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The Protocols of Zion: Understanding the Infamous Antisemitic Forgery
The "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" is a text shrouded in controversy and infamy. This seemingly innocuous title belies a history of immense harm, fueling antisemitism and conspiracy theories for over a century. This blog post will delve into the origins, content, and enduring impact of the "Protocols," providing a critical analysis free from the hateful rhetoric it has historically propagated. We'll explore its historical context, its demonstrably false claims, and its lasting influence on global antisemitic movements. Understanding this document is crucial to combating hate speech and fostering a more informed and tolerant society.
The Origins of a Fraud: Unveiling the "Protocols"
The "Protocols" purports to be a secret plan for Jewish world domination, detailing a meticulously crafted strategy to seize control of global finance, politics, and media. However, its origins are far from clandestine. Historians have definitively established that the text is a fabricated work, heavily plagiarized from various sources, including a French satirical novel, "Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu," and other antisemitic pamphlets circulating in late 19th-century Europe. The text was likely compiled and adapted by Russian secret police agents, aiming to discredit revolutionary movements and foster anti-Jewish sentiment within the Tsarist regime. Its authorship remains uncertain, but the forgery is undeniable.
The Plagiarism and Fabrication
The "Protocols" isn't a single, original idea but a mosaic of existing antisemitic tropes and conspiracy theories. Specific passages and themes are lifted directly from other works, often with minimal alteration. This blatant plagiarism, along with internal inconsistencies and historical inaccuracies, clearly reveals the text's fraudulent nature. The sheer number of parallels with existing literature points conclusively to a deliberate act of forgery rather than an authentic account of a secret Jewish plan.
The Content and Themes of the "Protocols": A Dissemination of Hate
The "Protocols" presents a caricature of Jewish people as cunning, manipulative, and inherently evil. It depicts a secret cabal orchestrating global events, using subterfuge and deception to achieve their sinister goals. Key themes woven throughout the text include:
Conspiracy and Control:
The core narrative revolves around a secret Jewish conspiracy to manipulate global finance and political systems. It falsely depicts Jewish people as controlling banks, media outlets, and governments, seeking to establish a new world order under their dominion. This central theme has fueled countless antisemitic conspiracy theories throughout history.
Deception and Manipulation:
The "Protocols" portray Jewish people as masters of deception, skilled manipulators who use propaganda and misinformation to control public opinion. This theme fosters distrust and fuels prejudice, creating an atmosphere of fear and suspicion towards Jewish communities.
World Domination:
The ultimate goal outlined in the "Protocols" is the establishment of a global Jewish dictatorship. This vision of a Jewish world government has been a recurring motif in antisemitic propaganda, and the “Protocols” provided a framework for this hateful narrative.
The Impact and Legacy of the "Protocols": A Century of Antisemitism
The "Protocols" has had a profoundly damaging impact on the world. Translated into numerous languages and widely disseminated, it became a cornerstone text for antisemitic movements throughout the 20th century and beyond. Its influence can be seen in:
The Rise of Nazism:
The "Protocols" played a significant role in shaping the antisemitic ideology of Nazi Germany. It was widely circulated and promoted within Nazi circles, serving as a justification for the persecution and extermination of Jews during the Holocaust.
Global Antisemitism:
The "Protocols" continues to be used by antisemitic groups worldwide to fuel hatred and violence against Jewish people. Its enduring legacy highlights the dangerous power of misinformation and the need for critical thinking and media literacy.
Modern Conspiracy Theories:
The central themes of the "Protocols" – secret cabals, global conspiracies, and manipulation of the masses – resonate with modern conspiracy theories. Its influence can be seen in various contemporary antisemitic and anti-establishment narratives.
Conclusion: Combating the Legacy of Hate
The "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" stands as a chilling testament to the destructive power of antisemitic propaganda. Its fraudulent nature is undeniable, yet its impact remains tragically relevant. By understanding its origins, content, and lasting influence, we can better equip ourselves to combat antisemitism and promote tolerance and understanding. Rejecting the lies contained within the "Protocols" is a crucial step in building a more just and equitable world.
FAQs
1. Are there any legitimate scholarly analyses of the Protocols? No, legitimate scholarly analyses universally condemn the Protocols as a fraudulent and antisemitic forgery. Serious academic research focuses on its historical impact and the mechanisms of its propagation, not its supposed veracity.
2. Who benefits from the continued circulation of the Protocols? Extremist groups and individuals who promote antisemitism benefit from spreading the Protocols. It provides a seemingly "legitimate" source for their hateful ideologies.
3. How can I identify and refute claims based on the Protocols? By highlighting the historical evidence of its fabrication, the plagiarism evident within the text, and its demonstrably false claims, one can effectively challenge its validity. Referencing scholarly sources debunking the Protocols is crucial.
4. What legal ramifications exist for distributing the Protocols? While the Protocols itself may not be illegal to possess in many jurisdictions, distributing it with the intent to incite hatred or violence can carry serious legal consequences, depending on the local laws.
