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Mass Extinctions POGIL: Unraveling Earth's Catastrophic Past
Have you ever wondered about the dramatic shifts in life on Earth, the moments when entire species vanished seemingly overnight? This blog post dives deep into the fascinating world of mass extinctions, specifically using the Problem-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) approach to understand these catastrophic events. We'll explore the five major mass extinctions, their potential causes, and how POGIL activities can enhance your understanding of this crucial topic in geology and evolutionary biology. Get ready to unravel Earth's tumultuous past and develop critical thinking skills through interactive learning!
What are Mass Extinctions?
Mass extinctions represent periods in Earth's history characterized by significantly accelerated rates of species extinction exceeding the background extinction rate. These events are not just the disappearance of a few species; they represent the loss of a substantial portion of biodiversity, often impacting multiple ecosystems globally. While the exact definition varies, a general consensus considers a mass extinction event to involve the loss of at least 75% of existing species within a geologically short period.
The Big Five: Exploring the Major Mass Extinction Events
Earth has witnessed several mass extinctions throughout its history, but five stand out as particularly significant:
#### 1. Ordovician-Silurian Extinction (443 million years ago):
This event, thought to be caused by a combination of glaciation and subsequent sea level changes, wiped out approximately 85% of species. The dramatic shift in climate significantly impacted marine life, leading to widespread extinctions.
#### 2. Late Devonian Extinction (375 million years ago):
Occurring over a longer period, the Late Devonian extinction saw the loss of about 75% of all species. The causes remain debated, with potential contributors including asteroid impacts, volcanic activity, and climate change. This event particularly affected marine life, especially reefs.
#### 3. Permian-Triassic Extinction (252 million years ago):
Famously known as the "Great Dying," this extinction event was the most severe in Earth's history, wiping out an estimated 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates. The leading hypothesis points to massive volcanic eruptions in Siberia, releasing greenhouse gases and causing extreme global warming and ocean acidification.
#### 4. Triassic-Jurassic Extinction (201 million years ago):
This extinction event paved the way for the rise of dinosaurs. The causes are less clear than other events, with possible contributors including volcanic activity, asteroid impacts, and gradual climate change. Around 80% of species went extinct.
#### 5. Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction (66 million years ago):
This event is perhaps the most famous, marking the end of the dinosaurs (non-avian). The prevailing scientific consensus attributes this extinction to an asteroid impact in the Yucatán Peninsula, causing widespread devastation through firestorms, tsunamis, and a prolonged "impact winter."
Using POGIL to Understand Mass Extinctions
POGIL activities provide a structured and engaging approach to learning about mass extinctions. Instead of passively receiving information, students actively participate in problem-solving and collaborative learning. This method enhances critical thinking skills and promotes deeper understanding. A typical POGIL activity might involve:
Analyzing data: Students may be presented with fossil records, geological data, or climate simulations to deduce the causes and consequences of specific extinction events.
Developing hypotheses: POGIL encourages students to formulate hypotheses about the factors contributing to mass extinctions and design experiments to test their ideas.
Evaluating evidence: Students critically assess different lines of evidence and consider the strengths and weaknesses of various hypotheses.
Collaborating and communicating: The collaborative nature of POGIL fosters discussion, debate, and shared understanding among students.
The Benefits of a POGIL Approach to Mass Extinctions
POGIL activities provide several advantages for students learning about mass extinctions:
Improved Comprehension: Active participation and problem-solving lead to deeper understanding than passive learning.
Enhanced Critical Thinking: Students develop crucial analytical and evaluative skills.
Increased Engagement: POGIL fosters a more engaging and stimulating learning environment.
Development of Collaboration Skills: Working in groups improves communication and teamwork abilities.
Scientific Reasoning: Students learn to apply scientific methods to investigate complex phenomena.
Conclusion
Mass extinctions are pivotal events in Earth's history, shaping the course of life and biodiversity. Understanding these events requires a multifaceted approach, and the POGIL methodology offers a powerful tool for developing critical thinking and a deeper understanding of the processes and consequences of these catastrophic events. By actively engaging with data and collaborating with peers, students can gain a more comprehensive and meaningful understanding of the complex interplay of factors that drive mass extinction and its lasting effects on our planet.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between background extinction and mass extinction? Background extinction refers to the continuous, low-level extinction of species that occurs naturally. Mass extinction, however, signifies a significantly accelerated rate of extinction affecting a large proportion of species over a geologically short period.
