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Decoding the Mystery: A Comprehensive Gram-Negative Flow Chart
Identifying bacterial infections is crucial in healthcare, and Gram staining remains a cornerstone of microbiological diagnostics. However, the process doesn't stop with a simple Gram-negative result. This post provides a detailed, user-friendly gram-negative flow chart, guiding you through the steps of identifying specific Gram-negative bacteria. We'll break down the diagnostic process, explaining the tests and their implications, empowering you to understand the complexities behind bacterial identification. This is your go-to resource for understanding and navigating the world of Gram-negative bacterial identification.
Understanding the Gram-Negative Classification
Before delving into the flow chart itself, let's briefly revisit the significance of Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria possess a unique cell wall structure, thinner than Gram-positive bacteria and characterized by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This LPS contributes to their pathogenicity and resistance to certain antibiotics. Understanding this fundamental difference is key to interpreting the results of subsequent tests.
The Gram-Negative Flow Chart: A Step-by-Step Guide
The following flow chart outlines a typical diagnostic pathway for identifying Gram-negative bacteria. It's crucial to remember that this is a general guideline, and specific laboratory procedures may vary. Always refer to your laboratory's standard operating procedures.
[Insert a visually appealing and well-organized flow chart here. The chart should be created using a flowchart software and be easily downloadable as a PDF. The chart would ideally branch based on key test results (e.g., oxidase test, lactose fermentation, motility). Each branch should lead to a possible genus or family of bacteria.] (Note: As an AI, I cannot create visual elements. You'll need to create this chart yourself using a diagramming tool like Lucidchart, draw.io, or similar.)
Example Flow Chart Branches (Textual Representation - To be incorporated into the visual chart):
Oxidase Test: Positive (e.g., Pseudomonas, Neisseria) vs. Negative (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae)
Oxidase Positive: Further tests for species identification (e.g., growth on specific media, biochemical tests)
Oxidase Negative: Lactose fermentation test.
Lactose Fermentation: Positive (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella) vs. Negative (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella)
Lactose Positive: Further biochemical tests to differentiate between species.
Lactose Negative: Motility test and other biochemical tests.
Motility: Motile (e.g., Proteus, some Salmonella) vs. Non-motile (e.g., Shigella)
Motile: Additional tests to distinguish between motile species.
Non-motile: Further tests for definitive identification.
Key Tests in Gram-Negative Identification
The accuracy of Gram-negative identification relies on several crucial tests. Let's explore some of the most commonly used:
#### 1. Oxidase Test:
This test identifies the presence of cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme involved in the electron transport chain. A positive reaction indicates the presence of this enzyme, common in many aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.
#### 2. Lactose Fermentation:
This test determines the ability of bacteria to ferment lactose, a sugar. Lactose fermenters produce acid, often changing the color of the media. This test is particularly helpful in differentiating members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.
#### 3. Motility Test:
This test assesses the bacterium's ability to move independently. Motility is often associated with the presence of flagella.
#### 4. Other Biochemical Tests:
Numerous other biochemical tests exist, each targeting specific metabolic pathways. These include tests for indole production, urease activity, hydrogen sulfide production, and many more. The selection of tests depends on the initial results and suspected bacterial species.
Interpreting the Results & Clinical Significance
Accurate interpretation of the results from the flow chart and associated tests is crucial for effective treatment. Different Gram-negative bacteria cause a wide range of infections, from urinary tract infections (UTIs) to pneumonia and sepsis. Knowing the specific bacterial species allows clinicians to prescribe targeted antibiotics, improving patient outcomes and minimizing the risk of antibiotic resistance.
Conclusion
Navigating the world of Gram-negative bacterial identification can feel daunting, but utilizing a structured approach like the gram-negative flow chart significantly simplifies the process. By understanding the principles behind each test and its clinical relevance, healthcare professionals can more effectively diagnose and treat infections caused by these diverse microorganisms. Remember, accurate identification leads to better patient care and more responsible antibiotic stewardship.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Can I use this flow chart for all Gram-negative bacteria? While this flow chart covers common Gram-negative bacteria, some less frequent species may require additional or alternative tests for identification.
2. What if a test result is inconclusive? Inconclusive results often necessitate further testing or the use of molecular techniques like PCR for definitive identification.
3. How important is the Gram stain in this process? The Gram stain is the crucial first step, confirming the bacterial morphology and Gram reaction. It directs the subsequent tests.
4. Are there any automated systems for Gram-negative identification? Yes, automated systems using various biochemical and other identification methods are available in many clinical microbiology laboratories.
5. Where can I find more detailed information on specific Gram-negative bacteria? Comprehensive microbiology textbooks and online databases (like NCBI) offer detailed information on individual Gram-negative species and their characteristics.
