Advertisement
Jacob Riis: US History Definition and Lasting Legacy
Introduction:
Dive into the life and impactful work of Jacob Riis, a name synonymous with late 19th-century American social reform. This comprehensive guide provides a detailed Jacob Riis US history definition, exploring his impactful photography, investigative journalism, and enduring contribution to understanding and addressing urban poverty in America. We'll unpack his influential book, "How the Other Half Lives," analyze his photographic techniques, and examine his lasting legacy on social reform movements. This in-depth exploration aims to provide a complete understanding of this pivotal figure in American history.
Jacob Riis: A Concise US History Definition
Jacob Riis (1849-1914) was a Danish-American journalist, social reformer, and early pioneer of documentary photography. He is best known for his impactful work exposing the squalid living conditions of the impoverished working class in New York City during the Gilded Age. His groundbreaking photographic essays and investigative journalism played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and influencing progressive social reforms. His work transcends a mere historical record; it's a powerful testament to the human cost of rapid industrialization and urbanization.
Riis's Photographic Techniques: Illuminating the Shadows
Riis wasn't just a photographer; he was a master of using his medium to tell a story. His innovative use of flash photography, a relatively new technology at the time, allowed him to capture the stark realities of tenement life, previously unseen by the affluent classes. He meticulously documented cramped, disease-ridden tenements, overflowing streets, and the faces of poverty-stricken families. His images weren't merely snapshots; they were carefully composed narratives, designed to evoke empathy and outrage in the viewer. This strategic use of light and shadow dramatically showcased the contrast between opulent wealth and crushing poverty within the same city.
The Power of the Image: More Than Just a Picture
Riis understood the power of visual storytelling. His photographs weren't detached observations; they were carefully selected and presented to maximize their emotional impact. He deliberately chose images that highlighted the most poignant aspects of poverty – the suffering children, the overcrowded living spaces, the despair etched on the faces of the residents. He wasn't simply documenting; he was campaigning for change through the emotive power of his imagery.
"How the Other Half Lives": A Call to Action
Published in 1890, "How the Other Half Lives" became a seminal work in American social reform literature. The book, accompanied by Riis's powerful photographs, vividly depicted the appalling living conditions in New York City's slums. It wasn't simply a descriptive account; it was a scathing indictment of societal inequalities and a passionate plea for reform. The book’s immediate impact was undeniable, galvanizing public awareness and shaping the narrative around urban poverty.
Impact of "How the Other Half Lives" on Social Reform
Riis's book directly influenced progressive reformers, politicians, and philanthropists. It served as a catalyst for improved housing legislation, tenement reforms, and the creation of settlement houses aimed at providing social services to the poor. His work directly impacted the development of public health initiatives and contributed to a broader understanding of the social determinants of health and well-being. It essentially paved the way for future social documentary photography and journalism.
Riis's Lasting Legacy: A Continuing Conversation
Jacob Riis's legacy extends far beyond his photography and writing. His commitment to social justice, his innovative use of photography as a tool for social change, and his passionate advocacy for the marginalized continue to inspire social reformers and activists today. His work serves as a stark reminder of the enduring challenges of poverty and inequality and the importance of documenting and addressing social injustices. His legacy compels us to critically examine our own societies and continue the fight for a more equitable and just world.
The Enduring Relevance of Riis's Work
Despite the passage of time, the issues Riis highlighted – poverty, housing inequality, and the need for social reform – remain strikingly relevant in the 21st century. His work serves as a powerful reminder that social progress is an ongoing process, requiring sustained effort and commitment to address persistent societal challenges. His legacy compels us to acknowledge that history repeats itself unless actively countered by engaged citizenship and progressive policies.
Conclusion:
Jacob Riis’s contribution to US history is undeniable. He used his skills as a journalist and photographer to expose the harsh realities of poverty and inspire significant social reforms. His work continues to resonate, urging us to confront societal inequities and work towards a more just and equitable future. His legacy reminds us that the power of photography and storytelling can be a potent force for positive change.
FAQs
1. What specific reforms resulted directly from Riis's work? Riis's work directly influenced the passage of tenement house laws in New York City, leading to improved sanitation, ventilation, and living conditions in tenement buildings. His advocacy also contributed to the establishment of settlement houses and various public health initiatives.
2. How did Riis's background influence his work? Born in Denmark, Riis experienced poverty firsthand, shaping his empathy and dedication to improving the lives of the poor in New York City. His immigrant experience allowed him to connect with the marginalized communities he documented.
3. What are some criticisms of Riis's work? Some critics argue that Riis's portrayals, while impactful, sometimes reinforced negative stereotypes about the poor. Others point out that his solutions often focused on assimilation rather than addressing systemic inequalities.
4. How did Riis use technology to his advantage? Riis's innovative use of flash photography, a relatively new technology at the time, was crucial to his ability to capture images within the dimly lit tenements, revealing the stark reality of their living conditions to a wider audience.
5. What is the significance of "How the Other Half Lives" today? "How the Other Half Lives" remains significant today as a powerful historical document that highlights the persistent challenges of poverty and inequality. It serves as a cautionary tale and a reminder of the importance of social reform and justice.
