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From Medieval Times to the Early Modern Era: A Journey Through Transformation
Introduction:
The transition from the medieval period to the early modern era wasn't a sudden switch flipped overnight, but a gradual, complex shift spanning centuries. This period, roughly encompassing the 14th to the 18th centuries, witnessed seismic changes in European society, politics, and culture. This blog post will delve into the key aspects of this transformative period, exploring the crucial factors that shaped the world we inhabit today. We'll examine the decline of feudalism, the rise of nation-states, the impact of the Renaissance and the Reformation, and the dawn of scientific revolution, providing a comprehensive overview of this pivotal era in history.
The Crumbling of Medieval Structures: The Late Middle Ages (14th-15th Centuries)
The late Middle Ages witnessed the gradual erosion of the feudal system, a cornerstone of medieval society. Several factors contributed to this decline. The Black Death, a devastating plague that swept across Europe in the mid-14th century, decimated the population, disrupting agricultural production and labor relations. This demographic catastrophe weakened the feudal lords' control, as peasants gained bargaining power in a labor-scarce environment.
The Hundred Years' War and its Consequences
Simultaneously, the Hundred Years' War between England and France (1337-1453) further destabilized the feudal order. Prolonged warfare drained resources, weakened the nobility, and fostered the growth of mercenary armies, independent of traditional feudal loyalties. The war also spurred technological advancements in warfare, such as the widespread use of gunpowder weaponry, which rendered traditional castle defenses less effective.
The Rise of Urban Centers
The late medieval period also saw a resurgence of urban centers. Growing towns and cities became centers of trade, commerce, and intellectual activity, attracting skilled artisans and merchants who challenged the dominance of the landed aristocracy. This burgeoning urban life fostered a more dynamic and diverse society, paving the way for new social and economic structures.
The Dawn of the Early Modern Era (16th-18th Centuries)
The early modern period is characterized by a series of profound transformations. The Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual movement, fostered a renewed interest in classical learning and artistic innovation, challenging the medieval emphasis on religious dogma. This revival of classical thought had a profound impact on art, literature, philosophy, and science.
The Reformation and Religious Change
The Protestant Reformation, initiated by Martin Luther in the early 16th century, shattered the religious unity of Europe. The Reformation challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, leading to religious wars and the rise of new Protestant denominations. This religious upheaval had far-reaching political and social consequences, reshaping the map of Europe and profoundly altering religious beliefs.
The Age of Exploration and Global Trade
The age of exploration, beginning in the 15th century, opened up new trade routes and expanded European influence across the globe. The discovery of the Americas led to the Columbian Exchange, a vast transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World, transforming economies and societies on both sides of the Atlantic. This period also witnessed the rise of mercantilism, an economic system emphasizing state control over trade and colonial expansion.
The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution, which began in the 16th century, marked a significant shift in the understanding of the natural world. Thinkers like Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton challenged traditional views, paving the way for modern science. The emphasis on observation, experimentation, and mathematical reasoning transformed the scientific landscape and had a lasting impact on the development of technology and philosophy.
The Consolidation of Nation-States
The early modern period saw the emergence of powerful nation-states, replacing the decentralized political structures of the medieval era. The development of centralized bureaucracies, standing armies, and national identities consolidated political power, laying the groundwork for modern nation-states. This process was often accompanied by conflict and wars of conquest, as different states competed for dominance.
Conclusion:
The transition from medieval to early modern times represents a period of immense change and upheaval. The decline of feudalism, the rise of nation-states, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Age of Exploration all contributed to a fundamental reshaping of European society, politics, and culture. This era laid the groundwork for the modern world, leaving an indelible mark on the course of human history.
FAQs:
1. What were the main causes of the Black Death? The Black Death was primarily caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, spread through flea bites and other forms of contact. Poor sanitation and overcrowding in medieval cities exacerbated its spread.
2. How did the Renaissance differ from the medieval period? The Renaissance marked a shift from a predominantly religious worldview to one that valued humanism, classical learning, and artistic innovation. It emphasized human potential and earthly achievements, in contrast to the medieval focus on religious piety and salvation.
3. What were the major consequences of the Reformation? The Reformation led to religious wars, the fragmentation of Christendom, the rise of new Protestant denominations, and significant changes in the political landscape of Europe. It also spurred advancements in printing and literacy.
4. How did the Scientific Revolution change our understanding of the world? The Scientific Revolution emphasized observation, experimentation, and mathematical reasoning, leading to significant breakthroughs in astronomy, physics, and other sciences. It challenged traditional beliefs and paved the way for modern scientific methodology.
5. What is mercantilism and how did it affect colonialism? Mercantilism is an economic system that emphasizes state control over trade and the accumulation of wealth through colonial expansion. It fueled European colonialism, as nations sought to control trade routes and resources in their colonies to enhance their own economic power.
