the most appropriate unit of analysis for case-control studies, it’s important to acknowledge limitations:
Recall Bias: Reliance on individual recall of exposures or past behaviors can introduce bias.
Sampling Bias: The selection of cases and controls can influence the results if not carefully managed.
Cost and Time: Recruiting and following up with individual participants can be costly and time-consuming.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the individual is the definitive unit of analysis for case-control studies. This fundamental principle underpins the entire design, data collection, and analysis process. Choosing the appropriate unit of analysis is crucial for obtaining valid and reliable results. While there are limitations to consider, the advantages of the individual-level approach in terms of precision, control for confounding, and generalizability far outweigh the drawbacks, making it the gold standard for case-control research.
FAQs
1. Can I ever use a different unit of analysis in a case-control study? While the individual is the standard, there might be limited situations where aggregate data is analyzed alongside individual-level data for exploratory purposes. However, any conclusions should be cautiously interpreted, acknowledging potential ecological fallacies.
2. What if I'm studying a disease affecting families? Even when studying familial diseases, the individual remains the unit of analysis. While family history might be a risk factor, the analysis still focuses on the individual's experience of the disease or exposure to risk factors.
3. How does the choice of unit of analysis affect statistical analysis? The choice dictates the statistical methods used. Individual-level data typically require statistical techniques like logistic regression, while aggregate data might necessitate different approaches, which may not be as powerful or precise.
4. What are the ethical considerations related to the unit of analysis in case-control studies? Ethical considerations center on obtaining informed consent from each individual participant and ensuring confidentiality of their data. The individual's autonomy and well-being should be paramount throughout the research process.
5. How does the unit of analysis relate to the study's objective? The objective of the study directly informs the choice of unit of analysis. If the goal is to understand individual-level risk factors for a disease, then the individual is unequivocally the correct unit of analysis.
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.), 2013-02-21 This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov) |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Julian P. T. Higgins, Sally Green, 2008-11-24 Healthcare providers, consumers, researchers and policy makers are inundated with unmanageable amounts of information, including evidence from healthcare research. It has become impossible for all to have the time and resources to find, appraise and interpret this evidence and incorporate it into healthcare decisions. Cochrane Reviews respond to this challenge by identifying, appraising and synthesizing research-based evidence and presenting it in a standardized format, published in The Cochrane Library (www.thecochranelibrary.com). The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains methodological guidance for the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane intervention reviews. Written in a clear and accessible format, it is the essential manual for all those preparing, maintaining and reading Cochrane reviews. Many of the principles and methods described here are appropriate for systematic reviews applied to other types of research and to systematic reviews of interventions undertaken by others. It is hoped therefore that this book will be invaluable to all those who want to understand the role of systematic reviews, critically appraise published reviews or perform reviews themselves. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Epidemiology 101 Robert Friis, 2010-03-25 This fourth edition of Physics for Biology and Medicine covers topics in physics as they apply to the life sciences, specifically medicine, physiology, nursing and other applied health fields. This concise introductory paperback surveys and relates basic physics to living systems. It discusses biological systems that can be analyzed quantitatively and how advances in the life sciences have been aided by the knowledge of physical or engineering analysis techniques. Applicable courses are biophysics and applied physics. Provides practical techniques for applying knowledge of physics to the study of living systems. Presents material in a straight forward manner requiring very little background in physics or biology. Includes many figures, examples and illustrative problems and appendices which provide convenient access to the most important concepts of mechanics, electricity, and optics. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Statistical Analysis Handbook Dr Michael John de Smith, A Comprehensive Handbook of Statistical Concepts, Techniques and Software Tools. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Fundamentals of Epidemiology Lauren Christiansen-Lindquist, PhD, MPH, Kristin M. Wall, PhD, MS, 2024-02-07 Fundamentals of Epidemiology is a foundational resource that equips students with a strong understanding of both the principles and real-world applications of the science of public health. Its applied approach, demonstrating epidemiological concepts in action in a variety of different settings, uniquely prepares students for the challenges and exciting opportunities of this dynamic field. This engaging textbook cultivates a strong knowledge base through an explanation of the history of epidemiology and its core concepts, while providing a framework for critical thinking about public health topics. Other foundational concepts are then described and explored in the context of the real world, including descriptive epidemiology and surveillance, analytic epidemiology, study designs, effect measure modification, systematic and random error, and data analysis and modeling. Building from chapter to chapter, the textbook reinforces key concepts and their applications to the field while also confronting head-on many common mistakes that new learners of epidemiology make. This textbook incorporates thoughtful public health examples, scenarios, and descriptions that foster the investigative mindset and problem-solving approach that is needed in epidemiology. With abundant illustrations, historical vignettes, case examples, and practice problems covering topics such as social determinants of health, infectious disease, applications of epidemiology to policy and more, this inviting textbook prepares students to think like an epidemiologist, equipping them with the fundamentals essential for careers in public health, medicine, nursing, and other health professions. Key Features Provides a more logical sequence for learning epidemiology, with iterative learning strategies aimed at reinforcing key concepts Includes an in-depth focus on surveillance and descriptive epidemiology Discusses causality, counterfactual thinking, and exchangeability at a level appropriate for new learners of epidemiology Provides problem-based learning examples that encompass diverse settings and populations, and links to other health disciplines (health policy, health economics, behavioral sciences, environmental health) Presents visuals in a consistent manner to foster a sound understanding of the core epidemiological principles Qualified instructors also have access to a full suite of instructor resources |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Understanding Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, Milena M. Parent, 2006 This reference offers an analysis of the issues and theoretical construction behind sport organisations. The practical case studies and profiles illustrate how the theory and knowledge can be applied to realistic examples. There is also information on strategic alliances and research in sports management. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Epidemiology William A. Oleckno, 2008-01-18 Comprehensive in its coverage and suitable for graduate or upper-division undergraduate students in a wide range of health-related disciplines, this latest offering by William A. Oleckno is a full-scale, pedagogically rich introduction to fundamental ideas and procedures in epidemiology. The text covers the major concepts, principles, methods, and applications of both conventional and modern epidemiology using clear language and frequent examples to illustrate important points and facilitate understanding. While Oleckno provides thorough treatment of the more customary aspects of conventional and modern epidemiology, he also introduces several important design and analytical issues that are only rarely approached in fundamental epidemiology textbooks. Concepts as diverse as competing risks, maturation, futility, and the prevalence and bias effects in the context of screening are just a few examples of the broad range of concepts covered in this text. A comprehensive glossary contains detailed definitions of over 700 terms used throughout the 14 chapters comprising the textbook. Aspiring public health professionals will appreciate the solid basis they gain from Epidemiology: Concepts and Methods and will want to keep a copy close by as a valuable reference throughout their careers. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Committee on the Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations near Nuclear Facilitiesâ¬"Phase I, 2012-06-29 In the late 1980s, the National Cancer Institute initiated an investigation of cancer risks in populations near 52 commercial nuclear power plants and 10 Department of Energy nuclear facilities (including research and nuclear weapons production facilities and one reprocessing plant) in the United States. The results of the NCI investigation were used a primary resource for communicating with the public about the cancer risks near the nuclear facilities. However, this study is now over 20 years old. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission requested that the National Academy of Sciences provide an updated assessment of cancer risks in populations near USNRC-licensed nuclear facilities that utilize or process uranium for the production of electricity. Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations near Nuclear Facilities: Phase 1 focuses on identifying scientifically sound approaches for carrying out an assessment of cancer risks associated with living near a nuclear facility, judgments about the strengths and weaknesses of various statistical power, ability to assess potential confounding factors, possible biases, and required effort. The results from this Phase 1 study will be used to inform the design of cancer risk assessment, which will be carried out in Phase 2. This report is beneficial for the general public, communities near nuclear facilities, stakeholders, healthcare providers, policy makers, state and local officials, community leaders, and the media. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Research Methods in Health: Investigating Health and Health Services Ann Bowling, 2023-03-15 “An essential and comprehensive guide for students and researchers in a range of health care disciplines investigating health services, health care and well-being.” Professor Robert J. Edelmann, Emeritus Professor of Clinical and Forensic Psychology, University of Roehampton, UK “An invaluable resource for students, researchers and practitioners from all health backgrounds and disciplines, who are involved in research to produce a robust evidence-base to inform the development, provision, delivery and evaluation of healthcare services.” Felicity Smith, Professor Emeritus of Pharmacy Practice, UCL School of Pharmacy, UK “The fifth edition of ‘Research Methods in Health’ continues to provide an excellent broad based introduction to the subject.” Virginia Berridge, Professor of History and Health Policy, Centre for History in Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK This bestselling book provides an accessible introduction to the concepts and practicalities of multi-disciplinary research methods in health and health services. The new edition has updated and expanded coverage of: •International examples, terms and approaches •Epidemiology and methods of tracing epidemics •Aging population demography and bio-demography •Evaluation and assessment of health services •Health services research and audit, including data generation •Methods of evaluating patients’ perspectives •Measuring quality of life outcomes •Health economics methods and applications •Quantitative and qualitative research Core processes and methodologies such as social research, mixed methods, literature reviewing and critical appraisal, secondary data analysis and evidence-based practice will be covered in detail. The book also looks at the following key areas of health research: •Health needs •Morbidity and mortality trends and rates •Costing health services •Sampling for survey research •Cross-sectional and longitudinal survey design •Experimental methods and techniques of group assignment •Questionnaire design •Interviewing techniques •Coding and analysis of quantitative data •Methods and analysis of qualitative observational studies •Unstructured interviewing The book is grounded in the author's career as a researcher on health and health service issues, and the valuable experience this has provided in meeting the challenges of research on people and organisations in real life settings. Research Methods in Health, Fifth Edition is an essential companion for students and researchers of health and health services at all levels, health clinicians and policy-makers with responsibility for applying research findings and judging the soundness of research. Ann Bowling is a sociologist, specialising in research on ageing, research methods, quality of life, public and social health. She was Professor of Health Sciences at the University of Southampton, UK (2012–17), where she is now Visiting Professor. Ann was awarded the Highly Commended book prize for the 4th edition of Research Methods in Health at the 2015 BMA Medical Book Awards. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Essentials of Environmental Health Friis, 2018-03-08 Essentials of Environmental Health is a clear and comprehensive study of the major topics of environmental health, including a background of the field and “tools of the trade” (environmental epidemiology, environmental toxicology, and environmental policy and regulation); Environmental diseases (microbial agents, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation); and Applications and domains of environmental health (water and air quality, food safety, waste disposal, and occupational health). |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Epidemiology for Public Health Practice Robert H. Friis, Thomas A. Sellers, 2004 Now in its third edition, Epidemiology for Public Health Practice provides a comprehensive look at all major topics, from study designs and descriptive epidemiology to quantitative measures and termin |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods Mike Allen, 2017-04-11 Communication research is evolving and changing in a world of online journals, open-access, and new ways of obtaining data and conducting experiments via the Internet. Although there are generic encyclopedias describing basic social science research