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Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy – A Journey Through the Information Labyrinth
The world is awash in information. But raw data is useless without intelligent analysis and effective application. This post delves into the fascinating journey of intelligence, from the clandestine acquisition of secrets to their transformation into impactful policy decisions. We'll explore the intricate processes, the critical challenges, and the ultimate aim: leveraging information to shape a better future. This comprehensive guide will illuminate the entire intelligence lifecycle, providing insights into the crucial stages that bridge the gap between secret and policy.
H2: The Genesis of Intelligence: Gathering the Secrets
The foundation of any effective intelligence operation lies in the acquisition of raw intelligence. This isn't just about spying; it's a multifaceted process involving:
Human Intelligence (HUMINT): This classic method relies on human agents to gather information through espionage, infiltration, and cultivated relationships. The success of HUMINT hinges on recruitment, training, and effective handling of assets, all while mitigating significant risks.
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT): This encompasses the interception and analysis of electronic signals, ranging from communications intercepts (COMINT) – like phone calls and emails – to the monitoring of radar and satellite transmissions (ELINT). Advanced technology plays a vital role in SIGINT, constantly evolving to keep pace with encryption and countermeasures.
Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT): This increasingly important area leverages publicly available information from diverse sources – newspapers, social media, academic publications, and commercial databases – to build a comprehensive understanding of a situation. OSINT's strength lies in its accessibility and wide reach.
Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT): MASINT focuses on the technical analysis of physical phenomena, such as electromagnetic emissions, acoustic signatures, and nuclear radiation. This highly specialized field often requires advanced scientific expertise.
Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT): GEOINT uses imagery, mapping, and geospatial data to understand the physical world and its features. Satellite imagery, aerial photography, and geographic information systems (GIS) are crucial components.
H2: Processing and Analysis: Turning Data into Meaning
Raw intelligence is essentially meaningless without rigorous analysis. This stage involves:
Data Fusion: Combining information from multiple sources to create a more complete picture. This process requires sophisticated analytical techniques and skilled analysts who can identify patterns and draw inferences.
All-Source Analysis: Employing a holistic approach to analyze all available intelligence, regardless of its source. This integrated approach avoids biases and facilitates a more objective assessment.
Threat Assessment: Evaluating potential threats and their likelihood, considering various factors such as capabilities, intentions, and vulnerabilities. This step is critical for informing policy decisions.
Predictive Analysis: Utilizing advanced analytical techniques to forecast future events or trends based on historical data and current intelligence. This is a challenging but increasingly important aspect of intelligence analysis.
H2: From Analysis to Action: The Intelligence-Policy Bridge
The ultimate goal of intelligence gathering and analysis is to inform policy decisions. This critical link involves:
Intelligence Briefings: Presenting carefully crafted intelligence summaries to policymakers, highlighting key findings and their implications. Effective communication is crucial to ensure accurate interpretation and informed decision-making.
Policy Recommendations: Based on the intelligence analysis, providing recommendations for policy changes or actions to address identified threats or opportunities. These recommendations must be grounded in evidence and strategically sound.
Feedback Loops: A constant cycle of feedback between policymakers and intelligence analysts is crucial to ensure that intelligence remains relevant and responsive to evolving circumstances. This iterative process refines intelligence collection and analysis based on policy outcomes.
H2: Challenges in the Intelligence-Policy Nexus
The journey from secrets to policy is fraught with challenges:
Information Overload: The sheer volume of information available can overwhelm analysts, leading to delays or inaccuracies. Effective data management and filtering techniques are essential.
Bias and Interpretation: Subjective biases can influence intelligence analysis, leading to flawed conclusions and ineffective policies. Rigorous methodologies and quality control are crucial to mitigate bias.
Technological Advancements: Keeping pace with rapid technological advancements in both intelligence gathering and countermeasures is a constant challenge. Continuous training and adaptation are essential.
Ethical Considerations: Intelligence activities must always adhere to ethical guidelines and legal frameworks. Balancing national security interests with individual rights requires careful consideration.
H2: The Future of Intelligence: Adapting to a Changing World
The intelligence landscape is constantly evolving, driven by technological innovations, geopolitical shifts, and the proliferation of information. The future of intelligence will likely involve:
Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI and machine learning will play an increasingly significant role in automating data analysis, pattern recognition, and threat prediction.
Big Data Analytics: The ability to analyze massive datasets will enhance intelligence capabilities, offering unprecedented insights into global trends and events.
Cybersecurity: Protecting critical infrastructure and information systems from cyber threats will become increasingly important.
Conclusion
The path from secrets to policy is a complex and dynamic process, demanding expertise, rigorous analysis, and ethical considerations. By understanding the intricacies of this journey, we can better appreciate the vital role intelligence plays in shaping our world and ensuring a secure future. The continuous refinement of intelligence gathering, analysis, and dissemination methodologies is crucial to maintaining national security and fostering informed policymaking.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between strategic and tactical intelligence? Strategic intelligence focuses on long-term threats and opportunities, while tactical intelligence addresses immediate needs and operational challenges.