2. Are we currently experiencing a mass extinction event? Many scientists believe we are in the midst of a sixth mass extinction, driven by human activities such as habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution.
3. How can POGIL activities be adapted for different age groups? POGIL activities can be easily adapted by adjusting the complexity of the data and questions to suit the age and understanding of the students.
4. What are some examples of readily available POGIL activities on mass extinctions? While specific POGIL activities on mass extinctions aren’t widely published as standalone resources, many educational institutions and resources design their own incorporating the POGIL methodology. Searching for "POGIL activities geology" or "POGIL activities extinction" will bring some useful results. You'll likely find examples within larger collections of earth science activities.
5. How can teachers find or create effective POGIL activities on mass extinctions? Teachers can adapt existing inquiry-based learning activities or design their own, focusing on specific aspects of mass extinctions like specific extinction events, their causes, or their consequences for ecosystems. Using online resources and collaborating with other educators are valuable approaches.
| mass extinctions pogil: Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath A. Hallam, P. B. Wignall, 1997-09-11 The first book to review all the evidence concerning both the dinosaur extinctions and all the other major extinctions - of plant, animal, terrestrial, and marine life - in the history of life. All the extinction mechanisms are critically assessed, including meteorite impact, anoxia, and volcanism. - ;Why do mass extinctions occur? The demise of the dinosaurs has been discussed exhaustively, but has never been out into the context of other extinction events. This is the first systematic review of the mass extinctions of all organisms, plant and animal, terrestrial and marine, that have occurred in the history of life. This includes the major crisis 250 million years ago which nearly wiped out all life on Earth. By examining current paleontological, geological, and sedimentological evidence of environmental changes, the cases for explanations based on climate change, marine regressions, asteroid or comet impact, anoxia, and volcanic eruptions are all critically evaluated. - |
| mass extinctions pogil: Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities Anthony Hallam, 2005-07-14 This is a book about the dramatic periods in the Earth's history called mass extinctions - short periods (by geological standards) when life nearly died out on Earth. The most famous is the mass extinction that happened about 65 million years ago, and that caused the death of the dinosaurs. But that was not the worst mass extinction: that honour goes to the extinction at the end of the Permian Period, about 250 million years ago, when over 90% of life is thought to have becomeextinct.What caused these catastrophes? Was it the effects of a massive meteorite impact? There is evidence for such an impact about 65 million years ago. Or was it a period of massive volcanic activity? There is evidence in the rocks of huge lava flows at periods that match several of the mass extinctions. Was it something to do with climate change and sea level? Or was it a combination of some or all of these?The question has been haunting geologists for a number of years, and it forms one of the most exciting areas of research in geology today. In this book, Tony Hallam, a distinguished geologist and writer, looks at all the different theories and also what the study of mass extinctions might tell us about the future. If climate change is a key factor, we may well, as some scientists have suggested, be in a period of mass extinction of our own making. |
| mass extinctions pogil: The End of Evolution Peter Douglas Ward, 1995 A finalist for a Los Angeles Times book award, this contagiously enthusiastic book eloquently recreates the dramatic history of life and its great extinctions, and issues an unprecedentedly compelling call to act to preserve our planet's biodiversity. Line art & photos. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities Tony Hallam, 2005-07-14 This is a book about the dramatic periods in the Earth's history called mass extinctions - short periods (by geological standards) when life nearly died out on Earth. The most famous is the mass extinction that happened about 65 million years ago, and that caused the death of the dinosaurs. But that was not the worst mass extinction: that honour goes to the extinction at the end of the Permian Period, about 250 million years ago, when over 90% of life is thought to have become extinct. What caused these catastrophes? Was it the effects of a massive meteorite impact? There is evidence for such an impact about 65 million years ago. Or was it a period of massive volcanic activity? There is evidence in the rocks of huge lava flows at periods that match several of the mass extinctions. Was it something to do with climate change and sea level? Or was it a combination of some or all of these? The question has been haunting geologists for a number of years, and it forms one of the most exciting areas of research in geology today. In this book, Tony Hallam, a distinguished geologist and writer, looks at all the different theories and also what the study of mass extinctions might tell us about the future. If climate change is a key factor, we may well, as some scientists have suggested, be in a period of mass extinction of our own making. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Extinctions in the History of Life Paul D. Taylor, 2004-11-11 Extinction is the ultimate fate of all biological species - over 99 percent of the species that have ever inhabited the Earth are now extinct. The long fossil record of life provides scientists with crucial information about when species became extinct, which species were most vulnerable to extinction, and what processes may have brought about extinctions in the geological past. Key aspects of extinctions in the history of life are here reviewed by six leading palaeontologists, providing a source text for geology and biology undergraduates as well as more advanced scholars. Topical issues such as the causes of mass extinctions and how animal and plant life has recovered from these cataclysmic events that have shaped biological evolution are dealt with. This helps us to view the biodiversity crisis in a broader context, and shows how large-scale extinctions have had profound and long-lasting effects on the Earth's biosphere. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Extinction Michael Charles Boulter, 2002 Mikhail Gorbachev and Zdenek Mlynar were friends for half a century, since they first crossed paths as students in 1950. Although one was a Russian and the other a Czech, they were both ardent supporters of communism and socialism. One took part in laying the groundwork for and carrying out the Prague spring; the other opened a new political era in Soviet world politics. In 1993 they decided that their conversations might be of interest to others and so they began to tape-record them. This book is the product of that thinking out loud process. It is an absorbing record of two friends trying to explain to one another their views on the problems and events that determined their destinies. From reminiscences of their starry-eyed university days to reflections on the use of force to save socialism to contemplation of the end of the cold war, here is a far more candid picture of Gorbachev than we have ever seen before. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath Anthony Hallam, P. B. Wignall, 1997 Complements the many popular and often sensational accounts, multi-author volumes, and studies on a particular mass extinction with a focuses scientific investigation of all the known mass extinctions with sufficient technical detail to excite geologists and paleontologists. Discusses the Big Five, one late in each of the Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, and the famous Cretaceous that saw the end of the Dinosaurs; and minor mass extinctions from the early Cambrian the Cenozoic. Also examines the current paleontological, geological, and sedimentological evidence of environmental change; and sets out the cases for causes by climate change, marine regressions, asteroid or comet impact, anoxia, and volcanic eruptions. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
| mass extinctions pogil: Extinction Events in Earth History IGCP Project 216--"Global Biological Events in Earth History.", 1990 This volume is dedicated to the interdisciplinary study of dynamic biological changes through the Phanerozoic which are associated with mass extinction events and similar biotic crises, and their causal mechanisms. In particular, it documents in detail the complex nature of terrestrial and extraterrestrial feedback loops that are associated with many mass extinction intervals. Authors have been asked to represent most of the known mass extinction events through time, and to comment on the complex earthbound or extraterrestrial causes (or both) for global biotic crises. The reader is offered new perspectives of extinction boundaries, a more innovative and diverse approach to causal mechanisms and mass extinction theory, blended views of paleobiologists, oceanographers, geochemists, volcanologists, and sedimentologists by an international cast of authors. No other book on extinction presents such a broad spectrum of data and theories on the subject of mass extinction. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Rivers in Time Peter Douglas Ward, 2000 Elaborating on and updating Ward's previous work, The End of Evolution, Rivers in Time delves into his newest discoveries. The book presents the gripping tale of the author's investigations into the history of life and death on Earth through a series of expeditions that have brought him ever closer to the truth about mass extinctions, past and future. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Mass Extinctions Stephen K. Donovan, S. K. Donovan, 1989 |
| mass extinctions pogil: Mass Extinctions, Volcanism, and Impacts Thierry Adatte, David P.G. Bond, Gerta Keller, 2020-04-13 This volume covers new developments and research on mass extinctions, volcanism, and impacts. It addresses the following topics: the Central Iapetus magmatic province; thermogenic degassing in large igneous provinces; global mercury enrichment in Valanginian sediments; Guerrero-Morelos carbonate platform response to the Caribbean-Colombian Cretaceous large igneous province; implications for the Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary event in shallow platform environments and correlation to the deep sea; environmental effects of Deccan volcanism on biotic transformations and attendant Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary mass extinction in the Indian subcontinent; Deccan red boles; and factors leading to the collapse of producers during the Chicxulub impact and Deccan Traps eruptions-- |
