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Health Policymaking in the United States: A Complex Landscape
Navigating the intricate world of healthcare in the United States often feels like traversing a maze. This isn't just because of the high costs and varying quality of care; it's because the system itself is shaped by a complex and often contradictory web of health policymaking. This blog post will delve into the key players, processes, and challenges inherent in health policymaking in the United States, offering a clearer understanding of this crucial aspect of American life. We’ll explore the influence of various stakeholders, the legislative process, and the persistent issues that continue to shape the debate.
H2: Key Players in US Health Policymaking
The landscape of US health policy is populated by a diverse cast of influential actors, each wielding different levels of power and influence. Understanding their roles is crucial to grasping the overall process.
The Federal Government: At the apex sits the federal government, primarily through Congress (House of Representatives and Senate) and the executive branch (President and relevant agencies like the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)). Congress creates legislation, while the executive branch implements and enforces it.
State Governments: States play a significant role, particularly in administering Medicaid, regulating insurance markets, and licensing healthcare providers. The variation in state policies contributes significantly to the overall complexity of the US healthcare system.
Private Sector: The private sector, including insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, and healthcare providers (hospitals, physician practices), exerts considerable influence through lobbying, campaign contributions, and advocacy. Their interests often clash, leading to intense political battles.
Interest Groups: A plethora of interest groups, representing patients, doctors, nurses, hospitals, insurers, and pharmaceutical companies, actively lobby policymakers and shape public opinion. Think tanks and research institutions also play a role in shaping policy debates through data analysis and research dissemination.
The Public: Ultimately, the public's opinion, expressed through voting and engagement in political processes, shapes the direction of health policy. However, translating public sentiment into effective policy is a significant challenge.
H2: The Legislative Process: From Bill to Law
The creation of health policy in the US follows a complex legislative process, often characterized by protracted debates and compromises.
Bill Introduction: A bill – a proposed law – can be introduced by any member of Congress.
Committee Consideration: The bill is then referred to relevant committees for hearings, markups, and revisions. This is where much of the detailed work and negotiation happens.
Floor Debate & Voting: If the committee approves the bill, it proceeds to the floor of the House and Senate for debate and voting. Amendments can be added, further shaping the bill.
Conference Committee: If the House and Senate pass different versions of the bill, a conference committee is formed to reconcile the differences.
Presidential Action: Once both chambers agree on a final version, the bill goes to the President for signature or veto. A veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress.
H3: Challenges and Controversies in US Health Policymaking
The US healthcare system faces numerous persistent challenges that influence health policy debates:
Cost Containment: The high cost of healthcare is a major concern. Policymakers grapple with strategies to control spending while ensuring access to quality care.
Access to Care: Millions of Americans lack health insurance or face significant barriers to accessing necessary care. Expanding access remains a central focus of health policy debates.
Quality of Care: Ensuring high-quality care and reducing medical errors are ongoing challenges. Policymakers explore various approaches to improve quality and safety.
Equity and Disparities: Health disparities based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location remain significant. Addressing these disparities requires targeted policies and investments.
Innovation and Technology: The rapid advancement of medical technology presents both opportunities and challenges. Policymakers must balance the need for innovation with the costs and ethical considerations.
H2: The Future of Health Policymaking in the United States
The future of health policymaking in the United States will likely involve ongoing efforts to address the persistent challenges described above. Emerging issues, such as the impact of climate change on health and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, will also require attention. Effective policymaking will necessitate collaboration among various stakeholders, including government agencies, private sector actors, and the public, to find solutions that balance cost, access, quality, and equity.
Conclusion:
Health policymaking in the United States is a multifaceted and dynamic process, influenced by a complex interplay of actors, interests, and challenges. Understanding this process is critical for all citizens, as healthcare impacts everyone. The ongoing debates and compromises reflect the inherent difficulties in balancing competing priorities within a system characterized by both significant strengths and persistent weaknesses.
FAQs:
1. What is the role of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)? CMS is a federal agency responsible for administering Medicare and Medicaid, two major government health insurance programs. It plays a significant role in setting payment rates, regulating insurance plans, and overseeing the quality of care.
2. How does lobbying influence health policymaking? Lobbying involves interest groups attempting to influence legislators' decisions through various means, including providing information, contributing to campaigns, and directly advocating for specific policies. This can significantly impact the legislative process.
3. What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and its impact? The ACA, also known as Obamacare, is a landmark health reform law passed in 2010. It expanded health insurance coverage, introduced market reforms, and made changes to Medicare and Medicaid. Its impact continues to be debated.
4. How can I get involved in health policymaking? You can get involved by contacting your elected officials, joining advocacy groups, participating in public forums, and staying informed about relevant policy issues.