2. How does intelligence contribute to counterterrorism efforts? Intelligence plays a crucial role in identifying terrorist networks, preventing attacks, and tracking down perpetrators.
3. What are some of the ethical dilemmas faced by intelligence agencies? Intelligence agencies grapple with issues such as surveillance privacy, the use of deception, and the potential for human rights abuses.
4. How is open-source intelligence (OSINT) used in today's world? OSINT is used extensively by businesses, researchers, journalists, and government agencies to monitor trends, track competitors, and conduct investigations.
5. What are some emerging technologies impacting the future of intelligence? Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), blockchain technology, and quantum computing are poised to significantly reshape the intelligence landscape.
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy Mark M. Lowenthal, 2012 Details how the intelligence community's history, structure, procedures, and functions affect policy decisions. This edition highlights: changes in the management of US intelligence and the fourth DNI in five years; Obama administration policies; developments in collection and analysis; and the killing of Bin Laden. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence Mark M. Lowenthal, 2019-10-15 Winner of the 2020 McGuffey Longevity Award from the Textbook & Academic Authors Association (TAA) [The text is] one of the most useful, one-volume, introductory works on intelligence today. [Intelligence] does an excellent job of working through the intricacies of U.S. intelligence. —Richard J. Norton, United States Naval War College Mark M. Lowenthal’s trusted guide is the go-to resource for understanding how the intelligence community’s history, structure, procedures, and functions affect policy decisions. In the fully updated Eighth Edition of Intelligence, the author addresses cyber security and cyber intelligence throughout, expands the coverage of collection, comprehensively updates the chapters on nation-state issues and transnational issues, and looks at foreign intelligence services, both large and small. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence Mark M. Lowenthal, 2016-09-29 Mark M. Lowenthal’s trusted guide is the go-to resource for understanding how the intelligence community’s history, structure, procedures, and functions affect policy decisions. In this Seventh Edition, Lowenthal examines cyber space and the issues it presents to the intelligence community such as defining cyber as a new collection discipline; the implications of the Senate Intelligence Committee’s staff report on enhanced interrogation techniques; the rise of the Islamic State; and the issues surrounding the nuclear agreement with Iran. New sections have been added offering a brief summary of the major laws governing U.S. intelligence today such as domestic intelligence collection, whistleblowers vs. leakers, and the growing field of financial intelligence. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Top Secret Canada Stephanie Carvin, Thomas Juneau, Craig Forcese, 2021-03-01 National security in the interest of preserving the well-being of a country is arguably the first and most important responsibility of any democratic government. Motivated by some of the pressing questions and concerns of citizens, Top Secret Canada is the first book to offer a comprehensive study of the Canadian intelligence community, its different parts, and how it functions as a whole. In taking up this important task, contributors aim to identify the key players, explain their mandates and functions, and assess their interactions. Top Secret Canada features essays by the country’s foremost experts on law, foreign policy, intelligence, and national security, and will become the go-to resource for those seeking to understand Canada’s intelligence community and the challenges it faces now and in the future. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: The President's Book of Secrets David Priess, 2016-03-01 Every president has had a unique and complicated relationship with the intelligence community. While some have been coolly distant, even adversarial, others have found their intelligence agencies to be among the most valuable instruments of policy and power. Since John F. Kennedy's presidency, this relationship has been distilled into a personalized daily report: a short summary of what the intelligence apparatus considers the most crucial information for the president to know that day about global threats and opportunities. This top-secret document is known as the President's Daily Brief, or, within national security circles, simply the Book. Presidents have spent anywhere from a few moments (Richard Nixon) to a healthy part of their day (George W. Bush) consumed by its contents; some (Bill Clinton and George H. W. Bush) consider it far and away the most important document they saw on a regular basis while commander in chief. The details of most PDBs are highly classified, and will remain so for many years. But the process by which the intelligence community develops and presents the Book is a fascinating look into the operation of power at the highest levels. David Priess, a former intelligence officer and daily briefer, has interviewed every living president and vice president as well as more than one hundred others intimately involved with the production and delivery of the president's book of secrets. He offers an unprecedented window into the decision making of every president from Kennedy to Obama, with many character-rich stories revealed here for the first time. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: The Future of Intelligence Mark M. Lowenthal, 2017-08-31 Intelligence is, by definition, a shadowy business. Yet many aspects of this secret world are now more openly analyzed and discussed, a trend which has inevitably prompted lively debate about intelligence gathering and analysis: what should be allowed? What boundaries, if any, should be drawn? And what changes and challenges lie ahead for intelligence activities and agencies? In this compelling book, leading intelligence scholar Mark Lowenthal explores the future of intelligence. There are, he argues, three broad areas – information technology and intelligence collection; analysis; and governance – that indicate the potential for rather dramatic change in the world of intelligence. But whether these important vectors for change will improve how intelligence works or make it more difficult remains to be seen. The only certainty is that intelligence will remain an essential feature of statecraft in our increasingly dangerous world. Drawing on the author's forty years' experience in U.S. intelligence, The Future of Intelligence offers a broad and authoritative starting point for the ongoing debate about what intelligence could be and how it may function in the years ahead. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Beyond Intelligence Dona Matthews, Joanne Foster, 2014-07-11 From two internationally recognized experts in the field of gifted education comes this timely exploration of how best to nurture a child’s unique gifts, and set them on a path to a happily productive life — in school and beyond. What is intelligence? Is it really a have or have not proposition, as we’ve been led to believe? Are some children just destined to fall behind? Dona Matthews and Joanne Foster answer those questions with a resounding “No!” In Beyond Intelligence, they demonstrate that every child has the ability to succeed — with the right support and guidance. But how can parents provide that support? Matthews and Foster proceed from the assumption that knowledge is power, offering parents an information-packed guide to identifying a child’s ability, fostering creativity, and bolstering effort and persistence. Using case studies and anecdotes from their personal and professional experience, they explore different ways of learning; the links between creativity and intelligence; and how to best to provide emotional and social supports. They offer critical advice on how to work co-operatively with schools and educators, and address how to embrace failures as learning opportunities. Drawing on the latest research in brain development and education theory, Beyond Intelligence is a must-read for today’s parents and educators. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: The Five Disciplines of Intelligence Collection Mark M. Lowenthal, Robert M. Clark, 2015-01-14 Leading intelligence experts Mark M. Lowenthal and Robert M. Clark bring you an all new, groundbreaking title. The Five Disciplines of Intelligence Collection describes, in non-technical terms, the definition, history, process, management, and future trends of each intelligence collection source (INT). Authoritative and non-polemical, this book is the perfect teaching tool for classes addressing various types of collection. Chapter authors are past or current senior practitioners of the INT they discuss, providing expert assessment of ways particular types of collection fit within the larger context of the U.S. Intelligence Community. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Silent Warfare Abram N. Shulsky, Gary James Schmitt, 2011 A thoroughly updated revision of the first comprehensive overview of intelligence designed for both the student and the general reader, Silent Warfare is an insider s guide to a shadowy, often misunderstood world. Leading intelligence scholars Abram N. Shulsky and Gary J. Schmitt clearly explain such topics as the principles of collection, analysis, counterintelligence, and covert action, and their interrelationship with policymakers and democratic values. This new edition takes account of the expanding literature in the field of intelligence and deals with the consequences for intelligence of vast recent changes in telecommunication and computer technology the new information age. It also reflects the world s strategic changes since the end of the Cold War. This landmark book provides a valuable framework for understanding today s headlines, as well as the many developments likely to come in the real world of the spy. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Reducing Uncertainty Thomas Fingar, 2011-07-20 This book describes what Intelligence Community (IC) analysts do, how they do it, and how they are affected by the political context that shapes, uses, and sometimes abuses their output. It is written by a 25-year intelligence professional. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence Analysis Wayne Michael Hall, Gary Citrenbaum, 2009-12-22 This book offers a vast conceptual and theoretical exploration of the ways intelligence analysis must change in order to succeed against today's most dangerous combatants and most complex irregular theatres of conflict. Intelligence Analysis: How to Think in Complex Environments fills a void in the existing literature on contemporary warfare by examining the theoretical and conceptual foundations of effective modern intelligence analysis—the type of analysis needed to support military operations in modern, complex operational environments. This volume is an expert guide for rethinking intelligence analysis and understanding the true nature of the operational environment, adversaries, and most importantly, the populace. Intelligence Analysis proposes substantive improvements in the way the U.S. national security system interprets intelligence, drawing on the groundbreaking work of theorists ranging from Carl von Clauswitz and Sun Tzu to M. Mitchell Waldrop, General David Petraeus, Richards Heuer, Jr., Orson Scott Card, and others. The new ideas presented here will help the nation to amass a formidable, cumulative intelligence power, with distinct advantages over any and all adversaries of the future regardless of the level of war or type of operational environment. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Secret Intelligence Christopher Andrew, Richard J. Aldrich, Wesley K. Wark, 2019-07-26 The second edition of Secret Intelligence: A Reader brings together key essays from the field of intelligence studies, blending classic works on concepts and approaches with more recent essays dealing with current issues and ongoing debates about the future of intelligence. Secret intelligence has never enjoyed a higher profile. The events of 9/11, the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, the missing WMD controversy, public debates over prisoner interrogation, together with the revelations of figures such as Edward Snowden, recent cyber attacks and the rise of 'hybrid warfare' have all contributed to make this a ‘hot’ subject over the past two decades. Aiming to be more comprehensive than existing books, and to achieve truly international coverage of the field, this book provides key readings and supporting material for students and course convenors. It is divided into four main sections, each of which includes full summaries of each article, further reading suggestions and student questions: • The intelligence cycle • Intelligence, counter-terrorism and security • Ethics, accountability and secrecy • Intelligence and the new warfare This new edition contains essays by leading scholars in the field and will be essential reading for students of intelligence studies, strategic studies, international security and political science in general, and of interest to anyone wishing to understand the current relationship between intelligence and policy-making. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence in an Insecure World Peter Gill, Mark Phythian, 2013-08-27 Over a decade on from the terrorist attacks of 9/11, intelligence continues to be of central importance to the contemporary world. Today there is a growing awareness of the importance of intelligence, and an increasing investment in it, as individuals, groups, organizations and states all seek timely and actionable information in order to increase their sense of security. But what exactly is intelligence? Who seeks to develop it and how? What happens to intelligence once it is produced, and what dilemmas does this generate? How can liberal democracies seek to mitigate problems of intelligence, and what do we mean by “intelligence failure?”’ In a fully revised and expanded new edition of their classic guide to the field, Peter Gill and Mark Phythian explore these and other questions. Together they set out a comprehensive framework for the study of intelligence, discussing how ‘intelligence’ can best be understood, how it is collected, analysed, disseminated and acted upon, how it raises ethical problems, and how and why it fails. Drawing on a range of contemporary examples, Intelligence in an Insecure World is an authoritative and accessible guide to a rapidly expanding area of enquiry - one which everyone has an interest in understanding. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence and National Security Loch K. Johnson, Loch J. Johnson, James J. Wirtz, 2008 The second edition of Johnson and Wirtz's anthology provides a comprehensive set of readings in the field of intelligence studies. The book spans a wide range of topics, from how the United States gathers and interprets information collected around the world to comparisons of the American intelligence system with the secret agencies of other nations. The text addresses a wide range of material including: (1) the meaning of strategic intelligence; (2) methods of intelligence collection; (3) intelligence analysis; (4) the danger of intelligence politicization; (5) relationships between intelligence officers and the policymakers they serve; (6) covert action; (7) counterintelligence; (8) accountability and civil liberties; (9) the implications of the major intelligence failures in 2001 and 2002 regarding, respectively, the terrorist attacks against the United States and the faulty estimates about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq; and (10) intelligence as practiced in other nations. New to this edition: * A review of the state of intelligence research literature * An interview with former CIA director Richard Helms * The early development of U.S. satellite surveillance * The role of intelligence leaks in the federal government * Improving relations between the producers and consumers of intelligence * The Senate investigation of the Ames spying scandal in the CIA * NSA warrantless wiretaps * Intelligence mistakes leading up to the 9/11 attack * Intelligence failures in the faulty predictions of WMDs in Iraq * Institutional conflicts that contributed to 9/11 failures * The British intelligence failures regarding WMDs in Iraq |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence Collection Robert M. Clark, 2013-09-13 This comprehensive book by one of the foremost authorities in the field offers systematic and analytical coverage of the how and why of intelligence collection across its three major stages—the front end (planning), collection, and the back end (processing, exploitation, and dissemination). The book provides a fresh, logical, and easily understandable view of complex collection systems used worldwide. Its ground-breaking organizational approach facilitates understanding and cross-INT collaboration, highlighting the similarities and differences among the collection INTs. The first part of the book explains how the literal INTs—open source, human intelligence, communications intelligence, and cyber collection—work. The second part focuses on nonliteral or technical INTs including imagery, electronic intelligence, and measurements and signatures intelligence. All chapters use a common format based on systems analysis methodology, detailing function, process, and structure of the collection disciplines. The third part is a complete chapter discussing the complexities of collection management in the United States. Rich, full color illustrations accompany the text with examples throughout the book on topics as diverse as battlespace situational awareness, terrorism, weapons proliferation, criminal networks, treaty monitoring, and identity intelligence. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Fair Play James M. Olson, 2011 In the high-stakes world of spying, do the ends justify the means? |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: The Pueblo Incident Mitchell B. Lerner, 2002 Mitchell Lerner now examines for the first time the details of this crisis and uses the incident as a window through which to better understand the limitations of American foreign policy during the Cold War. Drawing on thousands of pages of recently declassified documents from President Lyndon Johnson's administration, along with dozens of interviews with those involved, Lerner provides the most complete and accurate account of the Pueblo incident to date.--BOOK JACKET. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence and Information Policy for National Security Jan Goldman, Susan Maret, 2016 Building on Goldman's Words of Intelligence and Maret's On Their Own Terms this is a one-stop reference tool for anyone studying and working in intelligence, security, and information policy. This comprehensive resource defines key terms of the theoretical, conceptual, and organizational aspects of intelligence and national security information policy. It explains security classifications, surveillance, risk, technology, as well as intelligence operations, strategies, boards and organizations, and methodologies. It also defines terms created by the U.S. legislative, regulatory, and policy process, and routinized by various branches of the U.S. government. These terms pertain to federal procedures, policies, and practices involving the information life cycle, national security controls over information, and collection and analysis of intelligence information. This work is intended for intelligence students and professionals at all levels, as well as information science students dealing with such issues as the Freedom of Information Act. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: The U.S. Intelligence Community Jeffrey T Richelson, 2018-05-04 The role of intelligence in US government operations has changed dramatically and is now more critical than ever to domestic security and foreign policy. This authoritative and highly researched book written by Jeffrey T. Richelson provides a detailed overview of America's vast intelligence empire, from its organizations and operations to its management structure. Drawing from a multitude of sources, including hundreds of official documents, The US Intelligence Community allows students to understand the full scope of intelligence organizations and activities, and gives valuable support to policymakers and military operations. The seventh edition has been fully revised to include a new chapter on the major issues confronting the intelligence community, including secrecy and leaks, domestic spying, and congressional oversight, as well as revamped chapters on signals intelligence and cyber collection, geospatial intelligence, and open sources. The inclusion of more maps, tables and photos, as well as electronic briefing books on the book's Web site, makes The US Intelligence Community an even more valuable and engaging resource for students. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence in the National Security Enterprise Roger Z. George, 2020-02-03 This textbook introduces students to the critical role of the US intelligence community within the wider national security decision-making and political process. Intelligence in the National Security Enterprise defines what intelligence is and what intelligence agencies do, but the emphasis is on showing how intelligence serves the policymaker. Roger Z. George draws on his thirty-year CIA career and more than a decade of teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate level to reveal the real world of intelligence. Intelligence support is examined from a variety of perspectives to include providing strategic intelligence, warning, daily tactical support to policy actions as well as covert action. The book includes useful features for students and instructors such as excerpts and links to primary-source documents, suggestions for further reading, and a glossary. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence Analysis in the Digital Age Stig Stenslie, Lars Haugom, Brigt H. Vaage, 2021-08-05 This book examines intelligence analysis in the digital age and demonstrates how intelligence has entered a new era. While intelligence is an ancient activity, the digital age is a relatively new phenomenon. This volume uses the concept of the digital age to highlight the increased change, complexity, and pace of information that is now circulated, as new technology has reduced the time it takes to spread news to almost nothing. These factors mean that decision-makers face an increasingly challenging threat environment, which in turn increases the demand for timely, relevant, and reliable intelligence to support policymaking. In this context, the book demonstrates that intelligence places greater demands on analysis work, as the traditional intelligence cycle is no longer adequate as a process description. In the digital age, it is not enough to accumulate as much information as possible to gain a better understanding of the world. To meet customers’ needs, the intelligence process must be centred around the analysis work – which in turn has increased the demand for analysts. Assessments, not least predictions, are now just as important as revealing someone else’s secrets. This volume will be of much interest to students of intelligence studies, security studies, and international relations. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: The Year of Intelligence in the United States Dafydd Townley, 2021-04-08 This book will offer a unique approach to the Year of Intelligence, the sixteen-month period between January 1975 and April 1976 that saw the innermost secrets of various US intelligence agencies laid bare before the world. After allegations of intelligence abuses were made in the press, Congress investigated and revealed numerous cases of unwarranted and unconstitutional activity conducted by a number of intelligence agencies. Chief among the investigations was the Senate enquiry, popularly known as the Church Committee after its chairman, Senator Frank Church of Idaho. This study’s objective is to examine the relationship between national security policy and public opinion using extensive archival evidence, including previously unidentified indicators of public opinion. This monograph makes an important contribution to the historiography of the Church Committee, of public opinion, and of national security policy. The research contributes to the debate on the effectiveness of the Church Committee by challenging the conclusions within the established historiography of the limited impact of the committee’s quest for reform. Furthermore, it widens the very limited scholarship that engages with public opinion’s effect on national security policy. And the project also indicates to policymakers the lessons that can be learnt from the case study, principally, that public opinion is a vital ingredient in the decision making process of successful national security policy. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Special Duty Richard J. Samuels, 2019-10-15 The prewar history of the Japanese intelligence community demonstrates how having power over much, but insight into little can have devastating consequences. Its postwar history—one of limited Japanese power despite growing insight—has also been problematic for national security. In Special Duty Richard J. Samuels dissects the fascinating history of the intelligence community in Japan. Looking at the impact of shifts in the strategic environment, technological change, and past failures, he probes the reasons why Japan has endured such a roller-coaster ride when it comes to intelligence gathering and analysis, and concludes that the ups and downs of the past century—combined with growing uncertainties in the regional security environment—have convinced Japanese leaders of the critical importance of striking balance between power and insight. Using examples of excessive hubris and debilitating bureaucratic competition before the Asia-Pacific War, the unavoidable dependence on US assets and popular sensitivity to security issues after World War II, and the tardy adoption of image-processing and cyber technologies, Samuels' bold book highlights the century-long history of Japan's struggles to develop a fully functioning and effective intelligence capability, and makes clear that Japanese leaders have begun to reinvent their nation's intelligence community. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Secrets in Global Governance Allison Carnegie, Austin Carson, 2020-06-18 Secrecy in international organizations foster information disclosures and cooperation in areas from nuclear weapons to international trade. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Secrets and Spies Jamie Gaskarth, 2020-02-18 Exploring how intelligence professionals view accountability in the context of twenty-first century politics How can democratic governments hold intelligence and security agencies accountable when what they do is largely secret? Using the UK as a case study, this book addresses this question by providing the first systematic exploration of how accountability is understood inside the secret world. It is based on new interviews with current and former UK intelligence practitioners, as well as extensive research into the performance and scrutiny of the UK intelligence machinery. The result is the first detailed analysis of how intelligence professionals view their role, what they feel keeps them honest, and how far external overseers impact on their work Moving beyond the conventional focus on oversight, the book examines how accountability works in the day to day lives of these organizations, and considers the impact of technological and social changes, such as artificial intelligence and social media. The UK is a useful case study as it is an important actor in global intelligence, gathering material that helps inform global decisions on such issues as nuclear proliferation, terrorism, transnational crime, and breaches of international humanitarian law. On the flip side, the UK was a major contributor to the intelligence failures leading to the Iraq war in 2003, and its agencies were complicit in the widely discredited U.S. practices of torture and “rendition” of terrorism suspects. UK agencies have come under greater scrutiny since those actions, but it is clear that problems remain. The book concludes with a series of suggestions for improvement, including the creation of intelligence ethics committees, allowing the public more input into intelligence decisions. The issues explored in this book have important implications for researchers, intelligence professionals, overseers, and the public when it comes to understanding and scrutinizing intelligence practice. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Psychology of Intelligence Analysis Richards J Heuer, 2020-03-05 In this seminal work, published by the C.I.A. itself, produced by Intelligence veteran Richards Heuer discusses three pivotal points. First, human minds are ill-equipped (poorly wired) to cope effectively with both inherent and induced uncertainty. Second, increased knowledge of our inherent biases tends to be of little assistance to the analyst. And lastly, tools and techniques that apply higher levels of critical thinking can substantially improve analysis on complex problems. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Stand on Guard Stephanie Carvin, 2021-06-01 In Stand on Guard, Stephanie Carvin sets out to explain the range of activities considered national security threats by Canadian security services today. As new forms of terrorism and extremism appear, especially online, we need a responsibly widened view of such threats and how they manifest in the contemporary world. Canadians should not be more fearful, Carvin explains, but a more sophisticated understanding among security services personnel and the general public is needed if we are to anticipate and ameliorate threats to national security. As a former security analyst tasked with providing threat assessments to high levels of government, Carvin writes with both authority and urgency. Her book presents an insider’s look at the issues facing the Canadian security and intelligence community. Timely and accessible, Stand on Guard will be required reading for scholars, practitioners, and any Canadian concerned about national security in the twenty-first century. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Intelligence and Espionage: Secrets and Spies Daniel Lomas, Christopher John Murphy, 2019-01-30 Intelligence and Espionage: Secrets and Spies provides a global introduction to the role of intelligence – a key, but sometimes controversial, aspect of ensuring national security. Separating fact from fiction, the book draws on past examples to explore the use and misuse of intelligence, examine why failures take place and address important ethical issues over its use. Divided into two parts, the book adopts a thematic approach to the topic, guiding the reader through the collection and analysis of information and its use by policymakers, before looking at intelligence sharing. Lomas and Murphy also explore the important associated activities of counterintelligence and the use of covert action, to influence foreign countries and individuals. Topics covered include human and signals intelligence, the Cuban Missile Crisis, intelligence and Stalin, Trump and the US intelligence community, and the Soviet Bloc. This analysis is supplemented by a comprehensive documents section, containing newly released documents, including material from Edward Snowden’s leaks of classified material. Supported by images, a comprehensive chronology, glossary, and 'who’s who' of key figures, Intelligence and Espionage is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the role of intelligence in policymaking, international relations and diplomacy, warfighting and politics to the present day. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: America′s Foreign Policy Toolkit Charles A. Stevenson, 2012-10-02 How is foreign policy in the United States really crafted? Who does the work? How are the various activites of the many key participants coordinated and controlled? In America′s Foreign Policy Toolkit: Key Institutions and Processes, Charles A. Stevenson identifies for students what the key foreign policy tools are, clarifies which tools are best for which tasks, describes the factors that constrain or push how they′re used, and provides fresh insight into the myriad challenges facing national security decisionmakers. Written in an engaging style with case examples drawn from behind the scenes, Stevenson brings depth and dimension to the sophisticated pathways and instruments of American foreign policy, from the State Department to the intelligence agencies to the Commerce Department and beyond. In this brief text for American foreign policy and national security courses, Stevenson focuses on the institutions and processes of foreign policy, beginning with a look at the historical context and then looking in turn at the tools available to the president, congress, and the shared budgetary tools. The following part, Using the Tools, looks at the diplomatic, economic, military, intelligence, homeland security, and international institutions instruments. Stevenson