| mass extinctions pogil: Mass Extinction Ashraf M.T. Elewa, 2007-12-03 The present book combines three main aspects: five major mass extinctions; contributions on some other minor extinctions; and more importantly contributions on the current mass extinction. All three aspects are introduced through interesting studies of mass extinctions in diverse organisms ranging from small invertebrates to mammals and take account of the most accepted subjects discussing mass extinctions in insects, mammals, fishes, ostracods and molluscs. |
| mass extinctions pogil: The Ends of the World Peter Brannen, 2017-06-13 One of Vox’s Most Important Books of the Decade New York Times Editors' Choice 2017 Forbes Top 10 Best Environment, Climate, and Conservation Book of 2017 As new groundbreaking research suggests that climate change played a major role in the most extreme catastrophes in the planet's history, award-winning science journalist Peter Brannen takes us on a wild ride through the planet's five mass extinctions and, in the process, offers us a glimpse of our increasingly dangerous future Our world has ended five times: it has been broiled, frozen, poison-gassed, smothered, and pelted by asteroids. In The Ends of the World, Peter Brannen dives into deep time, exploring Earth’s past dead ends, and in the process, offers us a glimpse of our possible future. Many scientists now believe that the climate shifts of the twenty-first century have analogs in these five extinctions. Using the visible clues these devastations have left behind in the fossil record, The Ends of the World takes us inside “scenes of the crime,” from South Africa to the New York Palisades, to tell the story of each extinction. Brannen examines the fossil record—which is rife with creatures like dragonflies the size of sea gulls and guillotine-mouthed fish—and introduces us to the researchers on the front lines who, using the forensic tools of modern science, are piecing together what really happened at the crime scenes of the Earth’s biggest whodunits. Part road trip, part history, and part cautionary tale, The Ends of the World takes us on a tour of the ways that our planet has clawed itself back from the grave, and casts our future in a completely new light. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Extinction Douglas H. Erwin, 2015-03-22 Some 250 million years ago, the earth suffered the greatest biological crisis in its history. Around 95 percent of all living species died out—a global catastrophe far greater than the dinosaurs' demise 185 million years later. How this happened remains a mystery. But there are many competing theories. Some blame huge volcanic eruptions that covered an area as large as the continental United States; others argue for sudden changes in ocean levels and chemistry, including burps of methane gas; and still others cite the impact of an extraterrestrial object, similar to what caused the dinosaurs' extinction. Extinction is a paleontological mystery story. Here, the world's foremost authority on the subject provides a fascinating overview of the evidence for and against a whole host of hypotheses concerning this cataclysmic event that unfolded at the end of the Permian. After setting the scene, Erwin introduces the suite of possible perpetrators and the types of evidence paleontologists seek. He then unveils the actual evidence--moving from China, where much of the best evidence is found; to a look at extinction in the oceans; to the extraordinary fossil animals of the Karoo Desert of South Africa. Erwin reviews the evidence for each of the hypotheses before presenting his own view of what happened. Although full recovery took tens of millions of years, this most massive of mass extinctions was a powerful creative force, setting the stage for the development of the world as we know it today. In a new preface, Douglas Erwin assesses developments in the field since the book's initial publication. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Under a Green Sky Peter Douglas Ward, 2007 More than 200 million years ago, a cataclysm known as the Permian extinction destroyed nearly 97 percent of all living things. Its origins have long been a puzzle. Paleontologist Ward, fresh from helping prove that an asteroid had killed the dinosaurs, turned to the Permian problem, and he has come to a stunning conclusion: that the near-total devastation at the end of the Permian period was caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide leading to climate change. The story of the discovery makes for a globe-spanning adventure. Here, Ward explains how the Permian extinction as well as four others happened, and describes the freakish oceans--belching poisonous gas--and sky--slightly green and always hazy--that would have attended them. Those ancient upheavals demonstrate that the threat of climate change cannot be ignored, lest the world's life today--ourselves included--face the same dire fate.--From publisher description. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Evolutionary Catastrophes V. Courtillot, Vincent Courtillot, 2002-03-07 Mass extinction and cataclysmic volcanic activity: will fascinate everyone interested in the history of life and death on our planet. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects Gerta Keller, Andrew C. Kerr, 2014-09-16 Comprises articles stemming from the March 2013 international conference at London's Natural History Museum. Researchers across geological, geophysical, and biological disciplines present key results from research concerning the causes of mass extinction events-- |