| medieval to early modern times: Medieval and Early Modern Times Diane Hart, 2005-06-30 |
| medieval to early modern times: East Meets West in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times Albrecht Classen, 2013-09-03 This new volume explores the surprisingly intense and complex relationships between East and West during the Middle Ages and the early modern world, combining a large number of critical studies representing such diverse fields as literary (German, French, Italian, English, Spanish, and Arabic) and other subdisciplines of history, religion, anthropology, and linguistics. The differences between Islam and Christianity erected strong barriers separating two global cultures, but, as this volume indicates, despite many attempts to 'Other' the opposing side, the premodern world experienced an astonishing degree of contacts, meetings, exchanges, and influences. Scientists, travelers, authors, medical researchers, chroniclers, diplomats, and merchants criss-crossed the East and the West, or studied the sources produced by the other culture for many different reasons. As much as the theoretical concept of 'Orientalism' has been useful in sensitizing us to the fundamental tensions and conflicts separating both worlds at least since the eighteenth century, the premodern world did not quite yet operate in such an ideological framework. Even though the Crusades had violently pitted Christians against Muslims, there were countless contacts and a palpitable curiosity on both sides both before, during, and after those religious warfares. |
| medieval to early modern times: World History Stanley Mayer Burstein, Richard Shek, 2006 Students study the social, cultural, and technological changes that occurred in Europe, Africa, and Asia in the years AD 500-1789. |
| medieval to early modern times: Death in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times Albrecht Classen, 2016-04-11 Death is not only the final moment of life, it also casts a huge shadow on human society at large. People throughout time have had to cope with death as an existential experience, and this also, of course, in the premodern world. The contributors to the present volume examine the material and spiritual conditions of the culture of death, studying specific buildings and spaces, literary works and art objects, theatrical performances, and medical tracts from the early Middle Ages to the late eighteenth century. Death has always evoked fear, terror, and awe, it has puzzled and troubled people, forcing theologians and philosophers to respond and provide answers for questions that seem to evade real explanations. The more we learn about the culture of death, the more we can comprehend the culture of life. As this volume demonstrates, the approaches to death varied widely, also in the Middle Ages and the early modern age. This volume hence adds a significant number of new facets to the critical examination of this ever-present phenomenon of death, exploring poetic responses to the Black Death, types of execution of a female murderess, death as the springboard for major political changes, and death reflected in morality plays and art. |
| medieval to early modern times: Sexuality in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times Albrecht Classen, 2008-12-10 Sexuality is one of the most influential factors in human life. The responses to and reflections upon the manifestations of sexuality provide fascinating insights into fundamental aspects of medieval and early-modern culture. This interdisciplinary volume with articles written by social historians, literary historians, musicologists, art historians, and historians of religion and mental-ity demonstrates how fruitful collaborative efforts can be in the exploration of essential features of human society. Practically every aspect of culture both in the Middle Ages and the early modern age was influenced and determined by sexuality, which hardly ever surfaces simply characterized by prurient interests. The treatment of sexuality in literature, chronicles, music, art, legal documents, and in scientific texts illuminates central concerns, anxieties, tensions, needs, fears, and problems in human society throughout times. |
| medieval to early modern times: NG WORLD HISTORY MEDIEVAL and EARLY MODERN TIMES SE CALIFORNIA National Geographic Learning National Geographic Learning, 2016-09 |
| medieval to early modern times: Imagination and Fantasy in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time Albrecht Classen, 2020-08-24 The notions of other peoples, cultures, and natural conditions have always been determined by the epistemology of imagination and fantasy, providing much freedom and creativity, and yet have also created much fear, anxiety, and horror. In this regard, the pre-modern world demonstrates striking parallels with our own insofar as the projections of alterity might be different by degrees, but they are fundamentally the same by content. Dreams, illusions, projections, concepts, hopes, utopias/dystopias, desires, and emotional attachments are as specific and impactful as the physical environment. This volume thus sheds important light on the various lenses used by people in the Middle Ages and the early modern age as to how they came to terms with their perceptions, images, and notions. Previous scholarship focused heavily on the history of mentality and history of emotions, whereas here the history of pre-modern imagination, and fantasy assumes center position. Imaginary things are taken seriously because medieval and early modern writers and artists clearly reveal their great significance in their works and their daily lives. This approach facilitates a new deep-structure analysis of pre-modern culture. |
| medieval to early modern times: Medieval and Early Modern Times: Discovering Our Past Jackson J. Spielvogel, 2005-03-01 Provides information on world history between the years from the fall of Rome to the Age of Enlightenment. Combines motivating stories with research-based instruction that helps students improve their reading and social studies skills as they discover the past. Every lesson of the textbook is keyed to California content standards and analysis skills. |
| medieval to early modern times: Laughter in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times Albrecht Classen, 2010-09-22 Despite popular opinions of the ‘dark Middle Ages’ and a ‘gloomy early modern age,’ many people laughed, smiled, giggled, chuckled, entertained and ridiculed each other. This volume demonstrates how important laughter had been at times and how diverse the situations proved to be in which people laughed, and this from late antiquity to the eighteenth century. The contributions examine a wide gamut of significant cases of laughter in literary texts, historical documents, and art works where laughter determined the relationship among people. In fact, laughter emerges as a kaleidoscopic phenomenon reflecting divine joy, bitter hatred and contempt, satirical perspectives and parodic intentions. In some examples protagonists laughed out of sheer happiness and delight, in others because they felt anxiety and insecurity. It is much more difficult to detect premodern sculptures of laughing figures, but they also existed. Laughter reflected a variety of concerns, interests, and intentions, and the collective approach in this volume to laughter in the past opens many new windows to the history of mentality, social and religious conditions, gender relationships, and power structures. |
