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It's crucial to preface this blog post with a critical disclaimer: The topic of "race differences in intelligence" is fraught with complexities, historical biases, and ethical concerns. Scientific research on this subject is highly controversial and often misinterpreted. This post aims to provide a factual overview of existing research and the ongoing debate, acknowledging the limitations and potential biases within the field, rather than offering definitive conclusions. It is vital to approach this topic with sensitivity and critical thinking.
Race Differences in Intelligence: A Complex and Controversial Topic
The question of whether intelligence differs across racial groups is one of the most sensitive and debated topics in science and society. This post explores the research surrounding this question, acknowledging the complexities and ethical considerations involved. We'll delve into the limitations of studies, the social and environmental factors impacting intelligence, and the dangers of misinterpreting data to justify prejudice.
Understanding the Difficulties in Studying Intelligence Across Races
Defining "intelligence" itself presents a significant hurdle. There's no single, universally accepted measure of intelligence. IQ tests, while widely used, are culturally biased and don't capture the full spectrum of human cognitive abilities. Furthermore, defining "race" is also problematic. Racial categories are social constructs, not biological realities, and the boundaries between them are often blurry and inconsistently defined across different societies. This makes comparing intelligence across "races" inherently difficult and prone to methodological flaws.
The Heritability of Intelligence: Nature vs. Nurture
Studies often examine the heritability of intelligence, referring to the proportion of variation in intelligence within a population that can be attributed to genetic factors. However, even high heritability doesn't imply that differences between groups are primarily genetic. Environmental factors, including nutrition, education, access to healthcare, and socioeconomic status, profoundly impact cognitive development. The significant disparities in these factors across different racial groups are often overlooked in discussions of racial differences in intelligence.
Socioeconomic Status and Environmental Influences
Studies consistently demonstrate a strong correlation between socioeconomic status (SES) and intelligence test scores. Children from lower SES backgrounds often face disadvantages such as poor nutrition, inadequate healthcare, and less stimulating learning environments. These environmental factors can significantly impact cognitive development, potentially leading to lower test scores. It's crucial to consider whether observed differences in average IQ scores between racial groups are primarily due to genetic factors or are primarily the result of systematic inequalities and environmental disadvantages.
The Impact of Bias in Research and Interpretation
Historical biases in research design and interpretation have significantly influenced the discussion on race and intelligence. Studies conducted in the past often suffered from flawed methodologies, limited sample sizes, and preconceived notions about racial hierarchy. Even today, the interpretation of data can be influenced by implicit biases, leading to inaccurate conclusions. It's essential to critically evaluate the methodology and potential biases of any research claiming to demonstrate racial differences in intelligence.
The Dangers of Misinterpreting Data: Eugenics and Racism
Misinterpretations of research on intelligence and race have historically been used to justify discriminatory practices, including eugenics and racist policies. The dangers of using such research to support prejudiced beliefs cannot be overstated. Attributing group differences in intelligence solely to genetics ignores the pervasive influence of social and environmental factors and fosters harmful stereotypes. It's crucial to emphasize that intelligence is not fixed and can be developed through education, experience, and access to opportunities.
The Importance of Equitable Access and Opportunities
Instead of focusing on potentially flawed comparisons of intelligence across racial groups, the focus should shift toward ensuring equitable access to education, healthcare, and socioeconomic opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their racial background. Addressing systemic inequalities is far more important than attempting to quantify and interpret potentially biased comparisons of intelligence across racial categories. This will allow individuals to reach their full potential, irrespective of their race or origin.
Conclusion
The question of race differences in intelligence is incredibly complex and deeply rooted in social and historical contexts. While some studies may show differences in average IQ scores between racial groups, it's crucial to understand the limitations of those studies, the significant impact of environmental factors, and the ethical implications of misinterpreting data. Instead of focusing on potentially flawed comparisons, we should prioritize creating equitable opportunities for all individuals to develop their cognitive abilities to the fullest extent.
FAQs
1. Are IQ tests accurate measures of intelligence? No, IQ tests are culturally biased and only measure a limited aspect of cognitive ability. They don't fully capture the diverse range of human intelligence.
2. What is the role of genetics in intelligence? Genetics plays a role, but environmental factors such as nutrition, education, and socioeconomic status have a profound impact on cognitive development.
3. Why is it problematic to discuss "race" in relation to intelligence? "Race" is a social construct, not a biological reality, with blurry boundaries and inconsistent definitions across societies. This makes comparisons inherently problematic.
4. What are the ethical implications of research on race and intelligence? Such research has historically been misused to justify discriminatory practices, reinforcing harmful stereotypes and justifying social inequalities.
5. What is the most important takeaway from this discussion? We should focus on ensuring equitable access to resources and opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their racial background, allowing everyone to reach their full potential.
