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The Fourth Turning: Understanding America's Cyclical Crises
Are you fascinated by history and its repeating patterns? Do you believe societal shifts aren't random but follow predictable cycles? Then you'll want to understand the "Fourth Turning," a provocative theory suggesting America, and potentially other nations, experiences recurring generational cycles marked by periods of crisis and renewal. This blog post delves deep into this compelling concept, exploring its core tenets, historical examples, and implications for the future. We'll unpack the four turning points within each cycle, examine critiques of the theory, and leave you with a clearer understanding of this fascinating framework for interpreting history and predicting future events.
What is the Fourth Turning?
The Fourth Turning theory, primarily articulated by historians William Strauss and Neil Howe in their 1997 book The Fourth Turning, posits that American history unfolds in roughly 80-year cycles, each composed of four distinct "turnings":
1. The High: A period of relative peace and prosperity, often characterized by cultural optimism and complacency. This is a time of societal expansion and institutional strength.
2. The Awakening: A growing sense of unease and disillusionment begins to replace the complacency of the High. This is a period of social unrest, often fueled by perceived moral decay or economic inequality. Reform movements emerge, challenging the existing order.
3. The Unraveling: This stage is marked by crisis and upheaval. Established institutions lose legitimacy, and societal norms are challenged. This can manifest as economic depression, war, or major social upheaval.
4. The Fourth Turning: A period of profound crisis and potential societal transformation. This is a time of great upheaval and uncertainty, often requiring significant sacrifice and national unity to overcome the challenges. It's a crucible that forges a new societal order.
Historical Examples of Fourth Turnings in American History
Strauss and Howe argue that American history fits neatly within their cyclical model. They identify four distinct Fourth Turnings:
1775-1783 (The American Revolution): The culmination of growing tensions with Great Britain, resulting in a revolutionary war and the birth of a new nation.
1850-1870s (The Civil War and Reconstruction): A period of intense sectional conflict, culminating in a bloody civil war and a long, difficult process of national reunification.
1929-1945 (The Great Depression and World War II): A global economic crisis and a world war which drastically reshaped the global order and America’s role within it.
1960s-1980s (The Cultural Revolution): Characterized by the Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam War, and significant social and political upheaval.
The Current Turning: Are We in a Fourth Turning Now?
Many believe that we are currently in a Fourth Turning, arguing that the post-2000 period has been marked by increasing societal polarization, economic instability, and a loss of faith in institutions. This perspective sees the rise of populism, the increasing political divides, and major global events as potential indicators of a societal crisis reaching its peak.
Criticisms of the Fourth Turning Theory
The Fourth Turning theory is not without its detractors. Some critics argue that it's overly deterministic, neglecting the role of contingency and individual agency in shaping historical events. Others point to the subjective nature of classifying historical periods and the inherent difficulty in predicting future events based on past cycles. Additionally, the theory's focus on American history has led to criticism about its applicability to other nations and cultures.
Implications for the Future
Understanding the Fourth Turning theory, even if we don't fully subscribe to it, can offer valuable insights. By recognizing potential cyclical patterns, we might better prepare for future challenges and opportunities. It prompts us to consider the long-term consequences of current events and to engage more thoughtfully in civic life. Whether or not one believes in the predictive power of the Fourth Turning, it encourages critical thinking about the trajectory of our society.
Conclusion
The Fourth Turning theory presents a compelling framework for understanding the cyclical nature of societal change. While it’s not a perfect predictor of the future, it offers a useful lens through which to examine historical trends and potential future developments. By understanding the historical context and various interpretations of this theory, we can become more informed and engaged citizens, prepared to navigate the complexities of our changing world.
FAQs
1. Is the Fourth Turning theory scientifically proven? No, it's a historical interpretation, not a scientific theory. Its validity relies on pattern recognition and historical analysis, not empirical data.
2. When will the current Fourth Turning end? Strauss and Howe suggested it would conclude around 2025. However, the precise timing remains speculative, and the nature of its conclusion is uncertain.
3. What can individuals do to prepare for a Fourth Turning? Engaging in civic life, building strong communities, fostering resilience, and developing essential skills are crucial for navigating potential future challenges.
4. Does the Fourth Turning theory apply to countries outside the US? While the theory is primarily focused on the US, some argue its principles could be applied to other nations, though adaptation is necessary due to differences in historical context and cultural factors.