| jacob riis us history definition: How the Other Half Lives Jacob Riis, 2011 |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Making of an American Jacob A. Riis, 2023-09-14 Reproduction of the original. The publishing house Megali specialises in reproducing historical works in large print to make reading easier for people with impaired vision. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Children of the Poor Jacob August Riis, 1892 Jacob Riis was a Danish-born photojournalist who used his camera to draw attention to the plight of the poor. |
| jacob riis us history definition: U.S. History P. Scott Corbett, Volker Janssen, John M. Lund, Todd Pfannestiel, Sylvie Waskiewicz, Paul Vickery, 2024-09-10 U.S. History is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory courses. The text provides a balanced approach to U.S. history, considering the people, events, and ideas that have shaped the United States from both the top down (politics, economics, diplomacy) and bottom up (eyewitness accounts, lived experience). U.S. History covers key forces that form the American experience, with particular attention to issues of race, class, and gender. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Gilded Age Mark Twain, Charles Dudley Warner, 1892 |
| jacob riis us history definition: A Fierce Discontent Michael McGerr, 2010-05-11 The Progressive Era, a few brief decades around the turn of the last century, still burns in American memory for its outsized personalities: Theodore Roosevelt, whose energy glinted through his pince-nez; Carry Nation, who smashed saloons with her axe and helped stop an entire nation from drinking; women suffragists, who marched in the streets until they finally achieved the vote; Andrew Carnegie and the super-rich, who spent unheard-of sums of money and became the wealthiest class of Americans since the Revolution. Yet the full story of those decades is far more than the sum of its characters. In Michael McGerr's A Fierce Discontent America's great political upheaval is brilliantly explored as the root cause of our modern political malaise. The Progressive Era witnessed the nation's most convulsive upheaval, a time of radicalism far beyond the Revolution or anything since. In response to the birth of modern America, with its first large-scale businesses, newly dominant cities, and an explosion of wealth, one small group of middle-class Americans seized control of the nation and attempted to remake society from bottom to top. Everything was open to question -- family life, sex roles, race relations, morals, leisure pursuits, and politics. For a time, it seemed as if the middle-class utopians would cause a revolution. They accomplished an astonishing range of triumphs. From the 1890s to the 1910s, as American soldiers fought a war to make the world safe for democracy, reformers managed to outlaw alcohol, close down vice districts, win the right to vote for women, launch the income tax, take over the railroads, and raise feverish hopes of making new men and women for a new century. Yet the progressive movement collapsed even more spectacularly as the war came to an end amid race riots, strikes, high inflation, and a frenzied Red scare. It is an astonishing and moving story. McGerr argues convincingly that the expectations raised by the progressives' utopian hopes have nagged at us ever since. Our current, less-than-epic politics must inevitably disappoint a nation that once thought in epic terms. The New Deal, World War II, the Cold War, the Great Society, and now the war on terrorism have each entailed ambitious plans for America; and each has had dramatic impacts on policy and society. But the failure of the progressive movement set boundaries around the aspirations of all of these efforts. None of them was as ambitious, as openly determined to transform people and create utopia, as the progressive movement. We have been forced to think modestly ever since that age of bold reform. For all of us, right, center, and left, the age of fierce discontent is long over. |
| jacob riis us history definition: A Ten Years' War: An Account of the Battle with the Slum in New York Jacob A. Riis, 2022-05-29 A Ten Years' War: An Account of the Battle with the Slum in New York is a book by Jacob A. Riis. It takes a look at slums, gangs and criminal behavior and their causes in early 20th century NYC. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Rediscovering Jacob Riis Bonnie Yochelson, Daniel Czitrom, 2014-08-18 Jacob Riis (1849-1914) was the author of How the Other Half Lives (1890). This study of his life and work includes excerpts from Riis s diary, chronicling romance, poverty, temptation, and, after many false starts, employment as a writer and reformer. In the second half, Yochelson describes how Riis used photography to shock and influence his readers. The authors describe Riis s intellectual education and discuss the influence of How the Other Half Lives on urban history. It shows that Riis argued for charity rather than social justice; but the fact that he understood what it was to be homeless did humanize Riis s work, and that work has continued to inspire reformers. Yochelson focuses on how Riis came to obtain his now famous images, how they were manipulated for publication, and their influence on the young field of photography. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Permanent Supportive Housing National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Policy and Global Affairs, Science and Technology for Sustainability Program, Committee on an Evaluation of Permanent Supportive Housing Programs for Homeless Individuals, 2018-08-11 Chronic homelessness is a highly complex social problem of national importance. The problem has elicited a variety of societal and public policy responses over the years, concomitant with fluctuations in the economy and changes in the demographics of and attitudes toward poor and disenfranchised citizens. In recent decades, federal agencies, nonprofit organizations, and the philanthropic community have worked hard to develop and implement programs to solve the challenges of homelessness, and progress has been made. However, much more remains to be done. Importantly, the results of various efforts, and especially the efforts to reduce homelessness among veterans in recent years, have shown that the problem of homelessness can be successfully addressed. Although a number of programs have been developed to meet the needs of persons experiencing homelessness, this report focuses on one particular type of intervention: permanent supportive housing (PSH). Permanent Supportive Housing focuses on the impact of PSH on health care outcomes and its cost-effectiveness. The report also addresses policy and program barriers that affect the ability to bring the PSH and other housing models to scale to address housing and health care needs. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Battle with the Slum Jacob A. Riis, 2013-03-05 Classic work of reportage documents life of the urban poor at the turn of the century. Real-life tales and rare photographs celebrate efforts to demolish breeding grounds of crime and improve conditions in schools and tenements. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Jacob A. Riis Bonnie Yochelson, 2015 Danish-born Jacob A. Riis (1849-1914) found success in America as a reporter for the New York Tribune, first documenting crime and later turning his eye to housing reform. As tenement living conditions became unbearable in the wake of massive immigration, Riis and his camera captured some of the earliest, most powerful images of American urban poverty--Jacket. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Five Points Tyler Anbinder, 2012-06-05 The very letters of the two words seem, as they are written, to redden with the blood-stains of unavenged crime. There is Murder in every syllable, and Want, Misery and Pestilence take startling form and crowd upon the imagination as the pen traces the words. So wrote a reporter about Five Points, the most infamous neighborhood in nineteenth-century America, the place where slumming was invented. All but forgotten today, Five Points was once renowned the world over. Its handful of streets in lower Manhattan featured America's most wretched poverty, shared by Irish, Jewish, German, Italian, Chinese, and African Americans. It was the scene of more riots, scams, saloons, brothels, and drunkenness than any other neighborhood in the new world. Yet it was also a font of creative energy, crammed full of cheap theaters and dance halls, prizefighters and machine politicians, and meeting halls for the political clubs that would come to dominate not just the city but an entire era in American politics. From Jacob Riis to Abraham Lincoln, Davy Crockett to Charles Dickens, Five Points both horrified and inspired everyone who saw it. The story that Anbinder tells is the classic tale of America's immigrant past, as successive waves of new arrivals fought for survival in a land that was as exciting as it was dangerous, as riotous as it was culturally rich. Tyler Anbinder offers the first-ever history of this now forgotten neighborhood, drawing on a wealth of research among letters and diaries, newspapers and bank records, police reports and archaeological digs. Beginning with the Irish potato-famine influx in the 1840s, and ending with the rise of Chinatown in the early twentieth century, he weaves unforgettable individual stories into a tapestry of tenements, work crews, leisure pursuits both licit and otherwise, and riots and political brawls that never seemed to let up. Although the intimate stories that fill Anbinder's narrative are heart-wrenching, they are perhaps not so shocking as they first appear. Almost all of us trace our roots to once humble stock. Five Points is, in short, a microcosm of America. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The History of the Standard Oil Company Ida Minerva Tarbell, 2020-09-28 One of the busiest corners of the globe at the opening of the year 1872 was a strip of Northwestern Pennsylvania, not over fifty miles long, known the world over as the Oil Regions. Twelve years before this strip of land had been but little better than a wilderness; its chief inhabitants the lumbermen, who every season cut great swaths of primeval pine and hemlock from its hills, and in the spring floated them down the Allegheny River to Pittsburg. The great tides of Western emigration had shunned the spot for years as too rugged and unfriendly for settlement, and yet in twelve years this region avoided by men had been transformed into a bustling trade centre, where towns elbowed each other for place, into which three great trunk railroads had built branches, and every foot of whose soil was fought for by capitalists. It was the discovery and development of a new raw product, petroleum, which had made this change from wilderness to market-place. This product in twelve years had not only peopled a waste place of the earth, it had revolutionised the world’s methods of illumination and added millions upon millions of dollars to the wealth of the United States. Petroleum as a curiosity, and indeed in a small way as an article of commerce, was no new thing when its discovery in quantities called the attention of the world to this corner of Northwestern Pennsylvania. The journals of many an early explorer of the valleys of the Allegheny and its tributaries tell of springs and streams the surfaces of which were found covered with a thick oily substance which burned fiercely when ignited and which the Indians believed to have curative properties. As the country was opened, more and more was heard of these oil springs. Certain streams came to be named from the quantities of the substance found on the surface of the water, as “Oil Creek” in Northwestern Pennsylvania, “Old Greasy” or Kanawha in West Virginia. The belief in the substance as a cure-all increased as time went on and in various parts of the country it was regularly skimmed from the surface of the water as cream from a pan, or soaked up by woollen blankets, bottled, and peddled as a medicine for man and beast. Up to the beginning of the 19th century no oil seems to have been obtained except from the surfaces of springs and streams. That it was to be found far below the surface of the earth was discovered independently at various points in Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio and Pennsylvania by persons drilling for salt-water to be used in manufacturing salt. Not infrequently the water they found was mixed with a dark-green, evil-smelling substance which was recognised as identical with the well-known “rock-oil.” It was necessary to rid the water of this before it could be used for salt, and in many places cisterns were devised in which the brine was allowed to stand until the oil had risen to the surface. It was then run into the streams or on the ground. This practice was soon discovered to be dangerous, so easily did the oil ignite. In several places, particularly in Kentucky, so much oil was obtained with the salt-water that the wells had to be abandoned. Certain of these deserted salt wells were opened years after, when it was found that the troublesome substance which had made them useless was far more valuable than the brine the original drillers sought. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Atomic Habits (Tamil) James Clear, 2023-07-14 நீங்கள் உங்கள் வாழ்க்கையை மாற்ற விரும்பினால், நீங்கள் பிரம்மாண்டமாக சிந்திக்க வேண்டும் என்று மக்கள் நினைக்கின்றனர். ஆனால், பழக்கங்களைப் பற்றி விரிவாக ஆய்வு செய்து அதில் உலகப் புகழ்பெற்ற நிபுணர்களில் ஒருவராகத் திகழுகின்ற ஜேம்ஸ் கிளியர் அதற்கு வேறொரு வழியைக் கண்டுபிடித்துள்ளார். தினமும் காலையில் ஐந்து நிமிடங்கள் முன்னதாகவே எழுந்திருத்தல், ஒரு பதினைந்து நிமிடங்கள் மெதுவோட்டத்தில் ஈடுபடுதல், கூடுதலாக ஒரு பக்கம் படித்தல் போன்ற நூற்றுக்கணக்கான சிறிய தீர்மானங்களின் கூட்டு விளைவிலிருந்துதான் உண்மையான மாற்றம் வருகிறது என்று அவர் கூறுகிறார்.<br>இந்தக் கடுகளவு மாற்றங்கள் எப்படி உங்கள் வாழ்க்கையைப் பெரிதும் மாற்றக்கூடிய விளைவுகளாக உருவெடுக்கின்றன என்பதை ஜேம்ஸ் இப்புத்தகத்தில் தெளிவாக வெளிப்படுத்துகிறார். அதற்கு அறிவியற்பூர்வமான விளக்கங்களையும் அவர் கொடுக்கிறார். ஒலிம்பிக்கில் தங்கப் பதக்கம் வென்றவர்கள், முன்னணி நிறுவனத் தலைவர்கள், புகழ்பெற்ற அறிவியலறிஞர்கள் ஆகியோரைப் பற்றிய உத்வேகமூட்டும் கதைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி அவர் தன்னுடைய கோட்பாடுகளை விளக்கும் விதம் சுவாரசியமூட்டுவதாக இருக்கிறது.<br>இச்சிறு மாற்றங்கள் உங்கள் தொழில்வாழ்க்கையின்மீதும் உங்கள் உறவுகளின்மீதும் உங்கள் தனிப்பட்ட வாழ்வின்மீதும் அளப்பரிய தாக்கம் ஏற்படுத்தி அவற்றைப் பரிபூரணமாக மாற்றும் என்பது உறுதி. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Significance of the Frontier in American History Frederick Jackson Turner, 2014-02-13 2014 Reprint of 1894 Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition. The Frontier Thesis or Turner Thesis, is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1894 that American democracy was formed by the American Frontier. He stressed the process-the moving frontier line-and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process. He also stressed consequences of a ostensibly limitless frontier and that American democracy and egalitarianism were the principle results. In Turner's thesis the American frontier established liberty by releasing Americans from European mindsets and eroding old, dysfunctional customs. The frontier had no need for standing armies, established churches, aristocrats or nobles, nor for landed gentry who controlled most of the land and charged heavy rents. Frontier land was free for the taking. Turner first announced his thesis in a paper entitled The Significance of the Frontier in American History, delivered to the American Historical Association in 1893 in Chicago. He won very wide acclaim among historians and intellectuals. Turner's emphasis on the importance of the frontier in shaping American character influenced the interpretation found in thousands of scholarly histories. By the time Turner died in 1932, 60% of the leading history departments in the U.S. were teaching courses in frontier history along Turnerian lines. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Jungle Upton Sinclair, 2024-06-18 The Jungle is a groundbreaking novel written by Upton Sinclair and published in 1906. The book is a powerful exploration of the harsh working conditions and social issues faced by immigrant workers in the Chicago stockyards during the early 20th century. The story follows the life of Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian immigrant, and his family as they struggle to survive in the harsh urban jungle of Chicago. The novel is a compelling work of historical fiction that provides a vivid portrayal of the social and economic conditions of the time. Sinclair's detailed descriptions of the meatpacking industry, including the brutal working conditions, lack of labor regulations, and the exploitation of immigrant workers, exposed the dark side of capitalism and the need for reform. One of the most notable aspects of The Jungle is its social and political commentary. Sinclair was a socialist, and the book reflects his political views, with the protagonist eventually embracing socialist ideals. The novel played a significant role in the progressive movement and helped to spur the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. Despite its focus on social and political issues, The Jungle is also a compelling human drama. The characters are well-developed and relatable, and the story is engaging and emotionally resonant. The novel explores themes of poverty, exploitation, and the struggle for survival in a harsh and unforgiving world. The Jungle is a powerful and important work of literature that shines a light on the social and economic issues of the early 20th century. The novel is a must-read for anyone interested in history, politics, or social justice. Its enduring relevance and impact make it a classic of American literature. |
| jacob riis us history definition: After the Fact James West Davidson, Mark H. Lytle, 1982 Under the historians eye, the puzzles of the past turn and reveal themselves. Here are good stories well told, displaying the essential fascination of scholarship in action and what it can accomplish. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Decorated Tenement Zachary J. Violette, 2019-04-30 Winner of the International Society of Place, Landscape, and Culture Fred B. Kniffen Award A reexamination of working-class architecture in late nineteenth-century urban America As the multifamily building type that often symbolized urban squalor, tenements are familiar but poorly understood, frequently recognized only in terms of the housing reform movement embraced by the American-born elite in the late nineteenth century. This book reexamines urban America’s tenement buildings of this period, centering on the immigrant neighborhoods of New York and Boston. Zachary J. Violette focuses on what he calls the “decorated tenement,” a wave of new buildings constructed by immigrant builders and architects who remade the slum landscapes of the Lower East Side of Manhattan and the North and West Ends of Boston in the late nineteenth century. These buildings’ highly ornamental facades became the target of predominantly upper-class and Anglo-Saxon housing reformers, who viewed the facades as garish wrappings that often hid what they assumed were exploitative and brutal living conditions. Drawing on research and fieldwork of more than three thousand extant tenement buildings, Violette uses ornament as an entry point to reconsider the role of tenement architects and builders (many of whom had deep roots in immigrant communities) in improving housing for the working poor. Utilizing specially commissioned contem-porary photography, and many never-before-published historical images, The Decorated Tenement complicates monolithic notions of architectural taste and housing standards while broadening our understanding of the diversity of cultural and economic positions of those responsible for shaping American architecture and urban landscapes. Winner of the International Society of Place, Landscape, and Culture Fred B. Kniffen Award |
| jacob riis us history definition: Creative Composites Lauren Kroiz, 2012-09-06 “Creative Composites provides an intelligent, rigorous account of several under-examined figures who gathered around the photographer Alfred Stieglitz and played important roles in the first American avant-garde. Drawing on rich archival sources, Lauren Kroiz revisits the cultural debates of the period and constructs an intricate and convincing comparative analysis of the role that gender, race and ethnicity, and cultural nationalism played in the construction of American modernism. This important historical and interpretive text represents a much-needed contribution not only to the history of American art but also to American social and cultural history.”—Marcia Brennan, author of Curating Consciousness: Mysticism and the Modern Museum “Describing the associations between immigrant critics and artists enmeshed in the New York art world in the early twentieth century, Kroiz skillfully demonstrates that American modernism reached beyond its European influences and was a deeply hybrid enterprise with multiple, global, and overlapping roots. Kroiz is sure-footed when seriously addressing works of art and marvelous at working through the issues around the ethnic identities of many of the key figures. Illuminating a crucial and oft-overlooked aspect of the history of American modernism—this peripatetic and shifting multiculturalism—Creative Composites is a timely, deeply researched text that highlights the wealth of mixed ancestry in our cultural heritage.”—Jessica May, author of American Modern: Documentary Photography by Abbott, Evans, and Bourke-White |
| jacob riis us history definition: McClure's Magazine , 1897 |