| race differences in intelligence: Race Differences in Intelligence Richard Lynn, 2014-08-01 Through more than 50 years of academic research, Richard Lynn has distinguished himself as one of the world's preeminent authorities on intelligence, personality, and human biodiversity. *Race Differences in Intelligence* is his essential work on this most controversial and consequential topic. Covering more than 500 published studies that span 10 population groups, Lynn demonstrates both the validity of innate intelligence as well as its heritability across racial groups. The Second Edition (2014) has been revised and updated to reflect the latest research. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race Differences in Intelligence Richard Lynn, 2015-12-15 Through more than 50 years of academic research, Richard Lynn has distinguished himself as one of the world's preeminent authorities on intelligence, personality, and human biodiversity. *Race Differences in Intelligence* is his essential work on this most controversial and consequential topic. Covering more than 500 published studies that span 10 population groups, Lynn demonstrates both the validity of innate intelligence as well as its heritability across racial groups. The Second Edition (2015) has been revised and updated to reflect the latest research. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race Differences in Intelligence Richard Lynn, 2006-01-01 Explores the formation of races, meaning of intelligence, validity of race differences in IQ, [and the] environmental and genetic correlates of intellence. - cover. |
| race differences in intelligence: Intelligence, Genes, and Success Bernie Devlin, Stephen E. Fienberg, Daniel P. Resnick, Kathryn Roeder, 1997-08-07 A scientific response to the best-selling The Bell Curve which set off a hailstorm of controversy upon its publication in 1994. Much of the public reaction to the book was polemic and failed to analyse the details of the science and validity of the statistical arguments underlying the books conclusion. Here, at last, social scientists and statisticians reply to The Bell Curve and its conclusions about IQ, genetics and social outcomes. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race and Intelligence Jefferson M. Fish, 2013-05-13 In recent years, reported racial disparities in IQ scores have been the subject of raging debates in the behavioral and social sciences and education. What can be made of these test results in the context of current scientific knowledge about human evolution and cognition? Unfortunately, discussion of these issues has tended to generate more heat than light. Now, the distinguished authors of this book offer powerful new illumination. Representing a range of disciplines--psychology, anthropology, biology, economics, history, philosophy, sociology, and statistics--the authors review the concept of race and then the concept of intelligence. Presenting a wide range of findings, they put the experience of the United States--so frequently the only focus of attention--in global perspective. They also show that the human species has no races in the biological sense (though cultures have a variety of folk concepts of race), that there is no single form of intelligence, and that formal education helps individuals to develop a variety of cognitive abilities. Race and Intelligence offers the most comprehensive and definitive response thus far to claims of innate differences in intelligence among races. |
| race differences in intelligence: The Black-White Test Score Gap Christopher Jencks, Meredith Phillips, 2011-01-01 The test score gap between blacks and whites—on vocabulary, reading, and math tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence--is large enough to have far-reaching social and economic consequences. In their introduction to this book, Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips argue that eliminating the disparity would dramatically reduce economic and educational inequality between blacks and whites. Indeed, they think that closing the gap would do more to promote racial equality than any other strategy now under serious discussion. The book offers a comprehensive look at the factors that contribute to the test score gap and discusses options for substantially reducing it. Although significant attempts have been made over the past three decades to shrink the test score gap, including increased funding for predominantly black schools, desegregation of southern schools, and programs to alleviate poverty, the median black American still scores below 75 percent of American whites on most standardized tests. The book brings together recent evidence on some of the most controversial and puzzling aspects of the test score debate, including the role of test bias, heredity, and family background. It also looks at how and why the gap has changed over the past generation, reviews the educational, psychological, and cultural explanations for the gap, and analyzes its educational and economic consequences. The authors demonstrate that traditional explanations account for only a small part of the black-white test score gap. They argue that this is partly because traditional explanations have put too much emphasis on racial disparities in economic resources, both in homes and in schools, and on demographic factors like family structure. They say that successful theories will put more emphasis on psychological and cultural factors, such as the way black and white parents teach their children to deal with things they do not know or understand, and the way black and white children respond to the same classroom experiences. Finally, they call for large-scale experiments to determine the effects of schools' racial mix, class size, ability grouping, and other policies. In addition to the editors, the contributors include Claude Steele, Ronald Ferguson, William G. Bowen, Philip Cook, and William Julius Wilson. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race Differences in Intelligence Dr John C Loehlin, Gardner Lindzey, James N. Spuhler, 1975-01-01 |
| race differences in intelligence: Race Differences in Intelligence Richard Lynn, 2006 Explores the formation of races, meaning of intelligence, validity of race differences in IQ, [and the] environmental and genetic correlates of intellence. - cover. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race Differences in Intelligence John C. Loehlin, 1975 |
| race differences in intelligence: Why Race Matters Michael E. Levin, 1997 Opposing the denial of race differences and the claim that they do not matter anyway, Michael Levin explains why these differences do matter. He summarizes what has been written about the differences in intelligence and temperament, and, more important, explores their larger significance. He rejects charges that biological explanations of behavior are reductivist or determinist, and he explains the circularity of explaining culture in terms of culture. Levin's naturalistic outlook finds no group superior and predicts moral divergence among groups evolving in different environments. With logical rigor, Levin addresses conceptual issues not touched upon in previous hereditarian work, drawing striking conclusions about justice, race consciousness, affirmative action, individualism, and private and state action. Scholars, researchers, policymakers, and the reading public concerned with issues of race relations, social philosophy, contemporary moral problems, and the psychology of race differences will find the book provocative. No one making an effort to think clearly about race can ignore Why Race Matters. |