5. What are the potential positive outcomes of a Fourth Turning? A Fourth Turning, while challenging, can also be a time of significant societal renewal, leading to stronger institutions, greater national unity, and the resolution of long-standing problems.
| fourth turning: The Fourth Turning William Strauss, Neil Howe, 1997-12-29 NATIONAL BESTSELLER • Discover the game-changing theory of the cycles of history and what past generations can teach us about living through times of upheaval—with deep insights into the roles that Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials have to play—now with a new preface by Neil Howe. First comes a High, a period of confident expansion. Next comes an Awakening, a time of spiritual exploration and rebellion. Then comes an Unraveling, in which individualism triumphs over crumbling institutions. Last comes a Crisis—the Fourth Turning—when society passes through a great and perilous gate in history. William Strauss and Neil Howe will change the way you see the world—and your place in it. With blazing originality, The Fourth Turning illuminates the past, explains the present, and reimagines the future. Most remarkably, it offers an utterly persuasive prophecy about how America’s past will predict what comes next. Strauss and Howe base this vision on a provocative theory of American history. The authors look back five hundred years and uncover a distinct pattern: Modern history moves in cycles, each one lasting about the length of a long human life, each composed of four twenty-year eras—or “turnings”—that comprise history’s seasonal rhythm of growth, maturation, entropy, and rebirth. Illustrating this cycle through a brilliant analysis of the post–World War II period, The Fourth Turning offers bold predictions about how all of us can prepare, individually and collectively, for this rendezvous with destiny. |
| fourth turning: The Fourth Turning William Strauss, Neil Howe, 2009-01-16 NATIONAL BESTSELLER • Discover the game-changing theory of the cycles of history and what past generations can teach us about living through times of upheaval—with deep insights into the roles that Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials have to play. First comes a High, a period of confident expansion. Next comes an Awakening, a time of spiritual exploration and rebellion. Then comes an Unraveling, in which individualism triumphs over crumbling institutions. Last comes a Crisis—the Fourth Turning—when society passes through a great and perilous gate in history. William Strauss and Neil Howe will change the way you see the world—and your place in it. With blazing originality, The Fourth Turning illuminates the past, explains the present, and reimagines the future. Most remarkably, it offers an utterly persuasive prophecy about how America’s past will predict what comes next. Strauss and Howe base this vision on a provocative theory of American history. The authors look back five hundred years and uncover a distinct pattern: Modern history moves in cycles, each one lasting about the length of a long human life, each composed of four twenty-year eras—or “turnings”—that comprise history’s seasonal rhythm of growth, maturation, entropy, and rebirth. Illustrating this cycle through a brilliant analysis of the post–World War II period, The Fourth Turning offers bold predictions about how all of us can prepare, individually and collectively, for this rendezvous with destiny. |
| fourth turning: Heroes of the Fourth Turning (TCG Edition) Will Arbery, 2023-03-14 “Flawless… A work of singular distinction, one for which the word ‘remarkable’ is an understatement. Arbery is a greatly talented writer who has given us a drama as exciting and challenging—nay, daring—as any new play I’ve ever reviewed.” —Terry Teachout, Wall Street Journal Finalist for the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Drama Night. Wyoming. Four young conservatives have gathered to toast the newly inducted president of their tiny Catholic college. Their reunion spirals into spiritual chaos and clashing generational politics, becoming less a celebration than a vicious fight to be understood. On a dark night, in the middle of America, Will Arbery’s haunting play speaks to the heart of a country at war with itself. |
| fourth turning: 13th Gen Neil Howe, William Strauss, 1993 In commentary and quotations, computer dumps and cartoons, 13TH GEN is a multimedia anthem to the American post-boomer generation, our country's thirteenth generation since the founding fathers. |
| fourth turning: Integral Buddhism Ken Wilber, 2018-03-06 An edifying view of Buddhism from one of today's leading philosophers: a look at its history and foundational teachings, how it fits into modern society, and how it (and other world religions) will evolve. What might religion look like in the future? Our era of evolution in social consciousness and revolution in science, technology, and neuroscience has created difficulties for some practitioners of the world’s great spiritual traditions. How can one remain true to their central teachings while also integrating those teachings into a new framework that is inclusive of ongoing discoveries? Taking the example of Buddhism to explore this key question, Ken Wilber offers insights that are relevant to all of the great traditions. He shows that traditional Buddhist teachings themselves suggest an ongoing evolution leading toward a more unified, holistic, and interconnected spirituality. Touching on all of the key turning points in the history of Buddhism, Wilber describes the ways in which the tradition has been open to the continuing unfolding and expansion of its own teachings, and he suggests possible paths toward an ever more Integral approach. This work is a precursor to and condensed version of Wilber’s The Religion of Tomorrow. |
