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Unmasking the Elders of Zion: History, Myth, and the Enduring Legacy of a Controversial Text
The "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" – a title that evokes immediate controversy and historical baggage – remains a potent symbol of antisemitism and conspiracy theories. This seemingly innocuous phrase hides a complex history, a web of misinterpretations, and a lasting impact on global perceptions of Jewish people. This in-depth exploration delves into the origins, contents, and enduring legacy of this infamous text, providing a critical analysis that separates fact from fiction and exposes the dangerous consequences of its enduring influence.
The Genesis of a Forgery: Unearthing the Roots of the Protocols
The "Protocols," purportedly detailing a Jewish plan for world domination, first appeared in Russia in the early 20th century. However, its origins are far from mysterious; it's widely accepted to be a meticulously crafted forgery, likely plagiarized and adapted from various pre-existing antisemitic works and satirical texts, including a French play and even works by the infamous anti-Semite, Maurice Joly. The text's fabrication was initially masked through deliberate obfuscation and a carefully cultivated air of authenticity. This deceptive strategy proved remarkably successful in gaining traction within a climate already rife with anti-Jewish sentiment.
Dissecting the Protocols: A Blueprint for Conspiracy?
The text itself paints a picture of a shadowy cabal of Jewish elders manipulating global events to achieve their nefarious goals. It portrays Jews as cunning and deceitful, relentlessly pursuing power and control through subterfuge and manipulation. The narrative presented is hyperbolic and filled with stereotypes, playing on existing prejudices and fears prevalent in early 20th-century Europe. The purported plan outlined in the "Protocols" includes controlling finance, media, and governments to establish a global Jewish dictatorship. However, a critical examination reveals a complete lack of evidence to support any of its claims.
Key Elements of the Protocols' Fabricated Narrative:
Control of Finance: The text alleges Jewish control over global banking systems as a means to manipulate economies and influence governments.
Media Manipulation: The Protocols suggest a calculated strategy of controlling information flow through media manipulation to shape public opinion.
Political Subversion: The text depicts a calculated plan to infiltrate and undermine existing political structures to gain power.
The Global Spread of a Dangerous Lie: The Impact of the Protocols
The "Protocols" didn't remain confined to Russia. It quickly spread across Europe and beyond, finding fertile ground in societies already burdened by social unrest and economic anxieties. Its accessibility, combined with its seemingly well-structured narrative, allowed it to resonate with a broad audience, bolstering existing antisemitic sentiments and providing a convenient scapegoat for societal ills. The text's influence extended far beyond mere theoretical discussions; it directly fueled violence and persecution of Jewish communities worldwide.
The Protocols and the Rise of Fascism and Nazism: A Dangerous Alliance
The "Protocols" played a significant role in shaping the ideological landscape that fueled the rise of fascism and Nazism in the 20th century. Hitler and other Nazi leaders actively promoted the text as evidence of the purported Jewish threat, using it as propaganda to justify their horrific policies and atrocities. The widespread acceptance of the "Protocols" among Nazi circles and its use in their propaganda campaigns demonstrates its chilling real-world impact.
Debunking the Myth: Exposing the Truth About the Elders of Zion
Over time, countless scholars and historians have definitively exposed the "Protocols" as a forgery. Its plagiarized nature, its reliance on existing antisemitic tropes, and the complete lack of evidence supporting its claims have been thoroughly documented. Despite this, the text continues to circulate, particularly online, demonstrating the enduring power of misinformation and conspiracy theories.
The Enduring Legacy of a Dangerous Text
The legacy of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" remains a stark reminder of the dangers of unchecked misinformation and the devastating consequences of antisemitism. Understanding its origins, content, and impact is crucial to combating the resurgence of similar conspiracy theories and ensuring a more informed and tolerant future. Its enduring relevance serves as a cautionary tale, highlighting the importance of critical thinking, media literacy, and a commitment to fighting all forms of hate speech.
Conclusion:
The "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" stands as a potent symbol of antisemitic propaganda and the lasting danger of misinformation. Its historical impact, coupled with its continued circulation, underlines the need for ongoing vigilance against prejudice and the critical examination of information sources.
FAQs:
1. Are there any credible historical sources that support the claims made in the Protocols? No, there is no credible historical evidence whatsoever to support any of the claims made in the Protocols. It is a completely fabricated text.