| medieval to early modern times: Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books , 2016-06-27 Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books offers insights into the cultural and historical transmission and practices of martial arts, based on the corpus of the Fight Books (Fechtbücher) in 14th- to 17th-century Europe. The first part of the book deals with methodological and specific issues for the studies of this emerging interdisciplinary field of research. The second section offers an overview of the corpus based on geographical areas. The final part offers some relevant case studies. This is the first book proposing a comprehensive state of research and an overview of Historical European Martial Arts Studies. One of its major strengths lies in its association of interdisciplinary scholars with practitioners of martial arts. Contributors are Sydney Anglo, Matthias Johannes Bauer, Eric Burkart, Marco Cavina, Franck Cinato, John Clements, Timothy Dawson, Olivier Dupuis, Bert Gevaert, Dierk Hagedorn, Daniel Jaquet, Rachel E. Kellet, Jens Peter Kleinau, Ken Mondschein, Reinier van Noort, B. Ann Tlusty, Manuel Valle Ortiz, Karin Verelst, and Paul Wagner. |
| medieval to early modern times: Incarceration and Slavery in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age Albrecht Classen, 2021-10-19 People in the Middle Ages and the early modern age more often suffered from imprisonment and enslavement than we might have assumed. Incarceration and Slavery in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age approaches these topics from a wide variety of perspectives and demonstrates collectively the great relevance of the issues involved. Both incarceration and slavery were (and continue to be) most painful experiences, and no one was guaranteed exemption from it. High-ranking nobles and royalties were often the victims of imprisonment and, at times, had to wait many years until their ransom was paid. Similarly, slavery existed throughout Christian Europe and in the Arab world. However, while imprisonment occasionally proved to be the catalyst for major writings and creativity, slaves in the Ottoman empire and in Egypt succeeded in rising to the highest position in society (Janissaries, Mamluks, and others). |
| medieval to early modern times: Chess in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age Daniel E. O'Sullivan, 2012-07-30 The game of chess was wildly popular in the Middle Ages, so much so that it became an important thought paradigm for thinkers and writers who utilized its vocabulary and imagery for commentaries on war, politics, love, and the social order. In this collection of essays, scholars investigate chess texts from numerous traditions – English, French, German, Latin, Persian, Spanish, Swedish, and Catalan – and argue that knowledge of chess is essential to understanding medieval culture. Such knowledge, however, cannot rely on the modern game, for today’s rules were not developed until the late fifteenth century. Only through familiarity with earlier incarnations of the game can one fully appreciate the full import of chess to medieval society. The careful scholarship contained in this volume provides not only insight into the significance of chess in medieval European culture but also opens up avenues of inquiry for future work in this rich field. |
| medieval to early modern times: Mendicant cultures in the medieval and early modern world : word, deed, and image Sally J. Cornelison, 2016 |
| medieval to early modern times: Travel, Time, and Space in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time Albrecht Classen, 2018-10-22 Research on medieval and early modern travel literature has made great progress, which now allows us to take the next step and to analyze the correlations between the individual and space throughout time, which contributed essentially to identity formation in many different settings. The contributors to this volume engage with a variety of pre-modern texts, images, and other documents related to travel and the individual's self-orientation in foreign lands and make an effort to determine the concept of identity within a spatial framework often determined by the meeting of various cultures. Moreover, objects, images and words can also travel and connect people from different worlds through books. The volume thus brings together new scholarship focused on the interrelationship of travel, space, time, and individuality, which also includes, of course, women's movement through the larger world, whether in concrete terms or through proxy travel via readings. Travel here is also examined with respect to craftsmen's activities at various sites, artists' employment for many different projects all over Europe and elsewhere, and in terms of metaphysical experiences (catabasis). |
| medieval to early modern times: Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age Albrecht Classen, Connie Scarborough, 2012-10-30 All societies are constructed, based on specific rules, norms, and laws. Hence, all ethics and morality are predicated on perceived right or wrong behavior, and much of human culture proves to be the result of a larger discourse on vices and virtues, transgression and ideals, right and wrong. The topics covered in this volume, addressing fundamental concerns of the premodern world, deal with allegedly criminal, or simply wrong behavior which demanded punishment. Sometimes this affected whole groups of people, such as the innocently persecuted Jews, sometimes individuals, such as violent and evil princes. The issue at stake here embraces all of society since it can only survive if a general framework is observed that is based in some way on justice and peace. But literature and the visual arts provide many examples of open and public protests against wrongdoings, ill-conceived ideas and concepts, and stark crimes, such as theft, rape, and murder. In fact, poetic statements or paintings could carry significant potentials against those who deliberately transgressed moral and ethical norms, or who even targeted themselves. |
| medieval to early modern times: Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age Albrecht Classen, 2009 Although the city as a central entity did not simply disappear with the Fall of the Roman Empire, the development of urban space at least since the twelfth century played a major role in the history of medieval and early modern mentality within a social-economic and religious framework. Whereas some poets projected urban space as a new utopia, others simply reflected the new significance of the urban environment as a stage where their characters operate very successfully. As today, the premodern city was the locus where different social groups and classes got together, sometimes peacefully, sometimes in hostile terms. The historical development of the relationship between Christians and Jews, for instance, was deeply determined by the living conditions within a city. By the late Middle Ages, nobility and bourgeoisie began to intermingle within the urban space, which set the stage for dramatic and far-reaching changes in the social and economic make-up of society. Legal-historical aspects also find as much consideration as practical questions concerning water supply and sewer systems. Moreover, the early modern city within the Ottoman and Middle Eastern world likewise finds consideration. Finally, as some contributors observe, the urban space provided considerable opportunities for women to carve out a niche for themselves in economic terms. |