| race differences in intelligence: Intelligence, Race, And Genetics Frank Miele, 2009-04-21 In a series of provocative conversations with Skeptic magazine Ssenior editor Frank Miele, renowned University of California-Berkeley psychologist Arthur R. Jensen details the evolution of his thoughts on the nature of intelligence, tracing an intellectual odyssey that leads from the programs of the Great Society to the Bell Curve Wars and beyond. Miele cross-examines Jensen's views on general intelligence (the g factor), racial differences in IQ, cultural bias in IQ tests, and whether differences in IQ are due primarily to heredity or to remediable factors such as poverty and discrimination. With characteristic frankness, Jensen also presents his view of the proper role of scientific facts in establishing public policy, such as Affirmative Action.“Jensenism,” the assertion that heredity plays an undeniably greater role than environmental factors in racial (and other) IQ differences, has entered the dictionary and also made Jensen a bitterly controversial figure. Nevertheless, Intelligence, Race, and Genetics carefully underscores the dedicated lifetime of scrupulously scientific research that supports Jensen's conclusions. |
| race differences in intelligence: The Mismeasure of Man (Revised and Expanded) Stephen Jay Gould, 2006-06-17 The definitive refutation to the argument of The Bell Curve. When published in 1981, The Mismeasure of Man was immediately hailed as a masterwork, the ringing answer to those who would classify people, rank them according to their supposed genetic gifts and limits. And yet the idea of innate limits—of biology as destiny—dies hard, as witness the attention devoted to The Bell Curve, whose arguments are here so effectively anticipated and thoroughly undermined by Stephen Jay Gould. In this edition Dr. Gould has written a substantial new introduction telling how and why he wrote the book and tracing the subsequent history of the controversy on innateness right through The Bell Curve. Further, he has added five essays on questions of The Bell Curve in particular and on race, racism, and biological determinism in general. These additions strengthen the book's claim to be, as Leo J. Kamin of Princeton University has said, a major contribution toward deflating pseudo-biological 'explanations' of our present social woes. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race, IQ and Jensen James Robert Flynn, 1980-01-01 |
| race differences in intelligence: In the Know Russell T. Warne, 2020-10-29 Emotional intelligence is an important trait for success at work. IQ tests are biased against minorities. Every child is gifted. Preschool makes children smarter. Western understandings of intelligence are inappropriate for other cultures. These are some of the statements about intelligence that are common in the media and in popular culture. But none of them are true. In the Know is a tour of the most common incorrect beliefs about intelligence and IQ. Written in a fantastically engaging way, each chapter is dedicated to correcting a misconception and explains the real science behind intelligence. Controversies related to IQ will wither away in the face of the facts, leaving readers with a clear understanding about the truth of intelligence. |
| race differences in intelligence: Blueprint, with a new afterword Robert Plomin, 2019-07-02 A top behavioral geneticist makes the case that DNA inherited from our parents at the moment of conception can predict our psychological strengths and weaknesses. In Blueprint, behavioral geneticist Robert Plomin describes how the DNA revolution has made DNA personal by giving us the power to predict our psychological strengths and weaknesses from birth. A century of genetic research shows that DNA differences inherited from our parents are the consistent lifelong sources of our psychological individuality—the blueprint that makes us who we are. Plomin reports that genetics explains more about the psychological differences among people than all other factors combined. Nature, not nurture, is what makes us who we are. Plomin explores the implications of these findings, drawing some provocative conclusions—among them that parenting styles don't really affect children's outcomes once genetics is taken into effect. This book offers readers a unique insider's view of the exciting synergies that came from combining genetics and psychology. The paperback edition has a new afterword by the author. |
| race differences in intelligence: A Troublesome Inheritance Nicholas Wade, 2014-05-06 Drawing on startling new evidence from the mapping of the genome, an explosive new account of the genetic basis of race and its role in the human story Fewer ideas have been more toxic or harmful than the idea of the biological reality of race, and with it the idea that humans of different races are biologically different from one another. For this understandable reason, the idea has been banished from polite academic conversation. Arguing that race is more than just a social construct can get a scholar run out of town, or at least off campus, on a rail. Human evolution, the consensus view insists, ended in prehistory. Inconveniently, as Nicholas Wade argues in A Troublesome Inheritance, the consensus view cannot be right. And in fact, we know that populations have changed in the past few thousand years—to be lactose tolerant, for example, and to survive at high altitudes. Race is not a bright-line distinction; by definition it means that the more human populations are kept apart, the more they evolve their own distinct traits under the selective pressure known as Darwinian evolution. For many thousands of years, most human populations stayed where they were and grew distinct, not just in outward appearance but in deeper senses as well. Wade, the longtime journalist covering genetic advances for The New York Times, draws widely on the work of scientists who have made crucial breakthroughs in establishing the reality of recent human evolution. The most provocative claims in this book involve the genetic basis of human social habits. What we might call middle-class social traits—thrift, docility, nonviolence—have been slowly but surely inculcated genetically within agrarian societies, Wade argues. These “values” obviously had a strong cultural component, but Wade points to evidence that agrarian societies evolved away from hunter-gatherer societies in some crucial respects. Also controversial are his findings regarding the genetic basis of traits we associate with intelligence, such as literacy and numeracy, in certain ethnic populations, including the Chinese and Ashkenazi Jews. Wade believes deeply in the fundamental equality of all human peoples. He also believes that science is best served by pursuing the truth without fear, and if his mission to arrive at a coherent summa of what the new genetic science does and does not tell us about race and human history leads straight into a minefield, then so be it. This will not be the last word on the subject, but it will begin a powerful and overdue conversation. |
| race differences in intelligence: Facing Reality Charles Murray, 2021-06-15 The charges of white privilege and systemic racism that are tearing the country apart fIoat free of reality. Two known facts, long since documented beyond reasonable doubt, need to be brought into the open and incorporated into the way we think about public policy: American whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians have different violent crime rates and different means and distributions of cognitive ability. The allegations of racism in policing, college admissions, segregation in housing, and hiring and promotions in the workplace ignore the ways in which the problems that prompt the allegations of systemic racism are driven by these two realities. What good can come of bringing them into the open? America’s most precious ideal is what used to be known as the American Creed: People are not to be judged by where they came from, what social class they come from, or by race, color, or creed. They must be judged as individuals. The prevailing Progressive ideology repudiates that ideal, demanding instead that the state should judge people by their race, social origins, religion, sex, and sexual orientation. We on the center left and center right who are the American Creed’s natural defenders have painted ourselves into a corner. We have been unwilling to say openly that different groups have significant group differences. Since we have not been willing to say that, we have been left defenseless against the claims that racism is to blame. What else could it be? We have been afraid to answer. We must. Facing Reality is a step in that direction. |