2. Who are the main figures responsible for the creation and dissemination of the Protocols? The exact authorship remains debated, but it's widely accepted to be a forgery, likely plagiarized and adapted from various pre-existing antisemitic works.
3. How did the Protocols influence the Holocaust? The Protocols played a significant role in shaping the antisemitic ideology that fueled the Holocaust. Nazi leaders used it as propaganda to justify their persecution of Jewish people.
4. Are there any modern-day parallels to the conspiracies presented in the Protocols? Yes, the Protocols' themes of a hidden cabal manipulating global events resonate in modern conspiracy theories targeting various minority groups and institutions.
5. What can be done to prevent the spread of misinformation like the Protocols? Promoting media literacy, critical thinking skills, and fact-checking initiatives are crucial in combating the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories. Furthermore, actively challenging antisemitic and other forms of hate speech is vital.
| elders of zion: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion Sergei Nilus, Victor Emile Marsden, 2019-02-26 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is almost certainly fiction, but its impact was not. Originating in Russia, it landed in the English-speaking world where it caused great consternation. Much is made of German anti-semitism, but there was fertile soil for The Protocols across Europe and even in America, thanks to Henry Ford and others. |
| elders of zion: Dismantling the Big Lie Steven L. Jacobs, Mark Weitzman, 2003 Table of contents |
| elders of zion: The Paranoid Apocalypse Richard Landes, Steven T. Katz, 2012 This text re-examines 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion's' popularity, investigating why it has persisted, as well as larger questions about the success of conspiracy theories even in the face of claims that they are blatantly counterfactual and irrational. |
| elders of zion: The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion Esther Webman, 2012-03-29 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion has attracted the interest of politicians and academicians, and generated extensive research, since the tract first appeared in the early twentieth century. Despite having repeatedly been discredited as a historical document, and in spite of the fact that it served as an inspiration for Hitler’s antisemitism and the Holocaust, it continues, even in our time, to be influential. Exploring the Protocols’ successful dissemination and impact around the world, this volume attempts to understand their continuing popularity, one hundred years after their first appearance, in so many diverse societies and cultures. With contributions from leading scholars in the field, the book covers themes such as: Why have the Protocols survived to the present day and what are the sources from which they draw their strength? What significance do the Protocols have today in mainstream worldviews? Are they gaining in importance? Are they still today a warrant for genocide or merely a reflection of xenophobic nationalism? Can they be fought by logical argumentation? This comprehensive volume which, for the first time, dwells also on the attraction of the Protocols in Arab and Muslim countries, will be of interest to specialists, teachers, and students working in the fields of antisemitism, the far right, Jewish studies, and modern history. |
| elders of zion: The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu Maurice Joly, 2003 Joly's (1831-78) Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu is the major source of one of the world's most infamous and damaging forgeries, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. That, however, was concocted some two decades after he died, and American political scientist Waggoner points to Joly's own text for evidence that he was not anti-semitic and was an intransigent enemy of the kind of tyranny the forgery served during the 1930s. He translates the text and discusses Joly's intentions in writing it and his contribution to the understanding of modern politics. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR. |
| elders of zion: Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion Serg'iei Nilus, Victor E. Marsden, 2003-12-01 The Protocols was supposedly written in 1897 from the minutes of 24 secret meetings between Jews and Freemasons in which they conspired to bring down Western civilization and jointly rule the world. In reality, it is nothing of the sort. In 1921, Philip Graves of the London Times revealed The Protocols to be a fraud, showing it to be based on a French satire aimed at Napoleon III. It is the most notorious and most successful work of modern antisemitism, and was used as part of a propaganda campaign by the Russian secret police in 1905. |