5. How can I contribute to fighting antisemitism stemming from the Protocols? Educate yourself and others about the Protocols' origins and impact, support organizations combating antisemitism, and actively challenge antisemitic rhetoric whenever you encounter it.
| protocols of zion: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion Sergei Nilus, Victor Emile Marsden, 2019-02-26 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is almost certainly fiction, but its impact was not. Originating in Russia, it landed in the English-speaking world where it caused great consternation. Much is made of German anti-semitism, but there was fertile soil for The Protocols across Europe and even in America, thanks to Henry Ford and others. |
| protocols of zion: Dismantling the Big Lie Steven L. Jacobs, Mark Weitzman, 2003 Table of contents |
| protocols of zion: The Paranoid Apocalypse Richard Landes, Steven T. Katz, 2012 This text re-examines 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion's' popularity, investigating why it has persisted, as well as larger questions about the success of conspiracy theories even in the face of claims that they are blatantly counterfactual and irrational. |
| protocols of zion: Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion Serg'iei Nilus, Victor E. Marsden, 2003-12-01 The Protocols was supposedly written in 1897 from the minutes of 24 secret meetings between Jews and Freemasons in which they conspired to bring down Western civilization and jointly rule the world. In reality, it is nothing of the sort. In 1921, Philip Graves of the London Times revealed The Protocols to be a fraud, showing it to be based on a French satire aimed at Napoleon III. It is the most notorious and most successful work of modern antisemitism, and was used as part of a propaganda campaign by the Russian secret police in 1905. |
| protocols of zion: The Russian Protocols of Zion in Japan Jacob Kovalio, 2009 Before World War I, Japan did not have an antisemitic tradition of its own. Although influences of Western antisemitism reached the country in the late 19th century, it was only during Japan's participation in the Siberian Intervention of 1918-22 that the Protocols of the Elders of Zion made their way to Japan. The dissemination of this work promoted conspiracy and scapegoating antisemitism in the country. In 1920-21, several Japanese translations of the Protocols appeared, and the topics of Jewish omnipotence and the Jewish peril (Yudayaka in Japanese) became widespread in the mass media and in literature. One of the themes discussed was the Jewish character of the Bolshevik Revolution. Discusses writings by Eiju Oniwa, Tsuyanoske Higuchi (aka Baiseki Kitagami), Seika Ariga, Minetaro Yamanaka, Tokio Imai, etc., as well as the writings of those who criticized the conception of the Jewish world conspiracy and rejected the Yudayaka and the veracity of the Protocols: Sakuzo Yoshino, Tokusaburo Hatta, Kametaro Mitsukawa, Masao Kinoshita, and others. In 1929 a roundtable on the Jewish problem was organized by the magazine Heibon. |
| protocols of zion: The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu Maurice Joly, 2003 Joly's (1831-78) Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu is the major source of one of the world's most infamous and damaging forgeries, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. That, however, was concocted some two decades after he died, and American political scientist Waggoner points to Joly's own text for evidence that he was not anti-semitic and was an intransigent enemy of the kind of tyranny the forgery served during the 1930s. He translates the text and discusses Joly's intentions in writing it and his contribution to the understanding of modern politics. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR. |
| protocols of zion: The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion Esther Webman, 2012-03-29 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion has attracted the interest of politicians and academicians, and generated extensive research, since the tract first appeared in the early twentieth century. Despite having repeatedly been discredited as a historical document, and in spite of the fact that it served as an inspiration for Hitler’s antisemitism and the Holocaust, it continues, even in our time, to be influential. Exploring the Protocols’ successful dissemination and impact around the world, this volume attempts to understand their continuing popularity, one hundred years after their first appearance, in so many diverse societies and cultures. With contributions from leading scholars in the field, the book covers themes such as: Why have the Protocols survived to the present day and what are the sources from which they draw their strength? What significance do the Protocols have today in mainstream worldviews? Are they gaining in importance? Are they still today a warrant for genocide or merely a reflection of xenophobic nationalism? Can they be fought by logical argumentation? This comprehensive volume which, for the first time, dwells also on the attraction of the Protocols in Arab and Muslim countries, will be of interest to specialists, teachers, and students working in the fields of antisemitism, the far right, Jewish studies, and modern history. |
| protocols of zion: An Appraisal of the Protocols of Zion John Shelton Curtiss, 1942 Proves the inauthenticity of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and the falsity of the story of its provenance as presented by its publishers, Nilus and Butmi. There is no original text of the Protocols. Its writers could not be Jewish, nor could the text be compiled in 1897 (as the publishers claimed). The main source for the Protocols was Joly's The Dialogues in Hell; some motifs were taken from Goedsche, Drumont, and other French antisemitic writers, as well as from Solovyov's Three Discussions. Discusses testimonies, including those presented at trials held in Bern in 1934-35 and 1937 against disseminators of the Protocols in Switzerland, attesting to the fact that the Protocols is a forgery. Pp. 95-106 contain parallel texts from Joly's Dialogues and the Protocols. |
| protocols of zion: The Jewish Peril Sergi︠e︡ĭ Nilus, 2009 REPRINT. Originally published in 1920 by Eyre & Spottiswoode. Paperback.95 p. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a tract alleging a Jewish and Masonic plot to achieve world domination. Purportedly written by a secret group of Jews known as the Elders of Zion, the document underlies 24 protocols that are supposedly followed by the Jewish people. The Protocols has been proven to be a forgery.The forgery contains numerous elements typical of what is known in literature as a False Document a document that is deliberately written to fool the reader into believing that what is written is truthful and accurate even though, in actuality, it is not. It is also one of the best-known and most-discussed examples of literary forgery, with analysis and proof of its fraudulent origin going as far back as 1921. The forgery is also an early example of Conspiracy Theory literature. Written in the first person singular, the text embodies generalizations, truisms and platitudes on how to take over the world: take control of the media and the financial institutions, change the traditional social order, etc. It does not contain specifics |