| race differences in intelligence: The Bell Curve Richard J. Herrnstein, Charles Murray, 2010-05-11 The controversial book linking intelligence to class and race in modern society, and what public policy can do to mitigate socioeconomic differences in IQ, birth rate, crime, fertility, welfare, and poverty. |
| race differences in intelligence: Intelligence and how to Get it Richard E. Nisbett, 2009 Nisbett debunks the myth of genetic inheritance of intelligence and persuasively demonstrates how intelligence can be enhanced : the anti-Bell Curve book.--From publisher description. |
| race differences in intelligence: The Global Bell Curve Richard Lynn, 2008 |
| race differences in intelligence: IQ and the Wealth of Nations Richard Lynn, Tatu Vanhanen, 2002-02-28 Argues that a significant part of the gap between rich and poor countries is due to differences in national intelligence. |
| race differences in intelligence: Superior Angela Saini, 2019-05-21 2019 Best-Of Lists: 10 Best Science Books of the Year (Smithsonian Magazine) · Best Science Books of the Year (NPR's Science Friday) · Best Science and Technology Books from 2019” (Library Journal) An astute and timely examination of the re-emergence of scientific research into racial differences. Superior tells the disturbing story of the persistent thread of belief in biological racial differences in the world of science. After the horrors of the Nazi regime in World War II, the mainstream scientific world turned its back on eugenics and the study of racial difference. But a worldwide network of intellectual racists and segregationists quietly founded journals and funded research, providing the kind of shoddy studies that were ultimately cited in Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray’s 1994 title The Bell Curve, which purported to show differences in intelligence among races. If the vast majority of scientists and scholars disavowed these ideas and considered race a social construct, it was an idea that still managed to somehow survive in the way scientists thought about human variation and genetics. Dissecting the statements and work of contemporary scientists studying human biodiversity, most of whom claim to be just following the data, Angela Saini shows us how, again and again, even mainstream scientists cling to the idea that race is biologically real. As our understanding of complex traits like intelligence, and the effects of environmental and cultural influences on human beings, from the molecular level on up, grows, the hope of finding simple genetic differences between “races”—to explain differing rates of disease, to explain poverty or test scores, or to justify cultural assumptions—stubbornly persists. At a time when racialized nationalisms are a resurgent threat throughout the world, Superior is a rigorous, much-needed examination of the insidious and destructive nature of race science—and a powerful reminder that, biologically, we are all far more alike than different. |
| race differences in intelligence: The Mismeasure of Minds Michael E. Staub, 2018-09-25 The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision required desegregation of America's schools, but it also set in motion an agonizing multidecade debate over race, class, and IQ. In this innovative book, Michael E. Staub investigates neuropsychological studies published between Brown and the controversial 1994 book The Bell Curve. In doing so, he illuminates how we came to view race and intelligence today. In tracing how research and experiments around such concepts as learned helplessness, deferred gratification, hyperactivity, and emotional intelligence migrated into popular culture and government policy, Staub reveals long-standing and widespread dissatisfaction—not least among middle-class whites—with the metric of IQ. He also documents the devastating consequences—above all for disadvantaged children of color—as efforts to undo discrimination and create enriched learning environments were recurrently repudiated and defunded. By connecting psychology, race, and public policy in a single narrative, Staub charts the paradoxes that have emerged and that continue to structure investigations of racism even into the era of contemporary neuroscientific research. |
| race differences in intelligence: Educability and Group Differences Arthur Robert Jensen, Associate Professor of Speech Communication Arthur Jensen, 2012 Jensen is a controversial figure, largely for his conclusions based on his and other research regarding the causes of race based differences in intelligence and in this book he develops more fully the argument he formulated in his controversial Harvard Education Review article 'How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?'. In a wide-ranging survey of the evidence he argues that measured IQ reveals a strong hereditary component and he argues that the system of education which assumes an almost wholly environmentalist view of the causes of group differences capitalizes on a relatively narrow category of human abilities. Since its original publication the controversy surrounding Jensen's ideas has continued as successive generations of psychologists, scientists and policy-makers have grappled with the same issues. |
| race differences in intelligence: IQ and Global Inequality Richard Lynn, Tatu Vanhanen, 2006 |
| race differences in intelligence: Brit(ish) Afua Hirsch, 2018-02-01 From Afua Hirsch - co-presenter of Samuel L. Jackson's major BBC TV series Enslaved - the Sunday Times bestseller that reveals the uncomfortable truth about race and identity in Britain today. You're British. Your parents are British. Your partner, your children and most of your friends are British. So why do people keep asking where you're from? We are a nation in denial about our imperial past and the racism that plagues our present. Brit(ish) is Afua Hirsch's personal and provocative exploration of how this came to be - and an urgent call for change. 'The book for our divided and dangerous times' David Olusoga |
| race differences in intelligence: Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI Markus D. Dubber, Frank Pasquale, Sunit Das, 2020-06-30 This volume tackles a quickly-evolving field of inquiry, mapping the existing discourse as part of a general attempt to place current developments in historical context; at the same time, breaking new ground in taking on novel subjects and pursuing fresh approaches. The term A.I. is used to refer to a broad range of phenomena, from machine learning and data mining to artificial general intelligence. The recent advent of more sophisticated AI systems, which function with partial or full autonomy and are capable of tasks which require learning and 'intelligence', presents difficult ethical questions, and has drawn concerns from many quarters about individual and societal welfare, democratic decision-making, moral agency, and the prevention of harm. This work ranges from explorations of normative constraints on specific applications of machine learning algorithms today-in everyday medical practice, for instance-to reflections on the (potential) status of AI as a form of consciousness with attendant rights and duties and, more generally still, on the conceptual terms and frameworks necessarily to understand tasks requiring intelligence, whether human or A.I. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race, Intelligence and Education Hans Jurgen Eysenck, 1971 |