| medieval to early modern times: Jews, Christians and Muslims in Medieval and Early Modern Times , 2014-03-27 This volume brings together articles on the cultural, religious, social and commercial interactions among Jews, Christians and Muslims in the medieval and early modern periods. Written by leading scholars in Jewish studies, Islamic studies, medieval history and social and economic history, the contributions to this volume reflect the profound influence on these fields of the volume’s honoree, Professor Mark R. Cohen. |
| medieval to early modern times: Temporality and Mediality in Late Medieval and Early Modern Culture Christian Kiening, Martina Stercken, 2018 This interdisciplinary volume explores the ways in which time is staged at the threshold between the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Proceeding from the reality that all cultural forms are inherently and inescapably temporal, it seeks to discover the significance of time in mediations and communications of all kinds. By showing how time is displayed in diverse cultural strategies and situations, the essays of this volume show how time is intrinsic to the very concept of tradition. In exploring a variety of medial forms and communicative practices, they also reveal that while the beginning of the age of printing (around 1500) may mark a fundamental change in terms of reproduction and circulation, artefacts and other historical traditions continue to employ earlier systems and practices relating time and space. The volume features articles by leading researchers in their respective fields, including studies on mosaics as a medium reflecting space and time; the triptych's potential as a time machine; winged altarpieces mediating eternity; texts and images of the passion of Christ permeating past, present, and future; dimensions of time embedded in maps; a compendium of world knowledge organized by forms of time and temporality; the figuration of prophecy in times of crisis; the portrayal of time in architecture. This volume thus provides a new approach to media and mediality from the perspective of cultural history. |
| medieval to early modern times: World History , 2006 Combines motivating stories with research-based instruction that helps students improve their reading and social studies skills as they discover the past. Every lesson of the textbook is keyed to California content standards and analysis skills. |
| medieval to early modern times: McDougal Littell World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times , 2005-03-16 Combines motivating stories with research-based instruction that helps students improve their reading and social studies skills as they discover the past. Every lesson of the textbook is keyed to California content standards and analysis skills. |
| medieval to early modern times: Medieval and Early Modern Times Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes, Frederick F. Clark, 1966 |
| medieval to early modern times: Christianity and Violence in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period Fernanda Alfieri, Takashi Jinno, 2021-03-08 The volume explores the relationship between religion and violence in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Early modern period, involving European and Japanese scholars. It investigates the ideological foundations of the relationship between violence and religion and their development in a varied corpus of sources (political and theological treatises, correspondence of missionaries, pamphlets, and images). |
| medieval to early modern times: Medieval and Early Modern Performance in the Eastern Mediterranean Arzu Öztürkmen, Evelyn Birge Vitz, 2014 On the large eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the period from the start of the Crusades through the Ottoman era knew - and brought into mutual contact - a truly remarkable array of performances and performers, of a multitude of types. But of course examination of performance in the Eastern Mediterranean during the medieval and early modern era requires some careful conceptualization: of 'performance' and 'performer'; of 'the Mediterranean' as well - this region also often being termed the 'Muslim world', the 'Middle East', or the 'Ottoman domain'. This book represents a preliminary attempt to lay out and analyse a broad set of performance genres in this particular geographical setting. |
| medieval to early modern times: Between the Middle Ages and Modernity Charles H. Parker, Jerry H. Bentley, 2007 This groundbreaking book examines the complex relationships between individuals and communities in the profound transitions of the early modern period. Taking a global and comparative approach to historical issues, the distinguished contributors show that individual and community created and recreated one another in the major structures, interactions, and transitions of early modern times. Offering an important contribution to our understanding both of the early modern period and of its historiography, this volume will be an invaluable resource for scholars working in the fields of medieval, early modern, and modern history, and on the Renaissance and Reformation. |
| medieval to early modern times: Friendship in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age Albrecht Classen, Marilyn Sandidge, 2011-03-29 Although it seems that erotic love generally was the prevailing topic in the medieval world and the Early Modern Age, parallel to this the Ciceronian ideal of friendship also dominated the public discourse, as this collection of essays demonstrates. Following an extensive introduction, the individual contributions explore the functions and the character of friendship from Late Antiquity (Augustine) to the 17th century. They show the spectrum of variety in which this topic appeared ‐ not only in literature, but also in politics and even in painting. |
| medieval to early modern times: Magic and Magicians in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Time Albrecht Classen, 2017-10-23 There are no clear demarcation lines between magic, astrology, necromancy, medicine, and even sciences in the pre-modern world. Under the umbrella term 'magic,' the contributors to this volume examine a wide range of texts, both literary and religious, both medical and philosophical, in which the topic is discussed from many different perspectives. The fundamental concerns address issue such as how people perceived magic, whether they accepted it and utilized it for their own purposes, and what impact magic might have had on the mental structures of that time. While some papers examine the specific appearance of magicians in literary texts, others analyze the practical application of magic in medical contexts. In addition, this volume includes studies that deal with the rise of the witch craze in the late fifteenth century and then also investigate whether the Weberian notion of disenchantment pertaining to the modern world can be maintained. Magic is, oddly but significantly, still around us and exerts its influence. Focusing on magic in the medieval world thus helps us to shed light on human culture at large. |