| gram negative flow chart: Infectious Disease, eTextbook Hamish McKenzie, Robert Laing, Alexander Mackenzie, Pamela Molyneaux, Abhijit Bal, 2010-09-02 Infectious Disease is a core topic within the clinical curriculumand students are expected to recognize, understand and know how toinvestigate and manage many infectious conditions. Infectious Disease: Clinical Cases Uncovered leadsstudents through a clinical approach to managing problems, with aquestion-answer approach developing the narrative. Withself-assessment exercises using MCQs, EMQs and SAQs, InfectiousDisease: Clinical Cases Uncovered is perfect for medicalstudents and junior doctors, infectious disease nurses, nursingstudents and nurse practitioners. |
| gram negative flow chart: Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology Jeffrey C. Pommerville, 2013 Ideal for allied health and pre-nursing students, Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems, Second Edition, retains the engaging, student-friendly style and active learning approach for which award-winning author and educator Jeffrey Pommerville is known. Thoroughly revised and updated, the Second Edition presents diseases, complete with new content on recent discoveries, in a manner that is directly applicable to students and organized by body system. A captivating art program includes more than 150 newly added and revised figures and tables, while new feature boxes, Textbook Cases, serve to better illuminate key concepts. Pommerville's acclaimed learning design format enlightens and engages students right from the start, and new chapter conclusions round out each chapter, leaving readers with a clear understanding of key concepts. |
| gram negative flow chart: Hematology Bernadette F. Rodak, George A. Fritsma, Kathryn Doig, 2007-01-01 Textbook explores key aspects of hematology from normal hematopoiesis through diseases of erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid, and megakaryocytic origin. Includes a revised section on hemostasis and thrombosis. Case studies and chapter summaries are included. |
| gram negative flow chart: Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems Jeffrey C. Pommerville, 2009-09-29 Ideal for allied health and pre-nursing students, Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology, Body Systems Edition, retains the engaging, student-friendly style and active learning approach for which award-winning author and educator Jeffrey Pommerville is known. It presents diseases, complete with new content on recent discoveries, in a manner that is directly applicable to students and organized by body system. A captivating art program, learning design format, and numerous case studies draw students into the text and make them eager to learn more about the fascinating world of microbiology. |
| gram negative flow chart: Fundamentals of Microbiology Jeffrey C. Pommerville, 2014-12 Ideal for health science and nursing students, Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems Edition, Third Edition retains the engaging, student-friendly style and active learning approach for which award-winning author and educator Jeffrey Pommerville is known. Highly suitable for non-science majors, the fully revised and updated third edition of this bestselling text contains new pedagogical elements and an established learning design format that improves comprehension and retention and makes learning more enjoyable. Unlike other texts in the field, Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems Edition takes a global perspective on microbiology and infectious disease, and supports students in self-evaluation and concept absorption. Furthermore, it includes real-life examples to help students understand the significance of a concept and its application in today's world, whether to their local community or beyond. New information pertinent to nursing and health sciences has been added, while many figures and tables have been updated, revised, and/or reorganized for clarity. Comprehensive yet accessible, the Third Edition is an essential text for non-science majors in health science and nursing programs taking an introductory microbiology course. -- Provided by publisher. |
| gram negative flow chart: Comprehensive Pharmacology for Undergraduates Chandrashekar R, 2024-08-27 This book briefly addresses each and every area of pharmacology, and is both evidence-based and outcome-focused. Healthcare professionals must have a solid understanding of pharmacology to improve patients’ quality of life, prevent medical errors, and avoid potentially harmful drug-drug interactions. Pharmacology should be studied by all medical and paramedical students since it provides a solid foundation for understanding the specifics of drugs and the factors that influence them. The book includes relevant flowcharts, diagrams, and tables that present the subject’s contents in more understandable way for undergraduate students. |
| gram negative flow chart: Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology Robert A. Pollack, Lorraine Findlay, Walter Mondschein, R. Ronald Modesto, 2018-07-11 The Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology, 5e by Pollack, et al. presents exercises and experiments covered in a 1 or 2-semester undergraduate microbiology laboratory course for allied health students. The labs are introduced in a clear and concise manner, while maintaining a student-friendly tone. The manual contains a variety of interactive activities and experiments that teach students the basic concepts of microbiology. The 5th edition contains new and updated labs that cover a wide array of topics, including identification of microbes, microbial biochemistry, medical microbiology, food microbiology, and environmental microbiology. |
| gram negative flow chart: Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Microbiology Yi-Wei Tang, Charles W. Stratton, 2018-11-09 In recent years, advanced molecular techniques in diagnostic microbiology have been revolutionizing the practice of clinical microbiology in the hospital setting. Molecular diagnostic testing in general and nucleic acid-based amplification methods in particular have been heralded as diagnostic tools for the new millennium. This third edition covers not only the most recent updates and advances, but details newly invented omic techniques, such as next generation sequencing. It is divided into two distinct volumes, with Volume 1 describing the techniques, and Volume 2 addressing their applications in the field. In addition, both volumes focus more so on the clinical relevance of the test results generated by these techniques than previous editions. |
| gram negative flow chart: Problem Based Urology Paolo Gontero, Roger S. Kirby, Culley C. Carson III, 2013-03-27 This short, pithy book – addressed to primary care physicians, will also be invaluable to those studying urology, prior to taking any professional exam. Urological problems are so common as to represent a significant burden for many care physicians and GPs in their everyday practice worldwide. A major concern is how far to go themselves in the diagnosis and treatment of a urological diseases and when to refer the patient for specialist care. Problem Based Urology will provide an easy and user friendly tool to help in decision making on the main urological problems and the most appropriate timing for referral to specialist care. Within each chapter, one or more flow charts will help the reader, step-by-step, to formulate the most likely diagnosis on the basis of findings from medical history, examination and investigations and to start an appropriate first line treatment or to refer the patient to the specialist where appropriate. Each step of the flow chart will be explained in legends consecutively numbered at the bottom of the flow chart diagram. Besides, each chapter will be enriched with tables reporting the most common diseases to be accounted in the differential diagnosis, treatment choices manageable by the primary care physician or GP. |