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| fourth turning: The Fourth Industrial Revolution Klaus Schwab, 2017-01-03 World-renowned economist Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, explains that we have an opportunity to shape the fourth industrial revolution, which will fundamentally alter how we live and work. Schwab argues that this revolution is different in scale, scope and complexity from any that have come before. Characterized by a range of new technologies that are fusing the physical, digital and biological worlds, the developments are affecting all disciplines, economies, industries and governments, and even challenging ideas about what it means to be human. Artificial intelligence is already all around us, from supercomputers, drones and virtual assistants to 3D printing, DNA sequencing, smart thermostats, wearable sensors and microchips smaller than a grain of sand. But this is just the beginning: nanomaterials 200 times stronger than steel and a million times thinner than a strand of hair and the first transplant of a 3D printed liver are already in development. Imagine “smart factories” in which global systems of manufacturing are coordinated virtually, or implantable mobile phones made of biosynthetic materials. The fourth industrial revolution, says Schwab, is more significant, and its ramifications more profound, than in any prior period of human history. He outlines the key technologies driving this revolution and discusses the major impacts expected on government, business, civil society and individuals. Schwab also offers bold ideas on how to harness these changes and shape a better future—one in which technology empowers people rather than replaces them; progress serves society rather than disrupts it; and in which innovators respect moral and ethical boundaries rather than cross them. We all have the opportunity to contribute to developing new frameworks that advance progress. |
| fourth turning: Summary of Neil Howe's The Fourth Turning Is Here Milkyway Media, 2024-01-22 Get the Summary of Neil Howe's The Fourth Turning Is Here in 20 minutes. Please note: This is a summary & not the original book. The Fourth Turning Is Here by Neil Howe explores the cyclical patterns of American history, focusing on the current transformative period known as the Fourth Turning. The book posits that America is experiencing a profound societal shift, akin to past cycles that included the American Revolution and the Civil War. Howe examines the generational archetypes—Prophet, Nomad, Hero, and Artist—that shape and respond to these historical cycles... |
| fourth turning: Postfeminism(s) and the Arrival of the Fourth Wave Nicola Rivers, 2017-09-07 This book addresses the current resurgence of interest in feminism–notably within popular culture and media–that has led some to announce the arrival of the fourth wave. Research explores where fourth-wave feminism sits in relation to those that preceded it, and in particular, how fourth-wave feminism intersects with differing understandings of postfeminism(s). Through accessible and highly topical examples such as; the controversial actions of activist group, Femen; the rising phenomenon of ‘celebrity feminism;’ or the assumed outdated views of feminists’ associated with previous waves, the relationship between differing concepts of postfeminism(s) is illustrated. By pressing the need for an intergenerational approach to fourth-wave feminism, this book encourages engaging past debates and theorists allowing readers with an interest in the relationship between feminism and popular culture a fuller understanding of feminist theory and providing the opportunity to take stock before diving headfirst into another wave. |
| fourth turning: Millennials Rising Neil Howe, William Strauss, 2009-01-16 By the authors of the bestselling 13th Gen, an incisive, in-depth examination of the Millennials--the generation born after 1982. In this remarkable account, certain to stir the interest of educators, counselors, parents, and people in all types of business as well as young people themselves, Neil Howe and William Strauss provide the definitive analysis of a powerful generation: the Millennials. Having looked at oceans of data, taken their own polls, talked to hundreds of kids, parents, and teachers, and reflected on the rhythms of history, Howe and Strauss explain how Millennials have turned out to be so dramatically different from Xers and boomers. Millennials Rising provides a fascinating narrative of America's next great generation. |
| fourth turning: Summary of The Fourth Turning Alexander Cooper, 2021-03-26 Summary of The Fourth Turning The Fourth Turning is a book by William Strauss and Neil Howe. It outlines the foundation for what is now known as Strauss-Howe generational theory. The main tenet of the book is that American and global history follows a generational cycle. The cycle is defined by four Turnings,” each lasting about 20 years. Generational archetypes play a crucial role in historical events, and these archetypes recur. The cycle of the four Turnings is called a saeculum” and is roughly the length of human life. The book offers a detailed description of the underlying philosophy. The key idea is seasonality. The authors offer their findings from nature and history to claim that the cyclical nature of time permeates all life, including American history. Furthermore, the authors analyze Anglo-American history to find patterns in a generational attitude. They then correlate these characteristics to the historical events of significance. The evidence that the authors present focuses on their interpretation of key historical figures, as well as societal attitudes. The cyclical generational attitudes are the prime factor in analyzing history and politics, according to Strauss and Howe. The authors claim that race, gender, economic class, religion, and political beliefs are all less influential in determining the course of history. This claim is controversial, and authors reflect on their stance against other prominent academics, offering some comparison with several secondary sources. Overall, the evidence that the authors present is highly subjective and is not sufficiently bolstered with verifiable sources. Each generation is presented as having a unified voice, with few acknowledgments of a diversity of thought within each generational group. Therefore, the predictions are not based on solid evidence. Rather, the book puts forward a theory of generational seasonality. The authors explore what this theory could mean, but they do not offer a sufficient basis for their findings. Here is a Preview of What You Will Get: A Full Book Summary An Analysis Fun quizzes Quiz Answers Etc Get a copy of this summary and learn about the book. |