| protocols of zion: The Perennial Conspiracy Theory Michael Hagemeister, 2021-11-22 The Perennial Conspiracy Theory is a collection of essays on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fake document which has created a pernicious antisemitic conspiracy theory. The author analyses the murky origins of this notorious forgery and the contested claims of authorship. He explores the impact of the Protocols on various countries during the interwar years including Soviet Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Nazi Germany, and the United States. He also profiles figures closely associated with the dissemination of antisemitic conspiracy theories, such as Sergei Nilus and Leslie Fry, as well as examining the controversies arising from the famous Bern trial related to the Protocols. The book concludes with an assessment of the ongoing influence of the Protocols in post-Soviet Russia. This volume will be of interest to researchers and students working in the fields of antisemitism, conspiracy theories, the far right, Jewish studies, and modern history. |
| protocols of zion: A Lie and a Libel Binjamin W. Segel, 1996-10-01 A strange and repugnant mystery of the twentieth century is the durability of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a clumsy forgery purporting to be evidence of the supposed Jewish plot to rule the world. Though it has been exposed as a forgery, some apprentice brownshirt is always rediscovering it, the latest in a line of gullibility that includes, most famously, Henry Ford. Recently it has been translated into Japanese and circulates once again with renewed virulence in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. In 1924 in Germany the Jewish author and journalist Binjamin Segel wrote a major historical exposé of the fraud and later edited his work into a shorter form, published as Welt-Krieg, Welt-Revolution, Welf-Verschwörung, Welt-Oberregierung (Berlin 1926). Translator Richard S. Levy, a specialist on the history of anti-semitism, provides an extensive introduction on the circumstances of Segel's work and the story of the Protocols up to the 1990s, including an explanation of its continuing psychological appeal and political function. |
| protocols of zion: A Rumor about the Jews Stephen Eric Bronner, 2018-08-30 In its portrayal of Judaism as a worldwide conspiracy dedicated to the destruction of Christian civilization, the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion remains one of the most infamous documents ever written. Despite being proven a crude forgery, the pamphlet managed to pervade twentieth-century thinking, often being twisted to suit its handlers' purposes, and to justify the most extreme persecution of the Jews. In A Rumor About the Jews, Stephen Eric Bronner provides a history of this notorious fabrication—one which has renewed salience in a “post truth” society dominated by “fake news—and explores its influence on right-wing movements throughout the twentieth century and the ongoing appeal of bigotry. This new edition of Bronner's 2000 classic (described by Kirkus as the best short book on anti-Semitism) expands the arguments of the first edition, bringing the work up to date in a new political context. |
| protocols of zion: The Protocols of Zion in Context Kerry Raymond Bolton, 2003 |
| protocols of zion: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion, Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion, Protocols of the Sages of Zion, Protocols of Zion) Victor E. Marsden, 2006 The author of this translation of the famous Protocols was himself a victim of the Revolution. He had lived for many years in Russia and was married to a Russian lady. Among his other activities in Russia he had been for a number of years a Russian Correspondent of the MORNING POST, a position which he occupied when the Revolution broke out, and his vivid descriptions of events in Russia will still be in the recollection of many of the readers of that Journal. Naturally he was singled out for the anger of the Soviet. On the day that Captain Cromie was murdered by Jews, Victor Marsden was arrested and thrown into the Peter-Paul Prison, expecting every day to have his name called out for execution. This, however, he escaped, and eventually he was allowed to return to England very much of a wreck in bodily health. However, he recovered under treatment and the devoted care of his wife and friends. One of the first things he undertook, as soon as he was able, was this translation of the Protocols. Mr. Marsden was eminently well qualified for the work. His intimate acquaintance with Russia, Russian life and the Russian language on the one hand, and his mastery of a terse literary English style on the other, placed him in a position of advantage which few others could claim. The consequence is that we have in his version an eminently readable work, and though the subject-matter is somewhat formless, Mr. Marsden's literary touch reveals the thread running through the twenty-four Protocols. |
| protocols of zion: The Lie that Wouldn't Die Hadassa Ben-Itto, 2005 Of all the libels that have served as a means of incitement of hate against Jews, and as intellectual justification of anti-Semitism, the myth of the so-called 'Jewish Conspiracy' to gain domination of the whole world, as embodied in the forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion, is probably the most devious and the most dangerous. Previously only analyzed in academic, footnoted studies, the history of the Protocols is presented here by Judge Hadassa Ben-Itto in an eminently readable, fascinating account, telling the stories of the numerous people involved over the hundred years that the forgery has existed. Above all, this is the story of a judge who follows the Protocols into lawyers' chambers and into courtrooms in Switzerland, in South Africa, in Germany, in the United States and in Russia, and presents the reader with a detailed critical analysis of legal proceedings which culminated in fascinating courtroom drama. The truth is revealed again and again, but the lie wouldn't die. |
| protocols of zion: The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion Sergiei Nilus, 2003 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was supposedly written in 1897 from the minutes of 24 secret meetings between Jews and Freemasons in which they conspired to bring down Western civilization and jointly rule the world. In reality, it is nothing of the sort. Protocols tells of a Jewish plot to take over the world. Historians have long said the work is a forgery concocted by Czar Nicholas II's secret police to blame Russia's troubles on Jews. In 1921, Philip Graves of the London Times revealed The Protocols to be a fraud, showing it to be based on a French satire aimed at Napoleon III. Professor Nilus was a priest in the Orthodox Church in Russia. He published the first Russian language edition in 1905. In 1920 Henry Ford bought The Dearborn Independent, a virile and very independent journal published in his home town. He used it to publish the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and a series of articles about the book, as part of his series of 81 articles (between 1920 and 1922) on the Jewish Question in America, which he called the world's foremost problem. The Dearborn Independent was distributed nationwide to Ford dealer showrooms and was offered free of charge to the general public. The relevant articles are collected here so that the whole can be studied at one time. This book is an important document in the history of anti-Semitism, and has been used as required reading in many university anti-Semitism courses. |