| gram negative flow chart: Practical Handbook of Microbiology Emanuel Goldman, Lorrence H Green, 2008-08-29 The field of microbiology has developed considerably in the last 20 years, building exponentially on its own discoveries and growing to encompass many other disciplines. Unfortunately, the literature in the field tends to be either encyclopedic in scope or presented as a textbook and oriented for the student. Finding its niche between these two pol |
| gram negative flow chart: Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology , |
| gram negative flow chart: Patient Care Flowchart Manual Steven R. Alexander, 1988 |
| gram negative flow chart: McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians - E-Book Joanna M. Bassert, 2014-10-20 McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians - E-Book |
| gram negative flow chart: Exercises for the Microbiology Laboratory Michael J. Leboffe, Burton E. Pierce, 2012-01-01 Exercises for the Microbiology Laboratory, Fourth Edition by Michael J. Leboffe and Burton E. Pierce is an inexpensive, black-and-white manual that provides a concise and flexible alternative to other large microbiology laboratory manuals. It can be used by itself as a required lab text, but is also designed to be used in conjunction with A Photographic Atlas for the Microbiology Laboratory. |
| gram negative flow chart: Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians E-Book Monica M. Tighe, Marg Brown, 2019-03-28 - NEW! Content mapped to the VTNE domains, tasks, and knowledge statements prepares you for taking the VTNE. - NEW! The use and care of endoscopic equipment added to the Ultrasound and Other Imaging Modalities chapter. |
| gram negative flow chart: Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Rajiv M Borle, 2014-02-28 Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is a comprehensive guide to the field for trainee dental students. The book covers basic procedures performed in general practice, as well as more advanced and complex surgical management techniques in the hospital environment. Presented in an easy to follow format, the text is divided into twelve sections, each discussing different oral and maxillofacial disorders, their diagnosis and appropriate medical and surgical management techniques. The final sections offer trainees advice on thesis writing and seminar presentation, and quick reference appendices describe commonly prescribed investigations in surgical practices, their values and interpretation. Photographs and drawings show various clinical conditions and demonstrate basic surgical techniques. Salient points for each topic are highlighted in text boxes, along with extensive referencing in every chapter. Key points Comprehensive guide to oral and maxillofacial surgery for trainee dental students Covers basic and advanced medical and surgical management techniques Includes advice on thesis writing and seminar presentation Includes more than 1200 clinical photographs, drawings and tables |
| gram negative flow chart: Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians E-Book Margi Sirois, 2018-12-13 **Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 with Essential Purchase designation in Veterinary Nursing & Technology** Ensure you're at your clinical best! Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 7th Edition covers the broad spectrum of laboratory procedures that veterinary technicians need to perform effectively in the practice setting. Comprehensive content presents the fundamentals of microbiology, hematology, urinalysis, immunology, and cytology, along with the laboratory procedures used to perform the most widely used tests such as complete blood count, urinalysis, and immunologic assays. This thoroughly updated edition includes an expanded Quality Control and Record Keeping chapter along with the latest advances in veterinary clinical procedures to prepare you for real-life laboratory work. - Comprehensive coverage gives you a solid foundation in the fundamentals of microbiology, hematology, urinalysis, immunology, and cytology, along with the laboratory procedures used to perform related tests. - Provides the latest information needed to successfully perform a broad spectrum of laboratory tests, including complete blood count, urinalysis, and immunologic assays. - Step-by-step procedure boxes offer quick access to the skills you must perform during your educational program, as well as procedures that are commonly performed by vet techs in private practice. - A comprehensive glossary of terms at the end of the text offers accurate, concise definitions. - Vet Tech Threads provide you with introductions, suggested readings, boxed technician notes, learning objectives, chapter outlines, key terms, and a glossary for easy navigation through chapters and more focused learning. - NEW! Completely updated content throughout reflects the latest advances in veterinary clinical laboratory procedures for improved patient service and higher practice revenue. - NEW! Thoroughly updated and expanded Quality Control and Record Keeping chapter ensures you have the most current information in this vital area. - UPDATED! Immunology section includes the latest information in this fast-growing veterinary technology area. |
| gram negative flow chart: The Veterinary ICU Book Wayne Wingfield, Marc Raffe, 2020-06-03 This book is dedicated to the fundamental clinical signs of astute observation, careful differential diagnosis and analytical therapeutic decision-making in emergency veterinary settings. It clearly defines the physiological and clinical principles fundamental to the management of the critically ill small animal patient. With clear guidelines for organizing an emergency/critical care unit, the book also discusses ethical and legal concerns. The 80 expert authors have created a clinically specific resource for the specialist, residents in training, veterinary practitioners, technicians and students.Published by Teton New Media in the USA and distributed by CRC Press outside of North America. |
| gram negative flow chart: Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet L. Duben-Engelkirk, 2008 Designed for associate-degree MLT/CLT programs and baccalaureate MT/CLS programs, this textbook presents the essentials of clinical microbiology. It provides balanced coverage of specific groups of microorganisms and the work-up of clinical specimens by organ system, and also discusses the role of the microbiology laboratory in regard to emerging infections, healthcare epidemiology, and bioterrorism. Clinical case studies and self-assessment questions show how to incorporate the information into everyday practice. More than 400 illustrations and visual information displays enhance the text. Essentials boxes, chapter outlines, key terms, summaries, and other study aids help students retain information. A bound-in CD-ROM includes additional review questions, case studies, and Web links. |
| gram negative flow chart: The global threat of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria volume II Ziad Daoud, Milena Dropa, 2023-05-24 |
| gram negative flow chart: Oswaal CBSE Sample Question Papers Class 11 Biology (For 2025 Exam) Oswaal Editorial Board, 2024-07-29 Oswaal CBSE Sample Question Papers Class 9 Science Book (For 2025 Exam) |
| gram negative flow chart: The Public Health Laboratory , 1981 |
| gram negative flow chart: Academic Writing for International Students of Science Jane Bottomley, 2014-07-25 Academic Writing for International Students of Science will help international students to develop their command of academic scientific writing in English. It guides students through the writing process itself, and will help them to produce clear, well-written and well-organised essays and reports. The book covers a range of issues such as how to explain complex ideas clearly and concisely, how to develop a coherent argument, and how to avoid plagiarism by making effective reference to sources. Through detailed analysis of authentic scientific texts, the book will enhance students’ understanding of the nature of academic scientific writing. This will enable them to understand how language and discourse function in a real scientific context. The texts serve as models of good writing and are followed by practice activities which will help students to develop their own writing skills. Key topics include: the writing process; academic scientific style; sentence structure; paragraph development; referring to sources; coherence, argument and critical thinking; academic and scientific conventions. This book will be an invaluable companion to those studying for a science or technology degree in an English-speaking institution. Informative study boxes, model answers and a clear, comprehensive answer key mean that the book can be used for self-study or with guidance in the classroom. |