| medieval to early modern times: World History and Geography California. Dept. of Education, 1994-01-01 This document is a response to teachers' requests for practical assistance in implementing California's history-social science framework. The document offers stimulating ideas to enrich the teaching of history and social science, enliven instruction for every student, focus on essential topics, and help make learning more memorable. Experiences and contributions of ethnic groups and women in history are integrated in this course model. The framework is divided into 11 units: (1) Connecting with Past Learnings: Uncovering the Remote Past; (2) Connecting with Past Learnings: the Fall of Rome; (3) Growth of Islam; (4) African States in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times; (5) Civilizations of the Americas; (6) China; (7) Japan; (8) Medieval Societies: Europe and Japan; (9) Europe During the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution; (10) Early Modern Europe: The Age of Exploration to the Enlightenment; and (11) Linking Past to Present. Six of the 11 units delineated in the framework's 7th grade course description are developed in these course models. All units follow the same format. Each begins with a rationale and overview. Ways are suggested for teachers to coordinate the model with the state-adopted textbook for 7th grade. A presentation of activities to introduce and continue the sample topic are suggested to encourage students to apply what they have studied through projects. Each unit ends with an extensive annotated list of sample resources. (DK) |
| medieval to early modern times: Drama, Play, and Game Lawrence M. Clopper, 2001-05 How was it possible for drama, especially biblical representations, to appear in the Christian West given the church's condemnation of the theatrum of the ancient world?In a book with radical implications for the study of medieval literature, Lawrence Clopper resolves this perplexing question. Drama, Play, and Game demonstrates that the theatrum repudiated by medieval clerics was not theater as we understand the term today. Clopper contends that critics have misrepresented Western stage history because they have assumed that theatrum designates a place where drama is performed. While theatrum was thought of as a site of spectacle during the Middle Ages, the term was more closely connected with immodest behavior and lurid forms of festive culture. Clerics were not opposed to liturgical representations in churches, but they strove ardently to suppress May games, ludi, festivals, and liturgical parodies. Medieval drama, then, stemmed from a more vernacular tradition than previously acknowledged-one developed by England's laity outside the boundaries of clerical rule. |
| medieval to early modern times: The Medieval & Early Modern World Merry E. Wiesner, Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, 2005-06-23 Cultural life flowered from the mid-fifteenth century in the Italian city-states, many of which profited from the new trading opportunities that growing world networks permitted. Contact among regions of the world expanded, bringing new ideas and prompting an appreciation of arts and letters-not only of the present but of the past. In Italy this cultural flowering was known at first as the renaissance of arts and letters, soon shortened to just Renaissance to accommodate cultural ingredients that came from beyond Europe. Italian and northern European cultural expansion benefited from similar retrieval of ancient knowledge in the Islamic world and East Asia. Like the Italians, the Chinese had grown even wealthier from the extensive links to global commerce provided by the Mongol Empire, but once thrown off, their cultural life flourished under the Ming. Cultural knowledge and the arts spread across Asia and into Europe. As part of state-building, the Ming nourished commerce but also rejected the cosmopolitan Buddhist legacy that arrived from central and south Asia. To strengthen dynastic Chinese rule, the Ming challenged Buddhism with a revival of age-old concern for the Confucian values that had languished under the Mongols. Foremost among these new Confucians was Wu Yube, so expert in his teachings that he attracted a wide coterie of disciples. In India, Nanak, an educated employee of an Afghan prince, sparked the founding of Sikhism. A similar search for reviving fundamental religious values occurred in Europe, where Martin Luther challenged the practices of the Catholic church, ushering in Protestantism. Religious reform and resistance to it were closely connected to the state-building efforts of enterprising monarchs such as Henry VIII of England. India likewise experienced a fervent movement to revive pure, ancient religious practices. Fourteenth and fifteenth century global trade and long-distance ventures such as those made by the Ming and then by the Portuguese further inspired and advanced these worldwide cultural and political developments. A brisk Indian Ocean trade flourished. Economic change ensued with the arrival of New World silver on the global market. The advance of printing not only furthered the cause of religious reform and state-building globally; it also helped globalize knowledge and intellectual experimentation. People of great power and those of more limited means came to live their lives differently because of this expanding web of shared knowledge and trade. Cities flourished, the enslavement of native Americans came to replace their use as human sacrifices, and diseases migrated at a more rapid pace and greater devastation than perhaps ever before. |
| medieval to early modern times: Constructing and Representing Territory in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe Overlaet DAMEN, 2021-12-08 In recent political and constitutional history, scholars seldom specify how and why they use the concept of territory. In research on state formation processes and nation building, for instance, the term mostly designates an enclosed geographical area ruled by a central government. Inspired by ideas from political geographers, this book explores the layered and constantly changing meanings of territory in late medieval and early modern Europe before cartography and state formation turned boundaries and territories into more fixed (but still changeable) geographical entities. Its central thesis is that analysing the notion of territory in a premodern setting involves analysing territorial practices: practices that relate people and power to space(s). The book not only examines the construction and spatial structure of premodern territories but also explores their perception and representation through the use of a broad range of sources: from administrative texts to maps, from stained glass windows to chronicles. |