| race differences in intelligence: Intelligence Testing and Minority Students Richard R. Valencia, Lisa A. Suzuki, 2000-09-19 At last - a book that is comprehensive, balanced and sensitive in its approach to the intellectual assessment of minority children. This book will quickly become a standard text in courses on assessment and diversity. --Jonathan Sandoval, University of California, Davis Congratulations to Richard Valencia and Lisa Suzuki for producing a long overdue, comprehensive and balanced treatment of cognitive assessment for minority children. This volume should prove to be a great value for practitioners and researchers alike. --Terry Gutkin, University of Nebraska-Lincoln I believe that Intelligence Testing and Minority Students is absolutely outstanding. Valencia and Suzuki demonstrate unusually rich research-based, theoretical, practical, and clinical foundations for treating the important and thorough set of topics covered by the book. Their underlying compassion is also evident throughout the book. I recommend this book to everyone in the field of assessment; it is must reading for anyone who tests minority students. --Alan S. Kaufman, Yale University School of Medicine This book should be required reading for those who work in this field either in a research or clinical capacity, but is especially important for those who have reservations about the use of standardized tests for intellectual assessment. It is a highly valuable reference. --Robert Rueda, University of Southern California This is a very rich resource on the history of intelligence testing and it′s application to diverse ethnic groups. Theoretical and applied topics are well integrated in the discussions. Most important is the inclusion of the record of white supremacy ideology, the issues of cultural salience in measurement, and the issues of usage. I know of no other reference on this topic that is as comprehensive as is this one. --Asa G. Hilliard III, Georgia State University What roles do socioeconomic status, home intellectual environment, test bias, and heredity play in explaining measured intellectual performance between and within racial/ethnic groups? Intelligence Testing and Minority Students provides a fresh opportunity to reexamine the construct of intelligence, as well as its strengths and weaknesses. Viewed as a psychometric tour de force, this work provides a concrete argument for prioritizing the nation′s testing needs as well as the multicultural perspectives of intelligence. Psychometricians and practitioners alike will find this book to be a useful reference in understanding assessment tests and their relationship with minority students. With the rising necessity for better and more comprehensive testing, it has become of the utmost of importance to respond fairly and validly to the diversity of this nation′s citizens. The authors have acknowledged this need by including a thorough discussion of cognitive testing issues as well as an exploration of future movements. From the historical views of testing to the future direction of nondiscriminatory assessment, no professional should be without this must-have reference. About the Authors: Richard R. Valencia, Ph.D. is Professor in the Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, at The University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Valencia′s research and scholarly interests include the intellectual and academic development of racial/ethnic minority students′ historical, social, and psychological status. Lisa A. Suzuki, Ph.D. is Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education, at New York University. Dr. Suzuki previously worked as a school counselor and psychological examiner for the Department of Education in the state of Hawaii. Over the years, she has administered over 300 intelligence tests to diverse populations. Her observations sparked an interest in pursuing a greater understanding of the cognitive abilities and intelligence of diverse racial/ethnic populations. |
| race differences in intelligence: Intellectuals and Race Thomas Sowell, 2013-03-12 Intellectuals and Race is a radical book in the original sense of one that goes to the root of the problem. The role of intellectuals in racial strife is explored in an international context that puts the American experience in a wholly new light. The views of individual intellectuals have spanned the spectrum, but the views of intellectuals as a whole have tended to cluster. Indeed, these views have clustered at one end of the spectrum in the early twentieth century and then clustered at the opposite end of the spectrum in the late twentieth century. Moreover, these radically different views of race in these two eras were held by intellectuals whose views on other issues were very similar in both eras. Intellectuals and Race is not, however, a book about history, even though it has much historical evidence, as well as demographic, geographic, economic and statistical evidence-- all of it directed toward testing the underlying assumptions about race that have prevailed at times among intellectuals in general, and especially intellectuals at the highest levels. Nor is this simply a theoretical exercise. The impact of intellectuals' ideas and crusades on the larger society, both past and present, is the ultimate concern. These ideas and crusades have ranged widely from racial theories of intelligence to eugenics to social justice and multiculturalism. In addition to in-depth examinations of these and other issues, Intellectuals and Race explores the incentives, the visions and the rationales that drive intellectuals at the highest levels to conclusions that have often turned out to be counterproductive and even disastrous, not only for particular racial or ethnic groups, but for societies as a whole. |
| race differences in intelligence: Sex Differences in Intelligence: The Developmental Theory Richard Lynn, 2021-12-09 In Sex Differences in Intelligence, Dr Richard Lynn refutes the belief that males and females are equally smart. He presents the findings of his extensive research showing that, on the contrary, the average intelligence of young girls is higher than that of young boys. It is only in school-age students that boys and girls have approximately the same intelligence, while in adults the average intelligence of men is four IQ points higher than that of women. Lynn supports his Developmental Theory with a review of well over a hundred studies conducted by himself and a host of other reputable scientists. The book discusses the reasons for the higher average intelligence of men among adults. One of these is that men have a larger average brain size than women. He refutes the contention of some feminists that brain size has no relation to intelligence. He argues that men have evolved higher average intelligence than that of women because this enhances their ability, in competition with other men for territory or status, to obtain women and thus pass on their genes. Another evolutionary explanation for men having a higher IQ lies in sexual selection such that females normally prefer to accept males with high intelligence as mates because they view them as potentially better providers for themselves and their children. This path-breaking book will revolutionise the understanding of sex differences in intelligence. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race, Intelligence and Education Hans Jurgen Eysenck, 1971 |
| race differences in intelligence: I Have No Mouth & I Must Scream Harlan Ellison, 2014-04-29 Seven stunning stories of speculative fiction by the author of A Boy and His Dog. In a post-apocalyptic world, four men and one woman are all that remain of the human race, brought to near extinction by an artificial intelligence. Programmed to wage war on behalf of its creators, the AI became self-aware and turned against humanity. The five survivors are prisoners, kept alive and subjected to brutal torture by the hateful and sadistic machine in an endless cycle of violence. This story and six more groundbreaking and inventive tales that probe the depths of mortal experience prove why Grand Master of Science Fiction Harlan Ellison has earned the many accolades to his credit and remains one of the most original voices in American literature. I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream also includes “Big Sam Was My Friend,” “Eyes of Dust,” “World of the Myth,” “Lonelyache,” Hugo Award finalist “Delusion for a Dragon Slayer,” and Hugo and Nebula Award finalist “Pretty Maggie Moneyeyes.” |
| race differences in intelligence: Innate Kevin J. Mitchell, 2020-03-31 What makes you the way you are--and what makes each of us different from everyone else? In Innate, leading neuroscientist and popular science blogger Kevin Mitchell traces human diversity and individual differences to their deepest level: in the wiring of our brains. Deftly guiding us through important new research, including his own groundbreaking work, he explains how variations in the way our brains develop before birth strongly influence our psychology and behavior throughout our lives, shaping our personality, intelligence, sexuality, and even the way we perceive the world. We all share a genetic program for making a human brain, and the program for making a brain like yours is specifically encoded in your DNA. But, as Mitchell explains, the way that program plays out is affected by random processes of development that manifest uniquely in each person, even identical twins. The key insight of Innate is that the combination of these developmental and genetic variations creates innate differences in how our brains are wired--differences that impact all aspects of our psychology--and this insight promises to transform the way we see the interplay of nature and nurture. Innate also explores the genetic and neural underpinnings of disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, and how our understanding of these conditions is being revolutionized. In addition, the book examines the social and ethical implications of these ideas and of new technologies that may soon offer the means to predict or manipulate human traits. Compelling and original, Innate will change the way you think about why and how we are who we are.--Provided by the publisher. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race Vincent Sarich, Frank Miele, 2004 Contends that race is a biologically real phenomenon with important consequences, contrary to widespread and politically correct views that race doesn't matter - or doesn't even exist |
| race differences in intelligence: The Nurture Versus Biosocial Debate in Criminology Kevin M. Beaver, J.C. Barnes, Brian B. Boutwell, 2014-01-31 The Nurture Versus Biosocial Debate in Criminology: On the Origins of Criminal Behavior and Criminality takes a contemporary approach to address the sociological and the biological positions of human behavior by allowing preeminent scholars in criminology to speak to the effects of each on a range of topics. Kevin M. Beaver, J.C. Barnes, and Brian B. Boutwell aim to facilitate an open and honest debate between the more traditional criminologists who focus primarily on environmental factors and contemporary biosocial criminologists who examine the interplay between biology/genetics and environmental factors. |
| race differences in intelligence: Race, Social Class, and Individual Differences in I.Q. Sandra Scarr, 1981 First published in 1981. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| race differences in intelligence: Dysgenics Richard Lynn, 1996 A review of the history of the eugenics movement and an argument for the rehabilitation of the concept. |
| race differences in intelligence: The Testing of Negro Intelligence Dr. Audrey Mary Shuey, 1958 African Americans--Intelligence levels - Intellect - Blacks - Race and intelligence controversy |
| race differences in intelligence: Brandjack Q. Langley, 2016-04-30 Containing 90+ case studies including BP, Beyoncé, Pizza Hut and Chrysler, this is the first book to analyze brandjacking - when organizations lose control of their brand's image online. Combining crisis communication and social media, this book charts the trend's growth, offering advice to those who find themselves at the mercy of brand pirates. |
RACE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE: A GLOBAL …
The existence of racial differences in intelligence has been known since the time of the First World war when tests given to large numbers of military conscripts in the United States revealed that …
THIRTY YEARS OF RESEARCH ON RACE DIFFERENCES IN …
This article examines the evidence for and against genetic and environmental factors in explaining the 15-point Black–White IQ difference in the United States. It covers 10 categories of …
Table of Contents - Intelligence Humaine
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF RACE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE 1. Summary of Race Differences in Intelligence 2. Reliability of Racial IQ Data 3. Validity of Racial IQ Data: Number …
for - Case Western Reserve University
Dr. Joseph Fagan argues that racial differences in IQ scores are due to environmental factors, not genetic ones. He proposes a theory of intelligence as processing, which measures how well …
Race Differences in Intelligence - Emil O W Kirkegaard
race differences in IQ's have been challenged many times, especially by physical anthropologists, physiologists and psychologists (Korn 1978). The racial differences in intelligence could be due …
Race and IQ in the postgenomic age: The microcephaly case
biological differences between human populations, often racially defined. In the pre-genomics era of race and IQ research, claims about the genetic basis of IQ primarily emanated from the field …
Brain size, IQ, and racial-group differences: Evidence from ...
differences, containing millions of brain cells and hundreds of millions of synapses, were hypothesized to underlie the race differences on IQ tests, in which Blacks average an IQ of 85, …
RACE DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOUR: A REVIEW AND …
Paralleling differences in gamete production and sexual restraint are those in intelligence (cranial capacity, brain weight, test scores), maturation rate (age to hold head erect, age to walk alone, …
HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND RACE DIFFERENCES IN IQ
evidence of greatest relevance to the question of heritability of the Black–White IQ gap. A dispassionate reading of the evidence on the association of IQ with degree of European …
Race Differences In Intelligence Copy - netsec.csuci.edu
Race Differences in Intelligence: A Complex and Controversial Topic The question of whether intelligence differs across racial groups is one of the most sensitive and debated topics in …
Race, Brain Size, and IQ - J. Philippe Rushton
Race Differences in Brain Size Race differences in mean brain size are observ-able at birth. For example, I (Rushton, 1997) ana-lyzed data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project that …
WHY ARE RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE NOT LARGER?
Australian aborigines. The most impressive fact of Lynn's review on race and population differences in intelligence is their smallness. Differences between social strata within one …
INTELLIGENCE, RACE, AND GENET - arthurjensen.net
Arthur Jensen, the controversial psychologist who argued that IQ is largely genetic and partly racial, defends his views and replies to his critics in this book. He claims that his conclusions …
Race, head size, and intelligence - J. Philippe Rushton
We review recent research which estimates racial differences in cranial capacity by measuring head dimensions of living persons. We describe errors in published reports, and find that …
The theory of intelligence and its measurement
Jensen argues that mental chronometry (MC) is a better method than psychometrics to measure intelligence and its genetic basis. He criticizes the Flynn Effect and the cultural perspective that …
Race differences in intelligence: A global perspective.