| gram negative flow chart: Introduction to Diagnostic Microbiology for the Laboratory Sciences Maria Dannessa Delost, 2020-12-15 Introduction to Diagnostic Microbiology for the Laboratory Sciences, Second Edition provides a concise study of clinically significant microorganisms for the medical laboratory student and laboratory practitioner. |
| gram negative flow chart: Understanding Bacteria S. Srivastava, 2013-03-14 The discipline of microbiology that deals with an amazingly diverse group of simple organisms, such as viruses, archaea, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa, is an exciting field of Science. Starting as a purely descriptive field, it has transformed into a truly experimental and interdisciplinary science inspiring a number of investigators to generate th a wealth of information on the entire gamut of microbiology. The later part of 20 century has been a golden era with molecular information coming in to unravel interesting insights ofthe microbial world. Ever since they were brought to light through a pair of ground glasses by the Dutchman, Antony van Leeuwenhoek, in later half of 17th century, they have been studied most extensively throughout the next three centuries, and are still revealing new facets of life and its functions. The interest in them, therefore, continues even in the 21 st century. Though they are simple, they provide a wealth of information on cell biology, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, and genetics and biotechnology. They, thus, constitute a model system to study a whole variety of subjects. All this provided the necessary impetus to write several valuable books on the subject of microbiology. While teaching a course of Microbial Genetics for the last 35 years at Delhi University, we strongly felt the need for authentic compiled data that could give exhaustive background information on each of the member groups that constitute the microbial world. |
| gram negative flow chart: Patient Care Flow Chart Manual Patient Care Publications, inc. Special Publications Group, 1980 |
| gram negative flow chart: Microbiology For Dummies Jennifer Stearns, Michael Surette, 2019-03-05 Microbiology For Dummies (9781119544425) was previously published as Microbiology For Dummies (9781118871188). While this version features a new Dummies cover and design, the content is the same as the prior release and should not be considered a new or updated product. Microbiology is the study of life itself, down to the smallest particle Microbiology is a fascinating field that explores life down to the tiniest level. Did you know that your body contains more bacteria cells than human cells? It's true. Microbes are essential to our everyday lives, from the food we eat to the very internal systems that keep us alive. These microbes include bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. Without microbes, life on Earth would not survive. It's amazing to think that all life is so dependent on these microscopic creatures, but their impact on our future is even more astonishing. Microbes are the tools that allow us to engineer hardier crops, create better medicines, and fuel our technology in sustainable ways. Microbes may just help us save the world. Microbiology For Dummies is your guide to understanding the fundamentals of this enormously-encompassing field. Whether your career plans include microbiology or another science or health specialty, you need to understand life at the cellular level before you can understand anything on the macro scale. Explore the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Understand the basics of cell function and metabolism Discover the differences between pathogenic and symbiotic relationships Study the mechanisms that keep different organisms active and alive You need to know how cells work, how they get nutrients, and how they die. You need to know the effects different microbes have on different systems, and how certain microbes are integral to ecosystem health. Microbes are literally the foundation of all life, and they are everywhere. Microbiology For Dummies will help you understand them, appreciate them, and use them. |
| gram negative flow chart: Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine E-Book Ian D Penman, Stuart H. Ralston, Mark W J Strachan, Richard Hobson, 2022-06-20 Well over two million medical students, doctors and other health professionals around the globe have owned a copy of Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine since it was first published over 70 years ago. Now in its 24th Edition, this thoroughly updated textbook describes the pathophysiology and clinical features of the most frequently encountered conditions in the major specialties of adult medicine, and explains how to recognise, investigate, diagnose and manage them. Taking its origins from Sir Stanley Davidson's much-admired lecture notes, Davidson's has endured because it keeps pace with how modern medicine is taught and provides a wealth of trusted information in an easy-to-read, concise and beautifully illustrated format. Key features: - Part 1 'Fundamentals of Medicine' - provides an account of the principles of genetics, immunology, infectious diseases, population health, oncology and pain management, along with a discussion of the core principles behind clinical decision-making and good prescribing. - Part 2 'Emergency and Critical Care Medicine' - covers medical emergencies in poisoning, envenomation and medicine in austere environments, as well as common presentations in acute medicine and the recognition and management of the critically ill. - Part 3 'Clinical Medicine'- covers the major medical specialties, each thoroughly revised and brought fully up to date. A new section on COVID-19 has been added and the impact of this infection is described throughout the book. - Clinical Examination overviews - extended and updated to summarise the main elements for each system. - Presenting Problems sections - provide a clear pathway for the assessment of and approach to the most common complaints in each specialty. - Practice Point summaries - detail the practical skills that medical students and junior doctors must acquire. - Emergency boxes - emphasise the core knowledge needed to manage acutely ill patients. - In Old Age, In Pregnancy and In Adolescence boxes - highlight differences in the practice of medicine in these patient groups, and illustrate the interfaces between medical, obstetric and paediatric services. - The text is extensively illustrated - with over 1000 diagrams, clinical photographs, and radiology and pathology images. - The global perspective is enhanced by an International Advisory Board of experts from 11 countries and by leading authors from around the world. The complete, downloadable eBook version is included with your (print copy) purchase – for easy access on your portable device, anytime, anywhere! Now enhanced with: - NEW interactive self-assessment material – over 150 Questions and Answers test your understanding of chapter key points and aid efficient exam preparation Davidson's will serve readers everywhere as a core text that integrates medical science with clinical medicine, conveying key knowledge and practical advice in a highly accessible and readable format. REVIEWS Beautifully constructed with superb clarity of style - Davidson's continues to provide for students, doctors and other health professionals a sound basis for the practice of medicine. Royal Society of Medicine and Society of Authors Medical Book Awards This book comes through where others fail: an excellent textbook, easy to read and superb value. British Medical Journal |