| protocols of zion: The International Jew: The World's Foremost Problem Henry Ford, 195? Why discuss the Jewish Question? Because it is here, and because its emergence into American thought should contribute to its solution, and not to a continuance of those bad conditions which surround the Question in other countries. The Jewish Question has existed in the United States for a long time. Jews themselves have known this, even if Gentiles have not. There have been periods in our own country when it has broken forth with a sullen sort of strength which presaged darker things to come. Many signs portend that it is approaching an acute stage. Not only does the Jewish Question touch those matters that are of common knowledge, such as financial and commercial control, usurpation of political power, monopoly of necessities, and autocratic direction of the very news that the American people read; but it reaches into cultural regions and so touches the very heart of American life. This question reaches down into South America and threatens to become an important factor in Pan-American relations. It is interwoven with much of the menace of organized and calculated disorder which troubles the nations today. It is not of recent growth, but its roots go deep, and the long Past of this Problem is counterbalanced by prophetic hopes and programs which involve a very deliberate and creative view of the Future. This little book is the partial record of an investigation of the Jewish Question. It is printed to enable interested readers to inform themselves on the data published in The Dearborn Independent prior to Oct. 1, 1920. The demand for back copies of the paper was so great that the supply was exhausted early, as was also a large edition of a booklet containing the first nine articles of the series. The investigation still proceeds, and the articles will continue to appear as heretofore until the work is done. The motive of this work is simply a desire to make facts known to the people. Other motives have, of course, been ascribed to it. But the motive of prejudice or any form of antagonism is hardly strong enough to support such an investigation as this. Moreover, had an unworthy motive existed, some sign of it would inevitably appear in the work itself. We confidently call the reader to witness that the tone of these articles is all that it should be. The International Jew and his satellites, as the conscious enemies of all that Anglo-Saxons mean by civilization, are not spared, nor is that unthinking mass which defends anything that a Jew does, simply because it has been taught to believe that what Jewish leaders do is Jewish. Neither do these articles proceed upon a false emotion of brotherhood and apology, as if this stream of doubtful tendency in the world were only accidentally Jewish. We give the facts as we find them; that of itself is sufficient protection against prejudice or passion. |
| protocols of zion: A Rumor about the Jews Stephen Eric Bronner, 2003 In its portrayal of Judaism as a worldwide conspiracy dedicated to the destruction of Christian civilization, the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion remains one of the most infamous documents ever written. Despite being proven a crude forgery, the pamphlet managed to pervade twentieth-century thinking, often being twisted to suit its handlers' purposes, and to justify the most extreme persecution of the Jews. As recently as 2002, a documentary was aired in Egypt falsely presenting the Protocols as fact—and the Protocols is still regarded as a historical document in many other parts of the world. In A Rumor About the Jews, Stephen Eric Bronner systematically debunks the antisemitic assertions made in the Protocols. He also explores its history, its influence on right-wing movements throughout the twentieth century, and the ongoing appeal of bigotry. A work of intellectual history, A Rumor About the Jews takes the reader on a historical journey that provides a new and deeper understanding of an insidious ideology and its broader implications. Bronner's sharp and penetrating analysis offers new insights into the nature of antisemitism, along with a warning against underestimating the power of this hateful tract. |
| protocols of zion: Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion , 1945 |
| protocols of zion: Nexus William Collins Donahue, Martha B. Helfer, 2014 Second volume of the biennial publication of the Duke German Jewish Studies Workshop, making available important new research and considering the definition and development of the field of German Jewish Studies. Nexus is the official publication of the biennial German Jewish Studies Workshop at Duke University, the first ongoing forum in North America for German Jewish studies. It publishes innovative research in German Jewish Studies and serves as a venue for introducing new directions in the field, analyzing the development and definition of the field itself, and considering the place of German Jewish Studies within the disciplines of both German Studiesand Jewish Studies. Additionally, it examines issues of pedagogy and programming at the undergraduate, graduate, and community levels. The second volume of Nexus presents a special forum section on the controversial German Jewish religious historian Hans-Joachim Schoeps (1909-80), including contributions by Julius H. Schoeps, Hans J. Hillerbrand, Eric M. Meyers, Laura Lieber, Noah B. Strote, and Paul Reitter, as well as cutting-edge essays thathighlight important new developments in the field of German Jewish Studies. Contributors: Nick Block, Abigail Gillman, Anton Hieke, Hans J. Hillerbrand, Martin Kagel, Richard S. Levy, Laura Lieber, Eric M. Meyers, Andrea Reiter, Paul Reitter, Julius H. Schoeps, Noah B. Strote, Karina von Tippelskirch. William C. Donahue is Bishop-MacDermott Family Professor of Germanic Languages & Literature, and Professor, Program in Literature andJewish Studies, Duke University. Martha B. Helfer is Professor of German and an affiliate member of the Department of Jewish Studies at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. |
| protocols of zion: The Lie That Will Not Die Hadassa Ben-Itto, 2020 Of all the libels that have served as a means of incitement of hate against Jews, and as intellectual justification of anti-Semitism, the myth of the so-called 'Jewish Conspiracy' to gain domination of the whole world, as embodied in the forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion, is probably the most devious and the most dangerous. Previously only analyzed in academic, footnoted studies, the history of the Protocols is presented here by Judge Hadassa Ben-Itto in an eminently readable, fascinating account, telling the stories of the numerous people involved over the hundred years that the forgery has existed. Above all, this is the story of a judge who follows the Protocols into lawyers' chambers and into courtrooms in Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, the United States, and Russia, and presents the reader with a detailed critical analysis of legal proceedings which culminated in fascinating courtroom drama. The truth is revealed again and again, but the lie will not die. |