5. What are some emerging trends in US health policy? Emerging trends include the increasing focus on value-based care, the use of telehealth, addressing social determinants of health, and integrating behavioral health into primary care.
| health policymaking in the united states: Health Policymaking in the United States Beaufort B. Longest (Jr.), 1994 Never HIGHLIGHT a Book Again! Virtually all testable terms, concepts, persons, places, and events are included.look no further for study resources or reference material. Cram101 Textbook Outlines gives all of the outlines, highlights, notes, and practice-tests for your textbook. Only Cram101 is Textbook Specific. Cram101 is NOT the Textbook. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Longest's Health Policymaking in the United States Michael R Meacham, 2021 |
| health policymaking in the united states: Health Policymaking in the United States Beaufort B Longest, 2015 |
| health policymaking in the united states: American Federalism in Practice Michael Doonan, 2013-08-30 American Federalism in Practice is an original and important contribution to our understanding of contemporary health policy. It also illustrates how contentious public policy is debated, formulated, and implemented in today’s overheated political environment. Health care reform is perhaps the most divisive public policy issue facing the United States today. Michael Doonan provides a unique perspective on health policy in explaining how intergovernmental relations shape public policy. He tracks federal-state relations through the creation, formulation, and implementation of three of the most important health policy initiatives since the Great Society: the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), both passed by the U.S. Congress, and the Massachusetts health care reform program as it was developed and implemented under federal government waiver authority. He applies lessons learned from these cases to implementation of the Affordable Care Act. “Health policymaking is entangled in a complex web of shared, overlapping, and/or competing power relationships among different levels of government,” the author notes. Understanding federal-state interactions, the ways in which they vary, and the reasons for such variation is essential to grasping the ultimate impact of federalism on programs and policy. Doonan reveals how federalism can shift as the sausage of public policy is made while providing a new framework for comprehending one of the most polarizing debates of our time. |
| health policymaking in the united states: The Future of Public Health Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health, Division of Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine, 1988-01-15 The Nation has lost sight of its public health goals and has allowed the system of public health to fall into 'disarray', from The Future of Public Health. This startling book contains proposals for ensuring that public health service programs are efficient and effective enough to deal not only with the topics of today, but also with those of tomorrow. In addition, the authors make recommendations for core functions in public health assessment, policy development, and service assurances, and identify the level of government--federal, state, and local--at which these functions would best be handled. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Prevention, Policy, and Public Health Amy A. Eyler, Jamie F. Chriqui, Sarah Moreland-Russell, Ross C. Brownson, 2016 Prevention, Policy, and Public Health provides a basic foundation for students, professionals, and researchers to be more effective in the policy arena. It offers information on the dynamics of the policymaking process, theoretical frameworks, analysis, and policy applications. It also offers coverage of advocacy and communication, the two most integral aspects of shaping policies for public health. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Evidence-Based Medicine and the Changing Nature of Health Care Institute of Medicine, LeighAnne M. Olsen, Elizabeth G. Nabel, J. Michael McGinnis, Mark B. McClellan, 2008-09-06 Drawing on the work of the Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine, the 2007 IOM Annual Meeting assessed some of the rapidly occurring changes in health care related to new diagnostic and treatment tools, emerging genetic insights, the developments in information technology, and healthcare costs, and discussed the need for a stronger focus on evidence to ensure that the promise of scientific discovery and technological innovation is efficiently captured to provide the right care for the right patient at the right time. As new discoveries continue to expand the universe of medical interventions, treatments, and methods of care, the need for a more systematic approach to evidence development and application becomes increasingly critical. Without better information about the effectiveness of different treatment options, the resulting uncertainty can lead to the delivery of services that may be unnecessary, unproven, or even harmful. Improving the evidence-base for medicine holds great potential to increase the quality and efficiency of medical care. The Annual Meeting, held on October 8, 2007, brought together many of the nation's leading authorities on various aspects of the issues - both challenges and opportunities - to present their perspectives and engage in discussion with the IOM membership. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Ecohealth Research in Practice Dominique F. Charron, 2011-11-25 This book is about doing innovative research to achieve sustainable and equitable change in people’s health and well-being through improved interactions with the environment. It presents experiences from the field of ecosystem approaches to health (or ecohealth research) and some insights and lessons learned. It builds on previous literature, notably Forget (1997), Forget and Lebel (2001), Lebel (2003), and Waltner-Toews et al. (2008). Through case-studies and other contributions by researchers supported by Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the book presents evidence of real changes in conditions of people, their health, and the ecosystems that support them. These changes were derived from applications of an ecosystem approach to health in developing regions of the world. The book also illustrates the resulting body of applied, participatory, and action research that improved health and environmental management in developing countries and, in many cases, influenced policies and practices. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Society's Choices Institute of Medicine, Committee on the Social and Ethical Impacts of Developments in Biomedicine, 1995-03-27 Breakthroughs in biomedicine often lead to new life-giving treatments but may also raise troubling, even life-and-death, quandaries. Society's Choices discusses ways for people to handle today's bioethics issues in the context of America's unique history and cultureâ€and from the perspectives of various interest groups. The book explores how Americans have grappled with specific aspects of bioethics through commission deliberations, programs by organizations, and other mechanisms and identifies criteria for evaluating the outcomes of these efforts. The committee offers recommendations on the role of government and professional societies, the function of commissions and institutional review boards, and bioethics in health professional education and research. The volume includes a series of 12 superb background papers on public moral discourse, mechanisms for handling social and ethical dilemmas, and other specific areas of controversy by well-known experts Ronald Bayer, Martin Benjamin, Dan W. Brock, Baruch A. Brody, H. Alta Charo, Lawrence Gostin, Bradford H. Gray, Kathi E. Hanna, Elizabeth Heitman, Thomas Nagel, Steven Shapin, and Charles M. Swezey. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Longest's Health Policymaking in the United States Michael R. Meacham, 2020 This classic textbook links policy concepts to practical applications and real healthcare outcomes. It covers formulation, implementation, and modification of health policymaking at both the federal and state levels, while giving readers insight into real-life political results and details of on-the-ground policy decisions-- |
| health policymaking in the united states: Public Health Policy Dhrubajyoti Bhattacharya, 2013-09-10 Public Health Policy: Issues, Theories, and Advocacy offers students an engaging and innovative introduction to public health policy: its purpose, how it is originated, and how it is implemented. The book describes the underlying theories and frameworks as well as practical analytical tools needed for effective advocacy and communication. Drawing on the multidisciplinary nature of public health, the book uses concepts and examples from epidemiology, law, economics, political science, and ethics to examine the policymaking process, explain positions pro or con, and develop materials for various audiences to further a public health policy intervention. In addition, Public Health Policy shows how policymaking is a complex and integrated top-down and bottoms-up process that embraces a myriad of public and private stakeholders. Written by a highly experienced health policy researcher and teacher, the book is rich in resources that will enhance teaching and learning. Each chapter begins with an overview of the chapter, including core terms and concepts, and includes illustrative examples of how the highlighted component (law, ethics, economics, politics, epidemiology, and medicine) intersects with public health. Discussion questions at the end of every chapter, along with an interview from an expert from each of the component fields, give real-world perspectives on how that particular subject relates to the overall topic. The book also contains 13 case studies that illustrate the framework discussed in the first part of the book, and show how the different components link to create, sustain, evaluate, or obstruct the development of public health policy. Also included are primers on two essential policy tools: how to write research policy briefs, and how to craft effective letters to an editor, including examples of both drawn from the author's publications in journals and newspapers. |
| health policymaking in the united states: The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century, 2003-02-01 The anthrax incidents following the 9/11 terrorist attacks put the spotlight on the nation's public health agencies, placing it under an unprecedented scrutiny that added new dimensions to the complex issues considered in this report. The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century reaffirms the vision of Healthy People 2010, and outlines a systems approach to assuring the nation's health in practice, research, and policy. This approach focuses on joining the unique resources and perspectives of diverse sectors and entities and challenges these groups to work in a concerted, strategic way to promote and protect the public's health. Focusing on diverse partnerships as the framework for public health, the book discusses: The need for a shift from an individual to a population-based approach in practice, research, policy, and community engagement. The status of the governmental public health infrastructure and what needs to be improved, including its interface with the health care delivery system. The roles nongovernment actors, such as academia, business, local communities and the media can play in creating a healthy nation. Providing an accessible analysis, this book will be important to public health policy-makers and practitioners, business and community leaders, health advocates, educators and journalists. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Longest's Health Policymaking in the United States Michael R Meacham, 2021 |
| health policymaking in the united states: Health Policy and Politics Jeri A. Milstead, 2014-12 Health Policy and Politics: A Nurse’s Guide, Fifth Edition encompasses the entire health policy process from agenda setting through policy and program evaluation. This is an essential text for both graduate and undergraduate students. The Fifth Edition includes expanded information on the breadth of policy making and includes the impact of social media, economics, finance and other timely topics. The authors draw from their experience and provide concrete examples of real-life situations that help students understand the link between policy theory and political action. New to the Fifth Edition: Updated case studies involve the reader in making the connection between theory and active participation in policy making New chapter on inter-professional practice, education, and research Reference to the Affordable Care Act and other laws that affect the health care of consumers and the organization of health care system Expanded content on economics and finance New co |