| medieval to early modern times: Religion and the Medieval and Early Modern Global Marketplace Taylor & Francis Group, 2021-10-15 Religion and the Medieval and Early Modern Global Marketplace brings together scholars from a variety of disciplines to examine the intersection, conflict, and confluence of religion and the market before 1700. Each chapter analyses the unique interplay of faith and economy in a different locale: Syria, Ethiopia, France, Iceland, India, Peru, and beyond. In ten case studies, specialists of archaeology, art history, social and economic history, religious studies, and critical theory address issues of secularization, tolerance, colonialism, and race with a fresh focus. They chart the tensions between religious and economic thought in specific locales or texts, the complex ways that religion and economy interacted with one another, and the way in which matters of faith, economy, and race converge in religious images of the pre- and early modern periods. Considering the intersection of faith and economy, the volume questions the legacy of early modern economic and spiritual exceptionalism, and the ways in which prosperity still entangles itself with righteousness. The interdisciplinary nature means that this volume is the perfect resource for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and scholars working across multiple areas including history, literature, politics, art history, global studies, philosophy, and gender studies in the medieval and early modern periods. |
| medieval to early modern times: The Medieval and Early Modern World Bonnie G. Smith, Donald R. Kelley, 2005 Consists of primary source material and an index to the other six titles in the series. |
| medieval to early modern times: Death in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times Albrecht Classen, 2016-04-11 Death is not only the final moment of life, it also casts a huge shadow on human society at large. People throughout time have had to cope with death as an existential experience, and this also, of course, in the premodern world. The contributors to the present volume examine the material and spiritual conditions of the culture of death, studying specific buildings and spaces, literary works and art objects, theatrical performances, and medical tracts from the early Middle Ages to the late eighteenth century. Death has always evoked fear, terror, and awe, it has puzzled and troubled people, forcing theologians and philosophers to respond and provide answers for questions that seem to evade real explanations. The more we learn about the culture of death, the more we can comprehend the culture of life. As this volume demonstrates, the approaches to death varied widely, also in the Middle Ages and the early modern age. This volume hence adds a significant number of new facets to the critical examination of this ever-present phenomenon of death, exploring poetic responses to the Black Death, types of execution of a female murderess, death as the springboard for major political changes, and death reflected in morality plays and art. |
| medieval to early modern times: Mainstreams of Civilization.... Carlton J. H. Hayes, James H. Hanscom, Frederick F. Clark, Margareta Faissler, 1965 |
| medieval to early modern times: Poison, Medicine, and Disease in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe Frederick W Gibbs, 2018-07-20 This book presents a uniquely broad and pioneering history of premodern toxicology by exploring how late medieval and early modern (c. 1200–1600) physicians discussed the relationship between poison, medicine, and disease. Drawing from a wide range of medical and natural philosophical texts—with an emphasis on treatises that focused on poison, pharmacotherapeutics, plague, and the nature of disease—this study brings to light premodern physicians' debates about the potential existence, nature, and properties of a category of substance theoretically harmful to the human body in even the smallest amount. Focusing on the category of poison (venenum) rather than on specific drugs reframes and remixes the standard histories of toxicology, pharmacology, and etiology, as well as shows how these aspects of medicine (although not yet formalized as independent disciplines) interacted with and shaped one another. Physicians argued, for instance, about what properties might distinguish poison from other substances, how poison injured the human body, the nature of poisonous bodies, and the role of poison in spreading, and to some extent defining, disease. The way physicians debated these questions shows that poison was far from an obvious and uncontested category of substance, and their effort to understand it sheds new light on the relationship between natural philosophy and medicine in the late medieval and early modern periods. |
| medieval to early modern times: Images of Otherness in Medieval and Early Modern Times Anja Eisenbeiss, Lieselotte E. Saurma-Jeltsch, 2012 From French miniature paintings to the work of Pope Pius II, this collection of essays explores the philosophical history behind medieval European art. The essays reveal how a visual vocabulary was established among French miniature painters to express the concepts of personal identity and alterity in their work and how Pope Pius II helped spread these metaphysical ideologies across the eastern Christian world. An exhaustive and articulate guide to European art in the Middle Ages, this book is essential reading for art students and enthusiasts alike. |
| medieval to early modern times: Dealing With The Dead , 2017-12-18 Death was a constant, visible presence in medieval and renaissance Europe. Yet, the acknowledgement of death did not necessarily amount to an acceptance of its finality. Whether they were commoners, clergy, aristocrats, or kings, the dead continued to function literally as integrated members of their communities long after they were laid to rest in their graves. From stories of revenants bringing pleas from Purgatory to the living, to the practical uses and regulation of burial space; from the tradition of the ars moriendi, to the depiction of death on the stage; and from the making of martyrs, to funerals for the rich and poor, this volume examines how communities dealt with their dead as continual, albeit non-living members. Contributors are Jill Clements, Libby Escobedo, Hilary Fox, Sonsoles Garcia, Stephen Gordon, Melissa Herman, Mary Leech, Nikki Malain, Kathryn Maud, Justin Noetzel, Anthony Perron, Martina Saltamacchia, Thea Tomaini, Wendy Turner, and Christina Welch |