| jacob riis us history definition: American Rebels Jack Newfield, 2004-01-05 American Rebels is an anthology of specially commissioned essays by leading American writers that attempt to reconcile authentic patriotism with original artistic creation, unpopular opinion, and real moral principles that don't change with the winds. It includes rebels in politics, education, journalism, religion, literature, film, sports, music, law, popular culture, and social struggle. These are real rebels against conformity, commercialism, racism, oligarchy, the bogus conventional wisdom, stacked decks, and sacred cows. The Americans celebrated don't fit under any one ideology or party. They are too free-spirited to be categorized, belonging to a continuum of conviction and creation in our tangled national history. Some, like Walt Whitman, Bob Dylan, Marlon Brando, and Frank Sinatra, are famous. Others are less well known but have earned a broad appreciation; among them are Sam Fuller, Paul O'Dwyer, and Mike Harrington. Still others like Edward Abbey, Benjamin Mays, and Bill Hicks are almost cult figures—revered by a small, intense following. Others have faded from memory, like Margaret Sanger and Clarence Darrow, and deserve a new shaft of sunlight. This groundbreaking collection includes original essays by Pete Hamill, Stanley Crouch, Budd Schulberg, Danny Goldberg, J. Hoberman, Patricia Bosworth, Tom Hayden, Steve Earle, and others. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Afro-American Press and Its Editors Irvine Garland Penn, 1891 |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Bitter Cry of the Children John Spargo, 2023-11-11 John Spargo's 'The Bitter Cry of the Children' is a groundbreaking exposé on child labor in America during the early 20th century. With a compelling mix of investigative journalism and poignant storytelling, Spargo documents the appalling conditions faced by child workers in factories and mines, shedding light on a dark chapter of American history. The book echoes the sentiments of the progressive movement of the time, calling for social reform and labor laws to protect the most vulnerable members of society. Spargo's writing style is both evocative and informative, making this book a must-read for those interested in labor history and social justice issues. John Spargo, a prominent socialist and reformer, was deeply involved in the labor movement and social activism of his time. His personal experiences and passionate advocacy for social change undoubtedly influenced his decision to write 'The Bitter Cry of the Children'. As a respected authority on labor issues, Spargo's book served as a catalyst for legislative changes and public awareness about child labor practices. I highly recommend 'The Bitter Cry of the Children' to anyone interested in the history of labor rights, social reform, and the impact of investigative journalism. Spargo's powerful expose remains relevant today, reminding us of the ongoing need to protect the rights and well-being of all children. |
| jacob riis us history definition: American Photography Vicki Goldberg, Robert Silberman, 1999 This beautiful and informative photographic history includes images from 1900 to 1999. Many are often seen (bullet piercing the apple, splashing crown of milk, Sophia Loren looking askance at Jayne Mansfield's plunging decollete, and Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother); but most are probably unknown, because the photos were selected not only for their visual and cognitive qualities but also for their importance to the history and development of photographic technique and usage. The century is divided into thirds for explanation's sake, and there is at least one photograph for every year. While this is a picture book, the accompanying text provides informative introductions to the uses and abuses of perhaps the century's most important medium. The book is companion to the PBS series. Oversize: 12.5x9.5. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR |
| jacob riis us history definition: Children of the Tenements (Musaicum Christmas Specials) Jacob A. Riis, 2020-12-17 Musaicum Books presents the Musaicum Christmas Specials. We have selected the greatest Christmas novels, short stories and fairy tales for this joyful and charming holiday season, for all those who want to keep the spirit of Christmas alive with a heartwarming tale. Children of the Tenements is a collection of stories and tales about orphans and poor children living in the slums of New York City. It provides an interesting insight into city life at the turn of the century and shows how the spirit of Christmas can make an impact even on the most unfortunate ones. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Wealth Against Commonwealth Henry Demarest Lloyd, 1894 |
| jacob riis us history definition: Muckraking Ellen F. Fitzpatrick, 1994-04-15 Printed together for the first time since their original publication in 1903, Ray Stannard Baker’s piece on the coal strike, The Right to Work; Lincoln Steffens’ exposé of political corruption, The Shame of Minneapolis; and Ida Tarbell’s story of corporate villainy, The Oil War of 1872; along with an editorial from S. S. McClure and the narrative of Ellen Fitzpatrick, invite students to explore and understand muckraking. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Everything You Need to Ace U.S. History in One Big Fat Notebook, 2nd Edition Workman Publishing, 2023-04-11 From the brains behind Brain Quest comes the 2nd edition of the revolutionary U.S. history study guide. Updated to include recent history and revised to reflect a more complete, balanced recounting of historical events. Big Fat Notebooks offer the support of a knowledgeable teacher in the form of an approachable peer—the notes of smartest kid in class. Everything You Need to Ace U.S. History in One Big Fat Notebook is the same indispensable resource so many students depend on, updated with new and improved content covering Indigenous history in the U.S., the legacies of slavery, exploration, colonization, and imperialism, and significant current events through 2022, including the COVID-19 pandemic, political protests,, the most recent presidential election, and historic nominations to the Supreme Court. It will be the cutting-edge reference for students as education styles shift toward this informed approach to history. The Big Fat Notebooks meet Common Core State Standards, Next Generation Science Standards, and state history standards, and are vetted by National and State Teacher of the Year Award–winning teachers. They make learning fun, and are the perfect next step for every kid who grew up on Brain Quest. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Literary Journalism Across the Globe John S. Bak, Bill Reynolds, 2011 Essays that place literary journalism in an international context |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Winning of the West Theodore Roosevelt, 1896 |
| jacob riis us history definition: Street Life in London Adolphe Smith, John Thomson, 2014-11-01 Street Life in London (1877-78), by journalist Adolphe Smith and photographer John Thomson, aimed to reveal by the innovative use of photography and essays the conditions of a life of poverty in London. Now regarded as a pioneering photo-text and a foundational work of socially conscious photography - one of the most significant and far-reaching photobooks in the medium's history (The Photobook: A History) - Street Life in London failed to achieve commercial success in its own time. In this groundbreaking book, we see the start, but not the conclusion, of a conversation between text and image in the service of education, reportage and social justice. This newly designed and typeset edition contains the full text and makes available to a contemporary audience Thomson's powerful images in their original size and rich colour. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Defiant Images Darren Newbury, 2009 Photography is often believed to witness history or reflect society, but such perspectives fail to account for the complex ways in which photographs get made and seen, and the variety of motivations and social and political factors that shape the vision of the world that photographs provide. This book develops a critical historical method for engaging with photographers to try and understand how they viewed the work they were doing, and examines the place of photography in a post-apartheid era. Based on interviews with photographers, editors and curators, and through the analysis of photographs held in collections and displayed in museums, this research addresses the significance of photography in South Africa during the second half of the twentieth century--Cover |