| gram negative flow chart: Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine E-Book Stuart H. Ralston, Ian D Penman, Mark W J Strachan, Richard Hobson, 2018-02-02 More than two million medical students, doctors and other health professionals around the globe have owned a copy of Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine since it was first published. Now in its 23rd Edition, this textbook describes the pathophysiology and clinical features of the most frequently encountered conditions in the major specialties of adult medicine and explains how to recognise, investigate, diagnose and manage them. Taking its origins from Sir Stanley Davidson's much-admired lecture notes, Davidson's has endured because it keeps pace with how modern medicine is taught and provides a wealth of information in an easy-to-read, concise and beautifully illustrated format. This book will serve readers everywhere as a core text that integrates medical science with clinical medicine, conveying key knowledge and practical advice in a highly accessible and readable format. - The opening section describes the fundamentals of genetics, immunology, infectious diseases and population health, and discusses the core principles of clinical decision-making and good prescribing. - A new second section on emergency and critical care medicine encompasses poisoning, envenomation and environmental medicine, and introduces a new chapter on acute medicine and critical illness. - The third section covers the major medical specialties, each thoroughly revised and brought fully up to date. Two new chapters on maternal and adolescent/transition medicine complement the one on ageing and disease. A new chapter on medical ophthalmology has been included. - Clinical Examination overviews summarise the main elements for each system and now feature in the biochemistry, nutrition and dermatology chapters. - Presenting Problems sections provide a clear pathway for the assessment of and approach to the most common complaints in each specialty. - Practice Point summaries detail the practical skills that medical students and junior doctors must acquire. - Emergency boxes emphasise the core knowledge needed to manage acutely ill patients. - In Old Age, In Pregnancy and In Adolescence boxes highlight differences in the practice of medicine in these patient groups, and illustrate the interfaces between medical, obstetric and paediatric services. - The text is extensively illustrated, with over 1000 diagrams, clinical photographs, and radiology and pathology images. - The global perspective is enhanced by an International Advisory Board of experts from 17 countries, and by authors from around the world. |
| gram negative flow chart: Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook , 2020-08-06 In response to the ever-changing needs and responsibilities of the clinical microbiology field, Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, Fourth Edition has been extensively reviewed and updated to present the most prominent procedures in use today. The Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook provides step-by-step protocols and descriptions that allow clinical microbiologists and laboratory staff personnel to confidently and accurately perform all analyses, including appropriate quality control recommendations, from the receipt of the specimen through processing, testing, interpretation, presentation of the final report, and subsequent consultation. If you are looking for online access to the latest from this reference or site access for your lab, please visit www.wiley.com/learn/clinmicronow. |
| gram negative flow chart: Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract (SDD) Hans Rommes, Rick van Saene, Miguel A. de la Cal, 2021-03-08 This book explains the basic concepts of Selective Decontamination of the Digestive tract (SDD) to help those involved in treating critically ill patients to improve outcomes and the quality of care. SDD has led to major changes in our understanding, the treatment and prevention of infections in critically ill patients over the past 40 years. It is the most studied intervention in intensive care medicine and is the subject of 73 randomized controlled trials, including over 15000 patients and 15 meta-analyses. SDD reduces morbidity and mortality, is cost-effective and safe as SDD does not increase antimicrobial resistance. Correct application of the SDD strategy enables ICU teams to control infections – even in ICUs with endemic antibiotic resistant microorganisms such as methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Describing the concept and application of SDD, and presenting case studies and microbiological flow charts, this practical guide will appeal to intensivists, critical care practitioners, junior doctors, microbiologists and ICU-nurses as well as infection control specialists and pharmacists. |
| gram negative flow chart: Linne & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science - E-Book Mary Louise Turgeon, 2015-02-10 Using a discipline-by-discipline approach, Linne & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science: Concepts, Procedures, and Clinical Applications, 7th Edition provides a fundamental overview of the skills and techniques you need to work in a clinical laboratory and perform routine clinical lab tests. Coverage of basic laboratory techniques includes key topics such as safety, measurement techniques, and quality assessment. Clear, straightforward instructions simplify lab procedures, and are described in the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) format. Written by well-known CLS educator Mary Louise Turgeon, this text includes perforated pages so you can easily detach procedure sheets and use them as a reference in the lab! Hands-on procedures guide you through the exact steps you'll perform in the lab. Review questions at the end of each chapter help you assess your understanding and identify areas requiring additional study. A broad scope makes this text an ideal introduction to clinical laboratory science at various levels, including CLS/MT, CLT/MLT, and Medical Assisting, and reflects the taxonomy levels of the CLS/MT and CLT/MLT exams. Detailed full-color illustrations show what you will see under the microscope. An Evolve companion website provides convenient online access to all of the procedures in the text, a glossary, audio glossary, and links to additional information. Case studies include critical thinking and multiple-choice questions, providing the opportunity to apply content to real-life scenarios. Learning objectives help you study more effectively and provide measurable outcomes to achieve by completing the material. Streamlined approach makes it easier to learn the most essential information on individual disciplines in clinical lab science. Experienced author, speaker, and educator Mary Lou Turgeon is well known for providing insight into the rapidly changing field of clinical laboratory science. Convenient glossary makes it easy to look up definitions without having to search through each chapter. NEW! Procedure worksheets have been added to most chapters; perforated pages make it easy for students to remove for use in the lab and for assignment of review questions as homework. NEW! Instrumentation updates show new technology being used in the lab. NEW! Additional key terms in each chapter cover need-to-know terminology. NEW! Additional tables and figures in each chapter clarify clinical lab science concepts. |