| mass extinctions pogil: Extinctions: Twilight of the Species Jean-Baptiste De Panafieu, 2021-11-17T00:00:00+01:00 Two journalists travel to an island in the Arctic Circle where scientists are searching for fossils of extinct animals. Like all journalists, they have a lot of questions: how is it possible for an entire species to completely disappear? Word has it that we're in the midst of a sixth mass extinction, but what exactly does that mean? How did the first five happen? What is the scientific definition of an extinction? Alexandre Franc adeptly illustrates the narrative by Jean-Baptiste de Panafieu, a specialist in natural sciences and doctor of biological oceanology. Panafieu, who has already authored a number of popular science books, gives a clear explanation of what mass extinctions are, cleverly comparing past extinctions with the one we are witnessing now. The two authors present us with a clear, intelligent, and lighthearted perspective on a fascinating phenomenon. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Lost Creatures of the Earth Jon Erickson, 2014-05-14 Presents an examination of possible phenomena that caused dramatic changes in the earth's surface that could explain periodic mass extinctions and the evolution of new species. |
| mass extinctions pogil: The Worst of Times P. B. Wignall, 2017-05-09 260 million years ago, life on Earth suffered wave after wave of cataclysmic extinctions, with the worst--the end-Permian extinction--wiping out nearly every species on the planet. This book delves into the mystery behind these extinctions and sheds light on the fateful role the primeval supercontinent, known as Pangea, may have played in causing these global catastrophes. Drawing on the latest discoveries as well as his own field expeditions to remote corners of the world, Paul Wignall reveals what scientists are only now beginning to understand about the most prolonged period of environmental crisis in Earth's history. He describes how a series of unprecedented extinction events swept across the planet in a span of eighty million years, rapidly killing marine and terrestrial life on a scale more devastating than the dinosaur extinctions that would come later. Wignall shows how these extinctions--some of which have only recently been discovered--all coincided with gigantic volcanic eruptions of flood basalt lavas that occurred when the world's landmasses were united into a single vast expanse. Unraveling one of the great enigmas of ancient Earth, this book also explains how the splitting apart of Pangea into the continents we know today ushered in a new age of vibrant and more resilient life on our planet.--Adapted from book jacket. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Under a Green Sky Peter D. Ward, 2009-10-13 By looking backward at the course of great extinctions, a paleontologist sees what the future holds. More than 200 million years ago, a cataclysmic event known as the Permian extinction destroyed more than 90 percent of all species and nearly 97 percent of all living things. Its origins have long been a puzzle for paleontologists. During the 1990s and the early part of this century, a great battle was fought between those who thought that death had come from above and those who thought something more complicated was at work. Paleontologist Peter. D. Ward, fresh from helping prove that an asteroid had killed the dinosaurs, turned to the Permian problem, and he has come to a stunning conclusion. In his investigations of the fates of several groups of mollusks during that extinction and others, he discovered that the near-total devastation at the end of the Permian period was caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide leading to climate change. But it's not the heat (nor the humidity) that's directly responsible for the extinctions, and the story of the discovery of what is responsible makes for a fascinating, globe-spanning adventure. In Under a Green Sky, Ward explains how the Permian extinction as well as four others happened, and describes the freakish oceans—belching poisonous gas—and sky—slightly green and always hazy—that would have attended them. Those ancient upheavals demonstrate that the threat of climate change cannot be ignored, lest the world's life today—ourselves included—face the same dire fate that has overwhelmed our planet several times before. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Modeling Extinction Mark E. J. Newman, Richard G. Palmer, 2003 In the last decade or so, scientists have started to examine a new approach to the patterns of evolution and extinction in the fossil record. This approach may be called statistical paleontology, since it looks at large-scale patterns in the record and attempts to understand and model their average statistical features, rather than their detailed structure. This book, developed after a meeting at the Santa Fe Institute on extinction modeling, comments critically on the various modeling approaches. |