| elders of zion: The Jewish Peril Sergi︠e︡ĭ Nilus, 2009 REPRINT. Originally published in 1920 by Eyre & Spottiswoode. Paperback.95 p. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a tract alleging a Jewish and Masonic plot to achieve world domination. Purportedly written by a secret group of Jews known as the Elders of Zion, the document underlies 24 protocols that are supposedly followed by the Jewish people. The Protocols has been proven to be a forgery.The forgery contains numerous elements typical of what is known in literature as a False Document a document that is deliberately written to fool the reader into believing that what is written is truthful and accurate even though, in actuality, it is not. It is also one of the best-known and most-discussed examples of literary forgery, with analysis and proof of its fraudulent origin going as far back as 1921. The forgery is also an early example of Conspiracy Theory literature. Written in the first person singular, the text embodies generalizations, truisms and platitudes on how to take over the world: take control of the media and the financial institutions, change the traditional social order, etc. It does not contain specifics |
| elders of zion: The Perennial Conspiracy Theory Michael Hagemeister, 2021-11-22 The Perennial Conspiracy Theory is a collection of essays on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fake document which has created a pernicious antisemitic conspiracy theory. The author analyses the murky origins of this notorious forgery and the contested claims of authorship. He explores the impact of the Protocols on various countries during the interwar years including Soviet Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Nazi Germany, and the United States. He also profiles figures closely associated with the dissemination of antisemitic conspiracy theories, such as Sergei Nilus and Leslie Fry, as well as examining the controversies arising from the famous Bern trial related to the Protocols. The book concludes with an assessment of the ongoing influence of the Protocols in post-Soviet Russia. This volume will be of interest to researchers and students working in the fields of antisemitism, conspiracy theories, the far right, Jewish studies, and modern history. |
| elders of zion: A Lie and a Libel Binjamin W. Segel, 1996-10-01 A strange and repugnant mystery of the twentieth century is the durability of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a clumsy forgery purporting to be evidence of the supposed Jewish plot to rule the world. Though it has been exposed as a forgery, some apprentice brownshirt is always rediscovering it, the latest in a line of gullibility that includes, most famously, Henry Ford. Recently it has been translated into Japanese and circulates once again with renewed virulence in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. In 1924 in Germany the Jewish author and journalist Binjamin Segel wrote a major historical exposé of the fraud and later edited his work into a shorter form, published as Welt-Krieg, Welt-Revolution, Welf-Verschwörung, Welt-Oberregierung (Berlin 1926). Translator Richard S. Levy, a specialist on the history of anti-semitism, provides an extensive introduction on the circumstances of Segel's work and the story of the Protocols up to the 1990s, including an explanation of its continuing psychological appeal and political function. |
| elders of zion: Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion , 1945 |
| elders of zion: The Russian Protocols of Zion in Japan Jacob Kovalio, 2009 Before World War I, Japan did not have an antisemitic tradition of its own. Although influences of Western antisemitism reached the country in the late 19th century, it was only during Japan's participation in the Siberian Intervention of 1918-22 that the Protocols of the Elders of Zion made their way to Japan. The dissemination of this work promoted conspiracy and scapegoating antisemitism in the country. In 1920-21, several Japanese translations of the Protocols appeared, and the topics of Jewish omnipotence and the Jewish peril (Yudayaka in Japanese) became widespread in the mass media and in literature. One of the themes discussed was the Jewish character of the Bolshevik Revolution. Discusses writings by Eiju Oniwa, Tsuyanoske Higuchi (aka Baiseki Kitagami), Seika Ariga, Minetaro Yamanaka, Tokio Imai, etc., as well as the writings of those who criticized the conception of the Jewish world conspiracy and rejected the Yudayaka and the veracity of the Protocols: Sakuzo Yoshino, Tokusaburo Hatta, Kametaro Mitsukawa, Masao Kinoshita, and others. In 1929 a roundtable on the Jewish problem was organized by the magazine Heibon. |
| elders of zion: The Lie that Wouldn't Die Hadassa Ben-Itto, 2005 Of all the libels that have served as a means of incitement of hate against Jews, and as intellectual justification of anti-Semitism, the myth of the so-called 'Jewish Conspiracy' to gain domination of the whole world, as embodied in the forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion, is probably the most devious and the most dangerous. Previously only analyzed in academic, footnoted studies, the history of the Protocols is presented here by Judge Hadassa Ben-Itto in an eminently readable, fascinating account, telling the stories of the numerous people involved over the hundred years that the forgery has existed. Above all, this is the story of a judge who follows the Protocols into lawyers' chambers and into courtrooms in Switzerland, in South Africa, in Germany, in the United States and in Russia, and presents the reader with a detailed critical analysis of legal proceedings which culminated in fascinating courtroom drama. The truth is revealed again and again, but the lie wouldn't die. |