| gram negative flow chart: Infections and Pregnancy Sumita Mehta, Anshul Grover, 2022-03-25 This book is a complete guide to the diagnosis and management of any infectious disease which may affect the mother or the fetus during pregnancy. Pregnancy is a unique condition in which the interplay of endocrine and immune influences leads to altered severity and susceptibility to infectious diseases. These infections, in turn, are a substantial cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity. The book discusses the immunologic, clinical and epidemiologic evidence for altered responses during pregnancy. Several infections have unique consequences in pregnancy. Some infections have vertical transmission, and their management focuses on decreasing perinatal transmission. Others can be transmitted transplacentally and cause congenital infection. While still, other common infections like gastroenteritis, UTI, tuberculosis, leprosy or certain dermatological and oral conditions can cause pregnancy complications. This book discusses all such diseases in detail as well as suggests means for early identification and appropriate treatment for them. A separate chapter adequately covers the novel coronavirus infection associated with management challenges in pregnant women. The book includes dedicated sections on postpartum infections and fetal outcomes associated with maternal infections. It reviews strategies to prevent infection in obstetrics that plays a key role in decreasing the global burden of maternal morbidity and mortality. The book is relevant for practicing obstetricians and gynecologists, post-graduate students of obstetrics and gynecology as well as general practitioners, family medicine specialists, primary health care workers and undergraduate medical students. |
| gram negative flow chart: Rodak's Hematology - E-Book Elaine M. Keohane, Catherine N. Otto, Jeanine M. Walenga, 2019-02-22 **Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Laboratory Technology** Make sure you are thoroughly prepared to work in a clinical lab. Rodak's Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications, 6th Edition uses hundreds of full-color photomicrographs to help you understand the essentials of hematology. This new edition shows how to accurately identify cells, simplifies hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, and covers normal hematopoiesis through diseases of erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid, and megakaryocytic origins. Easy to follow and understand, this book also covers key topics including: working in a hematology lab; complementary testing areas such as flow cytometry, cytogenetics, and molecular diagnostics; the parts and functions of the cell; and laboratory testing of blood cells and body fluid cells. - UPDATED nearly 700 full-color illustrations and photomicrographs make it easier for you to visualize hematology concepts and show what you'll encounter in the lab, with images appearing near their mentions in the text to minimize flipping pages back and forth. - UPDATED content throughout text reflects latest information on hematology. - Instructions for lab procedures include sources of possible errors along with comments. - Hematology instruments are described, compared, and contrasted. - Case studies in each chapter provide opportunities to apply hematology concepts to real-life scenarios. - Hematology/hemostasis reference ranges are listed on the inside front and back covers for quick reference. - A bulleted summary makes it easy for you to review the important points in every chapter. - Learning objectives begin each chapter and indicate what you should achieve, with review questions appearing at the end. - A glossary of key terms makes it easy to find and learn definitions. - NEW! Additional content on cell structure and receptors helps you learn to identify these organisms. - NEW! New chapter on Introduction to Hematology Malignancies provides and overview of diagnostic technology and techniques used in the lab. |
| gram negative flow chart: Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater Maria Csuros, 2018-05-04 Microbiological tests have proven to be an indispensable part of environmental contaminant detection. It has also been tremendously difficult to find a comprehensive training manual and laboratory manual for those procedures. Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater now provides that much-needed resource for laboratory trainees and environmental professionals alike. An all-inclusive guide to applications and techniques of microbiological testing, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater includes coverage of General Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, plus Techniques and Methods in Routine Environmental Microbiology Laboratory. By exploring the fundamentals of microbiology, as well as microbial metabolism, growth, control, and classification, trainees will better understand the purpose and manner of microbiological examination. Those details also make Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater ideal as a standard guidebook for laboratories, water and wastewater treatment plants, and the communities they serve. |
| gram negative flow chart: Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology Betty A. Forbes, Daniel F. Sahm, Alice S. Weissfeld, 2007 Approaching the subject from the viewpoint of a bench technologist confronted with a culture plate of microbial growth, clinical microbiologists Forbes, Sahm and Weissfeld discuss the general issues in microbiology. |
| gram negative flow chart: Introduction to Fish Health , 1991 |
| gram negative flow chart: First Aid and Emergency Management in Orthopedic Injuries MS Dhillon, Sarvdeep S Dhatt, 2012-03-31 This book discusses the emergency management of orthopaedic injuries. Beginning with an introduction to fractures and dislocations, topics include orthopaedic infections, open fractures, long bone fractures, acute spinal injuries and hand injuries. Additional chapters discuss injuries stemming from gunshots and both natural and man-made disasters. Differences in prehospital care for orthopaedic trauma in developed versus developing countries are examined, as are the different aspects of first aid treatment at the roadside versus emergency treatment in the casualty room. |
| gram negative flow chart: Advances in Water Resources Management for Sustainable Use Pankaj Kumar Roy, Malabika Biswas Roy, Supriya Pal, 2021-04-24 This book presents the innovative ideas and technical expertise for the sustainable solution in the field of water resources. It covers various topics on sustainable water resources management under climate change where researchers and professionals have shared their experience, innovative ideas, issues, recent trends and future directions in field of water resources engineering, science and technology. This book culminates the importance of achieving the ways towards water security and espouse targets and measures that will allow the end-user to meet this challenge in conjunction. It is a compendium of research articles pertaining to the mitigation of water crisis, surface and groundwater management, watershed management and modelling, case studies related to wetland vulnerability, water pollution, water quality, extreme climate hazards and others issues and its sustainable diminution through ingenious ideas and technologies that will incur valuable information to the stakeholders in the society. Given its scope, this book will be useful for the researchers and professionals. |
| gram negative flow chart: Diseases of Fishes Stanislas F. Snieszko, Herbert R. Axelrod, 1971 |
Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart - Centers for Disease …
Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Flowchart. * = See Biochemical Tests for Gram Negative Organism ID Job aid for positive and negative result reference. This job aid is a component of the free, on …
Flow Chart of Gram Negative Organisms
Gram negative aerobic bacilli that will not grow on MacConkey agar: Actinobacillus, Gardnerella, Brucella, Francisella, Eikenella, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Legionella, Bordetella, …
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology - ResearchGate
Description: Gram Negative, Aerobic/Microaerophilic rods and cocci Key differences are: pigments/fluorescent, motility, growth requirements, denitrification, morphology, and oxidase, …
Gram Negative Rods Non-Stool Pathogens Flowchart
Gram Negative Rods Non-Stool Pathogens Flowchart. * = See Biochemical Tests for Gram Negative Organism ID Job aid for positive and negative result reference.