| mass extinctions pogil: The Mass-Extinction Debates William Glen, 1994 This book examines the arguments and behavior of the scientists who have been locked in conflict over two competing theories to explain why, 65 million years ago, most life on earth—including the dinosaurs—perished. |
| mass extinctions pogil: When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time (Revised edition) Michael J. Benton, 2015-08-11 “The focus is the most severe mass extinction known in earth’s history. The science on which the book is based is up-to-date, thorough, and balanced. Highly recommended.” —Choice Today it is common knowledge that the dinosaurs were wiped out by a meteorite impact 65 million years ago that killed half of all species then living. It is far less widely understood that a much greater catastrophe took place at the end of the Permian period 251 million years ago: at least ninety percent of life on earth was destroyed. When Life Nearly Died documents not only what happened during this gigantic mass extinction but also the recent renewal of the idea of catastrophism: the theory that changes in the earth’s crust were brought about suddenly in the past by phenomena that cannot be observed today. Was the end-Permian event caused by the impact of a huge meteorite or comet, or by prolonged volcanic eruption in Siberia? The evidence has been accumulating, and Michael J. Benton gives his verdict at the end of the volume. The new edition brings the study of the greatest mass extinction of all time thoroughly up-to-date. In the twelve years since the book was originally published, hundreds of geologists and paleontologists have been investigating all aspects of how life could be driven to the brink of annihilation, and especially how life recovered afterwards, providing the foundations of modern ecosystems. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Learner-Centered Teaching Activities for Environmental and Sustainability Studies Loren B. Byrne, 2016-03-21 Learner-centered teaching is a pedagogical approach that emphasizes the roles of students as participants in and drivers of their own learning. Learner-centered teaching activities go beyond traditional lecturing by helping students construct their own understanding of information, develop skills via hands-on engagement, and encourage personal reflection through metacognitive tasks. In addition, learner-centered classroom approaches may challenge students’ preconceived notions and expand their thinking by confronting them with thought-provoking statements, tasks or scenarios that cause them to pay closer attention and cognitively “see” a topic from new perspectives. Many types of pedagogy fall under the umbrella of learner-centered teaching including laboratory work, group discussions, service and project-based learning, and student-led research, among others. Unfortunately, it is often not possible to use some of these valuable methods in all course situations given constraints of money, space, instructor expertise, class-meeting and instructor preparation time, and the availability of prepared lesson plans and material. Thus, a major challenge for many instructors is how to integrate learner-centered activities widely into their courses. The broad goal of this volume is to help advance environmental education practices that help increase students’ environmental literacy. Having a diverse collection of learner-centered teaching activities is especially useful for helping students develop their environmental literacy because such approaches can help them connect more personally with the material thus increasing the chances for altering the affective and behavioral dimensions of their environmental literacy. This volume differentiates itself from others by providing a unique and diverse collection of classroom activities that can help students develop their knowledge, skills and personal views about many contemporary environmental and sustainability issues. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Dying Planet Jon Erickson, 1991 What we need to know on a personal and societal level to reverse current trends for our planet. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Around the World in 80 Species Jill Atkins, Barry Atkins, 2018-11-08 The world is currently experiencing a sixth period of mass species extinction, and extinction of flora and fauna is caused by a variety of factors arising from industrial activity and increasing human population, such as global warming, climate change, habitat loss, pollution and use of pesticides. Most causes of extinction are linked to corporate activity, either directly or indirectly. Around the World in 80 Species: Exploring the Business of Extinction responds to the ongoing mass extinction crisis engulfing our planet by exploring the ways in which accounting, business and finance can be used to prevent species extinctions. From Africa to the Far East and from Europe to the Americas, the authors explore species loss and how businesses can stop mass extinctions through greater transparency, and through closer engagement with their investors and wildlife organisations. The book concludes that global capitalism has led us to this extinction crisis and that therefore the mechanisms of capitalism – namely accounting, finance, investment – can help to pull us out. Businesses must urgently address extinction before it is too late for all species, including ourselves. As the first book to explore corporate accounting and accountability in relation to species on the brink of extinction, this book will be of great interest to both professionals and a wider audience interested in the causes and prevention of extinction. |
| mass extinctions pogil: The Worst of Times Paul B. Wignall, 2015-09-29 Unraveling the mystery of the catastrophic age of extinctions Two hundred sixty million years ago, life on Earth suffered wave after wave of cataclysmic extinctions, with the worst wiping out nearly every species on the planet. The Worst of Times delves into the mystery behind these extinctions and sheds light on the fateful role the primeval supercontinent, known as Pangea, might have played in causing these global catastrophes. Drawing on the latest discoveries as well as his own firsthand experiences conducting field expeditions to remote corners of the world, Paul Wignall reveals what scientists are only now beginning to understand about the most prolonged and calamitous period of environmental crisis in Earth's history. Wignall shows how these series of unprecedented extinction events swept across the planet, killing life on a scale more devastating than the dinosaur extinctions that would follow. The Worst of Times unravels one of the great enigmas of ancient Earth and shows how this ushered in a new age of vibrant and more resilient life on our planet. |
| mass extinctions pogil: The Miner's Canary Niles Eldredge, 2022-02-08 Like the bird whose death signaled dangerous conditions in a mine, the demise of animals that once flourished should give humans pause. How is our fate linked to the earth's creatures, and the cycle of flourishing and extinction? Which are the simple workings of nature's order, and which are omens of ecological disaster? Does human activity accelerate extinction? What really causes it? In an illuminating and elegantly written account of the widespread reduction of the world's wildlife, renowned paleontologist Niles Eldredge poses these questions and examines humankind's role in the larger life cycles of the earth, composing a provocative general theory of extinction. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Extinction P. B. Wignall, 2019 Extinction has occurred throughout the history of life, and nearly all the species that have ever existed have now disappeared. In this Very Short Introduction, Paul B. Wignall looks at the causes and nature of extinction events, what makes a species vulnerable, and the debates in modern science of the role of climate and humans. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Mass-Extinction Debates William Glen, 1994-11-01 The history of life on Earth is punctuated by half a dozen puzzling mass extinctions that constitute the benchmarks of the geologic time scale. These great breaks in the continuity of the fossil record have invited a wide array of scientific speculation. The most thoroughly studied of the mass extinctions occurred 65 million years ago when most life on Earth, incl. the dinosaurs, perished. Two rival hypotheses have emerged to account for this catastrophic event: the impactor hypothesis sees the earth bombarded with deadly meteorites, while the competing volcanist hypothesis evokes gigantic volcanic eruptions. This book examines the arguments and behavior of the scientists who have been locked in conflict over the competing hypotheses. |
| mass extinctions pogil: When Life Nearly Died Michael J. Benton, 2005-08-01 Documents the mass extinction of nearly 90 percent of life during the Permian period, discussing what caused the disaster and recent scientific research regarding catastrophic events. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Scatter, Adapt, and Remember Annalee Newitz, 2013-05-14 In its 4.5 billion–year history, life on Earth has been almost erased at least half a dozen times: shattered by asteroid impacts, entombed in ice, smothered by methane, and torn apart by unfathomably powerful megavolcanoes. And we know that another global disaster is eventually headed our way. Can we survive it? How? As a species, Homo sapiens is at a crossroads. Study of our planet’s turbulent past suggests that we are overdue for a catastrophic disaster, whether caused by nature or by human interference. It’s a frightening prospect, as each of the Earth’s past major disasters—from meteor strikes to bombardment by cosmic radiation—resulted in a mass extinction, where more than 75 percent of the planet’s species died out. But in Scatter, Adapt, and Remember, Annalee Newitz, science journalist and editor of the science Web site io9.com explains that although global disaster is all but inevitable, our chances of long-term species survival are better than ever. Life on Earth has come close to annihilation—humans have, more than once, narrowly avoided extinction just during the last million years—but every single time a few creatures survived, evolving to adapt to the harshest of conditions. This brilliantly speculative work of popular science