| fourth turning: Generations William Strauss, Neil Howe, 1991 History of Americas Future. |
| fourth turning: The Storm Before the Calm George Friedman, 2020-02-25 *One of Bloomberg's Best Books of the Year* The master geopolitical forecaster and New York Times bestselling author of The Next 100 Years focuses on the United States, predicting how the 2020s will bring dramatic upheaval and reshaping of American government, foreign policy, economics, and culture. In his riveting new book, noted forecaster and bestselling author George Friedman turns to the future of the United States. Examining the clear cycles through which the United States has developed, upheaved, matured, and solidified, Friedman breaks down the coming years and decades in thrilling detail. American history must be viewed in cycles—particularly, an eighty-year institutional cycle that has defined us (there are three such examples—the Revolutionary War/founding, the Civil War, and World War II), and a fifty-year socio-economic cycle that has seen the formation of the industrial classes, baby boomers, and the middle classes. These two major cycles are both converging on the late 2020s—a time in which many of these foundations will change. The United States will have to endure upheaval and possible conflict, but also, ultimately, increased strength, stability, and power in the world. Friedman's analysis is detailed and fascinating, and covers issues such as the size and scope of the federal government, the future of marriage and the social contract, shifts in corporate structures, and new cultural trends that will react to longer life expectancies. This new book is both provocative and entertaining. |
| fourth turning: The Fourth Political Theory Alexander Dugin, 2012 Modern political systems have been the products of liberal democracy, Marxism, or fascism. Dugin asserts a fourth ideology is needed to sift through the debris of the first three to look for elements that might be useful, but that remains innovative and unique in itself. |
| fourth turning: The Fourth Turning Is Here Neil Howe, 2023-07-18 Twenty-six years ago, Neil Howe and the late William Strauss dazzled the world with a provocative new theory of American history. Looking back at the last 500 years, they'd uncovered a distinct pattern: modern history moves in cycles, each one lasting roughly eighty to one hundred years, the length of a long human life, with each cycle composed of four eras--or turnings--that always arrive in the same order and each last about twenty years. The last of these eras--the fourth turning--was always the most perilous, a period of civic upheaval and national mobilization as traumatic and transformative as the New Deal and World War II, the Civil War, or the American Revolution. Now, right on schedule, our own fourth turning has arrived. And so Neil Howe has returned with an extraordinary new prediction. What we see all around us--the polarization, the growing threat of civil conflict and global war--will culminate by the early 2030s in a climax that poses great danger and yet also holds great promise, perhaps even bringing on America's next golden age. Every generation alive today will play a vital role in determining how this crisis is resolved, for good or ill. |
| fourth turning: The Four Lacanian Discourses Jeanne Lorraine Schroeder, 2008-08-18 This book proposes a taxonomy of jurisprudence and legal practice, based on the discourse theory of Jacques Lacan. In the anglophone academy, the positivist jurisprudence of H.L.A. Hart provides the most influential account of law. But just as positivism ignores the practice of law by lawyers, even within the academy, the majority of professors are also not pursuing Hart's positivist project. Rather, they are engaged in policy-oriented scholarship - that tries to explain law in terms of society's collective goals - or in doctrinal legal scholarship - that does not try to describe what law is, or to supply justifications for it - but which examines the 'internal' logic of law. Lacan's discourse theory has the power to differentiate the various roles of the practicing lawyer and the legal scholar. It is also able to explain the striking lack of communication between diverse schools of legal scholarship and between legal academia and the legal profession. Although extremely influential in Europe and South America, Lacanian theory remains largely unexplored (in the English-speaking world) outside of the field of comparative literature. In taking up the jurisprudential ramifications of Lacan's work, The Four Lacanian Discourses thus constitutes an original contribution to current theoretical and practical understandings of law. |
| fourth turning: The Great Rupture Viktor Shvets, 2020-06-24 Do we need to be free to be innovative, prosperous, or even happy? The lessons of the last five centuries were unequivocal--without freedom, there could be no prosperity or happiness. However, does this still hold true in the Information Age? Modern technologies are disrupting our societies, altering every facet of our lives, from the nature of work and what we intrinsically value, to how we are informed, entertained, and educated--it promises to be a far deeper disruption than Industrial Revolutions. Humanity is at a major turning point, and how we respond to the merger of technology and financialization will decide our future. Will it be capitalism or communism, feudalism or despotism? By learning from the past and projecting into the future, global market strategist Viktor Shvets explores the weakening nexus between freedom and prosperity and what that means for the future of humanity. From the birth of our modern world, pivotal events in human history have led to the collapse of non-Western civilizations--Mongol warriors sweeping across Eurasian steppes; the Black Death and a re-awakening of human spirit; Zheng He's voyages and the collapse of Novgorod republic; and finally, the ban on printing in Arabic. What can we learn from these events to better prepare ourselves for the future? As we hurtle toward that uncertain future, we must decide whether our cherished individual freedoms are still necessary for success and prosperity, or if in adapting to new technologies, non-Western civilizations are now better positioned for this new world, creating illiberal orders that might no longer suffer from stagnation of ideas. For the first time in at least five centuries, we have an opportunity and tools to build a different society and economy. Will we embrace the challenge? |
