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Phylogenetic Trees Pogil Answers: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Evolutionary Relationships
Are you struggling to decipher the complexities of phylogenetic trees? Feeling lost in a sea of branches and nodes? This comprehensive guide provides detailed answers and explanations to common phylogenetic trees POGIL (Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning) activities, equipping you with the knowledge and skills to confidently analyze evolutionary relationships. We'll break down the key concepts, offering clear explanations and practical examples to help you master this crucial aspect of biology. This post covers everything from basic terminology to advanced interpretation techniques, ensuring you can tackle any phylogenetic tree challenge with confidence.
Understanding Phylogenetic Trees: The Basics
Before diving into specific POGIL activities, let's establish a solid foundation. Phylogenetic trees, also known as evolutionary trees, are branching diagrams that visually represent the evolutionary relationships among different biological species or groups. These trees are constructed using various data, including morphological characteristics, genetic sequences, and fossil evidence.
Key Terminology:
Root: The common ancestor of all organisms in the tree.
Branches: Represent evolutionary lineages.
Nodes: Points where branches diverge, indicating speciation events (the formation of new and distinct species).
Tips (or Terminal Nodes): Represent the extant (currently living) species or groups.
Clade: A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants. This is also known as a monophyletic group.
Deciphering Common Phylogenetic Tree POGIL Activities
POGIL activities often focus on interpreting existing phylogenetic trees or constructing trees based on provided data. Let's explore some common scenarios and how to approach them:
Activity 1: Interpreting Branch Lengths
Many POGIL exercises utilize branch lengths to represent evolutionary time or genetic distance. Longer branches indicate either a longer evolutionary time since divergence or a greater genetic difference between species. Understanding this is crucial for accurately interpreting the relationships shown.
#### Example:
A POGIL might present a tree where Species A and B have a short branch connecting them, while Species C is connected by a longer branch. This suggests A and B are more closely related and diverged more recently than C.
Activity 2: Identifying Clades and Common Ancestors
Identifying clades is a frequent task in POGIL activities. Remember, a clade must include the ancestor and all its descendants. Incorrectly identifying a group as a clade can significantly misrepresent evolutionary relationships.
#### Example:
A POGIL question might ask you to identify all the clades within a given tree. You need to carefully examine each branch point to ensure you include all descendants of a common ancestor within each clade you identify.
Activity 3: Constructing Phylogenetic Trees from Data
Some POGILs require you to build a phylogenetic tree based on provided data, such as morphological characteristics or genetic sequences. This involves using techniques like parsimony (choosing the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary changes) or more sophisticated methods implemented by specialized software.
#### Example:
You might be given a table showing the presence or absence of specific traits in different species. You would then use this data to construct a tree that best reflects the evolutionary relationships, minimizing the number of times a trait evolves or is lost.
Activity 4: Understanding Outgroups
An outgroup is a species or group that is closely related to the ingroup (the species being studied) but is known to have diverged earlier. Outgroups help root the tree and determine the direction of evolutionary changes. POGIL activities often emphasize the importance of outgroups in accurately interpreting phylogenetic relationships.
Advanced Concepts Addressed in Phylogenetic Tree POGILs
Some more advanced POGILs may touch upon topics like:
Homologous vs. Analogous Traits: Understanding the difference between shared ancestry (homology) and convergent evolution (analogy) is crucial for accurate tree construction.
Molecular Clocks: These methods use the rate of molecular change to estimate divergence times.
Phylogenetic Software: Understanding how to utilize software packages to construct and analyze phylogenetic trees is an important skill for advanced studies.
Conclusion
Mastering phylogenetic trees is fundamental to understanding evolutionary biology. By carefully examining the provided data, correctly identifying clades, and understanding branch lengths, you can confidently interpret and construct these vital diagrams. This guide has aimed to equip you with the tools to tackle any phylogenetic trees POGIL activity with confidence. Remember to practice regularly, and don't hesitate to consult additional resources if needed.
FAQs
1. What if my POGIL answers differ from the provided key? Carefully re-examine the data and the reasoning behind your choices. If you still disagree, consult with your instructor or a classmate for clarification. Sometimes, multiple interpretations are possible.