focuses on humanity’s long history of dodging the bullet, as well as on new threats that we may face in years to come. Most important, it explores how scientific breakthroughs today will help us avoid disasters tomorrow. From simulating tsunamis to studying central Turkey’s ancient underground cities; from cultivating cyanobacteria for “living cities” to designing space elevators to make space colonies cost-effective; from using math to stop pandemics to studying the remarkable survival strategies of gray whales, scientists and researchers the world over are discovering the keys to long-term resilience and learning how humans can choose life over death. Newitz’s remarkable and fascinating journey through the science of mass extinctions is a powerful argument about human ingenuity and our ability to change. In a world populated by doomsday preppers and media commentators obsessively forecasting our demise, Scatter, Adapt, and Remember is a compelling voice of hope. It leads us away from apocalyptic thinking into a future where we live to build a better world—on this planet and perhaps on others. Readers of this book will be equipped scientifically, intellectually, and emotionally to face whatever the future holds. |
| mass extinctions pogil: Mass Extinctions - Processes & Evidence Stephen K. Donovan, 1991-09-29 Mass extinctions, the apparently sudden and regular disappearance of large numbers of species from the fossil record, are one of the mostly keenly contested and controversial debates in contemporary science. A great deal of research effort has gone into the topic and certain claims, notably that mass extinction eras display a periodicity of 24 million years, have caused great interest and disagreement. |
| mass extinctions pogil: The Sixth Extinction Elizabeth Kolbert, 2015 Over the last half a billion years, there have been five mass extinctions, when the diversity of life on earth suddenly and dramatically contracted. Scientists around the world are currently monitoring the sixth extinction, predicted to be the most devastating extinction event since the asteroid impact that wiped out the dinosaurs. But this time around, the cataclysm is us ... In The Sixth Extinction, two-time National Magazine award winner and New Yorker writer Elizabeth Kolbert draws on the work of scores of researchers in a half-dozen disciplines, accompanying many of them into the field: geologists who study deep ocean cores, botanists who follow the tree line as it climbs up the Andes, marine biologists who dive off the Great Barrier Reef. She introduces us to a dozen species, some already gone, others facing extinction, including the Panamian golden frog, staghorn coral, the Great Auk and the Sumatran rhino ... Through these stories, Kolbert provides a moving account of the disappearances occurring all around us and traces the evolution of extinction as a concept, from its first articulation by Georges Cuvier in French Revolutionary Paris through to the present day. The sixth extinction is likely to be mankind's most lasting legacy; as Kolbert observes, it compels us to rethink the fundamental question of what it means to be human. |
| mass extinctions pogil: The End of Evolution Peter Douglas Ward, 1995 |
| mass extinctions pogil: POGIL Activities for High School Biology High School POGIL Initiative, 2012 |
| mass extinctions pogil: The Call of Distant Mammoths Peter D. Ward, 2012-12-06 To help us understand what happened during the Ice Age, Peter Ward takes us on a tour of other mass extinctions through earth's history. He presents a compelling account of the great comet crash that killed off the dinosaurs, and describes other extinctions that were even more extensive. In so doing, he introduces us to a profound paradigm shift now taking place in paleontology: rather than arising from the gradual workings of everyday forces, all mass extinctions are due to unique, catastrophic events. Written with an irresistible combination of passion and expertise, The Call of Distant Mammoths is an engaging exploration of the history of life and the importance of humanity as an evolutionary force. Carefully argued...an intelligent and compelling book.-THE OLYMPIAN, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON Ward deftly summarizes a large body of scientific literature, simplifying complex ideas for the general reader without condescension.-PUBLISHERS WEEKLY Did the overkill really happen?...Peter Ward deftly summarizes the arguments...Ward tells (the story) well.-THE NEW SCIENTIST |
| mass extinctions pogil: Aspects of Mass Extinctions Robert Garvey, 2024 |
| mass extinctions pogil: Major Events in the History of Life J. William Schopf, 1992 Major Events in the History of Life, present six chapters that summarize our understanding of crucial events that shaped the development of the earth's environment and the course of biological evolution over some four billion years of geological time. The subjects are covered by acknowledged leaders in their fields span an enormous sweep of biologic history, from the formation of planet Earth and the origin of living systems to our earliest records of human activity. Several chapters present new data and new syntheses, or summarized results of new types of analysis, material not usually available in current college textbooks. |
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