| fourth turning: The Fourth Turning Neil Howe, William Strauss, 2022-07-17 The Fourth Turningwird unsere Sichtweise auf die Welt verändern – und auf unseren Platz darin. Die gefeierten Bestseller-Autoren William Strauss und Neil Howe blicken beispielshaft an der amerikanischen Geschichte fünfhundert Jahre zurück und entdecken ein eindeutiges Muster: Die moderne Geschichte verläuft in Zyklen, von denen jeder etwa so lange dauert wie ein Menschenleben, und jeder besteht aus vier Epochen – oder Turnings –, die etwa zwanzig Jahre dauern und immer in der gleichen Reihenfolge auftreten. In ihrem visionären Buch veranschaulichen die Autoren diese Zyklen anhand einer brillanten Analyse der Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Auf ein Hoch, einer Periode der zuversichtlichen Expansion, in der eine neue Ordnung Wurzeln schlägt, nachdem die alte hinweggefegt wurde folgt ein Erwachen, eine Zeit der spirituellen Erforschung und der Rebellion gegen die nun etablierte Ordnung. Dem schließt sich ein Aufbruch an, eine zunehmend unruhige Ära, in der der Individualismus über die bröckelnden Institutionen triumphiert. Schließlich kommt es zur Krise – die vierte Wendung –, wenn die Gesellschaft eine große und gefährliche Pforte der Geschichte durchschreitet. Zusammen bilden die vier Wendungen einen Rhythmus von Wachstum, Reifung, Verfall und Wiedergeburt in der Geschichte. Strauss und Howe sehen uns auf den letzten Metern in der letzten Phase, der Krise. Egal welcher Generation man angehört oder in welcher Lebensphase man sich gerade befindet, The Fourth Turning bietet kühne Vorhersagen darüber, wie wir uns alle, individuell und kollektiv, auf das nächste Rendezvous mit dem Schicksal vorbereiten können. |
| fourth turning: Death of the Church Mike Regele, Mark Schulz, 1995 Our culture is changing at a dizzying rate. But the church seems to be left behind, caught in subcultural backwaters that have little or no impact on mainstream society. Based on the quantitative research of his group, Percept, Regele analyzes the forces in our culture and discusses how the church can fulfill its mission in the face of them. |
| fourth turning: The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism Robert William Fogel, 2000-05-17 Robert William Fogel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Science in 1993. To take a trip around the mind of Robert Fogel, one of the grand old men of American economic history, is a rare treat. At every turning, you come upon some shiny pearl of information.—The Economist In this broad-thinking and profound piece of history, Robert William Fogel synthesizes an amazing range of data into a bold and intriguing view of America's past and future—one in which the periodic Great Awakenings of religion bring about waves of social reform, the material lives of even the poorest Americans improve steadily, and the nation now stands poised for a renewed burst of egalitarian progress. |
| fourth turning: Turning Joy L. Smith, 2023-02-21 Before the accident Genie was an aspiring ballerina, a star pupil at her exclusive New York dance school, now she is a bitter teenager, permanently confined to a wheelchair, shutting herself off from her friends, her beloved teacher, and even her mother; but at physical therapy she meets Kyle, a gymnast whose traumatic brain injury has landed him in therapy--and through their growing friendship Genie realizes that she has to confront the things around her: like the booze her mother is hiding, or the fact that maybe her fall was not entirely accidental. |
| fourth turning: Upheaval Jared Diamond, 2019-05-07 A riveting and illuminating Bill Gates Summer Reading pick about how and why some nations recover from trauma and others don't (Yuval Noah Harari), by the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of the landmark bestseller Guns, Germs, and Steel. In his international bestsellers Guns, Germs and Steel and Collapse, Jared Diamond transformed our understanding of what makes civilizations rise and fall. Now, in his third book in this monumental trilogy, he reveals how successful nations recover from crises while adopting selective changes -- a coping mechanism more commonly associated with individuals recovering from personal crises. Diamond compares how six countries have survived recent upheavals -- ranging from the forced opening of Japan by U.S. Commodore Perry's fleet, to the Soviet Union's attack on Finland, to a murderous coup or countercoup in Chile and Indonesia, to the transformations of Germany and Austria after World War Two. Because Diamond has lived and spoken the language in five of these six countries, he can present gut-wrenching histories experienced firsthand. These nations coped, to varying degrees, through mechanisms such as acknowledgment of responsibility, painfully honest self-appraisal, and learning from models of other nations. Looking to the future, Diamond examines whether the United States, Japan, and the whole world are successfully coping with the grave crises they currently face. Can we learn from lessons of the past? Adding a psychological dimension to the in-depth history, geography, biology, and anthropology that mark all of Diamond's books, Upheaval reveals factors influencing how both whole nations and individual people can respond to big challenges. The result is a book epic in scope, but also his most personal yet. |
| fourth turning: Turning Points Mark A. Noll, 2000 Explores twelve pivotal events in the history of Christianity ranging from the fall of Jerusalem and the coronation of Charlemagne to the Edinburgh Missionary Conference. |