methodologies in general, until now there has been no comprehensive A-to-Z reference work exploring methods specific to communication and media studies. Our entries, authored by key figures in the field, focus on special considerations when applied specifically to communication research, accompanied by engaging examples from the literature of communication, journalism, and media studies. Entries cover every step of the research process, from the creative development of research topics and questions to literature reviews, selection of best methods (whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed) for analyzing research results and publishing research findings, whether in traditional media or via new media outlets. In addition to expected entries covering the basics of theories and methods traditionally used in communication research, other entries discuss important trends influencing the future of that research, including contemporary practical issues students will face in communication professions, the influences of globalization on research, use of new recording technologies in fieldwork, and the challenges and opportunities related to studying online multi-media environments. Email, texting, cellphone video, and blogging are shown not only as topics of research but also as means of collecting and analyzing data. Still other entries delve into considerations of accountability, copyright, confidentiality, data ownership and security, privacy, and other aspects of conducting an ethical research program. Features: 652 signed entries are contained in an authoritative work spanning four volumes available in choice of electronic or print formats. Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping entries thematically to help students interested in a specific aspect of communication research to more easily locate directly related entries. Back matter includes a Chronology of the development of the field of communication research; a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and associations; a Glossary introducing the terminology of the field; and a detailed Index. Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries to guide students further in their research journeys. The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References combine to provide robust search-and-browse in the e-version. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Epidemiologic Methods for the Study of Infectious Diseases James C. Thomas, David J. Weber, 2001-03-22 This is the first comprehensive text on the methodological issues in epidemiologic research on infectious diseases. It will be an invaluable resource both to students of epidemiology and to established researchers. The authors address such questions as: What needs to be considered when enrolling participants in a study of sexually transmitted diseases? What are common sources of measurement error in population-based studies of respiratory infections? What are some sources of existing data for epidemiologic studies of infectious diseases? Answers to these and many other related questions can be found in this well-organized, comprehensive and authoritative volume - the first to thoroughly address the methodologic issues in conducting epidimiologic research on infectious diseases. The book will be an ideal complement to texts on general epidemiology and infectious disease. An introductory section will make it accessible to a wide variety of disciplines by providing an overview of topics that are foundational to understanding infectious disease epidemiology, such as the immunology of infections, the biology of infectious diseases, and concepts of causation, transmission, and dynamics. The rest of the book is structured around sections on data sources and measurement; methods by transmission type; outbreak investigation and evaluation research; and special topics such as HIV/AIDS research, infections in the elderly, and research collaborations in developing countries. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Longitudinal Data Analysis Garrett Fitzmaurice, Marie Davidian, Geert Verbeke, Geert Molenberghs, 2008-08-11 Although many books currently available describe statistical models and methods for analyzing longitudinal data, they do not highlight connections between various research threads in the statistical literature. Responding to this void, Longitudinal Data Analysis provides a clear, comprehensive, and unified overview of state-of-the-art theory |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Case Study Research in Software Engineering Per Runeson, Martin Host, Austen Rainer, Bjorn Regnell, 2012-03-07 Based on their own experiences of in-depth case studies of software projects in international corporations, in this book the authors present detailed practical guidelines on the preparation, conduct, design and reporting of case studies of software engineering. This is the first software engineering specific book on the case study research method. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Foundations of Epidemiology Marit L. Bovbjerg, 2020-10 Foundations of Epidemiology is an open access, introductory epidemiology text intended for students and practitioners in public or allied health fields. It covers epidemiologic thinking, causality, incidence and prevalence, public health surveillance, epidemiologic study designs and why we care about which one is used, measures of association, random error and bias, confounding and effect modification, and screening. Concepts are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from contemporary and historical public health issues. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Concepts of Epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal, 2016 First edition published in 2002. Second edition published in 2008. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Introduction to Health Research Methods Kathryn H. Jacobsen, 2020-02-06 Designed to empower new investigators to conduct their own original research projects, the third edition of Introduction to Health Research Methods: A Practical Guide leads the reader step-by-step in performing quantitative and qualitative research in medicine, public health, and other clinical and population health fields. This comprehensive text covers the entire research process from formulating a study question and selecting a study approach to collecting and analyzing data and then disseminating the findings. Chapters about methods for primary studies (collecting new data), secondary analyses (analyzing existing data), and tertiary studies (conducting literature reviews and meta-analyses) provide complete coverage of the scope of health research. By breaking the research process down into a series of achievable steps, this practical guide shows readers how they can contribute to improving the health of individuals and communities through research. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Social Science Research Anol Bhattacherjee, 2012-04-01 This book is designed to introduce doctoral and graduate students to the process of conducting scientific research in the social sciences, business, education, public health, and related disciplines. It is a one-stop, comprehensive, and compact source for foundational concepts in behavioral research, and can serve as a stand-alone text or as a supplement to research readings in any doctoral seminar or research methods class. This book is currently used as a research text at universities on six continents and will shortly be available in nine different languages. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Advanced Trace Analysis Susanta Lahiri, 2009-12-03 Advanced Trace Analysis in six chapters, by eminent scientists, discusses statistical approaches to verify trace element analysis data, trace analysis techniques like ICPMS and XRF, ion beam analysis techniques, speciation analysis of uranium relevant to waste disposal and management along with the use of greener techniques for trace elemental speciation analysis. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Practising Social Work Research Rick Csiernik, Rachel Birnbaum, 2017-04-24 Research skills are as critical to social work practitioners as skills in individual and group counselling, policy analysis, and community development. Adopting strategies similar to those used in direct practice courses, this book integrates research with social work practice, and in so doing promotes an understanding and appreciation of the research process. This second edition of Practising Social Work Research comprises twenty-three case studies that illustrate different research approaches, including quantitative, qualitative, single-subject, and mixed methods. Six are new to this edition, and examine research with First Nations, organizing qualitative data, and statistics. Through these real-life examples, the authors demonstrate the processes of conceptualization, operationalization, sampling, data collection and processing, and implementation. Designed to help the student and practitioner become more comfortable with research procedures, Practising Social Work Research capitalizes on the strengths that social work students bring to assessment and problem solving. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: The SAGE Dictionary of Statistics & Methodology W. Paul Vogt, R. Burke Johnson, 2015-09-30 Written in a clear, readable style with a wide range of explanations and examples, this must-have dictionary reflects recent changes in the fields of statistics and methodology. Packed with new definitions, terms, and graphics, this invaluable resource is an ideal reference for researchers and professionals in the field and provides everything students need to read and understand a research report, including elementary terms, concepts, methodology, and design definitions, as well as concepts from qualitative research methods and terms from theory and philosophy. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Environmental Health Perspectives , 1993 |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Essentials of Environmental Health Robert H. Friis, 2008-07-08 As the first title in the Essential Public Health series, Essentials of Environmental Health is a clear and comprehensive study of the major topics of environmental health, including: background of the field and “tools of the trade” (environmental epidemiology, environmental toxicology, and environmental policy and regulation); environmental diseases (microbial agents, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation); and applications and domains of environmental health (water and air quality, food safety, waste disposal, and occupational health). Perfect for the beginning student as well as the experienced health professional, each chapter concludes with study questions and exercises to engage the reader in further study. The forthcoming companion website for this edition will provide additional resources and learning aids, including PowerPoints, an instructor's manual, test questions, and flashcards. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Handbook of Traffic Psychology Bryan E. Porter, 2011-06-22 The Handbook of Traffic Psychology covers all key areas of research in this field including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce risk on roadways. Comprehensive in scope, the methodology section includes case-control studies, self-report instruments and methods, field methods and naturalistic observational techniques, instrumented vehicles and in-car recording techniques, modeling and simulation methods, in vivo methods, clinical assessment, and crash datasets and analyses. Experienced researchers will better understand what methods are most useful for what kinds of studies and students can better understand the myriad of techniques used in this discipline. - Focuses specifically on traffic, as opposed to transport - Covers all key areas of research in traffic psychology including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce the risk of variables and behavior - Contents include how to conduct traffic research and how to analyze data - Contributors come from more than 10 countries, including US, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Ireland, Switzerland, Mexico, Australia, Canada, Turkey, France, Finland, Norway, Israel, and South Africa |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Research Methods in the Study of Substance Abuse Jonathan B. VanGeest, Timothy P. Johnson, Sonia A. Alemagno, 2017-06-19 This authoritative handbook reviews the most widely-used methods for studying the use and abuse of alcohol and illegal drugs. Its thorough coverage spans the range of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method approaches to documenting and measuring the complex psychological, behavioral, and physical experience of substance misuse and dependence, to ensure valid, useful results. Experts discuss special issues and considerations for conducting ethical research with specialized populations, including youth, inmates, and the LGBT community. Throughout these chapters, contributors demonstrate the multidisciplinary nature of substance abuse research, with emphasis on professional ethics and the critical role of research in developing best practices and effective policy for prevention and treatment. Among the topics covered: · Transdisciplinary research perspective: a theoretical framework for substance abuse research · Longitudinal methods in substance use research · Considerations in blending qualitative and quantitative components in substance abuse research · The use of biological measures in social research on drug misuse · Using surveys to study substance use behavior · Applications of GIS to inform substance abuse research and interventions · Evaluating substance use prevention and treatment programs Research Methods in the Study of Substance Abuse is an essential resource for health services and public health professionals, policymakers, and researchers working and training in the field of addiction. It encourages the rigor and understanding necessary to address widespread social and public health concerns. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE Doris Ash, Jrène Rahm, Leah M. Melber, 2012-12-09 Informal learning, also called free choice learning or out-of-school time, is a relatively new field that has grown exponentially in the past 15 years. Research on the learning and teaching that takes place in these non-traditional, non-classroom environments, such as museums, gardens, afterschool and community programs, has enjoyed tremendous growth; yet we still need to understand much more, and more deeply, how people actually interact, participate and learn in such settings. Putting Theory into Practice: Tools for Research in Informal Settings is designed as a research and practice toolkit, offering a range of theoretically well-grounded methods for assessing learning for life in diverse settings and among diverse populations. We pay special attention to the full complexity, challenges and richness involved in such research into learning in places like museums, aquariums, after-school clubs, and gardens. Putting Theory into Practice serves both, researchers and practitioners, as well as a more general audience. This book offers several field-tested methods for building empirically-based, informal learning settings and research deeply grounded and guided by theory. Sociocultural theory, broadly defined, forms the unifying theoretical framework for the different qualitative studies presented. Each chapter clearly lays out the theoretical underpinnings and how these inform the suggested methods. The chapters are written by recognized experts in the field, and each addresses, in its own way, “the synergy among different learning contexts and the benefits of studying how contexts influence learning.” Together they give voice to the diversity, richness, and complexity of the study of learners and learning for life. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Case-Control Studies Ruth H. Keogh, D. R. Cox, 2014-03-06 The case-control approach is a powerful method for investigating factors that may explain a particular event. It is extensively used in epidemiology to study disease incidence, one of the best-known examples being Bradford Hill and Doll's investigation of the possible connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. More recently, case-control studies have been increasingly used in other fields, including sociology and econometrics. With a particular focus on statistical analysis, this book is ideal for applied and theoretical statisticians wanting an up-to-date introduction to the field. It covers the fundamentals of case-control study design and analysis as well as more recent developments, including two-stage studies, case-only studies and methods for case-control sampling in time. The latter have important applications in large prospective cohorts which require case-control sampling designs to make efficient use of resources. More theoretical background is provided in an appendix for those new to the field. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Epidemiologic Research David G. Kleinbaum, Lawrence L. Kupper, Hal Morgenstern, 1991-01-16 Epidemiologic Research Principles and Quantitative Methods DavidG. Kleinbaum, Ph.D. Lawrence L. Kupper. Ph.D. Hal Morgenstern,Ph.D. Epidemiologic Research covers the principles and methodsof planning, analysis and interpretation of epidemiologic researchstudies. It supplies the applied researcher with the mostup-to-date methodological thought and practice. Specifically, thebook focuses on quantitative (including statistical) issues arisingfrom epidemiologic investigations, as well as on the questions ofstudy design, measurement and validity. EpidemiologicResearch emphasizes practical techniques, procedures andstrategies. It presents them through a unified approach whichfollows the chronology of issues that arise during theinvestigation of an epidemic. The book's viewpoint ismultidisciplinary and equally useful to the epidemiologicresearcher and to the biostatistician. Theory is supplemented bynumerous examples, exercises and applications. Full solutions aregiven to all exercises in a separate solutions manual. Importantfeatures * Thorough discussion of the methodology of epidemiologicresearch * Stress on validity and hence on reliability * Balanced approach, presenting the most important prevailingviewpoints * Three chapters with applications of mathematical modeling |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Environmental Epidemiology , 1993 |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods Mitchell H. Gail, Jacques Benichou, 2000-11-02 Featuring articles from the prestigious Encyclopedia of Biostatistics, many of which have been revised and updated to include recent developments, the Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods also includes newly commissioned articles reflecting the latest thinking in Cancer Registries Birth Defect Registries Meta Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies Epidemiology Overview Sample Size Sex Ratio at Birth Software Design and Analysis Featuring contributions from leading experts in academia, government and industry, the Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods has been designed to complement existing texts on the subject by providing further extensive, up-to-date coverage of specialised topics and by introducing the reader to the research literature. Offering a wealth of information in a single resource, the Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods Offers an excellent introduction to a vast array of specialised topics Includes in-depth coverage of the statistical underpinnings of contemporary epidemiologic methods Provides concise definitions and introductions to numerous concepts found in the current literature Uses extensive cross-references, helping to facilitate further research, and enabling the reader to locate definitions and related concepts In addition to featuring extensive articles in the areas of descriptive and analytic epidemiology, the Encyclopedia also provides the reader with articles on case-control design and offers substantial coverage of allied statistical methods. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Small Clinical Trials Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials, 2001-01-01 Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a large trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction Jonathan Lazar, Jinjuan Heidi Feng, Harry Hochheiser, 2017-04-28 Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction is a comprehensive guide to performing research and is essential reading for both quantitative and qualitative methods. Since the first edition was published in 2009, the book has been adopted for use at leading universities around the world, including Harvard University, Carnegie-Mellon University, the University of Washington, the University of Toronto, HiOA (Norway), KTH (Sweden), Tel Aviv University (Israel), and many others. Chapters cover a broad range of topics relevant to the collection and analysis of HCI data, going beyond experimental design and surveys, to cover ethnography, diaries, physiological measurements, case studies, crowdsourcing, and other essential elements in the well-informed HCI researcher's toolkit. Continual technological evolution has led to an explosion of new techniques and a need for this updated 2nd edition, to reflect the most recent research in the field and newer trends in research methodology. This Research Methods in HCI revision contains updates throughout, including more detail on statistical tests, coding qualitative data, and data collection via mobile devices and sensors. Other new material covers performing research with children, older adults, and people with cognitive impairments. - Comprehensive and updated guide to the latest research methodologies and approaches, and now available in EPUB3 format (choose any of the ePub or Mobi formats after purchase of the eBook) - Expanded discussions of online datasets, crowdsourcing, statistical tests, coding qualitative data, laws and regulations relating to the use of human participants, and data collection via mobile devices and sensors - New material on performing research with children, older adults, and people with cognitive impairments, two new case studies from Google and Yahoo!, and techniques for expanding the influence of your research to reach non-researcher audiences, including software developers and policymakers |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Polyphenols: Prevention and Treatment of Human Disease Ronald Ross Watson, Victor R Preedy, Sherma Zibadi, 2018-08-06 Polyphenols in Prevention and Treatment of Human Disease, Second Edition authoritatively covers evidence of the powerful health benefits of polyphenols, touching on cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, diabetes and osteoporosis. This collection represents the contributions of an international group of experts in polyphenol research who share their expertise in endocrinology, public health, cardiology, pharmacology, agriculture and veterinary science. Researchers from diverse backgrounds will gain insight into how clinical observations and practices can feed back into the research cycle, thus allowing them to develop more targeted insights into the mechanisms of disease. This reference fills a void in research where nutritionists and alternative therapies may be applicable. - Describes polyphenol modulation of blood flow and oxygenation as a potential mechanism of protection against vascular atherosclerosis - Describes how polyphenols and antioxidants frequently change immune defenses and actions - Focuses on the most important areas of research and provides insights into their relationships and translational opportunities |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Handbook of Marriage and the Family Suzanne K. Steinmetz, Marvin B. Sussman, 2013-11-11 The lucid, straightforward Preface of this Handbook by the two editors and the comprehenSIve perspec tives offered in the Introduction by one ofthem leave little for a Foreword to add. It is therefore limIted to two relevant but not intrinsically related points vis-a-vis research on marriage and the family in the interval since the fIrst Handbook (Christensen, 1964) appeared, namely: the impact on this research ofthe politicization of the New RIght! and of the Feminist Enlightenment beginning in the mid-sixties, about the time of the fIrst Handbook. In the late 1930s Willard Waller noted: Fifty years or more ago about 1890, most people had the greatest respect for the institution called the family and wished to learn nothing whatever about it. . . . Everything that concerned the life of men and women and their children was shrouded from the light. Today much of that has been changed. Gone is the concealment of the way in which life begins, gone the irrational sanctity of the home. The aura of sentiment which once protected the family from discussion clings to it no more .... We wantto learn as much about it as we can and to understand it as thoroughly as possible, for there is a rising recognition in America that vast numbers of its families are sick-from internal frustrations and from external buffeting. We are engaged in the process of reconstructing our family institutions through criticism and discussion (1938, pp. 3-4). |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: EBOOK: Handbook of Health Research Methods: Investigation, Measurement and Analysis Ann Bowling, Shah Ebrahim, 2005-06-16 an ideal set text Angela Scriven, Course Leader, Brunel University Which research method should I use to evaluate services? How do I design a questionnaire? How do I conduct a systematic review of research? This handbook helps researchers to plan, carry out, and analyse health research, and evaluate the quality of research studies. The book takes a multidisciplinary approach to enable researchers from different disciplines to work side-by-side in the investigation of population health, the evaluation of health care, and in health care delivery. Handbook of Health Research Methods is an essential tool for researchers and postgraduate students taking masters courses, or undertaking doctoral programmes, in health services evaluation, health sciences, health management, public health, nursing, sociology, socio-biology, medicine and epidemiology. However, the book also appeals to health professionals who wish to broaden their knowledge of research methods in order to make effective policy and practice decisions. Contributors: Joy Adamson, Geraldine Barrett, Jane P. Biddulph, Ann Bowling, Sara Brookes, Jackie Brown, Simon Carter, Michel P. Coleman, Paul Cullinan, George Davey Smith, Paul Dieppe, Jenny Donovan, Craig Duncan, Shah Ebrahim, Vikki Entwistle, Clare Harries, Lesley Henderson, Kelvyn Jones, Olga Kostopoulou, Sarah J. Lewis, Richard Martin, Martin McKee, Graham Moon, Ellen Nolte, Alan O’Rourke, Ann Oakley, Tim Peters, Tina Ramkalawan, Caroline Sanders, Mary Shaw, Andrew Steptoe, Jonathan Sterne, Anne Stiggelbout, S.V. Subramanian, Kate Tilling, Liz Twigg, Suzanne Wait. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Cancer Nursing Connie Henke Yarbro, Debra Wujcik, Barbara Holmes Gobel, 2016-09-19 Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice, Eighth Edition continues as the gold standard in oncology nursing. With contributions from the foremost experts in the field, it has remained the definitive reference on the rapidly changing science and practice of oncology nursing for more than 25 years. Completely updated and revised to reflect the latest research and developments in the care of patients with cancer, the Eighth Edition includes new chapters on the biology of cancer, sleep disorders, and palliative care across the cancer continuum. The Eighth Edition also includes significant updates to the basic science chapters to reflect recent increases in scientific knowledge, especially relating to genes and cancer. Also heavily revised are the sections devoted to the dynamics of cancer prevention, detection, and diagnosis, as well as treatment, oncologic emergencies, end of life care, and professional and legal issues for oncology nurses. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, Guillaume Wunsch, 2006-01-03 This four-volume collection of over 140 original chapters covers virtually everything of interest to demographers, sociologists, and others. Over 100 authors present population subjects in ways that provoke thinking and lead to the creation of new perspectives, not just facts and equations to be memorized. The articles follow a theory-methods-applications approach and so offer a kind of one-stop shop that is well suited for students and professors who need non-technical summaries, such as political scientists, public affairs specialists, and others. Unlike shorter handbooks, Demography: Analysis and Synthesis offers a long overdue, thorough treatment of the field. Choosing the analytical method that fits the data and the situation requires insights that the authors and editors of Demography: Analysis and Synthesis have explored and developed. This extended examination of demographic tools not only seeks to explain the analytical tools themselves, but also the relationships between general population dynamics and their natural, economic, social, political, and cultural environments. Limiting themselves to human populations only, the authors and editors cover subjects that range from the core building blocks of population change--fertility, mortality, and migration--to the consequences of demographic changes in the biological and health fields, population theories and doctrines, observation systems, and the teaching of demography. The international perspectives brought to these subjects is vital for those who want an unbiased, rounded overview of these complex, multifaceted subjects. Topics to be covered: * Population Dynamics and the Relationship Between Population Growth and Structure * The Determinants of Fertility * The Determinants of Mortality * The Determinants of Migration * Historical and Geographical Determinants of Population * The Effects of Population on Health, Economics, Culture, and the Environment * Population Policies * Data Collection Methods and Teaching about Population Studies * All chapters share a common format * Each chapter features several cross-references to other chapters * Tables, charts, and other non-text features are widespread * Each chapter contains at least 30 bibliographic citations |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Handbook of Statistical Methods for Case-Control Studies Ørnulf Borgan, Norman Breslow, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Mitchell H. Gail, Alastair Scott, Chris J. Wild, 2018-06-27 Handbook of Statistical Methods for Case-Control Studies is written by leading researchers in the field. It provides an in-depth treatment of up-to-date and currently developing statistical methods for the design and analysis of case-control studies, as well as a review of classical