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM …
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS TO IDENTIFY SELECTED GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC 23715)+/-&*Colonies appear dark purple in color on. utrient agar, brain …
1.1.2 Flow Chart for the Presumptive Identification of Selected ...
This new key provides a broad perspective of strategies useful for the biochemical identification of bacterial fish pathogens and it will be helpful in both diagnostic work and in teaching.
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Gram Negative Rods Stool Pathogens Flowchart
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LABORATORY HANDBOOK - KSU
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Gram Negative Flow Chart For Unknown (PDF) - netsec.csuci.edu
This comprehensive guide provides a clear, step-by-step flow chart approach to identifying unknown gram-negative bacteria, helping you navigate the process efficiently and effectively. …
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Microbiology Flow Chart For Unknown Gram Negative (book)
Gram Negative Flow Chart For Unknown (2024) This comprehensive guide provides a clear, step-by-step flow chart approach to identifying unknown gram-negative bacteria, helping you …
Microbiology Clinical Case Study Flowchart - TMCC
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Gram Negative Flow Chart Copy - netsec.csuci.edu
This post provides a detailed, user-friendly gram-negative flow chart, guiding you through the steps of identifying specific Gram-negative bacteria. We'll break down the diagnostic process, …
Identification of an Unknown Bacterium and Writing Up a …
Write gram positive at the end of one arrow and gram negative after the other. Follow each result with a list of bacteria still remaining in each group. The next dichotomy to further separate the …
THE BEST ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART EVER (at least the …
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Flow Chart of Gram Positive Organisms
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GRAM STAIN PROCEDURAL HIGHLIGHTS. • Selecting a portion of the specimen. • Preparing the smear. • Low power (10X) examination. • High power (100X) examination. • Quantitation of …
Bacterial Classification, Structure and Function - Columbia …
Gram positive bacteria stain blue-purple and Gram negative bacteria stain red. The difference between the two groups is believed to be due to a much larger peptidoglycan (cell wall) in …
GRAM POSITIVE FLOWCHART BACTERIA COCCI - SHEFFIELD …
1.4 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION FLOWCHART (CATALASE GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA COCCI BACILLI PAIRS/CHAINS NEGATIVE) CLUSTERS (CATALASE …
Gram stain stages Flow chart - ateneu.xtec.cat
The Gram Stain Stages TASK - Stages in Gram Stain - In Gram stain, we use two different dyes: a primary stain and a counterstain. You have to complete the flow diagram about the Gram …
Biocemicals and Gram Negative Organisms - reach.cdc.gov
Title: Biocemicals and Gram Negative Organisms Author: Rothschild, Joseph T. \(CDC/OSELS/LSPPPO\) Created Date: 2/25/2021 1:36:38 PM
Chapter 20 Medically Important Gram-Negative Bacilli
The Gram negative bacilli are a large group of non-spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria, Table 20.1. They are found in a wide number ... Septic shock is a pathologic state of low blood pressure …
Identification & Control of Filamentous Bacteria - WWOA
Gram negative Cell Wall Lipoprotein Phospholipid . Gram Stain Gram (+) Nocardia sp. Gram (-) Type 1701. ... Keep a process chart of treatment system parameters ...
Antibiotic Overview - University of Florida
(Ceftriaxone): Good gram negative coverage except pseudomonas, long half-life (q24 hr dosing), crosses blood-brain barrier, biliary and renal clearance. -4. th. generation (Cefipime): Good …
Microbiology Flow Chart For Unknown Gram Negative Pdf …
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COVID-19 Adult Quick Clinical Guide: Initial Considerations …
Mar 17, 2020 · AMA and document this discussion in the chart including the reason the patient wants to leave. •Notify the patient that we are required to contact the Public Health …
Identifying Enterobacter aerogenes from a Mixed Culture of …
The flow chart was designed to identify the bacterium in as few tests as possible ... was performed by inoculating the Gram-negative colony into a test tube and incubating for 48 hours at 37 …
Identification & Control of Filamentous Bacteria - WWOA
Gram negative Cell Wall Lipoprotein Phospholipid . Gram Stain Gram (+) Nocardia sp. Gram (-) Type 1701. ... Keep a process chart of treatment system parameters ...
Stanford Health Care Aminoglycoside Dosing Guideline
7 Appendix C: Gram-Positive Synergy Dosing Initial Dosing: CrCL (mL/min) Gentamicin Synergy Dosing Timing of Levels Peaks Troughs > 60 1 mg/kg Q8H* 30 minutes after 3rd dose Before …
Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline on Antibiotic Use …
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Life in the Aeration Tank: Bacteria, Protozoa, and Metazoa
1. Gram Crystal Violet Solution • Flood slide for 1 minute • Rinse with DI water 2. Gram Iodine Solution • Flood slide for 1 minute • Rinse with DI water 3. Gram Decolorizing Solution • Hold …
Sentinel Laboratory Guidelines for Suspected Agents of …
by Gram stain can provide a rapid presumptive identification. Stained specimens containing . Y. pestis . often reveal plump, gram-negative rods, 1–2 µm X 0.5 µm, that are seen mostly as …
IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWNS - KSU
flow chart for identifying the unknown bacteria. You need to employ tests learned during this semester and a few new techniques to characterize morphological, nutritional, physiological …
Identification of Gram negative non-fermentative bacteria: …
fied Gram negative bacilli and determine which genera are contributing to bloodstream infections in rural, agrarian populations in Thailand. An understanding of the uncommon Gram negative …
Gram negative identification flowchart - cp.lbs.ac
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Identification Flow Chart For Proteus Vulgaris
vulgaris''Bergey Bacterial Flow Chart Gram Negative Pdf eBook and March 16th, 2018 - Flowchart example of a bacterial identification scheme Proteus vulgaris manuals and ebooks about …
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Stanford De-escalation Guide for Gram-negative Bacteremia
Repeat blood cultures are generally not necessary to confirm clearance of uncomplicated Gram-negative bacteremia and are not necessary to determine day 1 of treatment. 10, 12. For …