| medieval to early modern times: Forms of Individuality and Literacy in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods Franz-Josef Arlinghaus, 2015 'Individuality' is one of the central categories of modern society. Can the roots of modern individuality be found in pre-modern times? Or is our way of thinking about ourselves a very recent phenomenon? This book takes a theoretical approach to the problem, derived from Niklas Luhmann's system theory, in which different forms of individuality are linked to different structures of society in modern and pre-modern times. The papers in this volume approach this problem by discussing a broad variety of medieval and early modern sources, including charters and seals, letters, and naming-practices in a late medieval town. Self-representation is also considered, in 'housebooks' and drawings. Textual studies include autobiography in German Humanism, and concepts of individuality and gender in late medieval literary texts. |
| medieval to early modern times: Maps and Travel in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period Ingrid Baumgärtner, Nirit Ben-Aryeh Debby, Katrin Kogman-Appel, 2019-03-04 The volume discusses the world as it was known in the Medieval and Early Modern periods, focusing on projects concerned with mapping as a conceptual and artistic practice, with visual representations of space, and with destinations of real and fictive travel. Maps were often taken as straightforward, objective configurations. However, they expose deeply subjective frameworks with social, political, and economic significance. Travel narratives, whether illustrated or not, can address similar frameworks. Whereas travelled space is often adventurous, and speaking of hardship, strange encounters and danger, city portraits tell a tale of civilized life and civic pride. The book seeks to address the multiple ways in which maps and travel literature conceive of the world, communicate a 'Weltbild', depict space, and/or define knowledge. The volume challenges academic boundaries in the study of cartography by exploring the links between mapmaking and artistic practices. The contributions discuss individual mapmakers, authors of travelogues, mapmaking as an artistic practice, the relationship between travel literature and mapmaking, illustration in travel literature, and imagination in depictions of newly explored worlds. |
| medieval to early modern times: A Companion to Death, Burial, and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, c. 1300–1700 Philip Booth, Elizabeth Tingle, 2020-11-23 This companion volume seeks to trace the development of ideas relating to death, burial, and the remembrance of the dead in Europe from ca.1300-1700. |
Medieval or Early Modern - Cambridge Scholars Publishing
‘Early modern’ served to emphasise a succeeding transitional period in Europe between the medieval and truly modern, in which much of the Roman Catholic Church shattered into a complex of reformed
MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN TIMES
MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN TIMES. ltural, and technological change during the period A.D. 500–1789. The sequence of these units is both historic, advancing across the years A.D. …
Medieval Early Modern Times (PDF) - netsec.csuci.edu
Then you've come to the right place! This comprehensive guide delves into the fascinating world of medieval and early modern times, exploring the key characteristics, significant events, and …
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Students will recognize the unique geographic, political, religious, and social structures of these civilizations of the world. To carry this theme into modern times, students will consider the …
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The Medieval to the Early Modern Period Periods in History In the fourth grade, you learned about ancient and classical civilizations. Building on that foundation, this year we will learn about …
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early modern Europe as a historiographical concept appeared only in 1994. In the introduction to their handbook on early modern Europe, Thomas A. Brady Jr., Heiko A. Oberman, and James …
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medieval and early modern times. They examine the growing economic interaction among civilizations as well as the exchange of ideas, beliefs, technologies, and commodities.
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This lecture gives an outline of the basic structure of medieval urban population, discussing the general characteristics of medieval demographical patterns, the main trends of demographical …
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tradition of research on the mechanism s of domination, Medieval and Early Modern political history has focused on two key problematics of the state: the genesis of states, and the …
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MS World History and Geography: Medieval and Early Modern Times delivers instruction, practice, and review designed to build middle school students' knowledge of world history, …
in Medieval and Early Modern Times: - JSTOR
tradition of research on the mechanisms of domination, Medieval and Early Modern political history has focused on two key problematics of the state: the genesis of states, and the …
SOCIAL SCIENCE FRAMEWORK - California Department of …
The medieval and early modern periods provide students with opportunities to study the rise and fall of empires, the difusion of religions and languages, and significant movements of people, …
Medieval and Modern Concepts of Race and Ethnicity
In the United States both popular and official usage tends to associ-ate race with the troubled history of white and black, while the term eth-nicity summons up Italians, Irish, or Greeks, for …
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Ilmen Lakes in the late 4th and early 5th centuries developed Pskovian long burial mound culture after interacting with indigenous Baltic and Finnish populations.
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o Jerusalem’s fall in 1187 to Salah al-Din (Saladin). Three great armies from Europe were led by Richard the Lion-hearted of England, Philip II of France, and the Holy Roman em. eror …
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essays examine a variety of case studies from the medieval and early modern periods in which individuals and groups with less power or agency co-opted the tools of the elites to achieve …
Medieval and Early Modern Europe - JSTOR
RESEARCH ARTICLE. The Jew, the Blood and the Body in Late. Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Francesca Matteoni. Abstract. The reality of the blood libel legend and accusations of …
The European Witch Craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A
The continental European witch craze, in its most virulent form, lasted from the early decades of the 14th century until 1650. This paper at-tempts to analyze this phenomenon from a …
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Medieval And Early Modern Times Answers - mj.unc.edu
Oct 31, 2024 · World History Medieval to Early Modern Times California The Food Timeline history notes eggs May 8th, 2018 - Egg symbolism Because eggs embody the essence of life …
Witchcraft and Evidence in Early Modern England - JSTOR
peculiarity also explains why at many times and in many places there were no witch-trials. Variety in cause and effect renders Trevor-Roper's monolithic 'witch-craze' a misnomer, as with re ...