| elders of zion: The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion Sergiei Nilus, 2003 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was supposedly written in 1897 from the minutes of 24 secret meetings between Jews and Freemasons in which they conspired to bring down Western civilization and jointly rule the world. In reality, it is nothing of the sort. Protocols tells of a Jewish plot to take over the world. Historians have long said the work is a forgery concocted by Czar Nicholas II's secret police to blame Russia's troubles on Jews. In 1921, Philip Graves of the London Times revealed The Protocols to be a fraud, showing it to be based on a French satire aimed at Napoleon III. Professor Nilus was a priest in the Orthodox Church in Russia. He published the first Russian language edition in 1905. In 1920 Henry Ford bought The Dearborn Independent, a virile and very independent journal published in his home town. He used it to publish the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and a series of articles about the book, as part of his series of 81 articles (between 1920 and 1922) on the Jewish Question in America, which he called the world's foremost problem. The Dearborn Independent was distributed nationwide to Ford dealer showrooms and was offered free of charge to the general public. The relevant articles are collected here so that the whole can be studied at one time. This book is an important document in the history of anti-Semitism, and has been used as required reading in many university anti-Semitism courses. |
| elders of zion: The Prague Cemetery Umberto Eco, 2011-11-08 The Prague Cemetery is the #1 international bestselling historical novel from the award-winning and New York Times bestselling author of The Name of the Rose, Umberto Eco. Nineteenth-century Europe—from Turin to Prague to Paris—abounds with the ghastly and the mysterious. Jesuits plot against Freemasons. Italian republicans strangle priests with their own intestines. French criminals plan bombings by day and celebrate Black Masses at night. Every nation has its own secret service, perpetrating forgeries, plots, and massacres. Conspiracies rule history. From the unification of Italy to the Paris Commune to the Dreyfus Affair to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, Europe is in tumult and everyone needs a scapegoat. But what if behind all of these conspiracies, both real and imagined, lay one lone man? “Choreographed by a truth that is itself so strange a novelist need hardly expand on it to produce a wondrous tale... Eco is to be applauded for bringing this stranger-than-fiction truth vividly to life.” —The New York Times |
| elders of zion: Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion , 1934 |
| elders of zion: The International Jew: The World's Foremost Problem Henry Ford, 195? Why discuss the Jewish Question? Because it is here, and because its emergence into American thought should contribute to its solution, and not to a continuance of those bad conditions which surround the Question in other countries. The Jewish Question has existed in the United States for a long time. Jews themselves have known this, even if Gentiles have not. There have been periods in our own country when it has broken forth with a sullen sort of strength which presaged darker things to come. Many signs portend that it is approaching an acute stage. Not only does the Jewish Question touch those matters that are of common knowledge, such as financial and commercial control, usurpation of political power, monopoly of necessities, and autocratic direction of the very news that the American people read; but it reaches into cultural regions and so touches the very heart of American life. This question reaches down into South America and threatens to become an important factor in Pan-American relations. It is interwoven with much of the menace of organized and calculated disorder which troubles the nations today. It is not of recent growth, but its roots go deep, and the long Past of this Problem is counterbalanced by prophetic hopes and programs which involve a very deliberate and creative view of the Future. This little book is the partial record of an investigation of the Jewish Question. It is printed to enable interested readers to inform themselves on the data published in The Dearborn Independent prior to Oct. 1, 1920. The demand for back copies of the paper was so great that the supply was exhausted early, as was also a large edition of a booklet containing the first nine articles of the series. The investigation still proceeds, and the articles will continue to appear as heretofore until the work is done. The motive of this work is simply a desire to make facts known to the people. Other motives have, of course, been ascribed to it. But the motive of prejudice or any form of antagonism is hardly strong enough to support such an investigation as this. Moreover, had an unworthy motive existed, some sign of it would inevitably appear in the work itself. We confidently call the reader to witness that the tone of these articles is all that it should be. The International Jew and his satellites, as the conscious enemies of all that Anglo-Saxons mean by civilization, are not spared, nor is that unthinking mass which defends anything that a Jew does, simply because it has been taught to believe that what Jewish leaders do is Jewish. Neither do these articles proceed upon a false emotion of brotherhood and apology, as if this stream of doubtful tendency in the world were only accidentally Jewish. We give the facts as we find them; that of itself is sufficient protection against prejudice or passion. |