| fourth turning: The Years of Rice and Salt Kim Stanley Robinson, 2003-06-03 With the same unique vision that brought his now classic Mars trilogy to vivid life, bestselling author Kim Stanley Robinson boldly imagines an alternate history of the last seven hundred years. In his grandest work yet, the acclaimed storyteller constructs a world vastly different from the one we know. . . . “A thoughtful, magisterial alternate history from one of science fiction’s most important writers.”—The New York Times Book Review It is the fourteenth century and one of the most apocalyptic events in human history is set to occur—the coming of the Black Death. History teaches us that a third of Europe’s population was destroyed. But what if the plague had killed 99 percent of the population instead? How would the world have changed? This is a look at the history that could have been—one that stretches across centuries, sees dynasties and nations rise and crumble, and spans horrible famine and magnificent innovation. Through the eyes of soldiers and kings, explorers and philosophers, slaves and scholars, Robinson navigates a world where Buddhism and Islam are the most influential and practiced religions, while Christianity is merely a historical footnote. Probing the most profound questions as only he can, Robinson shines his extraordinary light on the place of religion, culture, power—and even love—in this bold New World. “Exceptional and engrossing.”—New York Post “Ambitious . . . ingenious.”—Newsday |
| fourth turning: Millennials Go to College Neil Howe, William Strauss, 2007 They are called the Millennial generation. They include all Americans born since 1982. They are flooding into America's campuses. And they are nothing like the Gen-X youth who preceded them. Many college leaders wonder how they should respond to these new students. This book by America's leading generational experts helps them to find out. -- Publisher description. |
| fourth turning: Forty Centuries of Wage and Price Controls Robert L. Schuettinger., Eamonn F. Butler, 1979 The Mises Institute is thrilled to bring back this popular guide to ridiculous economic policy from the ancient world to modern times. This outstanding history illustrates the utter futility of fighting the market process through legislation. It always uses despotic measures to yield socially catastrophic results. It covers the ancient world, the Roman Republic and Empire, Medieval Europe, the first centuries of the U.S. and Canada, the French Revolution, the 19th century, World Wars I and II, the Nazis, the Soviets, postwar rent control, and the 1970s. It also includes a very helpful conclusion spelling out the theory of wage and price controls. This book is a treasure, and super entertaining! |
| fourth turning: The Bully Pulpit Doris Kearns Goodwin, 2013-11-05 Pulitzer Prize–winning author and presidential historian Doris Kearns Goodwin’s dynamic history of Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft and the first decade of the Progressive era, that tumultuous time when the nation was coming unseamed and reform was in the air. Winner of the Carnegie Medal. Doris Kearns Goodwin’s The Bully Pulpit is a dynamic history of the first decade of the Progressive era, that tumultuous time when the nation was coming unseamed and reform was in the air. The story is told through the intense friendship of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft—a close relationship that strengthens both men before it ruptures in 1912, when they engage in a brutal fight for the presidential nomination that divides their wives, their children, and their closest friends, while crippling the progressive wing of the Republican Party, causing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to be elected, and changing the country’s history. The Bully Pulpit is also the story of the muckraking press, which arouses the spirit of reform that helps Roosevelt push the government to shed its laissez-faire attitude toward robber barons, corrupt politicians, and corporate exploiters of our natural resources. The muckrakers are portrayed through the greatest group of journalists ever assembled at one magazine—Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, Lincoln Steffens, and William Allen White—teamed under the mercurial genius of publisher S.S. McClure. Goodwin’s narrative is founded upon a wealth of primary materials. The correspondence of more than four hundred letters between Roosevelt and Taft begins in their early thirties and ends only months before Roosevelt’s death. Edith Roosevelt and Nellie Taft kept diaries. The muckrakers wrote hundreds of letters to one another, kept journals, and wrote their memoirs. The letters of Captain Archie Butt, who served as a personal aide to both Roosevelt and Taft, provide an intimate view of both men. The Bully Pulpit, like Goodwin’s brilliant chronicles of the Civil War and World War II, exquisitely demonstrates her distinctive ability to combine scholarly rigor with accessibility. It is a major work of history—an examination of leadership in a rare moment of activism and reform that brought the country closer to its founding ideals. |
| fourth turning: The Making of the October Crisis D'Arcy Jenish, 2020-10-06 A definitive, mind-changing history of the October Crisis and the events leading up to it. The first bombs exploded in Montreal in the spring of 1963, and over the next seven years there were hundreds more bombings, many bank robberies, six murders and, in October 1970, the kidnappings of a British diplomat and a Quebec cabinet minister. The perpetrators were members of the Front de libération du Québec, dedicated to establishing a sovereign and socialist Quebec. Half a century on, we should have reached some clear understanding of what led to the October Crisis. Instead, too much attention has been paid to the Crisis and not enough to the years preceding it. Most of those who have written about the FLQ have been ardent nationalists, committed sovereigntists or former terrorists. They tell us that the authorities should have negotiated with the kidnappers and contend that Jean Drapeau's administration and the governments of Robert Bourassa and Pierre Trudeau created the October Crisis by invoking the War Measures Act. Using new research and interviews, D'Arcy Jenish tells for the first time the complete story—starting from the spring of 1963. This gripping narrative by a veteran journalist and master storyteller will change forever the way we view this dark chapter in Canadian history. |