| jacob riis us history definition: Theodore Roosevelt: The Citizen Jacob August Riis, 2019-02-22 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Oxford Companion to United States History Paul S. Boyer, Melvyn Dubofsky, 2001 In this volume that is as big and as varied as the nation it portrays are over 1,400 entries written by some 900 historians and other scholars, illuminating not only America's political, diplomatic, and military history, but also social, cultural, and intellectual trends; science, technology, and medicine; the arts; and religion. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Drama of American History Series James Lincoln Collier, Christopher Collier, 2017-02-07 History is dramatic—and the renowned, award-winning authors Christopher Collier and James Lincoln Collier demonstrate this in a compelling series aimed at young readers. The volumes in this collection explore far beyond the dates and events of a historical chronicle to present a moving illumination of the ideas, attitudes, and tribulations that led to the birth of this great nation. This collection features six books in the Drama of American History series, covering American history from prehistoric Native American life and culture through the Federalist era of the late eighteenth century: Pilgrims and Puritans: 1620–1676 The French and Indian War: 1660–1763 The Paradox of Jamestown: 1585–1700 Clash of Cultures: Prehistory–1638 The American Revolution: 1763–1783 Building a New Nation: The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 |
| jacob riis us history definition: How Racism Takes Place George Lipsitz, 2011-03-11 How racism shapes urban spaces and how African Americans create vibrant communities that offer models for more equitable social arrangements. |
| jacob riis us history definition: A History of the U.S. Political System [3 volumes] Richard A. Harris, Daniel J. Tichenor, 2009-12-23 This reference resource combines unique historical analysis, scholarly essays, and primary source documents to explore the evolution of ideas and institutions that have shaped American government and Americans' political behavior. One of the most active and revealing approaches to research into the American political system is one that focuses on political development, an approach that combines the tools of the political scientist and the historian. A History of the U.S. Political System: Ideas, Interests, and Institutions is the first comprehensive resource that uses this approach to explore the evolution of the American political system from the adoption of the Constitution to the present. A History of the U.S. Political System is a three-volume collection of original essays and primary documents that examines the ideas, institutions, and policies that have shaped American government and politics throughout its history. The first volume is issues-oriented, covering governmental and nongovernmental institutions as well as key policy areas. The second volume examines America's political development historically, surveying its dynamic government era by era. Volume three is a collection of documentary materials that supplement and enhance the reader's experience with the other volumes. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature Jay Parini, 2004 This set treats the whole of American literature, from the European discovery of America to the present, with entries in alphabetical order. Each of the 350 substantive essays is a major interpretive contribution. Well-known critics and scholars provide clear and vividly written essays thatreflect the latest scholarship on a given topic, as well as original thinking on the part of the critic. The Encyclopedia is available in print and as an e-reference text from Oxford's Digital Reference Shelf.At the core of the encyclopedia lie 250 essays on poets, playwrights, essayists, and novelists. The most prominent figures (such as Whitman, Melville, Faulkner, Frost, Morrison, and so forth) are treated at considerable length (10,000 words) by top-flight critics. Less well known figures arediscussed in essays ranging from 2,000 to 5,000 words. Each essay examines the life of the author in the context of his or her times, looking in detail at key works and describing the arc of the writer's career. These essays include an assessment of the writer's current reputation with abibliography of major works by the writer as well as a list of major critical and biographical works about the writer under discussion.A second key element of the project is the critical assessments of major American masterworks, such as Moby-Dick, Song of Myself, Walden, The Great Gatsby, The Waste Land, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Death of a Salesmanr, or Beloved. Each of these essays offers a close reading of the given work,placing that work in its historical context and offering a range of possibilities with regard to critical approach. These fifty essays (ranging from 2,000 to 5,000 words) are simply and clearly enough written that an intelligent high school student should easily understand them, but sophisticatedenough that a college student or general reader in a public library will find the essays both informative and stimulating.The final major element of this encyclopedia consists of fifty-odd essays on literary movements, periods, or themes, pulling together a broad range of information and making interesting connections. These essays treat many of the same authors already discussed, but in a different context; they alsogather into the fold authors who do not have an entire essay on their work (so that Zane Grey, for example, is discussed in an essay on Western literature but does not have an essay to himself). In this way, the project is truly encyclopedic, in the conventional sense. These essays aim forcomprehensiveness without losing anything of the narrative force that makes them good reading in their own right.In a very real fashion, the literature of the American people reflects their deepest desires, aspirations, fears, and fantasies. The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature gathers a wide range of information that illumines the field itself and clarifies many of its particulars. |
| jacob riis us history definition: Atomic Habits Summary (by James Clear) James Clear, SUMMARY: ATOMIC HABITS: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones. This book is not meant to replace the original book but to serve as a companion to it. ABOUT ORIGINAL BOOK: Atomic Habits can help you improve every day, no matter what your goals are. As one of the world's leading experts on habit formation, James Clear reveals practical strategies that will help you form good habits, break bad ones, and master tiny behaviors that lead to big changes. If you're having trouble changing your habits, the problem isn't you. Instead, the issue is with your system. There is a reason bad habits repeat themselves over and over again, it's not that you are not willing to change, but that you have the wrong system for changing. “You do not rise to the level of your goals. You fall to the level of your systems” - James Clear I’m a huge fan of this book, and as soon as I read it I knew it was going to make a big difference in my life, so I couldn’t wait to make a video on this book and share my ideas. Here is a link to James Clear’s website, where I found he uploads a tonne of useful posts on motivation, habit formation and human psychology. DISCLAIMER: This is an UNOFFICIAL summary and not the original book. It designed to record all the key points of the original book. |