| elders of zion: The Lie That Will Not Die Hadassa Ben-Itto, 2020 Of all the libels that have served as a means of incitement of hate against Jews, and as intellectual justification of anti-Semitism, the myth of the so-called 'Jewish Conspiracy' to gain domination of the whole world, as embodied in the forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion, is probably the most devious and the most dangerous. Previously only analyzed in academic, footnoted studies, the history of the Protocols is presented here by Judge Hadassa Ben-Itto in an eminently readable, fascinating account, telling the stories of the numerous people involved over the hundred years that the forgery has existed. Above all, this is the story of a judge who follows the Protocols into lawyers' chambers and into courtrooms in Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, the United States, and Russia, and presents the reader with a detailed critical analysis of legal proceedings which culminated in fascinating courtroom drama. The truth is revealed again and again, but the lie will not die. |
| elders of zion: The Emergence of Iranian Nationalism Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, 2016-03-15 Reza Zia-Ebrahimi revisits the work of Fath?ali Akhundzadeh and Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani, two Qajar-era intellectuals who founded modern Iranian nationalism. In their efforts to make sense of a difficult historical situation, these thinkers advanced an appealing ideology Zia-Ebrahimi calls dislocative nationalism, in which pre-Islamic Iran is cast as a golden age, Islam is reinterpreted as an alien religion, and Arabs become implacable others. Dislodging Iran from its empirical reality and tying it to Europe and the Aryan race, this ideology remains the most politically potent form of identity in Iran. Akhundzadeh and Kermani's nationalist reading of Iranian history has been drilled into the minds of Iranians since its adoption by the Pahlavi state in the early twentieth century. Spread through mass schooling, historical narratives, and official statements of support, their ideological perspective has come to define Iranian culture and domestic and foreign policy. Zia-Ebrahimi follows the development of dislocative nationalism through a range of cultural and historical materials, and he captures its incorporation of European ideas about Iranian history, the Aryan race, and a primordial nation. His work emphasizes the agency of Iranian intellectuals in translating European ideas for Iranian audiences, impressing Western conceptions of race onto Iranian identity. |
| elders of zion: A Rumor About the Jews Stephen Eric Bronner, 2014-12-16 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is among the most infamous documents of antisemitism. A forgery created in Russia by the czarist secret police and quickly translated into a host of languages, it portrayed Judaism as a worldwide conspiracy dedicated to the destruction of Christian civilization. The appearance of the Protocols sparked a number of bloody pogroms and it helped shape the thinking of right-wing movements worldwide from Hitler's Nazis to contemporary antisemitic groups in Russia, the Middle East and the United States. A work of intellectual history, A Rumor About the Jews by Stephen Eric Bronner expresses the connection between antisemitism and the overarching political assault upon the enlightenment legacy, taking the reader on a historical journey that provides a new and penetrating understanding of an insidious ideology and its broader implications. |
| elders of zion: The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion Sergi︠e︡ĭ Nilus, 1978-12 |
| elders of zion: A Rumor about the Jews Stephen Eric Bronner, 2018-08-30 In its portrayal of Judaism as a worldwide conspiracy dedicated to the destruction of Christian civilization, the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion remains one of the most infamous documents ever written. Despite being proven a crude forgery, the pamphlet managed to pervade twentieth-century thinking, often being twisted to suit its handlers' purposes, and to justify the most extreme persecution of the Jews. In A Rumor About the Jews, Stephen Eric Bronner provides a history of this notorious fabrication—one which has renewed salience in a “post truth” society dominated by “fake news—and explores its influence on right-wing movements throughout the twentieth century and the ongoing appeal of bigotry. This new edition of Bronner's 2000 classic (described by Kirkus as the best short book on anti-Semitism) expands the arguments of the first edition, bringing the work up to date in a new political context. |