| fourth turning: The Turnaway Study Diana Greene Foster, 2021-06 Now with a new afterword by the author--Back cover. |
| fourth turning: The Fifth Beginning Robert L. Kelly, 2019-02-12 “I have seen yesterday. I know tomorrow.” This inscription in Tutankhamun’s tomb summarizes The Fifth Beginning. Here, archaeologist Robert L. Kelly explains how the study of our cultural past can predict the future of humanity. In an eminently readable style, Kelly identifies four key pivot points in the six-million-year history of human development: the emergence of technology, culture, agriculture, and the state. In each example, the author examines the long-term processes that resulted in a definitive, no-turning-back change for the organization of society. Kelly then looks ahead, giving us evidence for what he calls a fifth beginning, one that started about AD 1500. Some might call it “globalization,” but the author places it in its larger context: a five-thousand-year arms race, capitalism’s global reach, and the cultural effects of a worldwide communication network. Kelly predicts that the emergent phenomena of this fifth beginning will include the end of war as a viable way to resolve disputes, the end of capitalism as we know it, the widespread shift toward world citizenship, and the rise of forms of cooperation that will end the near-sacred status of nation-states. It’s the end of life as we have known it. However, the author is cautiously optimistic: he dwells not on the coming chaos, but on humanity’s great potential. |
| fourth turning: The First Turning Carol Engler, Ph.d., Carol Engler Ph D, 2014-03-31 America and the world are on the verge of a new civilization of collaboration and cooperation—a revolution without gunfire. Technology has sped up human evolution in such an exponential way that we are now at the horizon of a new, more peaceful global community. Starting where the 1997 book The Fourth Turning ends, The First Turning: A Vision of America and a World at Peace explores the people, institutions and inventions that are creating this worldwide climate of positive change and hope for the future. |
| fourth turning: The Religion of Tomorrow Ken Wilber, 2017-05-02 A provocative examination of how the great religious traditions can remain relevant in modern times by incorporating scientific truths learned about human nature over the last century A single purpose lies at the heart of all the great religious traditions: awakening to the astonishing reality of the true nature of ourselves and the universe. At the same time, through centuries of cultural accretion and focus on myth and ritual as ends in themselves, this core insight has become obscured. Here, Ken Wilber provides a path for re-envisioning a religion of the future that acknowledges the evolution of humanity in every realm while remaining faithful to that original spiritual vision. For the traditions to attract modern men and women, Wilber asserts, they must incorporate the extraordinary number of scientific truths learned about human nature in just the past hundred years—for example, about the mind and brain, emotions, and the growth of consciousness—that the ancients were simply unaware of and thus were unable to include in their meditative systems. Taking Buddhism as an example, Wilber demonstrates how his comprehensive Integral Approach—which is already being applied to several world religions by some of their adherents—can avert a “cultural disaster of unparalleled proportions”: the utter neglect of the glorious upper reaches of human potential by the materialistic postmodern worldview. Moreover, he shows how we can apply this approach to our own spiritual practice. This, his most sweeping work since Sex, Ecology, Spirituality, is a thrilling call for wholeness, inclusiveness, and unity in the religions of tomorrow. |
| fourth turning: Lord of the Flies William Golding, 2012-09-20 A plane crashes on a desert island and the only survivors, a group of schoolboys, assemble on the beach and wait to be rescued. By day they inhabit a land of bright fantastic birds and dark blue seas, but at night their dreams are haunted by the image of a terrifying beast. As the boys' delicate sense of order fades, so their childish dreams are transformed into something more primitive, and their behaviour starts to take on a murderous, savage significance. First published in 1954, Lord of the Flies is one of the most celebrated and widely read of modern classics. Now fully revised and updated, this educational edition includes chapter summaries, comprehension questions, discussion points, classroom activities, a biographical profile of Golding, historical context relevant to the novel and an essay on Lord of the Flies by William Golding entitled 'Fable'. Aimed at Key Stage 3 and 4 students, it also includes a section on literary theory for advanced or A-level students. The educational edition encourages original and independent thinking while guiding the student through the text - ideal for use in the classroom and at home. |
| fourth turning: Successions Michaela Di Cesare, 2022-03-22 After the unexpected death of their parents, two second-generation Italian Canadian brothers must come together to decide whether to hold on to the family home, which is full of secrets and hoarded junk, or save what's left of their strained relationship. When Anthony, an uptight lawyer running for office, arrives with his former actor turned campaign manager wife Cristina, they're set on signing away the house and everything that comes with it. But Enzo, a disorganized plumber, and his much younger, pregnant girlfriend Nat have other plans. The pleasantries quickly turn to tense deliberations that unearth dramatically differing views of the group's past experiences and present values. This clever family dramedy takes a close look at issues that affect modern second-generation immigrant families in Canada--class differences, antiquated old-world beliefs, and a crumbling Canadian dream. |