| health policymaking in the united states: Coronavirus Politics Scott L Greer, Elizabeth King, Elize Massard da Fonseca, Andre Peralta-Santos, 2021-04-19 COVID-19 is the most significant global crisis of any of our lifetimes. The numbers have been stupefying, whether of infection and mortality, the scale of public health measures, or the economic consequences of shutdown. Coronavirus Politics identifies key threads in the global comparative discussion that continue to shed light on COVID-19 and shape debates about what it means for scholarship in health and comparative politics. Editors Scott L. Greer, Elizabeth J. King, Elize Massard da Fonseca, and André Peralta-Santos bring together over 30 authors versed in politics and the health issues in order to understand the health policy decisions, the public health interventions, the social policy decisions, their interactions, and the reasons. The book’s coverage is global, with a wide range of key and exemplary countries, and contains a mixture of comparative, thematic, and templated country studies. All go beyond reporting and monitoring to develop explanations that draw on the authors' expertise while engaging in structured conversations across the book. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Health Politics and Policy James A. Morone, Dan Ehlke, 2014-01-14 HEALTH POLITICS AND POLICY, 5th Edition walks you through the inner workings of health care policymaking, from the legislative process to socioeconomic impacts, and reveals both modern and historical perspectives in exciting detail. A collection of writings by some of today's sharpest political minds and policy-makers, the book explores factors that shape the U.S. health care system and policy, such as values, government, and private players, and compares them to other countries for international context. Helpful learning features throughout include review questions and problems, supporting tables and graphs, and special Consider This essays that bolster chapter concepts. In an environment of ever-changing policies and politics, the new edition seamlessly integrates themes of the past and present-day dilemmas with a look to the future of health care politics in America. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Health Policy in Canada Toba Bryant, 2016-12-13 Health Policy in Canada explores the process, implementation, and outcomes of health policy in the Canadian context. This engaging text provides students with a solid foundation in the key theories and developments in health policy, while also delivering illustrative examples and case studies from across the country. Employing a strong comparative and international perspective, Toba Bryant critically compares the Canadian system to alternative models in countries such as the United States, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. With its focus on the themes of health equity and the social determinants of health, this text takes into account the role of public policy not only in providing health care, but also in shaping the health and well-being of a population. The second edition has been well updated to reflect current research and issues, including a consideration of the impact of economic globalization on health policy and health care in Canada. Featuring critical thinking questions and annotated lists of recommended readings and websites, this text was developed with the intent of making health policy accessible to students and practitioners in a wide range of disciplines, including nursing, social work, medicine, health sciences, and public policy. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Introduction to Health Policy Leiyu Shi, 2014 With the evolution of healthcare policies and their subsequent integration into healthcare systems, this book will introduce your students to health policy making, critical health policy issues, health policy research/evaluation methods, and international perspectives on health policy. Shi takes a unique perspective by integrating all these topics into this a one-of-a-kind book. Real-world cases and examples reinforce the theories and concepts throughout the book and address all healthcare settings, including public health, managed care, ambulatory care, extended care, and the hospital setting. Introduction to Health Policy provides an overview of: Dominant frameworks of health determinants and health policy formulation Major types of health policies, including special populations such as racial/ethnic minorities, those with low-income, the elderly, women & children, people with HIV/AIDS, the mentally ill, and the homeless Health policy issues related to financing and delivery in the U.S. and abroad The importance of an international perspective, in both developed and developing countries Processes and context for federal, state, and local health policymaking Health policy research methods so that students can learn to study and analyze policy issues Instructor resources will include a test bank, answers to discussion questions, and PowerPoint slides. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Policy and Politics in Nursing and Healthcare - Revised Reprint - E-Book Diana J. Mason, Judith K. Leavitt, Mary W. Chaffee, 2013-10-01 Featuring analysis of healthcare issues and first-person stories, Policy & Politics in Nursing and Health Care helps you develop skills in influencing policy in today’s changing health care environment. 145 expert contributors present a wide range of topics in policies and politics, providing a more complete background than can be found in any other policy textbook on the market. Discussions include the latest updates on conflict management, health economics, lobbying, the use of media, and working with communities for change. The revised reprint includes a new appendix with coverage of the new Affordable Care Act. With these insights and strategies, you’ll be prepared to play a leadership role in the four spheres in which nurses are politically active: the workplace, government, professional organizations, and the community. Up-to-date coverage on the Affordable Care Act in an Appendix new to the revised reprint. Comprehensive coverage of healthcare policies and politics provides a broader understanding of nursing leadership and political activism, as well as complex business and financial issues. Expert authors make up a virtual Nursing Who's Who in healthcare policy, sharing information and personal perspectives gained in the crafting of healthcare policy. Taking Action essays include personal accounts of how nurses have participated in politics and what they have accomplished. Winner of several American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year awards! A new Appendix on the Affordable Care Act, its implementation as of mid-2013, and the implications for nursing, is included in the revised reprint. 18 new chapters ensure that you have the most up-to-date information on policy and politics. The latest information and perspectives are provided by nursing leaders who influenced health care reform with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. |