2. Are there specific software programs recommended for constructing phylogenetic trees? Yes, popular options include MEGA X, PhyML, and MrBayes. These programs offer various analytical methods beyond the scope of basic POGIL exercises.
3. How do I determine which traits are most informative for phylogenetic analysis? Traits that show significant variation among the species under study and exhibit a clear pattern of inheritance are the most informative. Avoid using traits that are highly variable or show convergence.
4. What are the limitations of phylogenetic trees? Phylogenetic trees are hypotheses, not definitive statements of evolutionary history. They are constantly being revised as new data become available. Moreover, the methods used for tree construction can influence the resulting tree topology.
5. Where can I find more practice problems on phylogenetic trees? Many online resources, textbooks, and supplemental websites offer practice exercises. Searching for "phylogenetic tree practice problems" will yield numerous results.
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogeny Mike Steel, 2016-09-29 Phylogenetics is a topical and growing area of research. Phylogenies (phylogenetic trees and networks) allow biologists to study and graph evolutionary relationships between different species. These are also used to investigate other evolutionary processes?for example, how languages developed or how different strains of a virus (such as HIV or influenza) are related to each other. This self-contained book addresses the underlying mathematical theory behind the reconstruction and analysis of phylogenies. The theory is grounded in classical concepts from discrete mathematics and probability theory as well as techniques from other branches of mathematics (algebra, topology, differential equations). The biological relevance of the results is highlighted throughout. The author supplies proofs of key classical theorems and includes results not covered in existing books, emphasizes relevant mathematical results derived over the past 20 years, and provides numerous exercises, examples, and figures. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Tree Thinking: An Introduction to Phylogenetic Biology David A. Baum, Stacey D. Smith, 2012-08-10 Baum and Smith, both professors evolutionary biology and researchers in the field of systematics, present this highly accessible introduction to phylogenetics and its importance in modern biology. Ever since Darwin, the evolutionary histories of organisms have been portrayed in the form of branching trees or “phylogenies.” However, the broad significance of the phylogenetic trees has come to be appreciated only quite recently. Phylogenetics has myriad applications in biology, from discovering the features present in ancestral organisms, to finding the sources of invasive species and infectious diseases, to identifying our closest living (and extinct) hominid relatives. Taking a conceptual approach, Tree Thinking introduces readers to the interpretation of phylogenetic trees, how these trees can be reconstructed, and how they can be used to answer biological questions. Examples and vivid metaphors are incorporated throughout, and each chapter concludes with a set of problems, valuable for both students and teachers. Tree Thinking is must-have textbook for any student seeking a solid foundation in this fundamental area of evolutionary biology. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetic Trees Made Easy Barry G. Hall, 2008 Barry G. Hall helps beginners get started in creating phylogenetic trees from protein or nucleic acid sequence data. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Reconstructing the Tree of Life Trevor R. Hodkinson, John A.N. Parnell, 2006-12-26 To document the world's diversity of species and reconstruct the tree of life we need to undertake some simple but mountainous tasks. Most importantly, we need to tackle species rich groups. We need to collect, name, and classify them, and then position them on the tree of life. We need to do this systematically across all groups of organisms and b |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetics E. O. Wiley, Bruce S. Lieberman, 2011-10-11 The long-awaited revision of the industry standard on phylogenetics Since the publication of the first edition of this landmark volume more than twenty-five years ago, phylogenetic systematics has taken its place as the dominant paradigm of systematic biology. It has profoundly influenced the way scientists study evolution, and has seen many theoretical and technical advances as the field has continued to grow. It goes almost without saying that the next twenty-five years of phylogenetic research will prove as fascinating as the first, with many exciting developments yet to come. This new edition of Phylogenetics captures the very essence of this rapidly evolving discipline. Written for the practicing systematist and phylogeneticist, it addresses both the philosophical and technical issues of the field, as well as surveys general practices in taxonomy. Major sections of the book deal with the nature of species and higher taxa, homology and characters, trees and tree graphs, and biogeography—the purpose being to develop biologically relevant species, character, tree, and biogeographic concepts that can be applied fruitfully to phylogenetics. The book then turns its focus to phylogenetic trees, including an in-depth guide to tree-building algorithms. Additional coverage includes: Parsimony and parsimony analysis Parametric phylogenetics including maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches Phylogenetic classification Critiques of evolutionary taxonomy, phenetics, and transformed cladistics Specimen selection, field collecting, and curating Systematic publication and the rules of nomenclature Providing a thorough synthesis of the field, this important update to Phylogenetics is essential for students and researchers in the areas of evolutionary biology, molecular evolution, genetics and evolutionary genetics, paleontology, physical anthropology, and zoology. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Biology Workbook For Dummies Rene Fester Kratz, 2012-05-08 From genetics to ecology — the easy way to score higher in biology Are you a student baffled by biology? You're not alone. With the help of Biology Workbook For Dummies you'll quickly and painlessly get a grip on complex biology concepts and unlock the mysteries of this fascinating and ever-evolving field of study. Whether used as a complement to Biology For Dummies or on its own, Biology Workbook For Dummies aids you in grasping the fundamental aspects of Biology. In plain English, it helps you understand the concepts you'll come across in your biology class, such as physiology, ecology, evolution, genetics, cell biology, and more. Throughout the book, you get plenty of practice exercises to reinforce learning and help you on your goal of scoring higher in biology. Grasp the fundamental concepts of biology Step-by-step answer sets clearly identify where you went wrong (or right) with a problem Hundreds of study questions and exercises give you the skills and confidence to ace your biology course If you're intimidated by biology, utilize the friendly, hands-on information and activities in Biology Workbook For Dummies to build your skills in and out of the science lab. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetic Supertrees O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, 2004-08-25 This is the first book on phylogenetic supertrees, a recent, but controversial development for inferring evolutionary trees. Rather than analyze the combined primary character data directly, supertree construction proceeds by combining the tree topologies derived from those data. This difference in strategy has allowed for the exciting possibility of larger, more complete phylogenies than are otherwise currently possible, with the potential to revolutionize evolutionarily-based research. This book provides a comprehensive look at supertrees, ranging from the methods used to build supertrees to the significance of supertrees to bioinformatic and biological research. Reviews of many the major supertree methods are provided and four new techniques, including a Bayesian implementation of supertrees, are described for the first time. The far-reaching impact of supertrees on biological research is highlighted both in general terms and through specific examples from diverse clades such as flowering plants, even-toed ungulates, and primates. The book also critically examines the many outstanding challenges and problem areas for this relatively new field, showing the way for supertree construction in the age of genomics. Interdisciplinary contributions from the majority of the leading authorities on supertree construction in all areas of the bioinformatic community (biology, computer sciences, and mathematics) will ensure that this book is a valuable reference with wide appeal to anyone interested in phylogenetic inference. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: The Phylogenetic Handbook Marco Salemi, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, 2003-08-27 Sample Text |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: The Phylogenetic Handbook Marco Salemi, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, Philippe Lemey, 2009-03-26 A broad, hands on guide with detailed explanations of current methodology, relevant exercises and popular software tools. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Preparing for the Biology AP Exam Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Fred W. Holtzclaw, Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw, 2009-11-03 Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw bring over 40 years of AP Biology teaching experience to this student manual. Drawing on their rich experience as readers and faculty consultants to the College Board and their participation on the AP Test Development Committee, the Holtzclaws have designed their resource to help your students prepare for the AP Exam. Completely revised to match the new 8th edition of Biology by Campbell and Reece. New Must Know sections in each chapter focus student attention on major concepts. Study tips, information organization ideas and misconception warnings are interwoven throughout. New section reviewing the 12 required AP labs. Sample practice exams. The secret to success on the AP Biology exam is to understand what you must know and these experienced AP teachers will guide your students toward top scores! |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetic Trees and Molecular Evolution David R. Bickel, 2022-09-29 This book serves as a brief introduction to phylogenetic trees and molecular evolution for biologists and biology students. It does so by presenting the main concepts in a variety of ways: first visually, then in a history, next in a dice game, and finally in simple equations. The content is primarily designed to introduce upper-level undergraduate and graduate students of biology to phylogenetic tree reconstruction and the underlying models of molecular evolution. A unique feature also of interest to experienced researchers is the emphasis on simple ways to quantify the uncertainty in the results more fully than is possible with standard methods. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree Jonathan B. Losos, 2011-02-09 In a book both beautifully illustrated and deeply informative, Jonathan Losos, a leader in evolutionary ecology, celebrates and analyzes the diversity of the natural world that the fascinating anoline lizards epitomize. Readers who are drawn to nature by its beauty or its intellectual challenges—or both—will find his book rewarding.—Douglas J. Futuyma, State University of New York, Stony Brook This book is destined to become a classic. It is scholarly, informative, stimulating, and highly readable, and will inspire a generation of students.—Peter R. Grant, author of How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's Finches Anoline lizards experienced a spectacular adaptive radiation in the dynamic landscape of the Caribbean islands. The radiation has extended over a long period of time and has featured separate radiations on the larger islands. Losos, the leading active student of these lizards, presents an integrated and synthetic overview, summarizing the enormous and multidimensional research literature. This engaging book makes a wonderful example of an adaptive radiation accessible to all, and the lavish illustrations, especially the photographs, make the anoles come alive in one's mind.—David Wake, University of California, Berkeley This magnificent book is a celebration and synthesis of one of the most eventful adaptive radiations known. With disarming prose and personal narrative Jonathan Losos shows how an obsession, beginning at age ten, became a methodology and a research plan that, together with studies by colleagues and predecessors, culminated in many of the principles we now regard as true about the origins and maintenance of biodiversity. This work combines rigorous analysis and glorious natural history in a unique volume that stands with books by the Grants on Darwin's finches among the most informed and engaging accounts ever written on the evolution of a group of organisms in nature.—Dolph Schluter, author of The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Eco-evolutionary Dynamics Andrew P. Hendry, 2020-06-09 In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter than the 'long lapse of ages' emphasized by Darwin - in fact, evolutionary change is occurring all around us all the time. This work provides an authoritative and accessible introduction to eco-evolutionary dynamics, a cutting-edge new field that seeks to unify evolution and ecology into a common conceptual framework focusing on rapid and dynamic environmental and evolutionary change. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: The Beak of the Finch Jonathan Weiner, 2014-05-14 PULITZER PRIZE WINNER • A dramatic story of groundbreaking scientific research of Darwin's discovery of evolution that spark[s] not just the intellect, but the imagination (Washington Post Book World). “Admirable and much-needed.... Weiner’s triumph is to reveal how evolution and science work, and to let them speak clearly for themselves.”—The New York Times Book Review On a desert island in the heart of the Galapagos archipelago, where Darwin received his first inklings of the theory of evolution, two scientists, Peter and Rosemary Grant, have spent twenty years proving that Darwin did not know the strength of his own theory. For among the finches of Daphne Major, natural selection is neither rare nor slow: it is taking place by the hour, and we can watch. In this remarkable story, Jonathan Weiner follows these scientists as they watch Darwin's finches and come up with a new understanding of life itself. The Beak of the Finch is an elegantly written and compelling masterpiece of theory and explication in the tradition of Stephen Jay Gould. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Maximum Likelihood Methods in Molecular Phylogenetics Korbinian Sebastian Strimmer, 1997 |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Mathematics of Evolution and Phylogeny Olivier Gascuel, 2005-02-24 Table of contents |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: MacClade Wayne P. Maddison, David R. Maddison, 1992 MacClade is a computer program for graphic and interactive analysis of phylogeny and character evolution for Apple Macintosh computers. It displays a cladogram and paints the branches to indicate reconstructed character evolution. The user can manipulate cladograms on screen as MacClade gives diagnostic feedback. Systematics and other evolutionary biologists can use its flexible and analytical tools to examine phylogenies or interpret character evolution in a phylogenetic context, yet its ease of use should allow students to grasp phylogenetic principles in an interactive environment. This is the user's manual. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: From Observations to Optimal Phylogenetic Trees Pablo A. Goloboff, 2022-07-22 Taxonomists specializing in different groups once based phylogenetic analysis only on morphological data; molecular data was used more rarely. Although molecular systematics is routine today, the use of morphological data continues to be important, especially for phylogenetic placement of many taxa known only from fossils and rare or difficult to collect species. In addition, morphological analyses help identify potential biases in molecular analyses. And finally, scenarios with respect to morphology continue to motivate biologists: the beauty of a cheetah or a baobab does not lie in their DNA sequence, but instead on what they are and do! This book is an up-to-date revision of methods and principles of phylogenetic analysis of morphological data. It is also a general guide for using the computer program TNT in the analysis of such data. The book covers the main aspects of phylogenetic analysis and general methods to compare classifications derived from molecules and morphology. The basic aspects of molecular analysis are covered only as needed to highlight the differences with methods and assumptions for analysis of morphological datasets. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Discipline-Based Education Research National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Science Education, Committee on the Status, Contributions, and Future Directions of Discipline-Based Education Research, 2012-08-27 The National Science Foundation funded a synthesis study on the status, contributions, and future direction of discipline-based education research (DBER) in physics, biological sciences, geosciences, and chemistry. DBER combines knowledge of teaching and learning with deep knowledge of discipline-specific science content. It describes the discipline-specific difficulties learners face and the specialized intellectual and instructional resources that can facilitate student understanding. Discipline-Based Education Research is based on a 30-month study built on two workshops held in 2008 to explore evidence on promising practices in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. This book asks questions that are essential to advancing DBER and broadening its impact on undergraduate science teaching and learning. The book provides empirical research on undergraduate teaching and learning in the sciences, explores the extent to which this research currently influences undergraduate instruction, and identifies the intellectual and material resources required to further develop DBER. Discipline-Based Education Research provides guidance for future DBER research. In addition, the findings and recommendations of this report may invite, if not assist, post-secondary institutions to increase interest and research activity in DBER and improve its quality and usefulness across all natural science disciples, as well as guide instruction and assessment across natural science courses to improve student learning. The book brings greater focus to issues of student attrition in the natural sciences that are related to the quality of instruction. Discipline-Based Education Research will be of interest to educators, policy makers, researchers, scholars, decision makers in universities, government agencies, curriculum developers, research sponsors, and education advocacy groups. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetic Analysis of DNA Sequences Michael M. Miyamoto, Joel Cracraft, 1991 With increasing frequency, systematic and evolutionary biologists have turned to the techniques of molecular biology to complement their traditional morphological and anatomical approaches to questions of historical relationship and descent among groups of animals and plants. In particular, the comparative analysis of DNA sequences is becoming a common and important focus of research attention today. This volume surveys the emerging field of molecular systematics of DNA sequences by focusing on the following topics: DNA sequence data acquisition; phylogenetic inference; congruence and consensus problems; limitations of molecular data; and integration of molecular and morphological data sets. The volume takes its inspiration from a major symposium sponsored by the American Society of Zoologists and the Society of Systematic Zoology in December, 1989. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R Emmanuel Paradis, 2011-11-06 The increasing availability of molecular and genetic databases coupled with the growing power of computers gives biologists opportunities to address new issues, such as the patterns of molecular evolution, and re-assess old ones, such as the role of adaptation in species diversification. In the second edition, the book continues to integrate a wide variety of data analysis methods into a single and flexible interface: the R language. This open source language is available for a wide range of computer systems and has been adopted as a computational environment by many authors of statistical software. Adopting R as a main tool for phylogenetic analyses will ease the workflow in biologists' data analyses, ensure greater scientific repeatability, and enhance the exchange of ideas and methodological developments. The second edition is completed updated, covering the full gamut of R packages for this area that have been introduced to the market since its previous publication five years ago. There is also a new chapter on the simulation of evolutionary data. Graduate students and researchers in evolutionary biology can use this book as a reference for data analyses, whereas researchers in bioinformatics interested in evolutionary analyses will learn how to implement these methods in R. The book starts with a presentation of different R packages and gives a short introduction to R for phylogeneticists unfamiliar with this language. The basic phylogenetic topics are covered: manipulation of phylogenetic data, phylogeny estimation, tree drawing, phylogenetic comparative methods, and estimation of ancestral characters. The chapter on tree drawing uses R's powerful graphical environment. A section deals with the analysis of diversification with phylogenies, one of the author's favorite research topics. The last chapter is devoted to the development of phylogenetic methods with R and interfaces with other languages (C and C++). Some exercises conclude these chapters. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetics E. O. Wiley, 1981-08-10 Presents a clear, simple and comprehensive overview of the phylogenetic approach to systematics, which has two major goals: reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among organisms and integrating the results into general reference classifications. Shows how the results of systematic research can be applied to studying the pattern and processes of evolution. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Foundations of Phylogenetic Systematics Johann Wolfgang Wägele, 2005 Phylogeny inference and the classification of organisms are indispensable for all fields of biology. On the basis of a well corroborated tree of life it is possible to understand the evolution of structure and function, of genomes, of gene families, of cascades of developmental genes, and the origin of genes of medical importance. Ecologists need a stable classification of organisms to identify organisms, to find their correct names and thus further information on relevant species. This book offers an introduction to the theory of Phylogenetic Systematics and is a companion for all biologists who want to analyze morphological or molecular data with classical methods or with modern computer programs. The first part of the book explains the epistemological basis that is independent of the type of method used to construct phylogenetic trees. Unlike other empirical sciences, the estimation of data quality in phylogenetics is still little developed and very often neglected. Here a theoretical basis is presented that enables the systematist to assess critically and objectively the quality of different data sets and to make statements on the plausibility of results. This requires a conception of the notions of information content, probability of homology, probability of cognition, probability of events, the principle of parsimony, the differentiation of phenomenological and modelling methods. Willi Hennig's original method is compared with modern numerical systematics and an updated Hennigian procedure of data analysis is discussed. The difference between phenetic and phylogenetic cladistics is explained. Popular tools for data evaluation implemented in computer programs are explained including their axiomatic assumptions, sources of error and possible applications. For the more common tools the mathematical background is explained in a simple, easy-to-understand way.Johann-Wolfgang Wagele was until recently head of the Department for Animal Systematics (Lehrstuhl fur Spezielle Zoologie) at the University of Bochum and is now director of the Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn (Germany). His main research interests are the taxonomy, phylogeny and biodiversity of Isopoda, which implies observations of life history, biogeography and ecology in combination with phylogeny inference. Further subjects include arthropod phylogeny and tools for explorative data analyses. The author is president of the Gesellschaft fur Biologische Systematik, a Central European society of systematists, and he is actively promoting biodiversity research. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: On the Origin of Species Illustrated Charles Darwin, 2020-12-04 On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),[3] published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.[4] Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or, The Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life Charles Darwin, 1896 |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Principles of Biology Lisa Bartee, Walter Shiner, Catherine Creech, 2017 The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines. Laboratories and classroom activities introduce techniques used to study biological processes and provide opportunities for students to develop their ability to conduct research. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Tangled Trees Roderic D. M. Page, 2003 In recent years, the use of molecular data to build phylogenetic trees and sophisticated computer-aided techniques to analyze them have led to a revolution in the study of cospeciation. Tangled Trees provides an up-to-date review and synthesis of current knowledge about phylogeny, cospeciation, and coevolution. The opening chapters present various methodological and theoretical approaches, ranging from the well-known parsimony approach to jungles and Bayesian statistical models. Then a series of empirical chapters discusses detailed studies of cospeciation involving vertebrate hosts and their parasites, including nematodes, viruses, and lice. Tangled Trees will be welcomed by researchers in a wide variety of fields, from parasitology and ecology to systematics and evolutionary biology. Contributors: Sarah Al-Tamimi, Michael A. Charleston, Dale H. Clayton, James W. Demastes, Russell D. Gray, Mark S. Hafner, John P. Huelsenbeck, J.