Interpretation of Gram Stains for the Nonmicrobiologist
Gram-negative coccobacilli Gram-negative diplococci Gram-negative rods (bacilli) CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; GI, gastrointestinal. Most Likely Site(s)/Comment Any site including GI and …
Chapter 18 - The Gram Positive and Gram Negative Cocci of …
BIOL 2320 J.L. Marshall, Ph.D. 4 Other Important Staphylococci Coagulase-negative staphylococci (fig. 18.6) 1. Staphylococcus epidermidis – normal skin flora and mucous …
MCB2010L MICROBIOLOGY LAB Identification of Unknown …
identifying your unknown. Note: Record the colonial morphology on the slant, gram-stain each organism, and using the appropriate flow chart (attached) conduct the correct biochemical …
Dichotomous Key for Identifying Unknown Bacteria - Science …
negative bacilli Gram positive bacilli 0DF&RQNH\¶V No color change Salmonella pullorum Pink colonies E. coli Enterobacter aerogenes Acid Fast stain Acid Fast Mycobacterium tuberculosis …
Gram Stain 2019 - YSU
peptidoglycan layer, thereby halting the flow of the complex out of the cell. In contrast, the decolorizing agent dissolves a significant portion of the lipid-based outer membrane of Gram …
Gram Stain Protocols - American Society for Microbiology
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Diagnosis of urinary tract infections - GOV.UK
the flow chart for women under 65 years may be more appropriate in some women over 65 years who are not in care homes the flow chart for older patients may be more suitable for some …
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA BELONGING TO THE …
All members of this family grow best at 37°C, are Gram negative rods, 0.3-2.0 µm in length, are facultative anaerobes, can ferment glucose and are oxidase negative. ... -- To read Enterotube …
GRAM POSITIVE GRAM NEGATIVE - Wellington ICU Drug …
GRAM POSITIVE GRAM NEGATIVE Cocci Anaerobes Cocci/Coccobacilli Bacilli MRSA S. epidermidis (coagulase -ve Staphylococcus) MSSA Enterococcus Streptococcus Clostridium1, …
Flow Chart to Aid Vaginal Discharge Decision …
General flow chart pathway. Treatment Plan *Consider follow -up lab for HIV Testing if High Risk Group. Laboratory evaluation available? Yes. No. Flow Chart to Aid Vaginal Discharge …
MORPHOLOGY AND Notes CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
Gram reaction may be related to the permeability of the bacterial cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane to the dye-iodine complex, the Gram-negative, but not the Gram-positive cells, …
About Science Prof Online PowerPoint Resources
• Use a dichotomous flow chart for identification of an unknown bacterium. • Practice viewing bacteria under oil immersion and taking photo micrographs ... • The structure of the thinner cell …
A Practical Guidance Document for the Laboratory Detection …
V. cholerae is a halophilic, curved, straight or comma‐shaped Gram‐negative rod. It is catalase and oxidase positive. ... the flow chart below the isolation and identification algorithms for …
GRAM STAIN PROTOCOL - Medical Chemical Corporation
a. Gram-negative bacilli, pink b. Gram-positive cocci, deep violet NOTE: An alternative QC source is material scraped from between teeth with a wooden applicator stick; both gram-positive and …
Chapter 20 Medically Important Gram-Negative Bacilli
The Gram negative bacilli are a large group of non-spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria, Table 20.1. They are found in a wide number ... Septic shock is a pathologic state of low blood pressure …
Identification of Bacterial Species
Additionally, students perform Gram staining on cells of the isolated colonies to determine the Gram reaction, cell morphology, and cell size of the “unknown” bacteria. ... causing air …
Evaluation of the NG-Test MCR-1 Lateral Flow Assay and …
Evaluation of the NG-Test MCR-1 Lateral Flow Assay and EDTA-Colistin Broth Disk Elution Methods To Detect Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance among Gram-Negative Bacterial …
THE GRAM STAIN LEARNING THE BASICS - University of …
• Gram-negative diplococci • Gram-negative coccobacilli • Gram-negative cocci tiny • Gram-negative rod • Gram-negative rod thick • Gram-negative rod thin • Gram-negative diplobacilli • …
Karen Lee Unknown #23
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IDENTIFICATION OF OTHER UNKNOWN BACTERIAL …
Note: No key is provided for Gram negative cocci, so if your species belongs to this group, you need to make the key yourself. 9. References: Use the scientific method of acknowledging the …
IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWNS - هيئة التدريس جامعة ...
flow chart for identifying the unknown bacteria. You need to employ tests learned during this semester and a few new techniques to characterize morphological, nutritional, physiological …
MCB2010L MICROBIOLOGY LAB Identification of Unknown …
identifying your unknown. Note: Record the colonial morphology on the slant, gram-stain each organism, and using the appropriate flow chart (attached) conduct the correct biochemical …
Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia - UI
patient with MDR negative gram bacterial infection in comparison with non-MDR. Keywords: Antibiotic quality, Gyssens flowchart, MDR gram negative sepsis, therapeutic success. …
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis - AAFP
Gram stain, CSF culture, CSF lactate (> 35.1 mg per dL [3.9 mmol per L]), PCR testing; latex agglutination if Gram stain is negative and antibiotics were given before lumbar puncture
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA - SRMIST
a. Gram stain a. Gram stain divides the bacteria into Gram positive & Gram negative. The basic procedure goes like this: i. Take a heat fixed bacterial smear. ii. Flood the smear with …
STAINS & STAINING - Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science …
This is the differential step. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet-iodine complex while gram-negative are decolorized. 4 Finally, the counter stain safranin (also a basic dye) is …
Listeria lab ID-corrected - National Institute for …
Negative Bacillus species Listeria species Corynebacterium / Rhodococcus equi Speciation: VITEK/Microscan Not haemolytic/ α-haemolytic: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae β-haemolytic: …
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ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY CHART Created by James McCormack, BSc(Pharm), PharmD and Fawziah Lalji, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, FCSHP with assistance from Tim Lau Faculty of …