| health policymaking in the united states: The Political Economy of Health and Health Care Joan Costa-Font, Joan Costa-i-Font, Gilberto Turati, Alberto Batinti, 2020-05-28 Provides an international, unifying perspective, based on the 'public choice' tradition, to explain how patient-citizens interact with their country's political institutions to determine health policies and outcomes. This volume will appeal to undergraduate and graduate students studying health economics, health policy and public policy. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Intensive Care Norman J. Ornstein, Thomas E. Mann, 2011-09-01 The devastating and politically consequential defeat of President Clinton's comprehensive health plan in Congress has unleashed a torrent of speculation over who or what killed reform. One class of explanation deals with the institutional arrangements by which policy is made in the United States and, more specifically, with the rules and organization of Congress. This volume weighs the importance of Congress in the failure to enact health reform by examining more broadly how Congress shapes health policy—on matters ranging from ambitious plans to achieve universal health insurance coverage to annual appropriations for public health agencies. Part One examines how Congress has organized and equipped itself to make health policy. Individual chapters consider how committee jurisdictions, budgeting procedures, information, and oversight influence health policymaking. Part Two uses recent health policy episodes—the 1988-89 adoption and repeal of Medicare catastrophic coverage and the 1993-94 failure to pass national health reform—to generalize about how process shapes policy. This book is a product of the Renewing Congress Project, a joint undertaking of the Brookings Institution and the American Enterprise Institute. The contributors include C. Lawrence Evans, College of William and Mary; Mark Nadel, General Accounting Office; Julie Rovner, freelance health policy writer; and Allen Schick and Joseph White, Brookings. Copublished with the American Enterprise Institute |
| health policymaking in the united states: Health Policy Issues Paul J. Feldstein, 2019 |
| health policymaking in the united states: Health Policymaking in the United States Beaufort B. Longest (Jr.), 2016 Instructor Resources: New test bank, PowerPoint slides, HAP Course Lesson Plans, answer guides to the chapter-end discussion questions, and a transition guide to the new edition. In the past decade, the nation experienced an unusually active period in health policy with the enactment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Historically, health policymaking has been a slow yet persistent evolution. The ACA, in spite of its magnitude, is an excellent example of the incremental evolution that characterizes policymaking in the United States. This book provides context and background for understanding the development of today's health reform legislation. In the new edition of this widely used book, Beaufort Longest provides a framework for understanding the formulation, implementation, and modification of health policymaking at both the federal and state levels. Students will learn how policymaking relates to decisions that affect healthcare providers and patients. They will also gain insight into how they can influence the policymaking process. Incorporated in the book are excerpts from congressional testimony, news stories, executive orders, legislation, and other documents related to real-world policy issues. Thoroughly updated and revised, this edition: Discusses the ACA extensively, with examples of both its formulation and its implementation Expands coverage of policymaking's implementation phase Provides a new chapter on the role of courts in health policy and policymaking Includes more than 30 appendices, many brand new to this edition, to illustrate the policymaking process |
| health policymaking in the united states: The Politics of Evidence Justin Parkhurst, 2016-10-04 The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. There has been an enormous increase in interest in the use of evidence for public policymaking, but the vast majority of work on the subject has failed to engage with the political nature of decision making and how this influences the ways in which evidence will be used (or misused) within political areas. This book provides new insights into the nature of political bias with regards to evidence and critically considers what an ‘improved’ use of evidence would look like from a policymaking perspective. Part I describes the great potential for evidence to help achieve social goals, as well as the challenges raised by the political nature of policymaking. It explores the concern of evidence advocates that political interests drive the misuse or manipulation of evidence, as well as counter-concerns of critical policy scholars about how appeals to ‘evidence-based policy’ can depoliticise political debates. Both concerns reflect forms of bias – the first representing technical bias, whereby evidence use violates principles of scientific best practice, and the second representing issue bias in how appeals to evidence can shift political debates to particular questions or marginalise policy-relevant social concerns. Part II then draws on the fields of policy studies and cognitive psychology to understand the origins and mechanisms of both forms of bias in relation to political interests and values. It illustrates how such biases are not only common, but can be much more predictable once we recognise their origins and manifestations in policy arenas. Finally, Part III discusses ways to move forward for those seeking to improve the use of evidence in public policymaking. It explores what constitutes ‘good evidence for policy’, as well as the ‘good use of evidence’ within policy processes, and considers how to build evidence-advisory institutions that embed key principles of both scientific good practice and democratic representation. Taken as a whole, the approach promoted is termed the ‘good governance of evidence’ – a concept that represents the use of rigorous, systematic and technically valid pieces of evidence within decision-making processes that are representative of, and accountable to, populations served. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Evidence-Based Policymaking Karen Bogenschneider, Thomas Corbett, 2021-04-27 New thinking is needed on the age-old conundrum of how to connect research and policymaking. Why does a disconnect exist between the research community, which is producing thousands of studies relevant to public policy, and the policy community, which is making thousands of decisions that would benefit from research evidence? The second edition updates community dissonance theory and provides an even stronger, more substantiated story of why research is underutilized in policymaking, and what it will take to connect researchers and policymakers. This book offers a fresh look into what policymakers and the policy process are like, as told by policymakers themselves and the researchers who study and work with them. New to the second edition: • The point of view of policymakers is infused throughout this book based on a remarkable new study of 225 state legislators with an extraordinarily high response rate in this hard-to-access population. • A new theory holds promise for guiding the study and practice of evidence-based policy by building on how policymakers say research contributes to policymaking. • A new chapter features pioneering researchers who have effectively influenced public policy by engaging policymakers in ways rewarding to both. • A new chapter proposes how an engaged university could provide culturally competent training to create a new type of scholar and scholarship. This review of state-of-the-art research on evidence-based policy is a benefit to readers who find it hard to keep abreast of a field that spans the disciplines of business, economics, education, family sciences, health services, political science, psychology, public administration, social work, sociology, and so forth. For those who study evidence-based policy, the book provides the basics of producing policy relevant research by introducing researchers to policymakers and the policy process. Strategies are provided for identifying research questions that are relevant to the societal problems that confront and confound policymakers. Researchers will have at their fingertips a breath-taking overview of classic and cutting-edge studies on the multi-disciplinary field of evidence-based policy. For instructors, the book is written in a language and style that students find engaging. A topic that many students find mundane becomes germane when they read stories of what policymakers are like, and when they learn of researcher’s tribulations and triumphs as they work to build evidence-based policy. To point students to the most important ideas, the key concepts are highlighted in text boxes. For those who desire to engage policymakers, a new chapter summarizes the breakthroughs of several researchers who have been successful at driving policy change. The book provides 12 innovative best practices drawn from the science and practice of engaging policymakers, including insights from some of the best and brightest researchers and science communicators. The book also takes on the daunting task of evaluating the effectiveness of efforts to engage policymakers around research. A theory of change identifies seven key elements that are fundamental to increasing policymaker’s use of research along with evaluation protocols and preliminary evidence on each element. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Social, Economic, and Political Perspectives on Public Health Policy-Making Rahmatollah Gholipour, Khadijeh Rouzbehani, 2016 Provides an extensive and rich compilation of research on the role of public policy in the healthcare sector and how policy reform will impact the future of healthcare delivery and administration. This research-based publication is composed of chapters from various international experts in the healthcare sector, focusing on the areas of healthcare access, quality, and value in the 21st century. |
| health policymaking in the united states: The Palgrave Handbook of Global Health Data Methods for Policy and Practice Sarah B. Macfarlane, Carla AbouZahr, 2019-03-05 This handbook compiles methods for gathering, organizing and disseminating data to inform policy and manage health systems worldwide. Contributing authors describe national and international structures for generating data and explain the relevance of ethics, policy, epidemiology, health economics, demography, statistics, geography and qualitative methods to describing population health. The reader, whether a student of global health, public health practitioner, programme manager, data analyst or policymaker, will appreciate the methods, context and importance of collecting and using global health data. |
| health policymaking in the united states: When Bad Policy Makes Good Politics Robert P. Saldin, 2017 Since the 1960s, America's policymaking system has transitioned from one in which leaders like Lyndon Johnson could simply disparage the concept of budget projections to one in which policymakers consciously manipulate cost estimates. Paradoxically, the very safeguards put in place to thwart economically unsound legislation now cause chaos by incentivizing the development of flawed, even blatantly unworkable, policies. As Robert Saldin shows in When Bad Policy Makes Good Politics, the pathologies of the new system are illustrated by the Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Act and its role in aiding passage of President Obama's landmark health reform law. CLASS was supposed to bring much needed relief of America's dysfunctional long-term care system, but critics argued that its flawed design rendered the program unviable. However, what appeared to be a naïve proposal was actually a carefully framed policy designed to fit the rules of the game, particularly the Congressional Budget Office's cost-projection process. Although CLASS was destined for a death spiral requiring massive government bailouts, the CBO estimated it would save tens of billions of dollars. These official savings made CLASS an appealing add-on to the Affordable Care Act. But when the Obama administration later announced that CLASS was impossible to implement, America's long-term care system was left in crisis. This skillful examination of CLASS and the machinations of Congress provides insight into how the contemporary policymaking process really functions. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Essentials of Health Policy and Law Joel Bern Teitelbaum, 2013 Given the prominent role played by policy and law in the health of all Americans, the aim of this book is to help readers understand the broad context of health policy and law. The essential policy and legal issues impacting and flowing out of the health care and public health systems, and the way health policies and laws are formulated. Think of this textbook as an extended manual.introductory, concise, and straightforward.to the seminal issues in U.S. health policy and law, and thus as a jumping off point for discussion, reflection, research, and analysis. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Evidence-Informed Health Policy, Second Edition: Using EBP to Transform Policy in Nursing and Healthcare Jacqueline M. Loversidge, Joyce Zurmehly, 2023-06-14 “Evidence-Informed Health Policy serves as a foundation for policymaking using an evidence-informed model with emphasis on the fact that the best policy is based on evidence. The second edition helps transform students into healthcare advocates who can work collaboratively throughout the policymaking process, preparing them to engage at any policy level in shaping the future of nursing.” –Keeley Harding, DNP, APRN, CNS, CPNP-AC/PC; and Beverly Hittle, PhD, RN Assistant Professors and Course Faculty Leaders for Combined DNP-PhD Health Policy University of Cincinnati “This book is an essential resource for nurses and healthcare professionals who are engaged or interested in influencing health policy and navigating complex health policy environments.” –Jacalyn Buck, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAONL Clinical Professor Director, DNP Executive Track The Ohio State University College of Nursing “This new edition is a valuable resource for those nurses wanting to learn more about evidence-informed health policy, development of such policies, as well as the importance of nurse participation in their development.” –Jane F. Mahowald, MA, BSN, RN, ANEF Immediate past Executive Director of the Ohio League for Nursing What happens in health policy at local, state, and federal levels directly affects patients, nurses, and nursing practice. Some healthcare professionals, though, are intimidated by the complex and often nonlinear policy process or simply don’t know how to take the first step toward implementing policy change. In the second edition of Evidence-Informed Health Policy, authors Jacqueline M. Loversidge and Joyce Zurmehly demystify health policymaking and equip nurses and other healthcare professionals with the knowledge, tools, and confidence to navigate the first of many steps into health policy. This book translates the EBP language of clinical decision-making into an evidence-informed health policy (EIHP) model—a foundation for integrating evidence into health policymaking and leveraging dialogue with stakeholders. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Extending the Use of Evidence-Based Practice to Health Policymaking Chapter 2: The Use of Evidence: The Changing Landscape in Health Policymaking Chapter 3: Health Policy and Politics Chapter 4: Government Structures and Functions That Drive Process Chapter 5: Policymaking Processes and Models Chapter 6: An Overview of an Evidence-Informed Health Policy Model for Nursing Chapter 7: The Foundation: Steps 0 Through 3 of the EIHP Process Chapter 8: Policy Production: Steps 4 and 5 of the EIHP Process Chapter 9: Follow-Through: Steps 6 and 7 of the EIHP Process Chapter 10: Health Policy on a Global Scale Chapter 11: Evidence-Informed Health Policymaking: Challenges and Strategies Appendix A: Resources Appendix B: Global Examples of Evidence-Informed Policymaking: An Annotated Bibliography |
| health policymaking in the united states: Making Social Welfare Policy in America Edward D. Berkowitz, 2020-04-15 American social welfare policy has produced a health system with skyrocketing costs, a disability insurance program that consigns many otherwise productive people to lives of inactivity, and a welfare program that attracts wide criticism. Making Social Welfare Policy in America explains how this happened by examining the historical development of three key programs—Social Security Disability Insurance, Medicare, and Temporary Aid to Needy Families. Edward D. Berkowitz traces the developments that led to each program’s creation. Policy makers often find it difficult to dislodge a program’s administrative structure, even as political, economic, and cultural circumstances change. Faced with this situation, they therefore solve contemporary problems with outdated programs and must improvise politically acceptable solutions. The results vary according to the political popularity of the program and the changes in the conventional wisdom. Some programs, such as Social Security Disability Insurance, remain in place over time. Policy makers have added new parts to Medicare to reflect modern developments. Congress has abolished Aid to Families of Dependent Children and replaced with a new program intended to encourage work among adult welfare recipients raising young children. Written in an accessible style and using a minimum of academic jargon, this book illuminates how three of our most important social welfare programs have come into existence and how they have fared over time. |
| health policymaking in the united states: The Fourth Industrial Revolution Klaus Schwab, 2017-01-03 World-renowned economist Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, explains that we have an opportunity to shape the fourth industrial revolution, which will fundamentally alter how we live and work. Schwab argues that this revolution is different in scale, scope and complexity from any that have come before. Characterized by a range of new technologies that are fusing the physical, digital and biological worlds, the developments are affecting all disciplines, economies, industries and governments, and even challenging ideas about what it means to be human. Artificial intelligence is already all around us, from supercomputers, drones and virtual assistants to 3D printing, DNA sequencing, smart thermostats, wearable sensors and microchips smaller than a grain of sand. But this is just the beginning: nanomaterials 200 times stronger than steel and a million times thinner than a strand of hair and the first transplant of a 3D printed liver are already in development. Imagine “smart factories” in which global systems of manufacturing are coordinated virtually, or implantable mobile phones made of biosynthetic materials. The fourth industrial revolution, says Schwab, is more significant, and its ramifications more profound, than in any prior period of human history. He outlines the key technologies driving this revolution and discusses the major impacts expected on government, business, civil society and individuals. Schwab also offers bold ideas on how to harness these changes and shape a better future—one in which technology empowers people rather than replaces them; progress serves society rather than disrupts it; and in which innovators respect moral and ethical boundaries rather than cross them. We all have the opportunity to contribute to developing new frameworks that advance progress. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Health Policy and European Union Enlargement Mckee, 2004-04-01 While there may be consensus on the broader issues of the core objectives of the health care system, expectations differ between EU countries, and European national policy-makers. This book seeks firstly to assess the impact of the enlargement process and then to analyse the challenges that lie ahead in the field of health and health policy. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Making Data Talk David E. Nelson (M.D.), Bradford W. Hesse, Robert T. Croyle, 2009 The demand for health information continues to increase, but the ability of health professionals to provide it clearly remains variable. The aim of this book is (1) to summarize and synthesize research on the selection and presentation of data pertinent to public health, and (2) to provide practical suggestions, based on this research summary and synthesis, on how scientists and other public health practitioners can better communicate data to the public, policy makers, and the press in typical real-world situations. Because communication is complex and no one approach works for all audiences, the authors emphasize how to communicate data better (and in some instances, contrast this with how to communicate data worse), rather than attempting a cookbook approach. The book contains a wealth of case studies and other examples to illustrate major points, and actual situations whenever possible. Key principles and recommendations are summarized at the end of each chapter. This book will stimulate interest among public health practitioners, scholars, and students to more seriously consider ways they can understand and improve communication about data and other types of scientific information with the public, policy makers, and the press. Improved data communication will increase the chances that evidence-based scientific findings can play a greater role in improving the public's health. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Introduction to U.S. Health Policy Donald A. Barr, 2011-12-01 Health care reform has dominated public discourse over the past several years, and the recent passage of the Affordable Care Act, rather than quell the rhetoric, has sparked even more debate. Donald A. Barr reviews the current structure of the American health care system, describing the historical and political contexts in which it developed and the core policy issues that continue to confront us today. This comprehensive analysis introduces the various organizations and institutions that make the U.S. health care system work—or fail to work, as the case may be. A principal message of the book is the seeming paradox of the quality of health care in this country—on the one hand it is the best medical care system in the world, on the other it is one of the worst among developed countries because of how it is organized. Barr introduces readers to broad cultural issues surrounding health care policy, such as access, affordability, and quality. He discusses specific elements of U.S. health care, including insurance, especially Medicare and Medicaid, the shift to for-profit managed care, the pharmaceutical industry, issues of long-term care, the plight of the uninsured, medical errors, and nursing shortages. The latest edition of this widely adopted text updates the description and discussion of key sectors of America’s health care system in light of the Affordable Care Act. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Public and Community Health Nursing Practice Demetrius James Porche, 2004 Developed as an advanced text for students in public and community health nursing, this book presents a summary of the core functions of population-based practice, emphasizing evidence-based research. Porche (nursing, Nursing Research and Evaluation, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center |
| health policymaking in the united states: Lactation: A Foundational Strategy for Health Promotion Suzanne Hetzel Campbell, 2021-01-25 Healthcare professionals, including lactation consultants and nurses, have the unique challenge of educating the community and their patients on healthy breastfeeding and the benefits of lactation. However, breastfeeding is not efficiently represented in texts specific to health promotion. With her 30 years’ experience educating undergraduate and graduate nursing students and interprofessional healthcare providers on maternal–infant health and lactation, Suzanne Hetzel Campbell is breaking that tradition. Lactation: A Foundational Strategy for Health Promotion uses evidence-based research and a person-centered care framework to empower healthcare practitioners to advocate for and support families in their breastfeeding ventures. |
| health policymaking in the united states: The Politics of Health in the Canadian Welfare State Toba Bryant, Dennis Raphael, 2020-08-14 The first book to discuss the Canadian welfare state through a health-focused lens, The Politics of Health in the Canadian Welfare State argues that the nature of Canada’s liberal welfare state shapes the health care system, the social determinants of health, and the health of all Canadians. Documenting decades of work on the social determinants of health, authors Toba Bryant and Dennis Raphael explore topics such as power and influence in Canadian society, socially and economically marginalized populations, and approaches to promoting health. Each chapter examines different aspects of the links between public policy, health, and the welfare state, investigating how broader societal structures and processes of the country’s economic and political systems shape living and working conditions and, inevitably, the overall health of Canadians. Contextualizing the history and status of Canadian health and health care systems with Canada’s welfare state, this concise and timely text is well suited as a supplementary resource for health studies, sociology of health, and nursing courses in universities across Canada. |
| health policymaking in the united states: Health Policies for the 21st Century Jo Ivey Boufford, Philip Randolph Lee, 2001 |
| health policymaking in the united states: Contemporary Issues in Healthcare Law and Ethics Dean M. Harris, 2014 Instructor Resources: Test bank, PowerPoint slides for each chapter and a model answer to each of the activities in the text. Contemporary Issues in Healthcare Law and Ethics, Fourth Edition, examines the most important legal and ethical issues in healthcare, and presents essential information that will help students learn to identify and tackle potential legal problems. This thoroughly revised edition includes new information and extensive updates on topics such as: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), including legal requirements about health insurance and health reform The 2012 Supreme Court decision regarding the individual mandate to buy health insurance, the penalty for not having insurance, and the expansion of Medicaid Ongoing legal challenges to mandated contraceptive coverage and whether federal subsidies may be provided for coverage that is purchased through a federally operated exchange New legal obligations for tax-exempt hospitals under the ACA and federal regulations Important changes to Medicare and Medicaid Other changes to laws about abortion, physician-assisted suicide, privacy of medical information, and reform of medical malpractice laws. New to this edition are more activities that apply legal principles in the text to specific facts. Also, an in-text glossary has been added. |
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