| elders of zion: License to Murder Alex Grobman, 2011 In our world today, several people, groups and minorities are singled-out for persecution. Yet there is one group that overwhelmingly has faced a more sustained, vicious, and relentless hatred: the Jews.Many people have negative perceptions about Jewish people and the state of Israel. The question is, why?The why is a bit elusive. But we know some of the sources, and sadly, the legacy of the notorious forgery, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion has created widespread fear and hatred of the Jewish people. Purported to be a strategic document for taking over the world, the Protocols is actually a product of the Czarist police in Russia, not long before the Communist Revolution.Now, in License to Murder, esteemed scholar Alex Grobman has written a brilliant examination of this famous document, and his historical grasp is important to understand, if we are going to effectively battle persecution in our world today. |
| elders of zion: Nexus William Collins Donahue, Martha B. Helfer, 2014 Second volume of the biennial publication of the Duke German Jewish Studies Workshop, making available important new research and considering the definition and development of the field of German Jewish Studies. Nexus is the official publication of the biennial German Jewish Studies Workshop at Duke University, the first ongoing forum in North America for German Jewish studies. It publishes innovative research in German Jewish Studies and serves as a venue for introducing new directions in the field, analyzing the development and definition of the field itself, and considering the place of German Jewish Studies within the disciplines of both German Studiesand Jewish Studies. Additionally, it examines issues of pedagogy and programming at the undergraduate, graduate, and community levels. The second volume of Nexus presents a special forum section on the controversial German Jewish religious historian Hans-Joachim Schoeps (1909-80), including contributions by Julius H. Schoeps, Hans J. Hillerbrand, Eric M. Meyers, Laura Lieber, Noah B. Strote, and Paul Reitter, as well as cutting-edge essays thathighlight important new developments in the field of German Jewish Studies. Contributors: Nick Block, Abigail Gillman, Anton Hieke, Hans J. Hillerbrand, Martin Kagel, Richard S. Levy, Laura Lieber, Eric M. Meyers, Andrea Reiter, Paul Reitter, Julius H. Schoeps, Noah B. Strote, Karina von Tippelskirch. William C. Donahue is Bishop-MacDermott Family Professor of Germanic Languages & Literature, and Professor, Program in Literature andJewish Studies, Duke University. Martha B. Helfer is Professor of German and an affiliate member of the Department of Jewish Studies at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. |
| elders of zion: Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion , 2014 |
| elders of zion: Fakes, Lies, and Forgeries Sheridan Libraries, Neil Weijer, Walter Stephens, Janet E. Gomez, John Hoffmann, 2014 In addition to providing a checklist of 70 treasures from the Arthur and Janet Freeman Bibliotheca Fictiva Collection, this beautifully-illustrated volume includes five essays that explore the phenomenon of forgery as a creative literary form and provide an interesting and informative sense of the broader collection. With nearly 1,700 individual items, the Bibliotheca Fictiva Collection is the largest and most comprehensive collection of books and manuscripts of forgery in the world. Highlights include editions of Jesus' posthumous Letter from Heaven, eyewitness accounts of the Fall of Troy, annotated books from Shakespeare's personal library, Alpine inscriptions recording Noah's settlement of Vienna after the Flood, and a first-hand account of the discovery of Homer's tomb. The collection was assembled over a 50-year period and acquired by the Sheridan Libraries of Johns Hopkins University in 2011. Exhibition: Johns Hopkins Krieger School of Arts, Baltimore, USA (05.10.2014 - 01.02.2015). |
| elders of zion: Socialism of Fools Michele Battini, 2016-04-05 In Socialism of Fools, Michele Battini focuses on the critical moment during the Enlightenment in which anti-Jewish stereotypes morphed into a sophisticated, modern social anti-Semitism. He recovers the potent anti-Jewish, anticapitalist propaganda that cemented the idea of a Jewish conspiracy in the European mind and connects it to the atrocities that characterized the Jewish experience in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Beginning in the eighteenth century, counter-Enlightenment intellectuals and intransigent Catholic writers singled out Jews for conspiring to exploit self-sustaining markets and the liberal state. These ideas spread among socialist and labor movements in the nineteenth century and intensified during the Long Depression of the 1870s. Anti-Jewish anticapitalism then migrated to the Habsburg Empire with the Christian Social Party; to Germany with the Anti-Semitic Leagues; to France with the nationalist movements; and to Italy, where Revolutionary Syndicalists made anti-Jewish anticapitalism the basis of an alliance with the nationalists. Exemplified best in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the infamous document that leaked Jewish plans to conquer the world, the Jewish-conspiracy myth inverts reality and creates a perverse relationship to historical and judicial truth. Isolating the intellectual roots of this phenomenon and its contemporary resonances, Battini shows us why, so many decades after the Holocaust, Jewish people continue to be a powerful political target. |