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MEDIEVAL AND MODERN TIMES. BY CARROLL D. WRIGHT. AT the kind suggestion of President Salisbury, I present a brief paper on Labor Organizations in Ancient, Mediœval and …
Famines in medieval and early modern Europe - connecting …
medieval and early modern periods in initiating famines has been addressed in the edited volume of Collet and Schuh (2018). They propose similar climate–society interactions as Slavin …
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The pre- and early modern world has often been described as an inherently reli-gious one. There was no sphere of life where religion was irrelevant. Religion explained the basics of cosmology …
The Development of Early Modern Onmyōdō - JSTOR
Onmyõdõ in medieval and early modern times (Seko 1993), and then present my thoughts on the issue (see Seko s diagram on the following page, figure 1). In medieval society, various …
Islam in Medieval and Early Modern English Literature: A …
ISLAM IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE 557 York: Columbia University Press, 2002). This book makes the third angle of the triangle with the works of …
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large ly though not entirely in the form of silver coinage. During medieval and early modern times, most of Europe operated on essentially silver based monetary systems that were …
World History Medieval And Early Modern Times Chapter 1
World History Medieval And Early Modern Times Chapter 1 Downloaded from marketspot.uccs.edu by guest CHACE BATES Medieval or Early Modern National Geographic …
Paul Halsall Marriage: Courtship and Ritual in Medieval …
A Medieval Life: Cecilia Penifader of Brigstock, c. 1295-1344. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Erickson, Amy Louise. Women and Property in Early Modern England. London: Routledge, …
Timeline Activity - Studies Weekly
become more interconnected through medieval and early modern times? Let’s take a closer look at those distant world regions, as well as how they were beginning to make connections. While …
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Jews, Christians and Muslims in Medieval and Early Modern Times. Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies Editorial Board Phillip Ackerman-Lieberman (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, …
The medieval palette: medieval pigments and their modern …
Suggested pigments for pre-17th century painting For a starter set of pigments suitable for making egg tempera, oil paints, pastels/chalks, encaustic and manuscript paints (watercolour or …
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Medieval and Modern Concepts of Race and Ethnicity
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represents a very real part of English life during the medieval and early modern centuries: that is, the existence of a social institution through which neighbours and friends assisted each other …
WOMEN AND MEDIEVAL LITERARY CULTURE - Cambridge …
literature, art, ritual, performance, and social history of the medieval and early modern periods. anthony bale is Professor of Medieval Studies at Birkbeck, University of London. He has …
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xi 1 Critical Context and History 1 The Critical Context 2 Criticism and Methodology 5 History 19 Bibliography 30 2 The Legal Framework 35 Common Law: Ancient, Medieval, Early Modern …
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in Medieval and Early Modern Europe explore the ways of contesting and upholding orthodoxy from 1200 to 1650 concerning heresy, magic and witchcraft. ... European art and culture from …
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978-0-521-76296-0 - The Virgin Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature and Popular Culture Gary Waller Frontmatter More information. about the way I should describe …
Daniel Frank and Matt D. Goldish, eds. Rabbinic Culture and …
Jewish Authority, Dissent, and Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Times. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2008. xvi + 480 pp. index. $49.95. ISBN: 978–0–8143–3237–5. This edited …
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Medieval Early Modern Times Medieval and Early Modern Times: Bridging the Gap Between Eras Are you fascinated by the sweep of history, the transition from knights and castles to …
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Saharan civilizations of Ghana and Mali in Medieval Africa. 1. Study the Niger River and the relationship of vegetation zones of forest, savannah, and desert to trade in gold, salt, food, …
Jews, Christians and Muslims in - ResearchGate
Jews, Christians and Muslims in Medieval and Early Modern Times A Festschrift in Honor of Mark R. Cohen Edited by Arnold E. Franklin Roxani Eleni Margariti
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medieval and early-modern times has perhaps encouraged the significance of sheep in the Lakeland economy to be projected further back in time than is strictly warrantable. Other …
paper. Samurai, Warfare, and the State in Early Medieval …
Conlan substantively demolishes the ideal, formulated in early modern times, of the ever-loyal medieval warrior. Rather unnecessarily, he trots out James Murdoch's tired old straw man that …
Tilly Goes to Church: The Religious and Medieval Roots of …
only in early modern Europe. Other practices of rule-making and enforcement existed, but the idea of the state before this time period is anachronistic (Anderson 2018, Skinner 2018). …
Laughter in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times - Toc
Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture 5 Laughter in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times Epistemology of a Fundamental Human Behavior, its Meaning, and …
Women and Performance in Medieval and Early Modern …
every performative aspect of local culture in medieval and early modern Eng - land. The records of Somerset and Lincolnshire, for example, show similar patterns of performance by women in …
Frelick, Nancy M., ed. The Mirror in Medieval and Early …
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In medieval and early modern European society, Death, the Grim Reaper, was a recurrent and omnipresent guest. The Biblical metaphor from Jeremiah (9:22) ... Even in times of peace, …
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Race and Racism in the European Middle Ages - Getty
racializing strategy in England’s colonial rule of Ireland that echoed from the medieval through the early modern period: Four centuries later, Edmund Spenser would repeat the same derogatory …
The evolution of markets in early modern Europe, 1350-1800: …
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Laughter in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times
Laughter in the Middle Ages and early modern times : epistemology of a fundamental human behavior, its meaning, and consequences / edited by Albrecht Classen. p. cm. (Fundamentals …
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by figures of the Protestant Reformation, in the early sixteenth century, as an example of the Catholic Church’s ostentatious and lavish conduct. Medieval Law The system of law and order …
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Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe (Princeton, 1993); Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe …
