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Ethiopian Constitution Amharic: A Comprehensive Guide
Understanding the legal framework of any nation is crucial, especially for those living, working, or studying there. For Ethiopia, this means grappling with its constitution, a document that shapes its political landscape and citizens' rights. This comprehensive guide dives deep into the Ethiopian Constitution in Amharic (ሕገ መንግሥቱ), exploring its accessibility, key provisions, historical context, and its ongoing impact on Ethiopian society. We’ll equip you with the resources and information you need to navigate this vital legal text.
Understanding the Ethiopian Constitution in Amharic (ሕገ መንግሥቱ)
The Ethiopian Constitution, officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Constitution, is the supreme law of the land. Its primary language is Amharic, reflecting its significance in the country's diverse linguistic landscape. Accessing and understanding this document is paramount for anyone seeking to engage meaningfully with Ethiopian law and politics.
1. Accessing the Constitution: Where to Find it?
Finding a reliable copy of the Ethiopian Constitution in Amharic can be surprisingly challenging. While the official government websites may provide a version, ensuring its accuracy and up-to-date status requires careful verification. It's advisable to seek copies from reputable sources such as established legal databases, university libraries, or international organizations working in Ethiopia. Always cross-reference with multiple sources to ensure accuracy. Be wary of unofficial translations or versions that may contain inaccuracies or be outdated.
2. Key Provisions of the Ethiopian Constitution: A Glimpse Inside
The Ethiopian Constitution lays out a framework for a federal parliamentary republic. Key provisions include:
Fundamental Rights: The constitution guarantees a wide range of fundamental rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and the press. These rights, however, are often subject to limitations and interpretations that have led to ongoing debates.
Federal Structure: Ethiopia's federal system divides power between a national government and nine regional states, each with its own constitution and administration. This federal structure aims to accommodate the country's ethnic diversity, but it has also been a source of political tension and conflict.
Separation of Powers: The constitution establishes a separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. However, the practical implementation of this separation has been a subject of scrutiny and debate.
The Role of the Judiciary: The judiciary is designed to be independent, but its impartiality and effectiveness have faced challenges, leading to concerns about the rule of law.
3. Historical Context and Amendments
The current Ethiopian Constitution, adopted in 1994, followed a period of significant political upheaval and transition. It's important to understand the historical context in which it was created to fully grasp its provisions. The constitution has undergone several amendments throughout the years, reflecting changing political priorities and societal needs. Understanding these amendments is crucial to interpreting the current legal framework.
4. The Impact of the Constitution on Ethiopian Society
The Ethiopian Constitution has significantly shaped Ethiopian society, impacting everything from governance and human rights to economic development and social justice. Its influence on various aspects of daily life is undeniable. However, the practical application and enforcement of constitutional provisions have been uneven, leading to ongoing debates and challenges.
Navigating the Challenges: Understanding the Nuances
While the Ethiopian Constitution aims to provide a framework for a democratic and just society, its implementation remains a complex and ongoing process. Challenges include:
Enforcement: Ensuring the consistent application of constitutional rights and provisions across the country remains a significant challenge.
Interpretation: The interpretation of constitutional provisions can be subjective and often leads to disputes and legal battles.
Accessibility: Although the official language is Amharic, accessibility for all citizens, particularly those in marginalized communities, remains an issue.
Conclusion
The Ethiopian Constitution in Amharic (ሕገ መንግሥቱ) is a foundational document that shapes the nation’s legal and political landscape. While its aspirations are noble, its implementation and impact remain complex and continuously evolving. Understanding its provisions, historical context, and challenges is crucial for anyone seeking a comprehensive understanding of Ethiopia. Using multiple reliable sources and seeking expert legal advice when necessary are recommended steps towards accurate interpretation.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Where can I find an official English translation of the Ethiopian Constitution?
While the official language is Amharic, unofficial English translations are available online. However, it's important to verify their accuracy by comparing them to multiple sources and ideally consulting with legal experts familiar with Ethiopian law.
2. Are there any notable cases that have interpreted key aspects of the Ethiopian Constitution?
Yes, several landmark court cases have shaped the interpretation of constitutional provisions, particularly regarding human rights, federalism, and the separation of powers. Researching these cases provides valuable insight into the practical application of the constitution.
3. How accessible is the Ethiopian Constitution to citizens in rural areas?
Accessibility remains a challenge, particularly in rural areas with limited literacy rates and internet access. Efforts to improve accessibility through translation into various regional languages and increased public awareness campaigns are crucial.
