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The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars (265-146 BC)
The clash of civilizations. A struggle for dominance in the Mediterranean. The name itself evokes images of epic naval battles, cunning strategies, and unwavering determination. This is the story of the Punic Wars, a brutal conflict spanning over a century that ultimately led to the catastrophic fall of Carthage, a once-mighty empire. This in-depth exploration will delve into the causes, key battles, and ultimate consequences of this pivotal period in ancient history, providing a comprehensive understanding of the events that shaped the ancient world. We'll examine the rise and fall of Carthage, the strategic brilliance and devastating mistakes of its leaders, and the lasting impact of its destruction on the Roman Republic and the Mediterranean world.
The Rise of Carthage: A Phoenician Powerhouse
Before its dramatic demise, Carthage was a thriving Phoenician colony, strategically located on the coast of North Africa. By the 3rd century BC, it had evolved into a powerful maritime empire, controlling extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean. Its sophisticated economy, based on agriculture, trade, and a highly organized state, provided the foundation for its military strength. Carthage’s navy was unmatched, a crucial factor in its early successes against Rome. This economic and naval dominance was a direct challenge to the growing ambitions of Rome, setting the stage for the inevitable conflict.
The First Punic War (264-241 BC): Naval Supremacy and Early Roman Victories
The First Punic War, triggered by disputes in Sicily, marked the beginning of the century-long struggle. While Carthage boasted a superior navy, Rome displayed remarkable adaptability and strategic ingenuity. The Romans, initially land-based warriors, rapidly developed their own naval forces, ultimately gaining control of the seas through innovative tactics and superior manpower. Key battles like the Battle of Mylae and the Battle of Aegates Islands showcased Roman determination and their ability to overcome seemingly insurmountable odds. The war ended with a Roman victory, establishing their dominance in the Western Mediterranean.
The Second Punic War (218-201 BC): Hannibal's Bold Gamble and Roman Resilience
The Second Punic War is arguably the most famous of the three, largely due to the legendary figure of Hannibal Barca, the Carthaginian general. Hannibal's audacious crossing of the Alps with his army, a feat of military logistics still celebrated today, caught Rome completely off guard. His victories at Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae demonstrated his tactical brilliance and inflicted devastating losses on the Roman legions. However, despite his military successes, Hannibal failed to achieve his ultimate goal – the conquest of Rome itself. The protracted nature of the war and the unwavering resistance of the Roman people eventually wore down Carthage’s resources and allies. The Roman victory at the Battle of Zama, led by Scipio Africanus, sealed the fate of Carthage.
The Third Punic War (149-146 BC): The Destruction of Carthage
The Third Punic War was less a war of strategic maneuvering and more a systematic dismantling of a once-great power. Driven by Roman fears of a revived Carthaginian threat (and perhaps fueled by a desire for vengeance and resources), the war was instigated on flimsy pretexts. The Carthaginians, facing insurmountable odds and weakened after the Second Punic War, put up a valiant but ultimately futile defense. Following a brutal siege, Carthage was utterly destroyed in 146 BC. The city was razed to the ground, its population enslaved or slaughtered, and its very existence erased from the map. The fertile lands of Carthage were salted, ensuring its fields would never produce again, a symbolic act of total annihilation.
The Legacy of the Punic Wars: Shaping the Ancient World
The destruction of Carthage marked a turning point in ancient history. Rome's victory solidified its position as the dominant power in the Mediterranean, paving the way for the Roman Empire. The Punic Wars highlighted the importance of strategic planning, naval power, and unwavering resolve in warfare. The events of these wars continue to inspire awe, prompting study and analysis even today. The legacy of Hannibal's military genius and the relentless ambition of Rome shape our understanding of ancient warfare and political strategy. The fall of Carthage serves as a cautionary tale of hubris, resilience, and the devastating consequences of prolonged conflict.
Conclusion
The Punic Wars were a pivotal period in history, shaping the political landscape of the Mediterranean for centuries to come. The rise and fall of Carthage serves as a potent reminder of the transient nature of power and the enduring impact of conflict. The wars’ legacy extends beyond the military realm, affecting trade, culture, and the very fabric of society. By understanding this tumultuous period, we gain a valuable insight into the dynamics of ancient civilizations and the enduring lessons of war and peace.
FAQs
1. What were the main causes of the Punic Wars? Primarily, they stemmed from competition for control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean. Expanding Roman ambition clashed with Carthage's established influence and economic interests.