The existence of racial differences in intelligence has been known since the time of the First World war when tests given to large numbers of military conscripts in the United States revealed that...
RACE DIFFERENCES IN - Internet Archive
The first edition of this book summarized studies on race differences in intelligence published up to 2006. The present second edition adds a large number of subsequent studies published up …
Race and Intelligence: Changing Opinions in Social Science
A historical and sociological analysis of how social science views on racial differences in intelligence have evolved over time. The article traces the origins and influences of racial …
Book review - J. Philippe Rushton
discuss how race differences in intelligence have evolved. Lynn begins by putting the problem in context by summarizing Jerisons (1973) classic study showing that during the course of evolu …
Sex and Race Differences in Cranial Capacity From …
I report here an internationally based study providing new data on sex and race differences in cranial capacity using external head measures. I extracted the sum- marized data shown in …
Race, Sex, Class & 'Intelligence' Scientific Racism, Sexism
Race, Sex, Class & "Intelligence" Scientific Racism, Sexism & Classism JEAN BELKHIR ... Testing for racial differences in "intelligence" has been less popular over the past two decades, but these …
Race and IQ: A Theory-Based Review of the Research in …
differences in intelligence test scores: Jewish (mean IQ = 113), East Asian (106), White (100), Hispanic (90), South Asian ... race differences in brain size; (10) sex dif-ferences in brain size; …
Vol 457 COMMENTARY Should scientists study race and IQ?
or race-linked differences in intelligence ought to be studied. Steven Rose, arguing against, is a neuroscientist and biologist, and a founding member of the British Society for Social
Happenings on the Way Back to the Forum: Social Science, IQ, …
the nature of intelligence, intelligence tests, genetic determination of traits, edu cation in general, and compensatory education in particular. A colleague reports coming across 17 such errors in a …
Race, Brain Size, and IQ - J. Philippe Rushton
Brain Size-IQ Correlates Within-Race Among individuals, intelligence is related to brain size. About two-dozen studies using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to measure the volume ... race …
Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans - JSTOR
that the result supports the hypothesis that the level of intelligence in African Ameri cans is significantly determined by the proportion of Caucasian genes. KEY WORDS: intelligence; skin …
Race and IQ: A Theory-Based Review of the Research in …
differences in intelligence test scores: Jewish (mean IQ = 113), East Asian (106), White (100), Hispanic (90), South Asian ... race differences in brain size; (10) sex dif-ferences in brain size; …
Race Differences in Intelligence
Race differences in intelligence began to be analyzed scientifically in the middle years of the nineteenth century. In the 1830s, Samuel Morton (1849) in the United States assembled a col …
Personality and Individual Differences - University of Delaware
Intelligence Life-history theory Mob science Race differences Resolute ignorance abstract I review Rushton’s research on the evolutionary divergence of the three major human lineages. His life …
Corrections to a paper on race and sex differences in brain …
1987; Jensen & Sinha, 1993; Johnson, 1991; Willerman et al., 1991), the race and sex differences are of great scientific interest. The racial group differences in brain size are paralled by those found …
5 Why The Bell Curve Didn't Go Far Enough on Race - J.
the same most race differences would not disappear. UNIVERSALITY OF I.Q. DIFFERENCES The international I.Q. gradient runs from East Asians to Europeans to Africans (Lynn 1982, 1991, …
Life history theory and race differences: An appreciation of …
My interest in race differences really came alive when I re-read (in 1981) Lynn (1977) study which found that East Asians averaged a higher IQ than Whites. Lynn reported that when the Wechsler …
The Mythical Taboo on Race and Intelligence - SAGE Journals
Race and Intelligence John P. Jackson, Jr.1 and Andrew S. Winston2 Abstract Recent discussions have revived old claims that hereditarian research on race differences in intelligence has been …
Testing for Racial Differences in the Mental Ability of Young …
On tests of intelligence, Blacks systematically score worse than Whites. Some have argued that genetic differences across races account for the gap. Using a newly available nationally …
A Multimodal MRI-based Predictor of Intelligence and Its …
MRI-based predictors will show race differences, and these MRI-based differences will statistically mediate the association between race and intelligence.
Criticisms of an Evolutionary Hypothesis about Race …
literature they sampled. Such a bias is certainly evident in Rushton’s (1989) citation of data on race differences in intelligence and fecundity. Finally, much of the original research on race …
CURRENT RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
for a genetic basis to racial differences in intelligence is marshaled. Because such theorizing facilitates the rationalization of racism, social scientists have been swift to condemn genetic ...
Race Differences in Sexuality and Their Correlates: …
Lynn (1989) rejects the r/K theory of race differences, claiming that (a) r/K analyses do not apply to large mammals like man; (b) the races do not really differ on attributes such as altruism, brain …
IQ and Race: A Discussion of Some Confusions - JSTOR
discrimination on the grounds of race; and that research into average racial differences in intelligence is not likely to be beneficial at this time. The main argument he gives for the …
The Race and Intelligence Debate: An Epistemic Crisis in …
Jan 1, 2018 · Intelligence or performance on IQ exams results from many genes, many environmental factors, and motivational or volitional states as well. Race: Where ar’t thou? …
Genetic variation, brain, and intelligence differences - Nature
psychometric testing approach to intelligence differences, and the hierarchy with the g factor at the apex; they summarised the stability of intelligence test scores, their predictive validity for ...