concludes with chapters that consider the important constraints and limitation of the U.S. toolkit. Each chapter ends with a case study that allows readers to connect the theory of the toolkit with the realities of decisionmaking. Highlights of the text′s coverage include: A sustained analysis of the U.S. Constitution as a response to security threats in the 1780s, providing a strong historical foundation on and springboard for discussion of this basic document in terms of national security powers; Comprehensive coverage of the congressional role overseeing all other policy instruments, showing Congress as an active player in all aspects of foreign policy; Analysis of the full spectrum of agencies and activities involved in foreign economic policy, covering the numerous organizations involved in foreign economic policy, the weak coordinating mechanisms, and the various processes (sanctions, trade, foreign assistance, direct investment) used as policy tools; A consistent framework for analyzing each instrument (authorities, capabilities, personnel, culture, internal factions, and the role of Congress), which makes comparative analyses of U.S. institutions simple and direct; An illuminating overview of the budget process through both the executive and legislative branches, acknowledging the budget process as a shared policy tool, with conflict and feedback, rather than as a linear process; A discussion of homeland security instruments and international organizations used as policy tools, highlighting the relevance of these new and often overlooked instruments; and A survey of recommendations for reform and the difficulties involved, providing possible explanations of foreign policy failures and alternative organizations and processes. This must-have text for courses on American foreign policy will be a crucial reference that students will keep on the shelf long after the last class. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Ethics and the Future of Spying Jai Galliott, Warren Reed, 2016-01-08 This volume examines the ethical issues generated by recent developments in intelligence collection and offers a comprehensive analysis of the key legal, moral and social questions thereby raised. Intelligence officers, whether gatherers, analysts or some combination thereof, are operating in a sea of social, political, scientific and technological change. This book examines the new challenges faced by the intelligence community as a result of these changes. It looks not only at how governments employ spies as a tool of state and how the ultimate outcomes are judged by their societies, but also at the mind-set of the spy. In so doing, this volume casts a rare light on an often ignored dimension of spying: the essential role of truth and how it is defined in an intelligence context. This book offers some insights into the workings of the intelligence community and aims to provide the first comprehensive and unifying analysis of the relevant moral, legal and social questions, with a view toward developing policy that may influence real-world decision making. The contributors analyse the ethics of spying across a broad canvas – historical, philosophical, moral and cultural – with chapters covering interrogation and torture, intelligence’s relation to war, remote killing, cyber surveillance, responsibility and governance. In the wake of the phenomena of WikiLeaks and the Edward Snowden revelations, the intelligence community has entered an unprecedented period of broad public scrutiny and scepticism, making this volume a timely contribution. This book will be of much interest to students of ethics, intelligence studies, security studies, foreign policy and IR in general. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Secrets and Power in Myanmar Andrew Selth, 2019-09-06 No external observer knows more about Myanmar’s security and intelligence apparatus than Andrew Selth. In this book he presents an account of the structure and functions of Myanmar’s deep state, along with a tale of personal ambition, rivalry and ruthless power politics worthy of John Le Carre. A thoroughly educative, entertaining and intriguing read. — Professor Michael Wesley, Dean, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University Andrew Selth has once again amply illustrated the depth and penetration of his study of Myanmar/Burma and its institutions. This work on the more recent aspects of the country’s intelligence apparatus goes beyond a masterful and comprehensive analysis of the Burmese intelligence community, and probes the social and institutional bases of the attitudes giving rise to that critical aspect of power. We are once again in Dr Selth’s debt. This is required reading for serious observers of the Burmese scene. — David I. Steinberg, Distinguished Professor of Asian Studies Emeritus, Georgetown University By lifting the lid on a pervasive yet secretive intelligence apparatus, Andrew Selth makes an outstanding contribution to Myanmar Studies. For scholars and practitioners alike, this book provides an essential history of a security state that remains powerful even during the transition away from overt authoritarian rule. — Professor Ian Holliday, Vice-President (Teaching and Learning), The University of Hong Kong |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Body of Secrets James Bamford, 2007-12-18 The National Security Agency is the world’s most powerful, most far-reaching espionage. Now with a new afterword describing the security lapses that preceded the attacks of September 11, 2001, Body of Secrets takes us to the inner sanctum of America’s spy world. In the follow-up to his bestselling Puzzle Palace, James Banford reveals the NSA’s hidden role in the most volatile world events of the past, and its desperate scramble to meet the frightening challenges of today and tomorrow. Here is a scrupulously documented account—much of which is based on unprecedented access to previously undisclosed documents—of the agency’s tireless hunt for intelligence on enemies and allies alike. Body of secrets is a riveting analysis of this most clandestine of agencies, a major work of history and investigative journalism. A New York Times Notable Book |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Handbook of Intelligence Studies Loch K. Johnson, 2007-01-24 This topical volume offers a comprehensive review of secret intelligence organizations and activities. Intelligence has been in the news consistently since 9/11 and the Iraqi WMD errors. Leading experts in the field approach the three major missions of intelligence: collection-and-analysis; covert action; and counterintelligence. Within each of these missions, the dynamically written essays dissect the so-called intelligence cycle to reveal the challenges of gathering and assessing information from around the world. Covert action, the most controversial intelligence activity, is explored, with special attention on the issue of military organizations moving into what was once primarily a civilian responsibility. The authors furthermore examine the problems that are associated with counterintelligence, protecting secrets from foreign spies and terrorist organizations, as well as the question of intelligence accountability, and how a nation can protect its citizens against the possible abuse of power by its own secret agencies. The Handbook of Intelligence Studies is a benchmark publication with major importance both for current research and for the future of the field. It is essential reading for advanced undergraduates, graduate students and scholars of intelligence studies, international security, strategic studies and political science in general. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Between Five Eyes Anthony R. Wells, 2021-02-03 UK-US intelligence and the wider Five Eyes community of Canada, Australia and New Zealand is primarily about one main thing, relationships. In this remarkable book, Anthony Wells charts fifty years of change, turmoil, intense challenges, successes and failures, and never-ending abiding UK-US and Five Eyes relationships. He traces the development of institutions that he firmly believes have sustained and indeed may have saved the free world, Western democracies and their allies from those ill disposed to the value system and culture of our nations. More than a chronology of the UK-US intelligence community during this fifty-year period, it is also a personal insight into key relationships and how the abiding strength of the US and the UK and its Five Eyes allies relationships. The author has relied on his own extensive unclassified collection of papers, personal notes, diaries, as well as his family library for source material to create this book. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Spies and Their Masters Matteo Faini, 2020-08-10 This book delves into the secret histories of the CIA, the FBI, and British and Italian intelligence to study how policymakers can control intelligence agencies and when these agencies will try to remove their own government. For every government they serve, intelligence agencies are both a threat and a necessity. They often provide vital information for national security, but the secrets they possess can also be used against their own masters. This book introduces subversion paradox theory to provide a social scientific explanation of the unequal power dynamic resulting from an often fraught relationship between agencies and their ‘masters’. The author also makes a case for the existence of ‘deep state’ conspiracies, including in highly developed democracies, and cautions those who denounce their existence that trying to control intelligence by politicizing it is likely to backfire. An important intervention in the field of intelligence studies, this book will be indispensable for intelligence professionals and policymakers in understanding and bridging the cultural divide between these two groups. It will also make for a fascinating and informative read to scholars and researchers of diplomacy, foreign policy, international relations, strategic and defence studies, security studies, political studies, policymaking and comparative politics. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Critical Thinking for Strategic Intelligence Katherine Hibbs Pherson, Randolph H. Pherson, 2020-08-14 With Critical Thinking for Strategic Intelligence, Katherine Hibbs Pherson and Randolph H. Pherson have updated their highly regarded, easy-to-use handbook for developing core critical thinking skills and analytic techniques. This indispensable text is framed around 20 key questions that all analysts must ask themselves as they prepare to conduct research, generate hypotheses, evaluate sources of information, draft papers, and ultimately present analysis, including: How do I get started? Where is the information I need? What is my argument? How do I convey my message effectively? The Third Edition includes suggested best practices for dealing with digital disinformation, politicization, and AI. Drawing upon their years of teaching and analytic experience, Pherson and Pherson provide a useful introduction to skills that are essential within the intelligence community. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Communicating with Intelligence James S. Major, 2012 |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: Assessing the Tradecraft of Intelligence Analysis Gregory F. Treverton, C. Bryan Gabbard, 2008-02-27 This report assesses intelligence analysis across the main U.S. intelligence agencies and makes a number of recommendations, some of which parallel initiatives that have begun in the wake of the December 2004 legislation, for instance, create a Deputy Director of National Intelligence as a focal point for analysis, establish a National Intelligence University, build a Long Term Analysis Unit at the National Intelligence Council, and form an Open Source Center for making more creative use of open-source materials. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: The Secret State John Hughes-Wilson, 2017-01-24 A ground-breaking history of intelligence from its classical origins to the onset of the surveillance state in the digital age that lifts the veil of secrecy from this clandestine world. |
| intelligence from secrets to policy: The Secret Handshake Kathleen Kelley Reardon, Ph.D., 2011-05-25 In The Secret Handshake, top corporate consultant and USC management professor Kathleen Reardon explores and reveals the hidden rules on the ins and outs of corporate politics that you won’t find outlined in any employee handbook. Based on hundreds of candid interviews with executives at Fortune 500 companies who have achieved their goals and joined the inner circle, The Secret Handshake lays bare the unstated conventions that govern and shape corporate hierarchies. Taking readers inside boardrooms to learn firsthand how the top decision-makers view and assess the employees under them, it offers invaluable advice on such career-building tactics and skills as getting noticed, networking, persuading others, knowing which battles to fight, and mastering the art of the quid pro quo. For all those who aspire to be part of the decision-making body of their organization, The Secret Handshake is the ultimate intelligence report on whom to trust and whom to watch out for, how to manage the inevitable conflicts that will arise, and how to read between the corporate lines. |
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