| protocols of zion: The Prague Cemetery Umberto Eco, 2012 The Prague Cemetery is the latest international bestseller from Umberto Eco, author of The Name of the Rose. Nineteenth-century Europe abounds with political and religious conspiracies from Turin to Prague to Paris. What if, behind it all, lay one lone man determining the fate of the Continent? |
| protocols of zion: The Protocols and World Revolution Sergiei Nilus, 2021-11-05 The Protocols is a nonfiction novel that uses evidence from the US Senate Overman Committee and various other articles and essays to demonstrate that the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution was in truth led by apostate Jews. Neilus represents the Bolshevik Revolution in an entirely new light. |
| protocols of zion: License to Murder Alex Grobman, 2011 In our world today, several people, groups and minorities are singled-out for persecution. Yet there is one group that overwhelmingly has faced a more sustained, vicious, and relentless hatred: the Jews.Many people have negative perceptions about Jewish people and the state of Israel. The question is, why?The why is a bit elusive. But we know some of the sources, and sadly, the legacy of the notorious forgery, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion has created widespread fear and hatred of the Jewish people. Purported to be a strategic document for taking over the world, the Protocols is actually a product of the Czarist police in Russia, not long before the Communist Revolution.Now, in License to Murder, esteemed scholar Alex Grobman has written a brilliant examination of this famous document, and his historical grasp is important to understand, if we are going to effectively battle persecution in our world today. |
| protocols of zion: The Emergence of Iranian Nationalism Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, 2016-03-15 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi revisits the work of Fath?ali Akhundzadeh and Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani, two Qajar-era intellectuals who founded modern Iranian nationalism. In their efforts to make sense of a difficult historical situation, these thinkers advanced an appealing ideology Zia-Ebrahimi calls dislocative nationalism, in which pre-Islamic Iran is cast as a golden age, Islam is reinterpreted as an alien religion, and Arabs become implacable others. Dislodging Iran from its empirical reality and tying it to Europe and the Aryan race, this ideology remains the most politically potent form of identity in Iran. Akhundzadeh and Kermani's nationalist reading of Iranian history has been drilled into the minds of Iranians since its adoption by the Pahlavi state in the early twentieth century. Spread through mass schooling, historical narratives, and official statements of support, their ideological perspective has come to define Iranian culture and domestic and foreign policy. Zia-Ebrahimi follows the development of dislocative nationalism through a range of cultural and historical materials, and he captures its incorporation of European ideas about Iranian history, the Aryan race, and a primordial nation. His work emphasizes the agency of Iranian intellectuals in translating European ideas for Iranian audiences, impressing Western conceptions of race onto Iranian identity. |
| protocols of zion: The Hitler Conspiracies Richard J. Evans, 2020-10-01 'Brilliant, a 5 out of 5 masterpiece' Evening Standard The renowned historian of the Third Reich takes on the conspiracy theories surrounding Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, in a vital history book for the 'post-truth' age The idea that nothing happens by chance in history, that nothing is quite what it seems to be at first sight, that everything that occurs is the result of the secret machinations of malign groups of people manipulating everything from behind the scenes is as old as history itself. But conspiracy theories are becoming more popular and more widespread in the twenty-first century. Nowhere have they become more obvious than in revisionist accounts of the history of the Third Reich. Long-discredited conspiracy theories have taken on a new lease of life, given credence by claims of freshly discovered evidence and novel angles of investigation. This book takes five widely discussed claims involving Hitler and the Nazis and subjects them to forensic scrutiny: that the Jews were conspiring to undermine civilization, as outlined in 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'; that the German army was 'stabbed in the back' by socialists and Jews in 1918; that the Nazis burned down the Reichstag in order to seize power; that Rudolf Hess' flight to the UK in 1941 was sanctioned by Hitler and conveyed peace terms suppressed by Churchill; and that Hitler escaped the bunker in 1945 and fled to South America. In doing so, it teases out some surprising features these, and other conspiracy theories, have in common. This is a history book, but it is a history book for the age of 'post-truth' and 'alternative facts': a book for our own troubled times. |
| protocols of zion: Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion , 1934 |
| protocols of zion: Protocols of the Elders of Zion United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, 1964 |
| protocols of zion: Fakes, Lies, and Forgeries Sheridan Libraries, Neil Weijer, Walter Stephens, Janet E. Gomez, John Hoffmann, 2014 In addition to providing a checklist of 70 treasures from the Arthur and Janet Freeman Bibliotheca Fictiva Collection, this beautifully-illustrated volume includes five essays that explore the phenomenon of forgery as a creative literary form and provide an interesting and informative sense of the broader collection. With nearly 1,700 individual items, the Bibliotheca Fictiva Collection is the largest and most comprehensive collection of books and manuscripts of forgery in the world. Highlights include editions of Jesus' posthumous Letter from Heaven, eyewitness accounts of the Fall of Troy, annotated books from Shakespeare's personal library, Alpine inscriptions recording Noah's settlement of Vienna after the Flood, and a first-hand account of the discovery of Homer's tomb. The collection was assembled over a 50-year period and acquired by the Sheridan Libraries of Johns Hopkins University in 2011. Exhibition: Johns Hopkins Krieger School of Arts, Baltimore, USA (05.10.2014 - 01.02.2015). |
| protocols of zion: Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion Victor E. Marsden, 2013-10 This is a new release of the original 1934 edition. |
| protocols of zion: Masters of Discourse Israel Shamir, 2008 Welcome to the new world order, where mass media, a fully integrated public-opinion-forming machine of mind control had rendered the Left and Right obsolete and subservient to Zionism. Who are the people who own and operate this machine? Are they actually the Jewish Lobby? No, says Shamir. The formidable Jewish Lobby is just the visible tip of the iceberg, while below there are miles and miles of solid ice: media lords, chief editors, their favourite university pundits – in short, the Masters of Discourse. In this third volume of his writing, Israel Shamir travels around the world to find the reason for their captive hold over our thinking. |