WANTED: MORE RACE REALISM, LESS MORALISTIC …
heritability of within- and between-groups differences, the relation of brain size to intelligence and of race differences in brain size, regression to the mean, cross-racial adoption studies, racial …
The Eternal Triangle: Race, Class, and IQ - The University of …
The Eternal Triangle: Race, Class, and IQ The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. By Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray. New York: Free Press, I994. 845 pp. …
Personality and Individual Differences - University of Delaware
Intelligence Life-history theory Mob science Race differences Resolute ignorance abstract I review Rushton’s research on the evolutionary divergence of the three major human lineages. His life …
RACE AND SPORT - Internet Archive
Race and Intelligence Differences 3. Criticisms of Race and IQ Data 4. Race and Personality Differences 5. Racial Differences in the Magnitude of Gender-Based Personality Differences 6. …
Intelligence and Race - darkwing.uoregon.edu
1 1 Intelligence and Race Cranial Capacity and IQ 2 Intelligence and Race Certainly the most controversial topic in the study of human variation is the question of the relationship between …
Race Differences in Intelligence - Library of Agartha
Race differences in intelligence began to be analyzed scientifically in the middle years of the nineteenth century. In the 1830s, Samuel Morton (1849) in the United States assembled a col …
Research on group differences in intelligence: A defense of …
To cite this article: Nathan Cofnas (2019): Research on group differences in intelligence: A defense of free inquiry, Philosophical Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2019.1697803
Race Differences in Sexual Behavior: A Critique of Rushton …
about the validity of the reported race differences. Rushton and Bogaert’s (1987) unqualified references to race differences in intelligence and brain size are particularly disturbing. Although …
Racial and ethnic group differences in the heritability of …
ability” and “race OR ethnicity OR African OR Black OR Latino OR Hispanic OR Asian Or Pacific Islander” and “cognitive ability OR achievement OR intelligence OR IQ.”
The Equalitarian Dogma Revisited - J. Philippe Rushton
[not publicize their discoveries if these should bear on racial differences in ability]. (Eysenck, 1975, p. 1) Thus wrote Hans Eysenck in 1975and, unfortunately, so it remains in 1995. The immediate …
Does IQ Cause Race Differences in Well-being? - ResearchGate
The effects of race on well-being (i ndependent of IQ) are still robust for the crime and health sub-domains. In fact, 6 of the 14 (43 %) beta weights in the table are
On group differences in the heritability of intelligence: A reply …
Title: On group differences in the heritability of intelligence: A reply to Giangrande and Turkheimer (2022) Author: Bryan J. Pesta Subject: Intelligence, 98 (2023 ...
Genes, Race, and Psychology in the Genome Era
of the concept of intelligence and the relationship of intel-ligence to race, geography, and population genetics. The article by Rowe (2005, this issue) argues that in studies on genetic and …
Race, Intelligence and Professor Eysenck - Nature
Race, Intelligence and Professor Eysenck DR H. J. EYSENCK, professor of psychology at the Institute ... differences of IQ between black and white children in the United States are very …
Race and IQ - American Psychological Association (APA)
tionist narrative about race fails both in the narrow terms of science and as a contribution to the broader social discourse. R owe (2005, this issue) has revisited the contro-versy surrounding …
Race and Intelligence - JSTOR
IQ differences between Irish and English children can hardly be taken very seriously. For one thing, this intelligence test was the first printed test these 1083 children had ever seen and moreover …
HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND RACE DIFFERENCES IN IQ
HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND RACE DIFFERENCES IN IQ A Commentary on Rushton and Jensen (2005) Richard E. Nisbett University of Michigan J. P. Rushton and A. R. Jensen (2005) ignore or …
Differential K Theory and race differences in E and N
770 NOTES AND SHOKTER COMMUNICATIONS for this choice is based on Gray’s (1981, 1982) theorizing that individual differences in anxiety and E are linked to the inhibitory system of the …
WHY ARE RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE NOT …
Australian aborigines. The most impressive fact of Lynn's review on race and population differences in intelligence is their smallness. Differences between social strata within one population are …
Considerations Relating to the Study of Group Differences in …
the conduct and evaluation of research on group differences in intelligence in general and on racial differences in particular. Before we present these guidelines, though, we provide a gen-eral …
Scientific racism and the evidence on race and intelligence
Evidence on Race and Intelligencea In his recent book, Race, Intelligence and Education,b H. J. Eysenck has ... Those who would argue against a genetic interpretation of race differences seem …
Race and IQ: A Theory-Based Review of the Research in …
differences in intelligence test scores: Jewish (mean IQ = 113), East Asian (106), White (100), Hispanic (90), South Asian ... race differences in brain size; (10) sex dif-ferences in brain size; …
IQ and Race - Nature
JENSEN has argued that the undoubted differences in mean ... Mixed race children§ 24 105.7 10.2 24 99.3 8.7 15 109.8 7.2 ... Table 2 Wechsler Pre-school and Primary Scale of Intelligence Full …
RACE WEIGHT: A J. RUSHTON'S CONCLUSIONS - J.
PsycbologicalReports, 1990, 66, 337-338.@ Psychological Reports 1990 RACE AND BRAIN WEIGHT: A NOTE ON J. P. RUSHTON'S CONCLUSIONS ' ZACK ZDENEK CERNOVSKY University …
Reflections on Sixty-Eight Years of Research on Race and …
the issue of race differences in intelligence and its causes. Alice Heim was giving us the mainstream position among social scientists in the 1950s and this remained largely unchallenged in the …
DIFFERENTIAL MINDS: MASS INTELLIGENCE TESTING AND …
unpleasant scientific truths about race and class differences in intelligence, and of placing a gag on dissenters by defaming them publicly. The corruption Murray describes similarly resonates with …
Considerations Relating to the Study of Group Differences …
related to racial differences in intelligence were raised in an issue of Psychology, Public Policy, and Law (Vol. 11, issue 2) and in a special section in The American Psychologist (Vol. 60,
Race Differences in g and the ^^Jensen Effecf - J. Philippe …
Black-White differences was 0.71 (P<0.05; Peoples et al. 1995). These g related race differences are not due to factors such as the reliability of the test, social class differences, or the inevitable …
Between-Group Mean Differences in Intelligence in the …
differences in intelligence is increasing every year, the information on causes of mean group differences in intelligence is not as advanced. This discrepancy is at least partially due to the fact …