2. How did the Roman navy surpass the Carthaginian navy? Initially inferior, the Romans quickly developed innovative naval tactics and shipbuilding techniques, adapting to the challenge and ultimately achieving naval supremacy. The use of corvus (a boarding bridge) proved decisive.
3. What was the impact of Hannibal's crossing of the Alps? It was a masterful strategic move that caught Rome off guard, allowing Hannibal to launch a devastating series of attacks deep within Roman territory. However, it also stretched his resources and ultimately contributed to his inability to capture Rome.
4. Why did Rome destroy Carthage completely? While officially justified by fear of a resurgence of Carthaginian power, the destruction was likely motivated by a combination of fear, vengeance, and a desire to consolidate Roman dominance in the region and seize its resources.
5. What lessons can we learn from the fall of Carthage? The fall of Carthage provides a valuable lesson in the importance of adaptability, strategic foresight, and the long-term consequences of unchecked ambition and prolonged conflict. It also highlights the importance of managing resources effectively during wartime.
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Fall of Carthage Adrian Goldsworthy, 2012-08-30 The struggle between Rome and Carthage in the Punic Wars was arguably the greatest and most desperate conflict of antiquity. The forces involved and the casualties suffered by both sides were far greater than in any wars fought before the modern era, while the eventual outcome had far-reaching consequences for the history of the Western World, namely the ascendancy of Rome. An epic of war and battle, this is also the story of famous generals and leaders: Hannibal, Fabius Maximus, Scipio Africanus, and his grandson Scipio Aemilianus, who would finally bring down the walls of Carthage. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Punic Wars 264–146 BC Nigel Bagnall, 2014-06-06 The three Punic Wars lasted over 100 years, between 264 BC and 146 BC. They represented a struggle for supremacy in the Mediterranean between the bludgeoning land power of Rome, bent on imperial conquest, and the great maritime power of Carthage with its colonies and trading posts spread around the Mediterranean. This book reveals how the dramas and tragedies of the Punic Wars exemplify many political and military lessons which are as relevant today as when Hannibal and Scipio Africanus fought to determine the course of history in the Mediterranean. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The First Punic War John Lazenby, 2016-04-29 The text provides a study of the longest continuous war in ancient history and the greatest naval conflict ever fought. It is intended for Roman history courses, academic and research libraries, and military history buffs. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Armies of the Carthaginian Wars 265–146 BC Terence Wise, 1982-03-25 The epic conflict between Rome and Carthage remains one of the most compelling stories of military history. The wars included such legendary events as the crossing of the Alps by Hannibal, and the Battle of Cannae. Terence Wise's fine text details the armies of both sides of the wars, including the many different allied troops employed by the Carthaginians; Numidians, Celts, Spanish and others who helped make the army one of the most colourful and cosmopolitan of its day. The text is accompanied by numerous illustrations and photographs, including eight full page colour plates by Richard Hook. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Hannibal's War John Francis Lazenby, 1998 Hannibal is acknowledged to be one of history's greatest generals, and his crossing of the Alps - complete with elephants - to make war against Rome on its home soil is legendary. But even Hannibal met his match in Scipio, and ultimately Carthage was defeated by the rising power of Rome. In Hannibal's War, J. F. Lazenby provides the first scholarly account in English since 1886 solely devoted to the Second Punic War - what some have called the first world war for mastery of the Mediterranean world. By closely examining the accounts of Livy and Polybius, supplemented with the fruits of modern research, Lazenby provides a detailed military history of the entire war as it was fought in Italy, Spain, Greece, and North Africa. This edition includes a new preface covering recent research on Hannibal's war against Rome. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Hannibal's Road Mike Roberts, 2017-03-30 Many books have been written on the Second Punic War and Hannibal in particular but few give much space to his campaigns in the years from 213 203 BC. Most studies concentrate on Hannibals series of stunning victories in the early stages of the war, culminating at Cannae in 216 BC, then refocus on the activities of his nemesis ,Scipio Africanus, in Spain until the two meet in the final showdown at Zama. But this has led to the neglect of some of the Carthaginian genius most remarkable campaigns. By 212 the wider war was definitely going against the Carthaginians. Yet Hannibal, despite being massively outnumbered and with little support from home, was able to sustain his polyglot army and campaign actively across southern Italy for another ten years. His skilful manoeuvring and victory in numerous engagements kept several veteran armies of the normally aggressive Romans tied up and on the defensive, until Scipios invasion of North Africa pulled him home to defend Carthage. Mike Roberts follows the course of these remarkable events in detail, analysing Hannibals strategy and aims in this phase of the war and revealing a genius that had lost none of its lustre in adversity. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: ROME AND CARTHAGE R. BOSWORTH. SMITH, 2018 |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Carthage Must Be Destroyed Richard Miles, 2012-06-26 The first full-scale history of Hannibal's Carthage in decades and a convincing and enthralling narrative. (The Economist ) Drawing on a wealth of new research, archaeologist, historian, and master storyteller Richard Miles resurrects the civilization that ancient Rome struggled so mightily to expunge. This monumental work charts the entirety of Carthage's history, from its origins among the Phoenician settlements of Lebanon to its apotheosis as a Mediterranean empire whose epic land-and-sea clash with Rome made a legend of Hannibal and shaped the course of Western history. Carthage Must Be Destroyed reintroduces readers to the ancient glory of a lost people and their generations-long struggle against an implacable enemy. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Cannae Adrian Goldsworthy, 2019-05-21 From an award-winning historian of ancient Rome, the definitive history of Rome's most devastating defeatAugust 2, 216 BC was one of history's bloodiest single days of fighting. On a narrow plain near the Southern Italian town of Cannae, despite outnumbering their opponents almost two to one, a massive Roman army was crushed by the heterogeneous forces of Hannibal, the Carthaginian general who had spectacularly crossed the Alps into Italy two years earlier. The scale of the losses at Cannae -- 50,000 Roman men killed -- was unrivaled until the industrialized slaughter of the First World War. Although the Romans eventually recovered and Carthage lost the war, the Battle of Cannae became Romans' point of reference for all later military catastrophes. Ever since, military commanders confronting a superior force have attempted, and usually failed, to reproduce Hannibal's tactics and their overwhelming success.In Cannae, the celebrated historian Adrian Goldsworthy offers a concise and enthralling history of one of the most famous battles ever waged, setting Cannae within the larger contexts of the Second Punic War and the nature of warfare in the third century BC. It is a gripping read for historians, strategists, and anyone curious about warfare in antiquity and Rome's rise to power. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Fall of Carthage Adrian Keith Goldsworthy, 2000 |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Hannibal Theodore Ayrault Dodge, 1891 |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Fall Of The West Adrian Goldsworthy, Dr Adrian Goldsworthy Ltd, 2009-04-02 A sweeping narrative of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The Fall of the Roman Empire has been a best-selling subject since the 18th century. Since then, over 200 very diverse reasons have been advocated for the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire. Until very recently, the academic view embarrassedly downplayed the violence and destruction, in an attempt to provide a more urbane account of late antiquity: barbarian invasions were mistakenly described as the movement of peoples. It was all painfully tame and civilised. But now Adrian Goldsworthy comes forward with his trademark combination of clear narrative, common sense, and a thorough mastery of the sources. In telling the story from start to finish, he rescues the era from the diffident and mealy-mouthed: this is a red-blooded account of aggressive barbarian attacks, palace coups, scheming courtiers and corrupt emperors who set the bar for excess. It is 'old fashioned history' in the best sense: an accessible narrative with colourful characters whose story reveals the true reasons for the fall of Rome. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Caesar Adrian Goldsworthy, Dr Adrian Goldsworthy Ltd, 2013-04-18 The story of one of the most brilliant, flamboyant and historically important men who ever lived. 'A superb achievement' LITERARY REVIEW 'Combines scholarship with storytelling to bring the ancient world to life: in his masterly new CAESAR he shows us the greatest Roman as man, statesman, soldier and lover' Simon Sebag Montefiore 'Magnificent' DAILY TELEGRAPH From the very beginning, Caesar's story makes dazzling reading. In his late teens he narrowly avoided execution for opposing the military dictator Sulla. He was decorated for valour in battle, captured and held to ransom by pirates, and almost bankrupted himself by staging games for the masses. As a politician, he quickly gained a reputation as a dangerously ambitious maverick. By his early 30s he had risen to the position of Consul, and was already beginning to dominate the Senate. His affairs with noblewomen were both frequent and scandalous. His greatest skill, outside the bedroom, was as a military commander. In a string of spectacular victories he conquered all of Gaul, invaded Germany, and twice landed in Britain - an achievement which in 55BC was greeted with a public euphoria comparable to that generated by the moon landing in 1969. In just thirty years he had risen from a position of virtual obscurity to become one of the richest men in the world, with the power single-handedly to overthrow the Republic. By his death he was effectively emperor of most of the known world. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Between Rome and Carthage Michael P. Fronda, 2010-06-10 Hannibal invaded Italy with the hope of raising widespread rebellions among Rome's subordinate allies. Yet even after crushing the Roman army at Cannae, he was only partially successful. Why did some communities decide to side with Carthage and others to side with Rome? This is the fundamental question posed in this book, and consideration is given to the particular political, diplomatic, military and economic factors that influenced individual communities' decisions. Understanding their motivations reveals much, not just about the war itself, but also about Rome's relations with Italy during the prior two centuries of aggressive expansion. The book sheds new light on Roman imperialism in Italy, the nature of Roman hegemony, and the transformation of Roman Italy in the period leading up to the Social War. It is informed throughout by contemporary political science theory and archaeological evidence, and will be required reading for all historians of the Roman Republic. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Pax Romana Adrian Goldsworthy, Dr Adrian Goldsworthy Ltd, 2016-08-11 The Pax Romana is famous for having provided a remarkable period of peace and stability, rarely seen before or since. Yet the Romans were first and foremost conquerors, imperialists who took by force a vast empire stretching from the Euphrates in the east to the Atlantic coast in the west. Their peace meant Roman victory and was brought about by strength and dominance rather than co-existence with neighbours. The Romans were aggressive and ruthless, and during the creation of their empire millions died or were enslaved. But the Pax Romana was real, not merely the boast of emperors, and some of the regions in the Empire have never again lived for so many generations free from major wars. So what exactly was the Pax Romana and what did it mean for the people who found themselves brought under Roman rule? Acclaimed historian Adrian Goldsworthy tells the story of the creation of the Empire, revealing how and why the Romans came to control so much of the world and asking whether the favourable image of the Roman peace is a true one. He chronicles the many rebellions by the conquered, and describes why these broke out and why most failed. At the same time, he explains that hostility was only one reaction to the arrival of Rome, and from the start there was alliance, collaboration and even enthusiasm for joining the invaders, all of which increased as resistance movements faded away. A ground-breaking and comprehensive history of the Roman Peace, Pax Romana takes the reader on a journey from the bloody conquests of an aggressive Republic through the age of Caesar and Augustus to the golden age of peace and prosperity under diligent emperors like Marcus Aurelius, offering a balanced and nuanced reappraisal of life in the Roman Empire. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: A Companion to the Punic Wars Dexter Hoyos, 2011-01-13 A Companion to the Punic Wars offers a comprehensive new survey of the three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC. Offers a broad survey of the Punic Wars from a variety of perspectives Features contributions from an outstanding cast of international scholars with unrivalled expertise Includes chapters on military and naval techniques, strategies, logistics, and Hannibal as a charismatic general and leader Gives balanced coverage of both Carthage and Rome |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Punic Wars Captivating History, 2020-02-16 The Punic Wars between 264 BCE and 146 BCE were a series of wars fought between the armies of ancient Carthage and Rome. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Ghosts of Cannae Robert L. O'Connell, 2011-09-13 NATIONAL BESTSELLER For millennia, Carthage’s triumph over Rome at Cannae in 216 B.C. has inspired reverence and awe. No general since has matched Hannibal’s most unexpected, innovative, and brutal military victory. Now Robert L. O’Connell, one of the most admired names in military history, tells the whole story of Cannae for the first time, giving us a stirring account of this apocalyptic battle, its causes and consequences. O’Connell brilliantly conveys how Rome amassed a giant army to punish Carthage’s masterful commander, how Hannibal outwitted enemies that outnumbered him, and how this disastrous pivot point in Rome’s history ultimately led to the republic’s resurgence and the creation of its empire. Piecing together decayed shreds of ancient reportage, the author paints powerful portraits of the leading players, from Hannibal—resolutely sane and uncannily strategic—to Scipio Africanus, the self-promoting Roman military tribune. Finally, O’Connell reveals how Cannae’s legend has inspired and haunted military leaders ever since, and the lessons it teaches for our own wars. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Carthaginian Warrior 264–146 BC Nic Fields, 2010-09-21 The armies of Carthage were diverse, made up of men of various ethnic groups, military specializations, and even motivations. Whilst some were citizen soldiers fighting on behalf of their state, others were ruthless mercenaries who remained loyal only so long as they were paid. As the Punic Wars progressed and the merits of professional soldiers became appreciated, mercenaries became the backbone of Carthaginian armies. Backed up by detailed reference to historical sources, this book examines the life of a Carthaginian warrior, following his experiences from initial recruitment to final battle, and focusing on what he ate, the equipment he carried and the tactics he used on the battlefield. This in-depth analysis of warriors in daily life and battle is accompanied by archival photographs and vibrant illustrations from Steve Noon. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Carthaginians Dexter Hoyos, 2010-06-10 The Carthaginians reveals the complex culture, society and achievements of a famous, yet misunderstood, ancient people. Beginning as Phoenician settlers in North Africa, the Carthaginians then broadened their civilization with influences from neighbouring North African peoples, Egypt, and the Greek world. Their own cultural influence in turn spread across the Western Mediterranean as they imposed dominance over Sardinia, western Sicily, and finally southern Spain. As a stable republic Carthage earned respectful praise from Greek observers, notably Aristotle, and from many Romans – even Cato, otherwise notorious for insisting that ‘Carthage must be destroyed’. Carthage matched the great city-state of Syracuse in power and ambition, then clashed with Rome for mastery of the Mediterranean West. For a time, led by her greatest general Hannibal, she did become the leading power between the Atlantic and the Adriatic. It was chiefly after her destruction in 146 BC that Carthage came to be depicted by Greeks and Romans as an alien civilization, harsh, gloomy and bloodstained. Demonising the victim eased the embarrassment of Rome’s aggression; Virgil in his Aeneid was one of the few to offer a more sensitive vision. Exploring both written and archaeological evidence, The Carthaginians reveals a complex, multicultural and innovative people whose achievements left an indelible impact on their Roman conquerors and on history. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Cornelius Nepos, Life of Hannibal Bret Mulligan, 2015-10-05 Trebia. Trasimene. Cannae. With three stunning victories, Hannibal humbled Rome and nearly shattered its empire. Even today Hannibal's brilliant, if ultimately unsuccessful, campaign against Rome during the Second Punic War (218-202 BC) make him one of history's most celebrated military leaders. This biography by Cornelius Nepos (c. 100-27 BC) sketches Hannibal's life from the time he began traveling with his father's army as a young boy, through his sixteen-year invasion of Italy and his tumultuous political career in Carthage, to his perilous exile and eventual suicide in the East. As Rome completed its bloody transition from dysfunctional republic to stable monarchy, Nepos labored to complete an innovative and influential collection of concise biographies. Putting aside the detailed, chronological accounts of military campaigns and political machinations that characterized most writing about history, Nepos surveyed Roman and Greek history for distinguished men who excelled in a range of prestigious occupations. In the exploits and achievements of these illustrious men, Nepos hoped that his readers would find models for the honorable conduct of their own lives. Although most of Nepos' works have been lost, we are fortunate to have his biography of Hannibal. Nepos offers a surprisingly balanced portrayal of a man that most Roman authors vilified as the most monstrous foe that Rome had ever faced. Nepos' straightforward style and his preference for common vocabulary make Life of Hannibal accessible for those who are just beginning to read continuous Latin prose, while the historical interest of the subject make it compelling for readers of every ability. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Roman Army of the Punic Wars 264–146 BC Nic Fields, 2007-05-22 Long before the Second Punic War (218 - 201 BC), Rome's influence extended no further than the Alps, and the wars that it fought consisted of small-scale raids and cattle rustling, with perhaps the occasional battle between armies. Nevertheless, within a century the seeds of an empire had been sown in Iberia, Africa, and the Greek east, and the Roman Republican army became the most successful of its day, establishing standards of discipline, organization, and efficiency that set a bench mark for the later armies of Rome. With the evolution of the Roman Republic came the adoption of the Manipular legion, a formation taken from the hoplite phalanx and first used in mass deployment against the North African nation of Carthage, during the Punic Wars. In this book Nic Fields examines the evolution of the Roman army from its defeat at Cannae through to their final success at Zama which saw a small city-based force evolve into a Mediterranean powerhouse, demonstrating how and why it became the most highly organized, sophisticated force in the ancient world. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Hannibal Philip Freeman, 2022-02-01 Telling the story of a man who stood against the overwhelming power of the mighty Roman empire, Hannibal is the biography of a man who, against all odds, dared to change the course of history. Over two thousand years ago one of the greatest military leaders in history almost destroyed Rome. Hannibal, a daring African general from the city of Carthage, led an army of warriors and battle elephants over the snowy Alps to invade the very heart of Rome's growing empire. But what kind of person would dare to face the most relentless imperial power of the ancient world? How could Hannibal, consistently outnumbered and always deep in enemy territory, win battle after battle until he held the very fate of Rome within his grasp? Hannibal appeals to many as the ultimate underdog—a Carthaginian David against the Goliath of Rome—but it wasn't just his genius on the battlefield that set him apart. As a boy and then a man, his self-discipline and determination were legendary. As a military leader, like Alexander the Great before him and Julius Caesar after, he understood the hearts of men and had an uncanny ability to read the unseen weaknesses of his enemy. As a commander in war, Hannibal has few equals in history and has long been held as a model of strategic and tactical genius. But Hannibal was much more than just a great general. He was a practiced statesman, a skilled diplomat, and a man deeply devoted to his family and country. Roman historians—on whom we rely for almost all our information on Hannibal—portray him as a cruel barbarian, but how does the story change if we look at Hannibal from the Carthaginian point of view? Can we search beneath the accounts of Roman writers who were eager to portray Hannibal as a monster and find a more human figure? Can we use the life of Hannibal to look at the Romans themselves in an unfamiliar way— not as the noble and benign defenders of civilization but as ruthless conquerors motivated by greed and conquest? |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Pride of Carthage David Anthony Durham, 2006-01-03 This epic retelling of the legendary Carthaginian military leader’s assault on the Roman empire begins in Ancient Spain, where Hannibal Barca sets out with tens of thousands of soldiers and 30 elephants. After conquering the Roman city of Saguntum, Hannibal wages his campaign through the outposts of the empire, shrewdly befriending peoples disillusioned by Rome and, with dazzling tactics, outwitting the opponents who believe the land route he has chosen is impossible. Yet Hannibal’s armies must take brutal losses as they pass through the Pyrenees mountains, forge the Rhone river, and make a winter crossing of the Alps before descending to the great tests at Cannae and Rome itself. David Anthony Durham draws a brilliant and complex Hannibal out of the scant historical record–sharp, sure-footed, as nimble among rivals as on the battlefield, yet one who misses his family and longs to see his son grow to manhood. Whether portraying the deliberations of a general or the calculations of a common soldier, vast multilayered scenes of battle or moments of introspection when loss seems imminent, Durham brings history alive. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Hannibal Patrick Hunt, 2017-07-11 One of the greatest commanders of the ancient world brought vividly to life: Hannibal, the brilliant general who successfully crossed the Alps with his war elephants and brought Rome to its knees. Hannibal Barca of Carthage, born 247 BC, was one of the great generals of the ancient world. Historian Patrick N. Hunt has led archeological expeditions in the Alps and elsewhere to study Hannibal's achievements. Now he brings Hannibal's incredible story to life in this book |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: In the Name of Rome Adrian Goldsworthy, 2016-02-23 A definitive history of the great commanders of ancient Rome, from bestselling author Adrian Goldsworthy. “In his elegantly accessible style, Goldsworthy offers gripping and swiftly erudite accounts of Roman wars and the great captains who fought them. His heroes are never flavorless and generic, but magnificently Roman. And it is especially Goldsworthy's vision of commanders deftly surfing the giant, irresistible waves of Roman military tradition, while navigating the floating logs, reefs, and treacherous sandbanks of Roman civilian politics, that makes the book indispensable not only to those interested in Rome and her battles, but to anyone who finds it astounding that military men, at once driven and imperiled by the odd and idiosyncratic ways of their societies, can accomplish great deeds.” —J. E. Lendon, author of Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Zama 202 BC Mir Bahmanyar, 2016-09-22 The battle of Zama, fought across North Africa around 202 BC, was the final large-scale clash of arms between the world's two greatest western powers of the time – Carthage and Rome. The engagement ended the Second Punic War, waged from 218 until 201 BC. The armies were led by two of the most famous commanders of all time – the legendary Carthaginian general Hannibal, renowned for crossing the Alps with his army into Italy, and the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio, who along with his father was among the defeated at the battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Drawing upon years of research, author Mir Bahmanyar gives a detailed account of this closing battle, analysing the tactics employed by each general and the forces they had at their disposal. Stunning, specially commissioned artwork brings to life the epic clash that saw Hannibal defeated and Rome claim its spot as the principal Mediterranean power. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Carthage (Tunisia) , |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Carthage R. F. Docter, Ridha Boussoffara, Pieter ter Keurs, 2015-05-12 Carthage is mainly known as the city that was utterly destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC. This book tells the story about this fascinating city, which for centuries was the center of a far-flung trade network in the Mediterranean. Carthage was founded by Phoenician migrants, who settled in the north of what is now Tunisia, probably in the ninth century BC. The city's strategic location was key to its success. From here, the Carthaginians could dominate both seafaring trade and the overland trade with the African interior. Carthage, Fact and Myth presents the most recent views of Carthaginian society, its commerce and politics, and the way its society was organized. Chapters, written by leading experts, describe the founding of Carthage, its merchant and war fleets, and the devastating wars with Rome. These include the campaigns of the famous Carthaginian commander Hannibal who crossed the Alps with his army and elephants to pose a grave threat to Rome, but he was ultimately unable to prevail. Tunisian experts describe Roman Carthage - the city as it was rebuilt by the Emperor Augustus - and discuss the later Christian period. Finally, the reader encounters a wealth of information about European images of Carthage, from 16th-century prints to the Alix series of comics. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC Duncan Head, 1982 |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Antony and Cleopatra Adrian Goldsworthy, Dr Adrian Goldsworthy Ltd, 2010-07-15 The epic story of one of the most famous love affairs in history, by the bestselling author of Caesar. ***** The monumental love affair between Antony and Cleopatra has been depicted in countless novels, plays and films. As one of the three men in control of the Roman Empire, Antony was perhaps the most powerful man of his day. And Cleopatra, who had already been Julius Caesar's lover, was the beautiful queen of Egypt, Rome's most important province. The clash of cultures, the power politics, and the personal passion have proven irresistible to storytellers. But in the course of this storytelling dozens of myths have grown up. The popular image of Cleopatra in ancient Egyptian costume is a fallacy; she was actually Greek. Despite her local dominance in Egypt, her real power came from her ability to forge strong personal allegiances with the most important men in Rome. Likewise, Mark Antony was not the bluff soldier of legend, brought low by his love for an exotic woman - he was first and foremost a politician, and never allowed Cleopatra to dictate policy to him. In this history, based exclusively on ancient sources and archaeological evidence, Adrian Goldsworthy gives us the facts behind this famous couple and dispels many myths. 'Excellent' Tom Holland 'Refreshingly frank' Mary Beard |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Philip and Alexander Adrian Goldsworthy, 2020-10-13 This definitive biography of one of history's most influential father-son duos tells the story of two rulers who gripped the world -- and their rise and fall from power. Alexander the Great's conquests staggered the world. He led his army across thousands of miles, overthrowing the greatest empires of his time and building a new one in their place. He claimed to be the son of a god, but he was actually the son of Philip II of Macedon. Philip inherited a minor kingdom that was on the verge of dismemberment, but despite his youth and inexperience, he made Macedonia dominant throughout Greece. It was Philip who created the armies that Alexander led into war against Persia. In Philip and Alexander, classical historian Adrian Goldsworthy shows that without the work and influence of his father, Alexander could not have achieved so much. This is the groundbreaking biography of two men who together conquered the world. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Roman Army at War Adrian Keith Goldsworthy, 1998 This detailed examination of the way in which the Roman army operated during a war and how it fought a battle breaks away from existing studies, which mostly concentrate on the army in peacetime, and attempts to understand the army as an institution whose ultimate purpose was to wage war. Adrian Goldsworthy explores the influence of the Roman army's organization on its behaviour during a campaign, emphasizing its great flexibility in comparison to most of its opponents. He considers the factors determining the result of a conflict and proposes, contrary to orthodox opinion, that the Roman army was able to adapt successfully to any type of warfare. Following the technique pioneered by John Keegan in The Face of Battle (1976), Dr Goldsworthy builds up a precise picture of what happened during battle: tactics employed, weaponry, leadership, behaviour of individuals as well as groups of soldiers, and, of utmost importance, morale. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic Harriet I. Flower, 2014-06-23 This second edition examines all aspects of Roman history, and contains a new introduction, three new chapters and updated bibliographies. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Storm Before the Storm Mike Duncan, 2017-10-24 The creator of the award-winning podcast series The History of Rome and Revolutions brings to life the bloody battles, political machinations, and human drama that set the stage for the fall of the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic was one of the most remarkable achievements in the history of civilization. Beginning as a small city-state in central Italy, Rome gradually expanded into a wider world filled with petty tyrants, barbarian chieftains, and despotic kings. Through the centuries, Rome's model of cooperative and participatory government remained remarkably durable and unmatched in the history of the ancient world. In 146 BC, Rome finally emerged as the strongest power in the Mediterranean. But the very success of the Republic proved to be its undoing. The republican system was unable to cope with the vast empire Rome now ruled: rising economic inequality disrupted traditional ways of life, endemic social and ethnic prejudice led to clashes over citizenship and voting rights, and rampant corruption and ruthless ambition sparked violent political clashes that cracked the once indestructible foundations of the Republic. Chronicling the years 146-78 BC, The Storm Before the Storm dives headlong into the first generation to face this treacherous new political environment. Abandoning the ancient principles of their forbearers, men like Marius, Sulla, and the Gracchi brothers set dangerous new precedents that would start the Republic on the road to destruction and provide a stark warning about what can happen to a civilization that has lost its way. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Hannibal Crosses The Alps John Prevas, 2009-03-05 When he left his Spanish base one spring day in 218 B.C. with his 100,000-man army of mercenaries, officers, and elephants, Hannibal was launching not just the main offensive of the Second Punic War but also one of the great military journeys in ancient history. His masterful advance through rough terrain and fierce Celtic tribes proved his worth as a leader, but it was his extraordinary passage through the Alps—still considered treacherous even by modern climbers—that made him a legend. John Prevas combines rigorous research of ancient sources with his own excursions through the icy peaks to bring to life this awesome trek, solving the centuries-old question of Hannibal's exact route and shedding fresh light on the cultures of Rome and Carthage along the way. Here is the finest kind of history, sure to appeal to readers of Steven Pressfield's Gates of Fire: alive with grand strategy, the clash of empires, fabulous courage, and the towering figure of Hannibal Barca. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: The Empire of Africa Alfred J. Church, 2020-01-09 The great struggle for imperial dominance in the ancient world Although this history of Carthage covers events from the earliest days of that state, the text concentrates particularly on the period from 550 BC until the fall of the city after a three year siege to Roman forces under Scipio Aemilianus in the Third Punic War in 146 BC. This period in the Mediterranean ancient world was dominated by the rivalry between Carthage and Rome which was inevitably moving towards the total destruction of one of the protagonists. Church's book is an excellent history that describes these conflicts in detail from the campaigns of Malchus and the Battle of Alalia through to the struggles in Sicily, Spain, Italy and Africa. Notable battles such as Crimessus, Trasumennus, Cannae, Zama and many others are described together with accounts of the famous generals of both armies. This Leonaur edition is profusely illustrated with line drawings, maps and plans to support the text. Leonaur editions are newly typeset and are not facsimiles; each title is available in softcover and hardback with dustjacket. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Rome in the Late Republic Mary Beard, Michael Hewson Crawford, 1985 This well-established textbook outlines the factors that every student must assess for a proper understanding of the late Republic, from the attitudes of the aristocracy and the role of state religion to the function of political institutions.--[P. 4], Cover. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Truceless War B. Dexter Hoyos, 2007 A major rebellion against Carthage of mercenary troops and oppressed North African subjects almost ended her existence, a story vividly recorded by the historian Polybius. Truceless War reconstructs what happened and why, and the role of Carthage's rescuer Hamilcar Barca. |
| the fall of carthage the punic wars 265 146bc: Vindolanda Adrian Goldsworthy, 2017-06-01 Gripping, authentic novel set in Roman Britain from bestselling historian, Adrian Goldsworthy. AD 98: VINDOLANDA. A FORT ON THE EDGE OF THE ROMAN WORLD. The bustling army base at Vindolanda lies on the northern frontier of Britannia and the entire Roman world. In just over twenty years time, the Emperor Hadrian will build his famous wall. But for now defences are weak as tribes rebel against Rome, and local druids preach the fiery destruction of the invaders. It falls to Flavius Ferox, Briton and Roman centurion, to keep the peace. But it will take more than just a soldier's courage to survive life in Roman Britain. This is a hugely authentic historical novel, written by one of Britain's leading historians. 'A thrilling and engrossing novel' HARRY SIDEBOTTOM. |
The Fall Of Carthage The Punic Wars 265 146bc (book)
This is the story of the Punic Wars, a brutal conflict spanning over a century that ultimately led to the catastrophic fall of Carthage, a once-mighty empire.
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The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC (The Fall of Carthage) is Dr. Adrian Goldsworthy’s endeavor to “provide an accessible account and analysis” of the entire span...
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The Fall of Carthage Adrian Goldsworthy,2012-08-30 The struggle between Rome and Carthage in the Punic Wars was arguably the greatest and most desperate conflict of antiquity. The …
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The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC (The Fall of Carthage) is Dr. Adrian Goldsworthy’s endeavor to “provide an accessible account and analysis” of the entire span...
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