| protocols of zion: Protocols of the Elders of Zion Sergei Nilus, 2015 Protocols of the Elders of Zion is one of the most controversial works in the past 100 years. It claimed to be a book written by the 'Elders of Zion, ' a Jewish cabal planning to take over the world. It contains their plans for world domination and detailed account of the condition of the world once they have succeeded in their goals to rule it. Modern historians generally claim that it is a forgery, used primarily as a propaganda tool by the Russian court to prevent what would later become the Russian Revolution of 1917, but the writer of the introduction of this volume makes an effort to dispute such a belief. |
| protocols of zion: From the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to Holocaust Denial Trials Debra R. Kaufman, 2007 In reaction to the Irving v. Penguin/Lipstadt (winter, 2000) trial, the editors of this volume sought to provide a text that moves away from the Holocaust itself to ask broader questions about the stubborn persistence of anti-Semitic invective and historical distortion despite legal verdicts to the contrary, historical correctives and media reportage. In these essays the authors explore the assumptions and methods of their disciplines that limit or enhance the ability of any single approach (historical, legal, or journalistic) to challenge the racism and/or anti-Semitism which underlie the persistence of such forgeries as The protocols of the elders of Zion and the fallacies of Holocaust denial. Teachers of college and graduate courses on the Holocaust are increasingly faced with proliferating print and web based assertions and re-assertions of premises whose veracity have been long since disproved. This text encourages students and professionals to explore through three trial contexts (Protocols of Zion, Eichmann/Nuremberg, and Holocaust denial) the way in which claims related to the fate of Jews in the twentieth century have been made, struggled over, and fixed in the law, in historical canon and in the popular imagination. The Protocols are a forgery and crimes against humanity and genocide against the Jewish people did happen. This volume marks the ways in which we present and re-present the historical facts, the journalism, and the legal proofs that support the truth of those assertions in the face of invective and denial. |
| protocols of zion: Heidegger's Black Notebooks Andrew J. Mitchell, Peter Trawny, 2017-09-05 From the 1930s through the 1970s, the philosopher Martin Heidegger kept a running series of private writings, the so-called Black Notebooks. The recent publication of the Black Notebooks volumes from the war years have sparked international controversy. While Heidegger’s engagement with National Socialism was well known, the Black Notebooks showed for the first time that this anti-Semitism was not merely a personal resentment. They contain not just anti-Semitic remarks, they show Heidegger incorporating basic tropes of anti-Semitism into his philosophical thinking. In them, Heidegger tried to assign a philosophical significance to anti-Semitism, with “the Jew” or “world Judaism” cast as antagonist in his project. How, then, are we to engage with a philosophy that, no matter how significant, seems contaminated by anti-Semitism? This book brings together an international group of scholars from a variety of disciplines to discuss the ramifications of the Black Notebooks for philosophy and the humanities at large. Bettina Bergo, Robert Bernasconi, Martin Gessmann, Sander Gilman, Peter E. Gordon, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Michael Marder, Eduardo Mendieta, Richard Polt, Tom Rockmore, Peter Trawny, and Slavoj Žižek discuss issues including anti-Semitism in the Black Notebooks and Heidegger’s thought more broadly, such as German conceptions of Jews and Judaism, Heidegger’s notions of metaphysics, and anti-Semitism’s entanglement with Heidegger’s views on modernity and technology, grappling with material as provocative as it is deplorable. In contrast to both those who seek to exonerate Heidegger and those who simply condemn him, and rather than an all-or-nothing view of Heidegger’s anti-Semitism, they urge careful reading and rereading of his work to turn Heideggerian thought against itself. These measured and thoughtful responses to one of the major scandals in the history of philosophy unflinchingly take up the tangled and contested legacy of Heideggerian thought. |
| protocols of zion: Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion , 198? |
| protocols of zion: Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion , 2004 |
| protocols of zion: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion Anonymous, 2023-07-18 Widely regarded as a forgery and an anti-Semitic hoax, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion is nonetheless a famous and controversial text. Purportedly a secret plan for Jewish domination of the world, the Protocols have been debunked by numerous scholars and experts, yet they continue to inspire conspiracy theories and anti-Semitic sentiment to this day. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| protocols of zion: Pogrom: Kishinev and the Tilt of History Steven J. Zipperstein, 2018-03-27 Finalist for the National Jewish Book Award (History) Named one of the Best Books of the Year by the Economist and the East Hampton Star Shortlisted for the Mark Lynton History Prize Separating historical fact from fantasy, an acclaimed historian retells the story of Kishinev, a riot that transformed the course of twentieth-century Jewish history. So shattering were the aftereffects of Kishinev, the rampage that broke out in late-Tsarist Russia in April 1903, that one historian remarked that it was “nothing less than a prototype for the Holocaust itself.” In three days of violence, 49 Jews were killed and 600 raped or wounded, while more than 1,000 Jewish-owned houses and stores were ransacked and destroyed. Recounted in lurid detail by newspapers throughout the Western world, and covered sensationally by America’s Hearst press, the pre-Easter attacks seized the imagination of an international public, quickly becoming the prototype for what would become known as a “pogrom,” and providing the impetus for efforts as varied as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and the NAACP. Using new evidence culled from Russia, Israel, and Europe, distinguished historian Steven J. Zipperstein’s wide-ranging book brings historical insight and clarity to a much-misunderstood event that would do so much to transform twentieth-century Jewish life and beyond. |
| protocols of zion: The Myth of the Jewish Menace in World Affairs Lucien Wolf, 2018-10-25 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| protocols of zion: The Protocols Of The Meetings Of The Learned Elders Of Zions Victor E. Marsden, 2017 |
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion - Wikipedia
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion [b] [c] is a fabricated text purporting to detail a Jewish plot for global domination.Largely plagiarized from several earlier sources, it was first published in Imperial Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century. It played a key part in popularizing belief in an international ...