| jacob riis us history definition: The American Yawp Joseph L. Locke, Ben Wright, 2019-01-22 I too am not a bit tamed--I too am untranslatable / I sound my barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world.--Walt Whitman, Song of Myself, Leaves of Grass The American Yawp is a free, online, collaboratively built American history textbook. Over 300 historians joined together to create the book they wanted for their own students--an accessible, synthetic narrative that reflects the best of recent historical scholarship and provides a jumping-off point for discussions in the U.S. history classroom and beyond. Long before Whitman and long after, Americans have sung something collectively amid the deafening roar of their many individual voices. The Yawp highlights the dynamism and conflict inherent in the history of the United States, while also looking for the common threads that help us make sense of the past. Without losing sight of politics and power, The American Yawp incorporates transnational perspectives, integrates diverse voices, recovers narratives of resistance, and explores the complex process of cultural creation. It looks for America in crowded slave cabins, bustling markets, congested tenements, and marbled halls. It navigates between maternity wards, prisons, streets, bars, and boardrooms. The fully peer-reviewed edition of The American Yawp will be available in two print volumes designed for the U.S. history survey. Volume I begins with the indigenous people who called the Americas home before chronicling the collision of Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans.The American Yawptraces the development of colonial society in the context of the larger Atlantic World and investigates the origins and ruptures of slavery, the American Revolution, and the new nation's development and rebirth through the Civil War and Reconstruction. Rather than asserting a fixed narrative of American progress, The American Yawp gives students a starting point for asking their own questions about how the past informs the problems and opportunities that we confront today. |
8th Grade U.S. History Distant Learning Practice Multiple …
The growing US economy and the rise of the machine age were creating large amounts of factory jobs in the urban centers of the North East. Many immigrants entered into cities such as New …
Jacob A. Riis: Christian Friend or Missionary Foe? Two …
Aug 4, 2017 · Jacob A. Riis Neighborhood Settlement Papers-New York Public Library Jacob A. Riis Papers-Library of Congress ... sion of James Marshall Yiddishes Tageblatt 1 AH, August …
THE HISTORY CHANNEL® PRESENTS: 10 DAYS THAT …
The Homestead Strike would be useful for American History, American Culture, Ethics, and Science and Technology courses. It is appropriate for middle school and high school
Excerpt from How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis - NYSUT
Mrs. Allard University U.S. History Excerpt from How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis Be a little careful, please! The hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies back …
HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES - UW Departments Web Server
How the Other Half Lives http://www.cis.yale.edu/amstud/inforev/riis/title.html 1 of 1 1/18/06 6:25 AM HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES The Hypertext Edition
Using Primary Sources to Understand the Past:
The video is a collection of pictures taken from the photojournalist Jacob Riis. Riis is most known for his book, How The Other Half Lives, which detailed the tenement ... Give Me Liberty: An …
AP UNITED STATES HISTORY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES …
1890 Jacob Riis publishes How the Other Half Lives. 1891 Populist Party formed. 1892 President Grover Cleveland wins second term. 1895 U.S. Supreme Court, in United States v. E. C. …
AP United States History - AP Central
AP United States History Samples and Commentary from the 2019 Exam Administration: Document-Based Question Keywords exam information; exam resources; teacher resources; …
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - …
The Jacob Riis Park Historic District comprises three significant recreational buildings constructed between 1932-1937. These buildings are the core structures of Jacob Riis Park, now a unit of …
Document A - Weebly
Photographer: Jacob Riis . STANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP sheg.stanford.edu Document C This image shows an Italian immigrant and her baby sitting in their windowless …
UNITED STATES HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT …
REGENTS EXAM IN U.S. HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT (FRAMEWORK) The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION UNITED STATES HISTORY …
Gateway National Recreation Area Foundation Document
Jacob Riis Park Floyd Bennett Field Miller Field Great Kills Park. Hoffman Island (no public access) Swinburne Island (no public access) Plumb Beach Canarsie Pier Bergen Beach Frank …
Of Science and Excess: Jacob Riis, Anzia Yezierska, and the …
fect together to help introduce and naturalize a new generation of US voices onto the American cultural scene. * * * As already introduced, Jacob Riis—through the use of images and height …
History and Theory of Planning - Georgia Planning Association
Focuses on slums Jacob Riis and poverty “How the Other Half Lives” and “Children of the Poor” 1890 1892 1889 Hull House in Jane Addams Chicago Promotes city and Edward Bellamy …
Document A Riis took this photograph in a dark, windowless …
In his notes, Riis reported that the 13-foot room, “slept twelve men and women, two or three in bunks set in a sort of alcove, the rest on the floor.” Title: Five cents a spot - unauthorized …
AP US HISTORY INTENSIVE REVIEW GUIDE - TomRichey.net
Late 19th century: Jacob Riis Plessy v. Ferguson Imperialism in the Philippines Progressive Era Legislation World War I Propaganda Treaty of Versailles / Fourteen Points Woman Suffrage …
AMH 2020-U01B (54331): AMERICAN HISTORY 1877 to the …
•How has the definition and lived experience of citizenship changed over time? ... The Writing in History program: aids with papers and other written assignments. Note that ... documents …
How the Other Half Lives. 1890. Jacob A. Riis (1849-1914).
Jacob A. Riis (1849-1914). The Mixed Crowd When once I asked the agent of a notorious Fourth Ward alley how many people might be living in it I was told: One hundred and forty families, …
Jacob Riis’How the Other Half Lives - in.sagepub.com
Jacob A. Riis, whose book of collected pho-tographs, statistics, and highly moralized rhetoric, How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York,provided one of the …
KEATING-OWEN CHILD LABOR ACT - learn.k20center.ou.edu
Sources Davis, K. (2003). Documenting “The other half”: The social reform photography of Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine. University of Virginia.