| elders of zion: Protocols of the Elders of Zion Sergei Nilus, 2015 Protocols of the Elders of Zion is one of the most controversial works in the past 100 years. It claimed to be a book written by the 'Elders of Zion, ' a Jewish cabal planning to take over the world. It contains their plans for world domination and detailed account of the condition of the world once they have succeeded in their goals to rule it. Modern historians generally claim that it is a forgery, used primarily as a propaganda tool by the Russian court to prevent what would later become the Russian Revolution of 1917, but the writer of the introduction of this volume makes an effort to dispute such a belief. |
| elders of zion: The Protocols , 2016-05-12 The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion '.....the most notorious and most successful work of modern anti-Semitism.....' The Protocols of the Elders of Zion or The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion is an antisemitic fabricated text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination. The forgery was first published in Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century. According to the claims made by some of its publishers, the Protocols are the minutes of a late 19th-century meeting where Jewish leaders discussed their goal of global Jewish hegemony by subverting the morals of Gentiles, and by controlling the press and the world's economies. Henry Ford funded printing of 500,000 copies that were distributed throughout the US in the 1920s. Adolf Hitler was a major proponent. It was studied, as if factual, in German classrooms after the Nazis came to power in 1933, despite having been exposed as fraudulent by The Times of London in 1921. It is still widely available today in numerous languages, in print and on the Internet, and continues to be presented by some proponents as a genuine document. TABLE OF CONTENTS Protocol I The Basic Doctrine Protocol II Economic Wars Protocol III Methods of Conquest Protocol IV Materialism Replaces Religion Protocol V Despotism and Modern Progress Protocol VI Take-Over Technique Protocol VII World-Wide Wars Protocol VIII Provisional Government Protocol IX Re-education Protocol X Preparing for Power Protocol XI The Totalitarian State Protocol XII Control of the Press Protocol XIII Distractions Protocol XIV Assault on Religion Protocol XV Ruthless Suppression Protocol XVI Brainwashing Protocol XVII Abuse of Authority Protocol XVIII Arrest of Opponents Protocol XIX Rulers and People Protocol XX Financial Programme Protocol XXI Loans and Credit Protocol XXII Power of Gold Protocol XXIII Instilling Obedience Protocol XXIV Qualities of the Ruler 10. Is it possible for any sound logical mind to hope with any success to guide crowds by the aid of reasonable counsels and arguments, when any objection or contradiction, senseless though it may be, can be made and when such objection may find more favor with the people, whose powers of reasoning are superficial? Men in masses and the men of the masses, being guided solely by petty passions, paltry beliefs, traditions and sentimental theorems, fall a prey to party dissension, which hinders any kind of agreement even on the basis of a perfectly reasonable argument. |
| elders of zion: The Protocols of Zion in Context Kerry Raymond Bolton, 2003 |
| elders of zion: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion -The Great in the Small & Antichrist Sergei Nilus, Victor Marsden, 2014-09-23 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion or The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion is a Jewish plan for global domination. It was first published in Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages in the early part of the 20th century. Henry Ford funded printing of 500,000 copies that were distributed throughout the US in the 1920s. The Protocols document the minutes of a late 19th-century meeting of Jewish leaders discussing their goal of global Jewish hegemony by subverting the morals of Gentiles, and by controlling the press and the world's economies. |
| elders of zion: From the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to Holocaust Denial Trials Debra R. Kaufman, 2007 In reaction to the Irving v. Penguin/Lipstadt (winter, 2000) trial, the editors of this volume sought to provide a text that moves away from the Holocaust itself to ask broader questions about the stubborn persistence of anti-Semitic invective and historical distortion despite legal verdicts to the contrary, historical correctives and media reportage. In these essays the authors explore the assumptions and methods of their disciplines that limit or enhance the ability of any single approach (historical, legal, or journalistic) to challenge the racism and/or anti-Semitism which underlie the persistence of such forgeries as The protocols of the elders of Zion and the fallacies of Holocaust denial. Teachers of college and graduate courses on the Holocaust are increasingly faced with proliferating print and web based assertions and re-assertions of premises whose veracity have been long since disproved. This text encourages students and professionals to explore through three trial contexts (Protocols of Zion, Eichmann/Nuremberg, and Holocaust denial) the way in which claims related to the fate of Jews in the twentieth century have been made, struggled over, and fixed in the law, in historical canon and in the popular imagination. The Protocols are a forgery and crimes against humanity and genocide against the Jewish people did happen. This volume marks the ways in which we present and re-present the historical facts, the journalism, and the legal proofs that support the truth of those assertions in the face of invective and denial. |
| elders of zion: Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion , 198? |
| elders of zion: The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion With Preface and Explanatory Notes Victor E. Marsden, 1986-06-01 |
| elders of zion: The Wandering Who Gilad Atzmon, 2011-09-30 An investigation of Jewish identity politics and Jewish contemporary ideology using both popular culture and scholarly texts. Jewish identity is tied up with some of the most difficult and contentious issues of today. The purpose in this book is to open many of these issues up for discussion. Since Israel defines itself openly as the ‘Jewish State’, we should ask what the notions of ’Judaism’, ‘Jewishness’, ‘Jewish culture’ and ‘Jewish ideology’ stand for. Gilad examines the tribal aspects embedded in Jewish secular discourse, both Zionist and anti Zionist; the ‘holocaust religion’; the meaning of ‘history’ and ‘time’ within the Jewish political discourse; the anti-Gentile ideologies entangled within different forms of secular Jewish political discourse and even within the Jewish left. He questions what it is that leads Diaspora Jews to identify themselves with Israel and affiliate with its politics. The devastating state of our world affairs raises an immediate demand for a conceptual shift in our intellectual and philosophical attitude towards politics, identity politics and history. |
| elders of zion: Jihad and Jew-hatred Matthias Küntzel, 2007 |
| elders of zion: The Plot: The Secret Story of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Will Eisner, 2006-05-17 A work more disturbing than fiction from the father of graphic novels (New York Times). The ultimate illustration of how absurdly comical and cancerous The Protocols has been to mankind.—Thane Rosenbaum, Los Angeles Times Book Review The Plot, which examines the astonishing conspiracy and the fabrication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, has become a worldwide phenomenon since its hardcover publication, taught in classrooms around the globe. Purported to be the actual blueprints by Jewish leaders to take over the world, the Protocols, first published in 1902, have become gospel truth to international millions. Presenting a pageant of historical figures from nineteenth-century Russia to today's ideologues, including Tsar Nicholas II, Henry Ford, and Adolf Hitler, Will Eisner unravels and dispels one of the most devastating hoaxes of the twentieth century. |
| elders of zion: Revelation , 1999-01-01 The final book of the Bible, Revelation prophesies the ultimate judgement of mankind in a series of allegorical visions, grisly images and numerological predictions. According to these, empires will fall, the Beast will be destroyed and Christ will rule a new Jerusalem. With an introduction by Will Self. |
| elders of zion: Protocols of the Elders of Zion Sergei Nilus, Protocols of the Elders of Zion is one of the most controversial works in the past 100 years. It claimed to be a book written by the 'Elders of Zion,' a Jewish cabal planning to take over the world. It contains their plans for world domination and detailed account of the condition of the world once they have succeeded in their goals to rule it. Modern historians generally claim that it is a forgery, used primarily as a propaganda tool by the Russian court to prevent what would later become the Russian Revolution of 1917, but the writer of the introduction of this volume makes an effort to dispute such a belief. |
| elders of zion: Jew World Order , |
| elders of zion: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion, Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion, Protocols of the Sages of Zion, Protocols of Zion) Victor E. Marsden, 2006 The author of this translation of the famous Protocols was himself a victim of the Revolution. He had lived for many years in Russia and was married to a Russian lady. Among his other activities in Russia he had been for a number of years a Russian Correspondent of the MORNING POST, a position which he occupied when the Revolution broke out, and his vivid descriptions of events in Russia will still be in the recollection of many of the readers of that Journal. Naturally he was singled out for the anger of the Soviet. On the day that Captain Cromie was murdered by Jews, Victor Marsden was arrested and thrown into the Peter-Paul Prison, expecting every day to have his name called out for execution. This, however, he escaped, and eventually he was allowed to return to England very much of a wreck in bodily health. However, he recovered under treatment and the devoted care of his wife and friends. One of the first things he undertook, as soon as he was able, was this translation of the Protocols. Mr. Marsden was eminently well qualified for the work. His intimate acquaintance with Russia, Russian life and the Russian language on the one hand, and his mastery of a terse literary English style on the other, placed him in a position of advantage which few others could claim. The consequence is that we have in his version an eminently readable work, and though the subject-matter is somewhat formless, Mr. Marsden's literary touch reveals the thread running through the twenty-four Protocols. |
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