4. What role do regional constitutions play within the Ethiopian federal system?
Regional constitutions provide a framework for governance within each of Ethiopia’s nine regional states. However, these regional constitutions must be consistent with the overarching principles and provisions of the federal constitution.
5. What are some of the ongoing debates surrounding the Ethiopian Constitution?
Ongoing debates include the balance of power between the federal government and regional states, the interpretation of fundamental rights, and the effectiveness of mechanisms for ensuring accountability and the rule of law. These debates highlight the ongoing evolution of Ethiopia's legal and political system.
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Ethiopian Amharic Phrasebook Tilahun Kebede, 2002 This book contains essential words and phrases for effective communication with local people. There is a helpful punctuation guide and all words are given in relevant script where applicable. Includes phrases for shops and restaurants. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: The Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopia, 1987 |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Bibliographia Aethiopica II Hans Wilhelm Lockot, 1998 Erstmals wird hier die Fulle der englischsprachigen Athiopienliteratur geordnet dargeboten. In 100 Sections fuhrt der Autor alle fur die wissenschaftliche Beschaftigung mit Athiopien wichtigen Buch- und Zeitschriftenbeitrage zum Beispiel zur Historyof Research, Archaeology, Religion, aber auch Fragen der Sociology, Agriculture, Zoology und Medical Sciences auf. Wie im Falle der deutschsprachigen Literatur (Bibliographia Aethiopica: Die athiopienkundliche Literatur des deutschsprachigenRaumes = Aethiopistische Forschungen 9 [1982]) berucksichtigt der Autor auch alle ihm zuganglichen Besprechungen, womit bei einer Aufnahme von mehr als 24.000 Titeln eine Art Bibliographic Enzyclopedia entstanden ist. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: The Ethiopian Constitution W.M. Steen, 1936 |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Constitutional Identity and Constitutionalism in Africa , 2024-01-23 In its modern history, Africa has experienced different waves of constitutional ordering. The latest democratisation wave, which began in the 1990s, has set the stage over the past decade for what is now a hotly debated issue: do recent, new, or fundamentally revised constitutions truly reflect an African constitutional identity? Thoughtfully navigating a contested field, this volume brings to the fore a number of foundational questions about African constitutionalism. Constitutional Identity and Constitutionalism in Africa asks whether the concept of constitutional identity clarifies our understanding of constitutional change in Africa, including an exploration of the relationship between constitutional identity and a country's unique culture(s) and histories. Building on this, contributions examine the persistent role of colonial heritages in shaping constitutional identity in post-Independence African nations, and the question of path-dependency. Given the enduring influence of the colonial experience, the volume asks how, why, and to what end African constitutions must be 'decolonised' to form an authentic constitutional identity. This theoretical insight is supplemented and further deepened by detailed case studies of South Africa, Ethiopia, Cape Verde, Cameroon, and Egypt and their diverse experience of constitutional continuity and change. This volume in the Stellenbosch Handbooks in African Constitutional Law series, brings together contributions from established scholars and emerging voices on the study of constitutional processes. They provide an urgent critical analysis of existing paradigms, concepts and normative ideologies of modern African constitutionalism in the context of constitutional identity. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages Ronny Meyer, Bedilu Wakjira, Zelealem Leyew, 2023-05-04 This handbook provides a comprehensive account of the languages spoken in Ethiopia, exploring both their structures and features and their function and use in society. The first part of the volume provides background and general information relating to Ethiopian languages, including their demographic distribution and classification, language policy, scripts and writing, and language endangerment. Subsequent parts are dedicated to the four major language families in Ethiopia - Cushitic, Ethiosemitic, Nilo-Saharan, and Omotic - and contain studies of individual languages, with an initial introductory overview chapter in each part. Both major and less-documented languages are included, ranging from Amharic and Oromo to Zay, Gawwada, and Yemsa. The final part explores languages that are outside of those four families, namely Ethiopian Sign Language, Ethiopian English, and Arabic. With its international team of senior researchers and junior scholars, The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages will appeal to anyone interested in the languages of the region and in African linguistics more broadly. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Ethiopia Paulos Milkias, 2011-05-18 This book is the most complete, accessible, and up-to-date resource for Ethiopian geography, history, politics, economics, society, culture, and education, with coverage from ancient times to the present. Ethiopia is a comprehensive treatment of this ancient country's history coupled with an exploration of the nation today. Arranged by broad topics, the book provides an overview of Ethiopia's physical and human geography, its history, its system of government, and the present economic situation. But the book also presents a picture of contemporary society and culture and of the Ethiopian people. It also discusses art, music, and cinema; class; gender; ethnicity; and education, as well as the language, food, and etiquette of the country. Readers will learn such fascinating details as the fact that coffee was first domesticated in Ethiopia more than 10,000 years ago and that modern Ethiopia comprises 77 different ethnic groups with their own distinct languages. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: The Puzzle of Ethiopian Politics Terrence Lyons, 2019 |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: The Modern Amharic Language Evgenii Grigor'evich Titov, Evgeniĭ Grigorʹevich Titov, 1976 |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: From Parchment to Practice Tom Ginsburg, Aziz Z. Huq, 2020-04-30 Asks how the 'parchment' promises of a written constitution are translated into political practice, working through the many problems of constitutional implementation after adoption. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: EtR , 1998 |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia Asnake Kefale, Tomasz Kamusella, Christophe Van der Beken, 2021-02-14 This book is a contribution to the global history of the transfer of political ideas, as exemplified by the case of modern Ethiopia. Like many non-European nation-states, Ethiopia adopted a western model of statehood, that is, the nation-state. Unlike the postcolonial polities that have retained the mode of statehood imposed on them by their colonial powers, Ethiopia was never successfully colonized leaving its ruling elite free to select a model of ‘modern’ (western) statehood. In 1931, via Japan, they adopted the model of unitary, ethnolinguistically homogenous nation-state, in turn copied by Tokyo in 1889 from the German Empire (founded in 1871). Following the Ethiopian Revolution (1974) that overthrew the imperial system, the new revolutionary elite promised to address the ‘nationality question’ through the marxist-leninist model. The Soviet model of ethnolinguistic federalism (originally derived from Austria-Hungary) was introduced in Ethiopia, first in 1992 and officially with the 1995 Constitution. To this day the politics of modern Ethiopia is marked by the tension between these two opposed models of the essentially central European type of statehood. The late 19th-century ‘German-German’ quarrel on the ‘proper’ model of national statehood for Germany – or more broadly, modern central Europe – remains the quarrel of Ethiopian politics nowadays. The book will be useful for scholars of Ethiopian and African history and politics, and also offers a case in comparative studies on the subject of different models of national statehood elsewhere. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Making Citizens in Africa Lahra Smith, 2013-05-20 This book provides a study of contemporary politics in Ethiopia through an empirical focus on language policy, citizenship, ethnic identity, and gender. It is unique in its focus not only on the political institutions of Ethiopia and the history of the country but in that it studies these subjects at the intersection of both modern and historical time periods. In particular, it argues that meaningful citizenship, which is much more than the legal state of being a citizen, is a process of citizens and the state negotiating the practice of citizenship. Therefore, it puts the citizen back at the forefront of the process of expanding citizenship, suggesting the ways that citizens support, resist, and affect state policy on political rights. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Language Ideologies and Challenges of Multilingual Education in Ethiopia Moges Yigezu, 2010 During the last decade and a half, The use of local languages for official purposes, particularly in primary education, has become a pronounced characteristic of Ethiopian education system. The fact that as many as 22 languages have been introduced into the school system since mid 1990s represents a major ideological shift from the previous policies the country had adopted over the course of several centuries. The Ethiopian educational language policy is radical in its scope and unique in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere, and it invites a close examination of its ideological foundation and, even more so, its implementation model. The primary objective of this study was to make a critical appraisal of the implementation of vernacular education in the Harari region and examine the challenges of providing primary education in several Ethiopian and international languages, i.e. English, Amharic, Oromo, Arabic and Harari. The study made a comparative assessment of the use of languages as media of instruction for primary education, and concluded with an appraisal of the relative strengths and weaknesses in the use of each language, from both pedagogical and social perspectives. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Labor Law and Practice in the Empire of Ethiopia Ann C. Suter, 1966 |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Ethnic Diversity and Federalism Yonatan Tesfaye Fessha, 2016-05-23 How federalism can be used to provide recognition and accommodate ethnic groups is an important topic, not only in Africa, but in multi-ethnic communities around the world. Examining how institutions of multi-ethnic states have been designed to accommodate ethnic diversity while at the same time maintaining national unity, this book locates institutional responses to the challenges of ethnic diversity within the context of a federal arrangement. It examines how a federal arrangement has been used to reconcile the conflicting pressures of the demand for the recognition of distinctive identities, on the one hand, and the promotion of political and territorial integrity, on the other. Comparative case studies of South Africa and Ethiopia as the two federal systems provide a contrasting approach to issues of ethnic diversity. Suggesting new ways in which federalism might work, the author identifies key institutions lessons which will help to build an all-inclusive society. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Ethiopian Constitutional and Legal Development: Essays on Ethiopian constitutional development Heinrich Scholler, 2005 |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Multilingual Education and Sustainable Diversity Work Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, Kathleen Heugh, 2013-06-17 This very original, inspirational book globalises our understanding of languages in education and changes our understanding of bilingual and multilingual education from something mostly western to being truly transnational: it spotlights the small, celebrates African and Asian cases of multilingual classrooms and demonstrates that such education is universally successful. Colin R. Baker, Pro Vice-Chancellor, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK A norm-setting work on multilingual education, which combines theoretical perspectives with practical experience from different parts of the globe, this book demonstrates convincingly not only that multilingual education works, but also that, for most developing countries, there is no viable alternative. Ayo Bamgbose, Professor Emeritus, University of Ibadan, Nigeria This excellent volume brings to light the fascinating lived experiences of multilingual education in linguistically rich but resource impoverished countries, and offers important lessons from which we can all learn. Amy B. M. Tsui, Professor , Pro Vice-Chancellor & Vice President, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong This is a book of hope and inspiration. Documenting the significant shift that is taking place in countries around the world in the status and legitimacy of mother tongue-based multilingual education, it represents a giant step towards a tipping point where mother tongue-based multilingual education will be normalized as the preferred and, in fact, common sense option for educating the children of the world. Jim Cummins, The University of Toronto, Canada This important book challenges us to think about multilingual education from a different angle––this time putting the periphery at the center. The effect is one of destabilizing old visions and imagining new worlds where multilingual education provides the backdrop for generous understandings of all peoples. Ofelia García, Program in Urban Education, Graduate Center/The City University of New York, USA There are regrettably few detailed accounts of successful elementary school instruction in the pupils' home language, which makes this book with its surprising examples (especially Ethiopia and Nepal but other third world cases) so relevant. Students of language education policy will learn a great deal about the possibility of multilingual education from the chapters of this important book. Bernard Spolsky, Professor Emeritus, Bar-Ilan University, Israel At least half of today’s languages are marginalised and endangered and the attention of the world needs to be focused on these minor and minority languages together with the value of multilingualism. If the book succeeds in enhancing the consciousness of the world towards predicaments of the third world, then its efforts will have been amply rewarded. Debi Prasanna Pattanayak, Former Director, Central Institute of Indian Languages, India Drawing on the most powerful and compelling research data to date and connecting this research to linguistic human rights, this book explores the conditions and practices of robust bilingual and multilingual educational innovations in both system-wide and minority-settings and what it is that makes these viable. It demonstrates how, in countries where educational practices are inclusive of linguistic diversity and responsive to local conditions and community participation, implementation of bilingual education even within limited budgetary investment can be successful. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Histories of Nationalism beyond Europe Jan Záhořík, Antonio M. Morone, 2022-07-08 This edited collection explores varying shapes of nationalism in different regional and historical settings in order to analyse the important role that nationalism has played in shaping the contemporary world. Taking a global approach, the collection includes case studies from the Middle East, Africa, Asia and North America. Unique not only in its wide range of geographically diverse case studies, this book is also innovative due to its comparative approach that combines different perspectives on how nations have been understood and how they came into being, highlighting the transnational connections between various countries. The authors examine what is meant by the concepts of ‘nation’ and ‘national identity,’ discussing themes such as citizenship, ethnicity, historical symbols and the role of elites. By exploring these entangled categories of nationalism, the authors argue that throughout history, elites have created ‘artificial ’ versions of nationalism through symbolism and mythology, which has led to nationalism being understood through social constructivist or primordialist lenses. This diverse collection will appeal to researchers studying nationalism, including historians, political scientists and anthropologists. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Cultures, Ideologies, and the Dictionary Braj B. Kachru, Henry Kahane, 2013-03-01 A pioneering volume addressing issues related to cultures, ideologies, and the dictionary. A cross-cultural and cross-linguistic study with focus on selected Western and non-Western languages. A number of in-depth case studies illustrates the dominant role ideology and other types of bias play in the making of a dictionary. The volume includes invited papers of 40 internationally recognized scholars. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Manual of Romance Languages in Africa Ursula Reutner, 2023-12-18 With more than two thousand languages spread over its territory, multilingualism is a common reality in Africa. The main official languages of most African countries are Indo-European, in many instances Romance. As they were primarily brought to Africa in the era of colonization, the areas discussed in this volume are thirty-five states that were once ruled by Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, or Spain, and the African regions still belonging to three of them. Twenty-six states are presented in relation to French, four to Italian, six to Portuguese, and two to Spanish. They are considered in separate chapters according to their sociolinguistic situation, linguistic history, external language policy, linguistic characteristics, and internal language policy. The result is a comprehensive overview of the Romance languages in modern-day Africa. It follows a coherent structure, offers linguistic and sociolinguistic information, and illustrates language contact situations, power relations, as well as the cross-fertilization and mutual enrichment emerging from the interplay of languages and cultures in Africa. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Language Choices Martin Pütz, 1997-01-01 This volume concerns various aspects of the theory and application of language conflict phenomena seen from an interdisciplinary perspective. The focus is on linguistic, social, psychological and educational issues (conditions, constraints and consequences) involved in the status and use of languages in multilingual settings. The book is divided into four sections, which deal with: theoretical issues - such as the nature of the concepts of language maintenance; language policy and language planning; attitudes towards languages; and codeswitching and language choice. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: African linguistics on the prairie Jason Kandybowicz, Travis Major, Harold Torrence, Philip T. Duncan, 2018-06-15 African Linguistics on the Prairie features select revised peer-reviewed papers from the 45th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, held at the University of Kansas. The articles in this volume reflect the enormous diversity of African languages, as they focus on languages from all of the major African language phyla. The articles here also reflect the many different research perspectives that frame the work of linguists in the Association for Contemporary African Linguistics. The diversity of views presented in this volume are thus indicative of the vitality of current African linguistics research. The work presented in this volume represents both descriptive and theoretical methodologies and covers fields ranging from phonetics, phonology, morphology, typology, syntax, and semantics to sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, language acquisition, computational linguistics and beyond. This broad scope and the quality of the articles contained within holds out the promise of continued advancement in linguistic research on African languages. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: African Literatures as World Literature Alexander Fyfe, Madhu Krishnan, 2022-11-03 The enormous success of writers such as Teju Cole and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie demonstrates that African literatures are now an international phenomenon. But the apparent global legibility of a small number of (mostly Anglophone) writers in the diaspora raises the question of how literary producers from the continent, both past and present, have situated their work in relation to the world and the kinds of material networks to which this corresponds. This collection shows how literatures from across the African continent engage with conceptualizations of 'the world' in relation to local social and political issues. Focusing on a wide variety of geographic, historical and linguistic contexts, the essays in this volume seek answers to the following questions: What are the topographies of 'the world' in different literary texts and traditions? What are that world's limits, boundaries and possibilities? How do literary modes and forms such as realism, narrative poetry or the political essay affect the presentation of worldliness? What are the material networks of circulation that allow African literatures to become world literature? African literatures, it emerges, do important theoretical work that speaks to the very core of world literary studies today. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Language Policy in Ethiopia Mekonnen Alemu Gebre Yohannes, 2021-03-22 This book examines the interplay and tensions between hegemonic and counter-hegemonic language policy and processes in Tigray, a regional state of Ethiopia, in the period of pre- and post-1991. Viewing language use and language policy as dynamic social and ideological processes, the book presents Ethiopia as an example of language policy creation and implementation over time, in a highly volatile political context. The case of Ethiopia is unique in that different language policies and practices were put in place as the country’s leaders changed through political takeovers. Declared language policies were not always implemented, and those implemented were often protested. The book starts with an overview and review of language policy and planning, followed by a chapter on the history of such planning in Ethiopia. It then presents the methodology used for the study, and examines the appropriation of hegemonic LPP, patterns of resistance, schools and public sites as centers of resistance, and the emergence and development of specific patterns of language use in different regions of the country. The book ends with recommendations for future research, and draws the overall conclusion that since LPP is a dynamic and multilayered contextual process, official or de facto language policy is often undermined by overt or covert unofficial language policies, ideologies, mechanisms, and agents that result in different patterns of language use. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: The History of Ethiopia Saheed A. Adejumobi, 2006-12-30 This engaging and informative historical narrative provides an excellent introduction to the history of Ethiopia from the classical era through the modern age. The acute historical analysis contained in this volume allows readers to critically interrogate shifting global power configurations from the late nineteenth century to the twentieth century, and the related implications in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa region. Adejumobi identifies a second wave of globalization, beginning in the nineteenth century, which laid the foundation for a highly textured Ethiopian Afromodern twentieth century. The book explores Ethiopia's efforts at charting an independent course in the face of imperialism, World War II, the Cold War and international economic reforms with a focus on the gap between the state's modernization reforms and the citizenry's aspirations of modernity. The book focuses on Ethiopians' efforts to balance challenges related to social, political and economic reforms with a renaissance in the arts, theater, Orthodox Coptic Christianity, Islam and ancient ethnic identities. The History of Ethiopia paints a vivid picture of a dynamic and compelling country and region for students, scholars, and general readers seeking to grasp twenty-first century global relations. The work also provides a timeline of events in Ethiopian history, brief biographies of key figures, and a bibliographic essay. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Taking Ethno-Cultural Diversity Seriously in Constitutional Design Solomon A. Dersso, 2012-11-08 Despite decades of nation-building exercise, ethnic-based claims for substantive equality, justice and equitable political inclusion and socio-economic order continue to result in communal rivalries. These are claims that define and represent the issue of minorities in Africa, of which these conflicts are manifestations. Although ethnic conflicts in Africa have been a subject of a large number of studies, the potential and role of norms on minority rights to address claims that ethno-cultural groups raise has not received the attention it deserves. Based on materials from normative political theory and international human rights law and using an empirical and prescriptive analysis, this book defends a robust system of minority rights built around culture, equality and self-determination. This is employed to elaborate an adequate constitutional design providing policy frameworks (multilingual language policy, recognition and affirmation of cultural diversity,), structures (that ensure just representation and participation of members of all groups) and norms (that guarantee substantive equality and the rights to language, religion and culture). The study then proffers two cases studies (South Africa and Ethiopia) to ascertain how such constitutional design might be translated into actual policy frameworks, institutions and norms. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Globalization, Environmental Law, and Sustainable Development in the Global South Kirk W. Junker, Paolo Davide Farah, 2021-11-29 This volume examines the impact of globalization on international environmental law and the implementation of sustainable development in the Global South. Comprising contributions from lawyers from the Global South or who have experience in the Global South, this volume is organized into three parts, with a thematic inquiry woven through every chapter to ask how law can enable economies that can be sustained, given the limited carrying capacity of the earth. Part I describes and characterizes the status quo of environmental and economic problems in the Global South during the process of globalization. Some of those problems include redistribution of environmental burden on the public through over-reliance on the state in emerging economies and the transition to public-private partnerships, as well as extreme uncontrolled economic expansion. Building on Part I, Part II takes an international perspective by presenting some tools that are in place during the process of globalization that lead to friction and interfaces between developed and developing economies in environmental law. Recognizing the impossibility of a globalized Northern economy, the authors in Part III present some alternatives through framework ideas of human and civil rights, environmental rights, and indigenous persons’ rights, as well as concrete and specific legal tools to strengthen justice and rule of law institutions. The book gives new perspectives to familiar approaches through concrete examples by professional practitioners and theoretical discourse by academic researchers, and can thereby form the basis for changes in practices, as well as further discussions and comparisons. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental law, sustainable development, and globalization and international relations, as well as legal professionals and practitioners. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts United States. Central Intelligence Agency, 1966 |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Pan-Nationalism as a Category in Theory and Practice Alexander Maxwell, 2023-05-22 How is pan-nationalism different from other forms of nationalism? This book explores the diversity of pan-nationalism in both theory and practice. Drawing on Rogers Brubaker, the book introduces pan-nationalism as a category of practice. It shows that pan-nationalism implied transcending political frontiers, intermittently possessed a pejorative subtext, and differed from unmodified “nationalism” partly due to a retroactively applied success/failure criterion. Pan-nationalists always look across political frontiers, but do not always want a single pan-national state. The book explores the diversity of pan-nationalism through case studies and a selection of pan-national movements such as: Habsburg pan-Slavism from both the Slavic and Hungarian perspective, pan-Saxonism in Europe and North America, pan-Ethiopianism and pan-Somalism in the horn of Africa, and pan-Hinduism online. The book will be of interest to students and researchers of politics including comparative politics, various forms of nationalism and history. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: International Encyclopedia of Linguistics William J. Frawley, 2003-05-01 The International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2nd Edition encompasses the full range of the contemporary field of linguistics, including historical, comparative, formal, mathematical, functional, and philosophical linguistics with special attention given to interrelations within branches of linguistics and to relations of linguistics with other disciplines. Areas of intersection with the social and behavioral sciences--ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and behavioral linguistics--receive major coverage, along with interdisciplinary work in language and literature, mathematical linguistics, computational linguistics, and applied linguistics. Longer entries in the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, ranging up to four thousand words, survey the major fields of study--for example, anthropological linguistics, history of linguistics, semantics, and phonetics. Shorter entries treat specific topics within these fields, such as code switching, sound symbolism, and syntactic features. Other short entries define and discuss technical terms used within the various subfields or provide sketches of the careers of important scholars in the history of linguistics, such as Leonard Bloomfield, Roman Jakobson, and Edward Sapir. A major portion of the work is its extensive coverage of languages and language families. From those as familiar as English, Japanese, and the Romance languages to Hittite, Yoruba, and Nahuatl, all corners of the world receive treatment. Languages that are the subject of independent entries are analyzed in terms of their phonology, grammatical features, syntax, and writing systems. Lists attached to each article on a language group or family enumerate all languages, extinct or still spoken, within that group and provide detailed information on the number of known speakers, geographical range, and degree of intelligibility with other languages in the group. In this way, virtually every known language receives coverage. For ease of reference and to aid research, the articles are alphabetically arranged, each signed by the contributor, supported by up-to-date bibliographies, line drawings, maps, tables, and diagrams, and readily accessible via a system of cross-references and a detailed index and synoptic outline. Authoritative, comprehensive, and innovative, the 2nd edition of the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics will be an indispensable addition to personal, public, academic, and research libraries and will introduce a new generation of readers to the complexities and concerns of this field of study. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: War and Conflict in Africa Paul D. Williams, 2016-06-23 After the Cold War, Africa earned the dubious distinction of being the world's most bloody continent. But how can we explain this proliferation of armed conflicts? What caused them and what were their main characteristics? And what did the world's governments do to stop them? In this fully revised and updated second edition of his popular text, Paul Williams offers an in-depth and wide-ranging assessment of more than six hundred armed conflicts which took place in Africa from 1990 to the present day - from the continental catastrophe in the Great Lakes region to the sprawling conflicts across the Sahel and the web of wars in the Horn of Africa. Taking a broad comparative approach to examine the political contexts in which these wars occurred, he explores the major patterns of organized violence, the key ingredients that provoked them and the major international responses undertaken to deliver lasting peace. Part I, Contexts provides an overview of the most important attempts to measure the number, scale and location of Africa's armed conflicts and provides a conceptual and political sketch of the terrain of struggle upon which these wars were waged. Part II, Ingredients analyses the role of five widely debated features of Africa's wars: the dynamics of neopatrimonial systems of governance; the construction and manipulation of ethnic identities; questions of sovereignty and self-determination; as well as the impact of natural resources and religion. Part III, Responses, discusses four major international reactions to Africa's wars: attempts to build a new institutional architecture to help promote peace and security on the continent; this architecture's two main policy instruments, peacemaking initiatives and peace operations; and efforts to develop the continent. War and Conflict in Africa will be essential reading for all students of international peace and security studies as well as Africa's international relations. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Diversity, Violence, and Recognition Elisabeth King, Cyrus Samii, 2020 When considering strategies to address violent conflict, scholars and policymakers debate the wisdom of recognizing versus avoiding reference to ethnic identities in government institutions. In Diversity, Violence, and Recognition, Elisabeth King and Cyrus Samii examine the reasons that governments choose to recognize ethnic identities and the consequences of such choices for peace. The authors introduce a theory on the merits and risks of recognizing ethnic groups in state institutions, pointing to the crucial role of ethnic demographics. Through a global quantitative analysis and in-depth case studies of Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia, they find promise in recognition. Countries that adopt recognition go on to experience less violence, more economic vitality, and more democratic politics, but these effects depend on which ethnic group is in power. King and Samii's findings are important for scholars studying peace, democracy, and development, and practically relevant to policymakers attempting to make these concepts a reality. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: The Politics of Contemporary Ethiopia Yohannes Gedamu, 2021-07-22 This book investigates the role of ethnic federalism in Ethiopian politics, reflecting on a long history of division amongst the country’s political elites. The book argues that these patterns have enabled the resilience and survival of authoritarianism in the country, and have led to the failure of democratization. Ethnic conflict in Ethiopia stretches back to the country’s imperial history. Competing nationalisms begin to emerge towards the end of the imperial era, but were formalized by the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) from the 1990s onwards. Under the EPRDF, ethnicity and language classifications formed the main organizing principles for political parties and organizations, and the country’s new federal arrangement was also designed along ethnic fault lines. This book argues that this ethnic federal arrangement, and the continuation of an elite political culture are major factors in explaining the continuation of authoritarianism in Ethiopia. Focusing largely on the last 27 years under the EPRDF and on the political changes of the last few years, but also stretching back to historical narratives of ethnic grievances and division, this book is an important guide to the ethnic politics of Ethiopia and will be of interest to researchers of African politics, authoritarianism and ethnic conflict. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Land Rights and Expropriation in Ethiopia Daniel W. Ambaye, 2015-02-13 This thesis provides a new approach to the Ethiopian Land Law debate. The basic argument made in this thesis is that even if the Ethiopian Constitution provides and guarantees common ownership of land (together with the state) to the people, this right has not been fully realized whether in terms of land accessibility, enjoyability, and payment of fair compensation in the event of expropriation. Expropriation is an inherent power of the state to acquire land for public purpose activities. It is an important development tool in a country such as Ethiopia where expropriation remains the only method to acquire land. Furthermore, the two preconditions of payment of fair compensation and existence of public purpose justifications are not strictly followed in Ethiopia. The state remains the sole beneficiary of the process by capturing the full profit of land value, while paying inadequate compensation to those who cede their land by expropriation. Secondly, the broader public purpose power of the state in expropriating the land for unlimited activities puts the property owners under imminent risk of expropriation. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: The Semitic Languages Stefan Weninger, 2011-12-23 The handbook The Semitic Languages offers a comprehensive reference tool for Semitic Linguistics in its broad sense. It is not restricted to comparative Grammar, although it covers also comparative aspects, including classification. By comprising a chapter on typology and sections with sociolinguistic focus and language contact, the conception of the book aims at a rather complete, unbiased description of the state of the art in Semitics. Articles on individual languages and dialects give basic facts as location, numbers of speakers, scripts, numbers of extant texts and their nature, attestation where appropriate, and salient features of the grammar and lexicon of the respective variety. The handbook is the most comprehensive treatment of the Semitic language family since many decades. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law , 1999 |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Terminology and Language Planning Bassey Edem Antia, 2000-01-01 Changing socio-political landscapes, the dynamics of glocalization, among other factors, are spawning new policy attitudes towards multilingualism, and putting language planning on the map. With respect to terminology, this book suggests that to be relevant and sustainable, language planning would have to define its mission as the deregulation of access to specialized knowledge, and correspondingly be founded on substantially different methods and theoretical bases: epistemology and ontology of specialized domains; research on language for special purposes (LSP) and collocations; corpus linguistics; and language engineering technologies. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: The Right to Liberty and Security versus Counter-Terrorism under International Law Shimels Sisay Belete, 2018-11-05 Particularly in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attack, the threat of terrorism, however, defined, has been invoked as a common ‘justification’ in the pursuit of remodelling policies, laws, and institutions, both at the international and in the domestic politico-legal showground. The broader central theme that this book explores is the normative vibe under which the present-day counterterrorism discourse is construed and sculpted in the legislative and institutional structures of an authoritarian state where the political power and government institutions are functioning under a single-party-monopolised system. Presenting the Ethiopian legislative and institutional frameworks as a case study, the book critically reflects on the extent that the international legal and/or institutional counterterrorism response is sensitised in a manner lessening the risk of conflating authoritarian regime’s unbearable reactions to citizens’ legitimate demands and resistances against its repression vis-àvis that of its response to the common threat of international terrorism. In particular, the book ponders whether or not the range of the substantive and procedural aspects of the Ethiopian antiterrorism legislative and institutional frameworks are wrought to fit into the main objectives and standards that emanate from the pertinent international laws relating to terrorism and the international human rights law as well as the domestic constitutional law maxims. |
| ethiopian constitution amharic: Aethiopica , 2004 |
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