principles and methods. The handbook is designed to serve as a reference text for biostatisticians and quantitatively-oriented epidemiologists who are working on the design and analysis of case-control studies or on related statistical methods research. Though not specifically intended as a textbook, it may also be used as a backup reference text for graduate level courses. Book Sections Classical designs and causal inference, measurement error, power, and small-sample inference Designs that use full-cohort information Time-to-event data Genetic epidemiology About the Editors Ørnulf Borgan is Professor of Statistics, University of Oslo. His book with Andersen, Gill and Keiding on counting processes in survival analysis is a world classic. Norman E. Breslow was, at the time of his death, Professor Emeritus in Biostatistics, University of Washington. For decades, his book with Nick Day has been the authoritative text on case-control methodology. Nilanjan Chatterjee is Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, Johns Hopkins University. He leads a broad research program in statistical methods for modern large scale biomedical studies. Mitchell H. Gail is a Senior Investigator at the National Cancer Institute. His research includes modeling absolute risk of disease, intervention trials, and statistical methods for epidemiology. Alastair Scott was, at the time of his death, Professor Emeritus of Statistics, University of Auckland. He was a major contributor to using survey sampling methods for analyzing case-control data. Chris J. Wild is Professor of Statistics, University of Auckland. His research includes nonlinear regression and methods for fitting models to response-selective data. |
| the individual is the unit of analysis for case control studies: Statistical Advances in the Biomedical Sciences Atanu Biswas, Sujay Datta, Jason P. Fine, Mark R. Segal, 2007-12-14 The Most Comprehensive and Cutting-Edge Guide to Statistical Applications in Biomedical Research With the increasing use of biotechnology in medical research and the sophisticated advances in computing, it has become essential for practitioners in the biomedical sciences to be fully educated on the role statistics plays in ensuring the accurate analysis of research findings. Statistical Advances in the Biomedical Sciences explores the growing value of statistical knowledge in the management and comprehension of medical research and, more specifically, provides an accessible introduction to the contemporary methodologies used to understand complex problems in the four major areas of modern-day biomedical science: clinical trials, epidemiology, survival analysis, and bioinformatics. Composed of contributions from eminent researchers in the field, this volume discusses the application of statistical techniques to various aspects of modern medical research and illustrates how these methods ultimately prove to be an indispensable part of proper data collection and analysis. A structural uniformity is maintained across all chapters, each beginning with an introduction that discusses general concepts and the biomedical problem under focus and is followed by specific details on the associated methods, algorithms, and applications. In addition, each chapter provides a summary of the main ideas and offers a concluding remarks section that presents novel ideas, approaches, and challenges for future research. Complete with detailed references and insight on the future directions of biomedical research, Statistical Advances in the Biomedical Sciences provides vital statistical guidance to practitioners in the biomedical sciences while also introducing statisticians to new, multidisciplinary frontiers of application. This text is an excellent reference for graduate- and PhD-level courses in various areas of biostatistics and the medical sciences and also serves as a valuable tool for medical researchers, statisticians, public health professionals, and biostatisticians. |
The Individual Is The Unit Of Analysis For Case Control Studies
The Individual Is The Unit Of Analysis For Case Control Studies Budget-Friendly Options 6. Navigating The Individual Is The Unit Of Analysis For Case Control Studies eBook Formats ePub, PDF, MOBI, and More The Individual Is The Unit Of Analysis For Case Control Studies …
Case-control studies - Columbia University
Learning Objectives. To understand how the type of control sampling relates to the measures of association that can be estimated. To understand the differences between the nested case …
Overview of Epidemiological study Designs - University of …
CASE-CONTROL STUDIES. Study in which you select cases with a disease and compare their past exposures with a selected group of non-cases (controls).
UNDERSTANDING CASE STUDY RESEARCH - SAGE …
a case study is a study in which (a) one case (single case study) or a small number of cases (comparative case study) in their real life context are selected, and (b) scores obtained from …
Case–Control Study - College Board
case–control study begins with a group of cases of a specific disease or condition. A group of people without that disease or condition is selected as control, or comparison, subjects. The …
Case Control Study - Columbia CTL
Apply the principles of case-control studies: Formulate research hypotheses. Define population at risk for disease. Define eligibility criteria for cases and controls. Describe methods of accrual of …
Case-control studies: Increasing scientific rigor in control …
The case-control design is an observational study design in which the investigative team identifies individuals with disease (ie, cases) and individuals without disease (ie, controls) and …
Study design V. Case–control studies - Nature
Like cohort studies, the purpose of case-control studies is to establish association between exposure to risk factors and disease. Unlike cohort studies, however, members of the …
analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control …
Design Collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. Setting Nine European countries. Subjects 7148 cases of lung cancer and 14 …
A Practical Overview of Case-Control Studies in Clinical …
This article describes several types of case-control designs, with simple graphical displays to help understand their differences. Study design considerations are reviewed, including sample size, …
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE Epidemiologic Methods I & II …
1. Matching in cohort vs. case-control studies 2. Types of matching: individual (category or caliper) vs. frequency; fixed- vs. variable-ratio 3. Major statistical advantage of matching: Gain in …
Why Match? Matched Case-Control Studies - Springer
Individually matched case-control study designs are common in public health and medicine, and conditional logistic regression in a parametric statistical model is the tool most commonly used …
Basic statistical analysis in genetic case-control studies - Nature
Feb 3, 2011 · this protocol describes how to perform basic statistical analysis in a population-based genetic association case-control study. the steps described involve the (i) appropriate …
DEFINING THE CASE STUDY — Yin, Ch. 1 - MIT …
1. question: case studies most useful for answering how, why 2. propositions, if any to help problematize your question (e.g., organizations collaborate because they derive mutual …
Handling missing data in matched case-control studies using …
In matched case-control studies, each case is individually matched with one or more controls on a subset of confounders and the (usual) analysis uses con-ditional logistic regression (CLR) to …
CASE STUDY - ResearchGate
According to this definition, case studies focus on an “individual unit,” what Robert Stake (2008, pp. 119–120) calls a “functioning specific” or “bounded system.”
Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Case-Control Studies - JSTOR
We propose a way of using an ordinary logistic model to analyse case-control longitudinal data. We prove that the proposed estimator is. consistent and asymptotically normally distributed …
8. Analytic study designs - epidemiolog
Case-control studies can use prevalent cases (i.e., existing at the time the study begins) or incident cases (i.e., newly diagnosed during the period of the study). In the former instance, the …
exp E bA (x,;-x,*) (2) - JSTOR
The method of analysing case-control studies using logistic regression is summarised. In matched case-control studies, analyses which ignore the matching are not appropriate. Such analyses …
Case–Control Study - College Board
case–control studies, information about exposure is generally collected after …
Causal mediation analysis in nested case‐control studies …
mediation analysis based on the reduced data obtained through the nested case …
Occupational Benzene Exposure and Lung Cancer Ri…
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Occupational Benzene Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk A …
Nested case–control studies: should one break the matchi…
There are two main types of cohort sampling designs: nested case–control …
A Pseudolikelihood Approach to Analysis of Nested Case-C…
The two major types of epidemiological study design are cohort studies and …
CHECKLIST FOR CASE CONTROL STUDIES - jbi.global
Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Control Studies - 4 EXPLANATION OF …
Matched versus Unmatched Analysis of Matched Case-Co…
2 Abstract Although the need for addressing matching in the analysis of …
Case studies and comparative analysis - Universitetet i Oslo
Case studies and comparative analysis. ... of real-life events – such as individual …
Sparse estimation for case-control studies with multipl…
2 Matched case-control studies with multiple subtypes of cases and strati …
Sampling Strategies in Nested Case-Control Studie…
A nested case-control study is generated by sampling the risk set-the risk set is …
Selection of Controls in Case-Control Studies - Faculty of …
Several design options available in the planning stage of case-control studies …
Incidence Density Sampling for Nested Case-Control Study …
nested case-control studies Set up Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase3 Macro set up Quality …
Research Design: Case-Control Studies
Analysis of Case-Control Studies Case-control studies are analyzed using …
7. CONDITIONAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION FOR MATCHED S…
If there is but a single matched control per case, the conditional likelihood …
Acute myocardial infarction and influenza: a meta-analys…
Feb 16, 2015 · review and meta-analysis of case–control studies to examine the …
DEFINING THE CASE STUDY — Yin, Ch. 1 - MIT OpenCourse…
Embedded and holistic case studies — unit of analysis is key Multiple case …
Case-Control Studies for Outbreak Investigations - U…
an individual should be classified as having the health condition of inter …
Appendix 3: Quality Assessment Tool for Quantit…
4. Case-control 5. Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after)) 6. Can’t tell …
CASE CONTROL VS. CASE COHORT STUDIES - i2pc.es
In case-control studies, there are many methods used for the selection of …
Case Studies for Software Engineers - University of Tex…
Part 3: Unit of Analysis ÜThe unit of analysis defines what a “case” is in a …
Analysis of data from case-control studies - gfmer.ch
• Analysis is done for case-controls pairs, not by individual subjects • What types …
Goodness-of-Fit Methods for Matched Case-Control Studi…
Case-control studies are commonly used to investigate the relationship between …
Estimating and explaining the effect of education and inco…
details including individual study design, control sources, participation …
Case-Control Studies, Inference in - Gary King
measures always available, even in case-control data. With the results in this …
Cross sectional Studies - UNC Gillings School of Global Publ…
of cohort studies. The denominators for both ratios are fixed populations – …
Case Study - SAGE Publications Inc
Case Study. An intensive analysis of an individual unit (as a person or com - …
PopulationBased Case Control Studies - Statistics C…
PopulationBased Case Control Studies Alastair Scott 1 Abstract We discuss …
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CASE …
study design alone. An essential part of the analysis is an examination of …
COPS Crime Analysis Case Studies - United States Depa…
This volume presents a collection of crime analysis case studies that examines …
Legume intake and cancer risk in a network of case-control …
This work is based on data from a series of case-control studies conducted …
A Pseudo-Likelihood Approach to Analysis of Nested Case-C…
The two major types of epidemiological study designs are cohort studies and …
Qualitative Case Study Guidelines - ResearchGate
case, case studies are particularly well-suited for extensive and in-depth …
Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion
“case-control”). This search was supplemented by reviewing the …
Bias in Using Family History as a Risk Factor in Case-Cont…
Case^Control Studies of Disease Muin ]. Khoury1 and W. Dana Flanders2 In …
The Advantages and Limitations of Single Case S…
The final section of the paper then discusses the most commonly …
Introduction to Matching in Case-Control and Cohort Stu…
2.2. Purpose of Matching in Case-Control Studies Similar to cohort studies, case …
Designing Case Studies - SAGE Publications Inc
♦ use theory in single-case studies ♦ use replication logic in multiple-case …
Using SAS® to Perform Individual Matching in Desi…
Matched case-control studies employ matching of each case to one or more …
Preview: Pre-Quiz #9 Case-Control Studies - Boston Uni…
Like cohort studies, case-control studies compare incidences. The odds ratio …
Control Strategy Case Studies - ICH
Potential Impact of Unit Operations Based on prior knowledge, each unit …
Core Guide: Longitudinal Data Analysis - Duke University
Oct 5, 2017 · a single unit of analysis (e.g., an individual), and can tease apart …
Night shift work and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of …
not all studies have assessed exposure over the full occu-pational history (e.g. …
Using risk and odds ratios to assess effect size for meta‐a…
statistical method widely used in epidemiological studies (Martinez et …
CHAPTER 2 The Individual as Basic Unit of Analysis - Sprin…
The Individual as Basic Unit of Analysis 25 Demand for factors of production …
Analysis of Case-Control Association Studies: SNPs, I…
analysis. 2. ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS FOR SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS …
Case-control vaccine effectiveness studies: Data c…
Case-control studies Evaluation studies abstract The case-control methodology …
DETECTING GENETIC ASSOCIATION IN CASE-CONT…
DETECTING GENETIC ASSOCIATION IN CASE-CONTROL STUDIES USING …
Incidence Density Sampling for Nested Case-Control Study …
nested case-control studies Set up Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase3 Macro set up Quality …
Cohort Studies: Design, Analysis, and Reporting - CH…
A study combining two study designs, the case-cohort design, is a combination …