Protocols of the Elders of Zion | Summary & Facts | Britannica
Oct 25, 2024 · Protocols of the Elders of Zion, fraudulent document that served as a pretext and rationale for anti-Semitism mainly in the early 20th century. Investigations found that the document was a forgery compounded by officials of the …
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion - Simple English Wikipedia, the ...
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was promoted by the Russian Empire to make the Bolsheviks look bad by equating them with Jews, who were accused of being a horrible group seeking the Empire's downfall.
The Conspiracy Theory to Rule Them All
Aug 25, 2020 · The message of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is straightforward, and terrifying: The rise of liberalism had provided Jews with the tools to destroy institutions—the nobility, the church...
Protocols of the Elders of Zion - My Jewish Learning
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is an anti-Semitic pamphlet published in Russia at the end of the 19th century. It purports to be the minutes of meetings held secretly by Jewish wise men plotting to control the world.
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion - Red Press - The University of ...
The Protocols resurfaced in 1917 and quickly spread across the globe, fueling anti-Semitic and anti-Bolshevik fervor. Their authenticity was challenged in public trials, most notably in Berne in 1934-1935.
The Conspiracy Theory to Rule Them All - Steven Zipperstein
Aug 25, 2020 · The message of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is straightforward, and terrifying: The rise of liberalism had provided Jews with the tools to destroy institutions—the nobility, the church, the sanctity of marriage—whole.
Believing in “Inner Truth”: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in …
Aug 5, 2015 · The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a forgery of remarkable attraction for antisemites. 1 Its astonishing contents also draw the attention of those who find it absurd and repellent—and who sometimes take it more seriously than do antisemites.
Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion - Encyclopedia.com
Jun 27, 2018 · PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OF ZION. One of the world's most notorious antisemitic documents, crafted at the end of the nineteenth century by the Tsarist Russian secret police, the Okhrana.
A Dangerous Lie: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
First published in Russia in 1905, the book is composed of 24 chapters—protocols—that describe the alleged “secret plans” of Jews to rule the world by manipulating the economy, controlling the media, and fostering religious conflict.
The Protocols Of Zion Pdf - molly.polycount.com
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion didn't spring forth spontaneously. Its origins are shrouded in controversy and deception. It's widely accepted that the text is a fabrication, heavily …
The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion (PDF) - lalca2018.iaslc.org
Protocols of the Elders of Zion - My Jewish Learning The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is an anti-Semitic pamphlet published in Russia at the end of the 19th century. It purports to be the …
Curriculum Vitae RICHARD A. LANDES - Boston University
3 PUBLICATIONS Books: 1) The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred Year Retrospective on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, ed. Stephen Katz and Richard Landes (NYU Press, NY, in …
Fact Sheet on the Elements of Anti-Semitic Discourse - UN …
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fraudulent document purporting to record a Jewish plan for world domination, has influenced count-less ideas about supposed Jewish global conspiracies …
Handout: Voices in the Dark - Facing History and Ourselves
In fact, the Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a forgery; Russian secret police wrote it in the early 1900s to incite hatred against Jews. 1 Henry Buxbaum, “Recollections,” in Jewish Life in …
NATURE OF ZIONISM & PROTOCOLS OF LEARNED ELDERS …
direction and that was ‘The Protocols of Learned Elders of Zion’ prepared by grade 33 representatives to ‘technically’ control the gentiles (non-Jews). In the current world scenario, to …
ONLINE TEACHER RESOURCES - NC DPI
North Carolina Council on the Holocaust (NCDPI) updated July 2018 3 Nuremberg Laws of 1935
ON SYMBOLIC ANTISEMITISM MOTIVES FOR THE …
2 Rotem Kowner Protocols grew, and when Japanese antisemitism languished, so did interest in the book.While the history of the Protocols in Japan is absorbing, the issue at stake, at least …
The Resilience of Antisemitism - ADL
police, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (or The Protocols of the Elders of Zion) has taken root in bigoted and uneducated minds around the world. The booklet’s twenty-four …
Antisemitic Tropes Chart - Facing History and Ourselves
The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, which claimed to document the secret meeting of powerful Jews who were : conspiring to take over the world. A meeting like ... The Protocols …
Checking in on fossil sites: Advancing monitoring protocols …
New monitoring protocols were tested at the Copper Canyon ichnofossil locality in Death Valley National Park (DEVA) to address the highlighted management challenges. ... monitoring, …
Public Law 108–332 108th Congress An Act - House
known as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The Protocols have been used throughout the last century by despots such as Adolf Hitler to justify violence against Jews. (5) In November 2003, …
The Controversy of Zion
The Controversy of Zion 1 A Preface by Ivor Benson The Author: In Europe during the years immediately before and after World War II the name of Douglas Reed was on everyone’s lips; …
THE ELDERS OF ZION AND THE MASTERS OF DISCOURSE
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around the world for simply being Jews. - Vermont
Apr 26, 2024 · which echoed the same language, tropes, and propaganda as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the Dreyfus Affair, and the rumors Hitler spread about the Jews leading up to …
David Redles, PhD Associate Professor, History - Cuyahoga …
Oct 1, 2013 · The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-Year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (New York University Press, 2011) The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism …
Addressing Anti-Semitic Stereotypes and Prejudice 3
6 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a forged anti-Semitic text which purports to describe a Jewish plan for global domination. It was first published in Russia in 1903 and exposed as …
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe has led to a - JSTOR
Jews. For example, in Russia, Pamyat peddles the Protocols of the Elders of Zion as proof of the world Jewish conspiracy to strangle the economies of the lands of the former Soviet Union. In …
ZION NATIONAL PARK UTAH - NPS
Zion National Park (ZNP) displays important and diverse geologic, biological, cultural, and wilderness ... standards, monitoring approaches and protocols, and methods for modifying the …
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO
A LIE AND A LIBEL: THE HISTORY OF THE PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OF ZION (U. of Nebraska Press, 1995), pp. 148 + xv . ANTISEMITISM IN THE MODERN WORLD. …
COMMENT AND CORRESPONDENCE 641 - JSTOR
Protocols presented a view of the Jew as a unique entity, existing outside history, a concept that has much in common with the Zionist ideology. This article now constitutes the entry under …
Case II: The Six-Day War, 1967 - JSTOR
16 A Surprise Out of Zion? United States for situations which arise as the result of actions on which we are not consulted.”1 From the outset of the 1967 crisis, an unmistakable message …
BETWEEN THE OLD AND THE NEW: THE PROTOCOLS OF THE …
infamous Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which appeared under dif-ferent and more innocuous sounding titles. One such specimen, Zionism - Its Ideological Roots and Effect on Polish …
BACKGROUND ON HAMAS - ADL
May 13, 2013 · Protocols of the Elders of Zion charging Jews with an international conspiracy to gain control of the world. In Hamas’ world-view, Islamic precepts forbid a Jewish state in the …
The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion - gestao.formosa.go.gov.br
The Protocols ,2016-05-12 The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion the most notorious and most successful work of modern anti Semitism The Protocols of the Elders of Zion or The …
TWENTY-FIRST ANTISEMITISM AND ITS ORIGINS - Case …
Protocols of the Elders of Zion --Precursor •Jacob Brafman, a Russian Jew had a falling out with Minsk. kahal. tax-agents. In revenge, he converted to Lutheranism and later Greek Orthodoxy …
Confronting Antisemitism in America: Louis Marshall and …
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion had recently surfaced in the United States, broadcasting its paranoid fantasy of a Jewish cabal orchestrating international banking, Bolshevism, and …
Japanese Experts on Jews, Judaism, and Zionism - JSTOR
Protocols of the Elders of Zion for the first time, and was impressed with the “authenticity” of this forged document. While Inuzuka never served in Siberia, Yasue did and used his Russian …
The Protocols Of The Learned Elders Of Zion - Portal Expresso
Sep 13, 2023 · The Protocols of Zion in Context Kerry Raymond Bolton,2003 If you ally need such a referred The Protocols Of The Learned Elders Of Zion books that will allow you worth, …
The Global Impact Of The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion A …
THE PROTOCOLS OF THE LEARNED ELDERS OF ZION The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, first published in Russia in 1903, is a notorious work of forgery containing many …
Contemporary Global anti-SemitiSm - United States …
screeds, such as The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion and Mein Kampf, remain common-place. Jews continue to be accused of blood libel, dual loyalty, and undue influence on …
Mark Weitzman
Mar 22, 2017 · Dismantling the Big Lie: the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which he co-authored with Steven L. Jacobs, the first full refutation of the infamous Protocols, was published in 2003 …
The Non-Existent Manuscript Protocols - JSTOR
work) as on the text of the Protocols itself. He asserts: “I wish to con-sider the sole element that cannot lie: the text itself, its linguistic nature and the modalities of tradition” (2). While this is …
3.7.1 Illuminati 1830 to Present - Oral Roberts University
developed in much more detail by The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (―The men who conceived the diabolical conspiracy as laid out in the Protocols were not atheists: they were …
Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural ...
of Venice and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The latter is a fabricated story documenting a conspiracy by the Jews to take over the world in order to install a Jewish despot. According to …
The Jews Who Wrote the Protocols of the Learned Elders of …
Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion Emerging from deep secrecy, portions of the Protocols Of The Learned Elders Of Zion were brought to light in the late 19th Century in France. It is a …
Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion - Portal Expresso
The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion -The Great in the Small & Antichrist Sergei Nilus,Victor Marsden,2014-09-23 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion or The Protocols of the …
protocols of the learned elders of zion - Christians for Truth
Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion. These Protocols give the substance of addresses delivered to the innermost circle of the Rul¬ ers of Zion. They reveal the concerted plan of …
The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion - Internet Archive
Of the Protocols themselves little need be said in the way of introduction. The book in which they are embodied was published by Sergyei Nilus in Russia in 1905. A copy of this is in the British …
“Jews and Jesuits will move heaven and hell against you.”
The Protocols of the Sages of Zion has had many editions and, therefore, several editors but the consensus of scholarly opinion had been that it was composed in Paris around 1897-1899 by …
POLITICAL - SOVIET-ARAB COLLABORATION SOCIOLOGICAL
During the Prague trial, a modern version of the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion was created to support the diplomatic offensive of the USSR by more obvious means and to exert …
Fact Sheet on the Elements of Anti-Semitic Discourse
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fraudulent document purporting to record a Jewish plan for world domination, has influenced count-less ideas about supposed Jewish global conspiracies …
Protocols Of Elders Of Zion (book)
Protocols Of Elders Of Zion The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion Sergei Nilus,Victor Emile Marsden,2019-02-26 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is almost certainly fiction but its …
Pamela S. Nadell November 8, 2023 - House
Nov 8, 2023 · publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and the series The International Jew—The World’s Foremost Problem, which first appeared in the Dearborn Independent, a …
The Learned Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion [PDF]
The Learned Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion and Bestseller Lists 5. Accessing The Learned Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion Free and Paid eBooks The Learned Protocols Of The Elders …
Anti-Semitism and the Situation in the Middle East 10
7 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a forged anti-Semitic text which purports to describe a Jewish plan for global domination. It was first published in Russia in 1903 and exposed as …
The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion Full PDF
The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion ,1900* The Protocols ,2016-05-12 The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion the most notorious and most successful work of modern anti …
The Protocols of Zion - Internet Archive
The Protocols of Zion in Modern English The original translation is here A one page summary… Goyim are mentally inferior to Jews and can’t run their nations properly. For their sake and …