-P. Hugot, Kevin P. Johnson, Peter Kabat, Bret Larget, Joanne Martin, Yannis Michalakis, Roderic D. M. Page, Ricardo L. Palma, Adrian M. Paterson, Susan L. Perkins, Andy Purvis, Bruce Rannala, David L. Reed, Fredrik Ronquist, Theresa A. Spradling, Jason Taylor, Michael Tristem |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Reaching Students Nancy Kober, National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science Education, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, 2015 Reaching Students presents the best thinking to date on teaching and learning undergraduate science and engineering. Focusing on the disciplines of astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, geosciences, and physics, this book is an introduction to strategies to try in your classroom or institution. Concrete examples and case studies illustrate how experienced instructors and leaders have applied evidence-based approaches to address student needs, encouraged the use of effective techniques within a department or an institution, and addressed the challenges that arose along the way.--Provided by publisher. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: New Uses for New Phylogenies Paul H. Harvey, 1996 Recent advances in molecular genetics make the sequencing of genes a straightforward exercise. Comparisons of sequenced genes from different individuals of a species, or from different species, allow the construction of family trees or evolutionary trees which reveal genetic relationships.This volume shows for the first time how those trees, or phylogenies, can be used to answer questions about population dynamics, epidemiology, development, biodiversity, conservation, and the evolution of genetic systems. The techniques for deciding what these new trees can tell us come together ina unified framework so that a common set of methods can be applied, whatever area of biology interests the researcher. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetics and Ecology Paul Eggleton, Richard I. Vane-Wright, Linnean Society of London, 1994-11-10 The relationship between systematics and ecology has recently been invigorated, and developed a long way from the old field of comparative biology. This change has been two-fold. Advances in phylogenetic research have allowed explicit phylogenetic hypotheses to be constructed for a range of different groups of organisms, and ecologists are now more aware that organism traits are influenced by the interaction of past and present. This volume discusses the impact of these modern phylogenetic methods on ecology, especially those using comparative methods. Although unification of these areas has proved difficult, a number of conclusions can be drawn from the text. These include the need for a working bridge between evolutionary biologists using logic-based cladistic methods and those using probability-based statistical methods, for care in the selection of tree types for comparative studies and for systematists to attempt to analyse ecologically important groups. Comparative ecologists and systematists need to come together to develop these ideas further, but this volume presents a very useful starting point for all those interested in systematics and ecology. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetic Comparative Methods in R Liam J. Revell, Luke J. Harmon, 2022-07-12 An authoritative introduction to the latest comparative methods in evolutionary biology Phylogenetic comparative methods are a suite of statistical approaches that enable biologists to analyze and better understand the evolutionary tree of life, and shed vital new light on patterns of divergence and common ancestry among all species on Earth. This textbook shows how to carry out phylogenetic comparative analyses in the R statistical computing environment. Liam Revell and Luke Harmon provide an incisive conceptual overview of each method along with worked examples using real data and challenge problems that encourage students to learn by doing. By working through this book, students will gain a solid foundation in these methods and develop the skills they need to interpret patterns in the tree of life. Covers every major method of modern phylogenetic comparative analysis in R Explains the basics of R and discusses topics such as trait evolution, diversification, trait-dependent diversification, biogeography, and visualization Features a wealth of exercises and challenge problems Serves as an invaluable resource for students and researchers, with applications in ecology, evolution, anthropology, disease transmission, conservation biology, and a host of other areas Written by two of today’s leading developers of phylogenetic comparative methods |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: The Tree of Life Guillaume Lecointre, Hervé Le Guyader, 2006 Did you know that you are more closely related to a mushroom than to a daisy? That dinosaurs are still among us? That the terms fish and invertebrates do not indicate scientific groupings? All this is the result of major changes in classification. This book diagrams the tree of life according to the most recent methods of this system. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: From Observations to Optimal Phylogenetic Trees Pablo A. Goloboff, 2022 Volume 1. This book outlines the steps in a phylogenetic analysis that follow the generation of most parsimonious trees. In addition, character reliability approaches and methods of analysis for morphometric characters are summarized. The algorithm used throughout the book is TNT, a freely available software package able to summarize and compare multiple trees produced by ambiguous datasets, or analyses of different datasets. Unstable taxa (wildcards or rogues), which may obscure the relationships of the other taxa, are discussed extensively, as well as their identification and handling with several options implemented in TNT-- |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetics Charles Semple, Mike Steel, Both in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics Mike Steel, 2003 'Phylogenetics' is the reconstruction and analysis of phylogenetic (evolutionary) trees and networks based on inherited characteristics. It is a flourishing area of intereaction between mathematics, statistics, computer science and biology.The main role of phylogenetic techniques lies in evolutionary biology, where it is used to infer historical relationships between species. However, the methods are also relevant to a diverse range of fields including epidemiology, ecology, medicine, as well as linguistics and cognitive psychologyThis graduate-level book, based on the authors lectures at The University of Canterbury, New Zealand, focuses on the mathematical aspects of phylogenetics. It brings together the central results of the field (providing proofs of the main theorem), outlines their biological significance,and indicateshow algorithms may be derived. The presentation is self-contained and relies on discrete mathematics with some probability theory. A set of exercises and at least one specialist topic ends each chapter.This book is intended for biologists interested in the mathematical theory behind phylogenetic methods, and for mathematicians, statisticians, and computer scientists eager to learn about this emerging area of discrete mathematics.'Phylogenetics' in the 24th volume in the Oxford Lecture Series in Mathematics and its Applications. This series contains short books suitable for graduate students and researchers who want a well-written account of mathematics that is fundamental to current to research. The series emphasises futuredirections of research and focuses on genuine applications of mathematics to finance, engineering and the physical and biological sciences. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Major Events in the History of Life J. William Schopf, 1992 Major Events in the History of Life, present six chapters that summarize our understanding of crucial events that shaped the development of the earth's environment and the course of biological evolution over some four billion years of geological time. The subjects are covered by acknowledged leaders in their fields span an enormous sweep of biologic history, from the formation of planet Earth and the origin of living systems to our earliest records of human activity. Several chapters present new data and new syntheses, or summarized results of new types of analysis, material not usually available in current college textbooks. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Data Integration, Manipulation and Visualization of Phylogenetic Trees Guangchuang Yu, 2022 Data Integration, Manipulation and Visualization of Phylogenetic Trees introduces and demonstrates data integration, manipulation and visualization of phylogenetic trees using a suite of R packages, tidytree, treeio, ggtree and ggtreeExtra. Using the most comprehensive packages for phylogenetic data integration and visualization, contains numerous examples that can be used for teaching and learning. Ideal for undergraduate readers and researchers with a working knowledge of R and ggplot2. Key Features: Manipulating phylogenetic tree with associated data using tidy verbs Integrating phylogenetic data from diverse sources Visualizing phylogenetic data using grammar of graphics |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Uncovering Student Ideas in Science: 25 formative assessment probes Page Keeley, 2005 V. 1. Physical science assessment probes -- Life, Earth, and space science assessment probes. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Deep Metazoan Phylogeny: The Backbone of the Tree of Life J. Wolfgang Wägele, Thomas Bartolomaeus, 2014-02-27 The growing success of molecular methods has challenged traditional views of animal evolution and a large number of alternative hypotheses are hotly debated today. For the deep metazoan phylogeny project, data sets of hitherto unmatched quality and quantity were compiled and analysed with innovative bioinformatics tools. The book begins at the base of the tree of life to discuss the origin of animals and early branches of the phylogenetic tree. The following section presents special data sets gained from mitochondrial genomes and from morphology, with a focus on nervous systems. The final section is dedicated to theoretical aspects of data analysis and new bioinformatics tools. The book closes with a unique general discussion of all hypotheses contained in previous chapters. This work provides the most comprehensive overview available of the state of the art in this exciting field of evolutionary research. |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Archaea Frank T. Robb, A. R. Place, 1995 |
| phylogenetic trees pogil answers: Phylogenetic Networks Daniel H. Huson, 2010 In the first part of this book we give an introduction to basic concepts from graph theory and systematics (Chapter 1). We briefly discuss the problem of aligning molecular sequences (Chapter 2) and give a more detailed introduction to the computation of phylogenetic trees from aligned sequences and distances (Chapter 3). Finally, we give a brief introduction to the computation of phyloge-netic networks, which also serves as an overview for the material presented in the second and third parts of the book (Chapter 4). Chapters 2 and 3 are provided for the sake of completeness and reference. They can be skipped by readers who have a basic knowledge of phylogenetic -- |
03201701 - Sammons Sci
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