PRESERVATION CHICAGO C Seven ost hreatened uildings
History: The Jacob Riis School is named for Jacob A ugust Riis, a noted social reformer , photographer, and author in New York City. Through his photographs and writing, Riis helped …
“Gospel of Wealth” and Social Darwinism in the Gilded
including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social studies. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.6: Compare the point of view of two or more for how they treat …
2019 AP US HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
US HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 1. Evaluate the extent to which the Progressive movement fostered political change in the United States from 1890 to 1920. Document 1 . …
Lewis Hine, Ellis Island, and Pragmatism: Photographs as Lived …
contemporaries, Jacob Riis and Alfred Steiglitz, reveals Hine as a self-conscious and tolerant ... tant figure in the intellectual and stylistic definition of American culture in the first four decades …
How the Other Half Lives - THIRTEEN
Jacob Riis 1890 ong ago it was said that "one half of the world does not know how the other half lives." That was true then. It did not know because it did not care. The half that was on top …
Planning Theory History and Theories of Planning
Oct 2, 2009 · Jacob Riis 1889 Hull House in Chicago Settlement house movement Jane Addams 1902 Greenwich House helped organize the first National Conference on City Planning Mary …
History and Theories of Planning
Jacob Riis 1889 Hull House in Chicago Settlement house movement Jane Addams 1902 Greenwich House helped organize the first National Conference on City Planning Mary K. …
KM 654e-20141001084945 - Amazon Web Services, Inc.
Jacob Riis The first tenement New York knew bore the mark of Cain from its birth, though a generation passed before the was deciphered. It was the "rear house," infamous ever after in …
CHAPTER from How the Other Half Lives 7 by Jacob Riis
by Jacob Riis Jacob Riis, a Danish immigrant, worked for 12 years on the Lower East Side as a police reporter for the New York Tribune.In 1890 he published How the Other Half Lives,a …
Jacob A. Riis: Revealing New York’s Other are supported
In the 1880s, when Jacob Riis was giving his magic lantern presentation on life on the Lower East Side, there were dozens of newspapers in New York City, including many newspapers that …
The Project Gutenberg EBook of How the Other Half Lives, …
chapter x. jewtown, 104 chapter xi. the sweaters of jewtown, 120 chapter xii. the bohemians—tenement-house cigarmaking, 136 chapter xiii. the color line in new york, 148 …
AP US HISTORY INTENSIVE REVIEW GUIDE - TomRichey.net
Late 19th century: Jacob Riis Plessy v. Ferguson Imperialism in the Philippines Progressive Era Legislation World War I Propaganda Treaty of Versailles / Fourteen Points Woman Suffrage …
3/4/16 APUSH PERIOD 6: 1865-1898 REVIEWED! - APUSH …
– Tenement housing was common (documented by Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives”) • Child labor increasingly became a problem • Immigrants aempted to both assimilate (i.e. learn …
Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the …
Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (1890) In this seminal book, the journalist Jacob Riis exposed the poor living and working conditions of …
Jacob Riis Definition Us History Copy admissions.piedmont
Jacob Riis Definition Us History The Age of Reform Richard Hofstadter 2011-12-21 Winner of the Pulitzer Prize in Non-Fiction. This book is a landmark in American political thought. …
UN#2: Immigration, Urbanization, & Unionization Key Terms …
Jacob Riis: A photo-journalist who documented how the urban poor lived, he also lived with poor immigrant families in the cities during his research Upton Sinclair: A journalist who wrote “The …
High School U.S. History Gilded Age Content Module
For the words that you are not familiar with, read the definition carefully and write a personal definition of 7 words or les s as they relate to the Gilded Age. 3. Decide if the term had more of …
History Portfolio Projects - Homeschool Den
(university) level history for many years before I had kids and while the kids were young. When I was teaching high school history, I often taught the A.P. (Advanced Placement) classes. While …
Jacob Riis Definition Us History - goramblers.org
Jacob Riis Definition Us History jacob-riis-definition-us-history 2 Downloaded from www1.goramblers.org on 2024-01-01 by guest Integration of Multimedia Elements
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY
The Jacob Riis Park Historic District comprises three significant recreational buildings constructed between 1932-1937. These buildings are the core structures of Jacob Riis Park, now a unit of …
Danish American History: Jacob Riis
Danish American History: Jacob Riis y Gabrielle lement As a student researching photography and popular media of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, one name repeatedly appears in …
THE EARLY SOCIAL SCIENCE OF W. E. B. DU BOIS
also requires us to note several other studies of specifically urban environments, specifically those conducted by Charles Booth, Jane Addams and Hull House, and Jacob Riis. Many scholars …
UNITED STATES HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
(4) How the Other Half Livesby Jacob Riis 26 In 1906, the federal government responded to the situation shown in the cartoon by (1) taking control of meatpacking facilities (2) sending federal …
GATEJ CRBIB 401197 - npshistory.com
Parks Jacob Riis was an obvious choice for the parks namesake Born in Denmark in 1849 Riis emigrated to the United States in 1869 As ... Wrenn Tony General History of the Jamaica Bay …
U.S. History Pacing Guide - Bartlett City Schools
U.S. History Pacing Guide increased migration on American society, including: • Angel Island • Ellis Island • Push and pull factors • Ethnic clusters • Jane Addams • Competition for jobs • …
Annual Report 2019 - Jacob A. Riis Neighborhood Settlement
Jacob A. Riis Neighborhood Settlement is a com-munity-based non-profit organization providing comprehensive services and programs to youth, fam-ilies, immigrants and seniors in western …
MANUSCRIPTS AND ARCHIVES DIVISION - Amazon Web …
The origins and early history of Jacob A. Riis Neighborhood Settlement are well documented by news clippings, printed matter, and annual reports contained in several fragile bound volumes …
FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN AMERICAN CITY PLANNING
Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives (1890), Children of the Poor (1892)) The Garden City Movement began with the work of Ebenezer Howard Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real ...
How the Other Half Lives - WordPress.com
photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s. It served as a basis for future "muckraking" journalism by exposing the slums to …