| fourth turning: Pendulum Roy Williams, Michael Drew, 2012-10-02 Politics, manners, humor, sexuality, wealth, even our definitions of success are periodically renegotiated based on the new values society chooses to use as a lens to judge what is acceptable. Are these new values randomly chosen or is there a pattern? Pendulum chronicles the stuttering history of western society; that endless back-and-forth swing between one excess and another, always reminded of what we left behind. There is a pattern and it is 40 years: 2003 was a fulcrum year, as was 1963, its opposite. Pendulum explains where we have been as a society, how we got here, and where we are headed. If you would benefit from a peek into the future, you would do well to read this book. |
| fourth turning: Journey to the West (2018 Edition - PDF) Wu Cheng'en, 2018-08-14 The bestselling Journey to the West comic book by artist Chang Boon Kiat is now back in a brand new fully coloured edition. Journey to the West is one of the greatest classics in Chinese literature. It tells the epic tale of the monk Xuanzang who journeys to the West in search of the Buddhist sutras with his disciples, Sun Wukong, Sandy and Pigsy. Along the way, Xuanzang's life was threatened by the diabolical White Bone Spirit, the menacing Red Child and his fearsome parents and, a host of evil spirits who sought to devour Xuanzang's flesh to attain immortality. Bear witness to the formidable Sun Wukong's (Monkey God) prowess as he takes them on, using his Fiery Eyes, Golden Cudgel, Somersault Cloud, and quick wits! Be prepared for a galloping read that will leave you breathless! |
| fourth turning: The Jews in America Max I. Dimont, 2014-06-10 “A wondrous tale of American Judaism” from the Colonial Era to the twentiethcentury, by the acclaimed author of Jews, God, and History (Kirkus Reviews). Beginning with the Sephardim who first reached the shores of America in the 1600s, this fascinating book by historian Max Dimont traces the journey of the Jews in the United States. It follows the various waves of immigration that brought people and families from Germany, Russia, and beyond; recounts the cultural achievements of those who escaped oppression in their native lands; and discusses the movement away from Orthodoxy and the attitudes of American Jews—both religious and secular—toward Israel. From the author of Jews, God, and History, which has sold more than one million copies and was called “unquestionably the best popular history of the Jews written in the English language” by the LosAngeles Times, this is a compelling account by an author who was himself an immigrant, raised in Helsinki, Finland, before arriving at Ellis Island in 1929 and going on to serve in army intelligence in World War II. |
| fourth turning: The Inheritance Games Jennifer Lynn Barnes, 2020-09-01 OVER 3 MILLION COPIES SOLD OF THE #1 BESTSELLING SERIES! Don't miss this New York Times bestselling impossible to put down (Buzzfeed) novel with deadly stakes, thrilling twists, and juicy secrets—perfect for fans of One of Us is Lying and Knives Out. Avery Grambs has a plan for a better future: survive high school, win a scholarship, and get out. But her fortunes change in an instant when billionaire Tobias Hawthorne dies and leaves Avery virtually his entire fortune. The catch? Avery has no idea why—or even who Tobias Hawthorne is. To receive her inheritance, Avery must move into sprawling, secret passage-filled Hawthorne House, where every room bears the old man's touch—and his love of puzzles, riddles, and codes. Unfortunately for Avery, Hawthorne House is also occupied by the family that Tobias Hawthorne just dispossessed. This includes the four Hawthorne grandsons: dangerous, magnetic, brilliant boys who grew up with every expectation that one day, they would inherit billions. Heir apparent Grayson Hawthorne is convinced that Avery must be a conwoman, and he's determined to take her down. His brother, Jameson, views her as their grandfather's last hurrah: a twisted riddle, a puzzle to be solved. Caught in a world of wealth and privilege with danger around every turn, Avery will have to play the game herself just to survive. **The games continue in The Hawthorne Legacy, The Final Gambit, and The Brothers Hawthorne! |
| fourth turning: Turning On the Mind Tamara Chaplin, 2007-12 In 1951, the eight o’clock nightly news reported on Jean-Paul Sartre for the first time. By the end of the twentieth century, more than 3,500 programs dealing with philosophy and its practitioners—including Bachelard, Badiou, Foucault, Lyotard, and Lévy—had aired on French television. According to Tamara Chaplin, this enduring commitment to bringing the most abstract and least visual of disciplines to the French public challenges our very assumptions about the incompatibility of elite culture and mass media. Indeed, it belies the conviction that television is inevitably anti-intellectual and the quintessential archenemy of the book. Chaplin argues that the history of the televising of philosophy is crucial to understanding the struggle over French national identity in the postwar period. Linking this history to decolonization, modernization, and globalization, Turning On the Mind claims that we can understand neither the markedly public role that philosophy came to play in French society during the late twentieth century nor the renewed interest in ethics and political philosophy in the early twenty-first unless we acknowledge the work of television. Throughout, Chaplin insists that we jettison presumptions about the anti-intellectual nature of the visual field, engages critical questions about the survival of national cultures in a globalizing world, and encourages us to rethink philosophy itself, ultimately asserting that the content of the discipline is indivisible from the new media forms in which it has found expression. |
| fourth turning: Millennials and the Pop Culture William Strauss, Neil Howe, 2006-01-01 |
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