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Discrimination and Disparities: Understanding the Complex Interplay
Introduction:
We live in a world that strives for equality, yet the harsh reality is that discrimination and disparities continue to plague societies globally. These aren't abstract concepts; they manifest in tangible ways, impacting individuals' lives, opportunities, and overall well-being. This comprehensive guide delves into the multifaceted nature of discrimination and disparities, exploring their causes, consequences, and potential solutions. We'll examine various forms of discrimination, analyze the systemic issues that perpetuate disparities, and ultimately, offer pathways towards a more equitable future. This post will equip you with a deeper understanding of this critical issue, enabling you to contribute to meaningful change.
What is Discrimination?
Discrimination involves treating individuals or groups differently based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation, age, disability, or socioeconomic status. It's about prejudice translated into action, resulting in unfair or unequal treatment. This can range from subtle biases to overt acts of hostility, all causing significant harm. It's important to differentiate between prejudice (preconceived judgments) and discrimination (actions based on prejudice). Discrimination can be individual (one person acting against another) or systemic (embedded within institutions and societal structures).
Types of Discrimination:
Direct Discrimination: This is overt and intentional unequal treatment. For example, refusing to hire someone because of their race is direct discrimination.
Indirect Discrimination: This occurs when a seemingly neutral policy or practice disproportionately affects a particular group. For instance, requiring a high level of English proficiency for a job might indirectly discriminate against non-native English speakers.
Structural Discrimination: This refers to the cumulative effect of multiple discriminatory practices embedded within institutions and social systems. This creates a system that perpetuates inequality even without overt discriminatory intent by individual actors.
Understanding Disparities:
Disparities represent the measurable differences in outcomes between groups. These differences often stem from discrimination but can also be caused by other factors like historical injustices, socioeconomic inequalities, and access to resources. Disparities are not simply about differences; they are about unfair differences that disadvantage certain groups.
Measuring Disparities:
Quantifying disparities requires data collection and analysis across various sectors. Key areas include:
Health disparities: Differences in health outcomes (e.g., life expectancy, disease prevalence) based on various social factors.
Educational disparities: Variations in access to quality education, academic achievement, and graduation rates.
Economic disparities: Inequalities in income, wealth, employment opportunities, and access to financial resources.
Criminal justice disparities: Disproportional representation of certain groups in the criminal justice system.
The Interplay Between Discrimination and Disparities:
Discrimination is a major driver of disparities. When individuals face discrimination, it limits their access to resources and opportunities, leading to measurable differences in outcomes compared to those who are not discriminated against. For example, discrimination in hiring can lead to disparities in income and wealth accumulation over time. The cycle perpetuates itself, with disparities reinforcing discriminatory attitudes and behaviors.
Addressing Discrimination and Disparities:
Tackling discrimination and disparities requires a multi-pronged approach encompassing legal frameworks, policy changes, and societal shifts in attitudes and behaviors.
Strategies for Change:
Legislation and Policy: Strong anti-discrimination laws are crucial, but they must be effectively enforced. Policies aimed at affirmative action and promoting equity can help level the playing field.
Education and Awareness: Educating individuals about the harmful effects of discrimination and promoting empathy and understanding is paramount. This includes challenging stereotypes and biases through open dialogue and inclusive education.
Data Collection and Analysis: Comprehensive data collection is necessary to identify and monitor disparities across various sectors. This data can inform targeted interventions and policy changes.
Community Engagement: Collaboration between community organizations, government agencies, and individuals is essential for designing and implementing effective solutions tailored to specific contexts.
Conclusion:
Discrimination and disparities are intertwined challenges that demand immediate and sustained attention. While the roots of these issues are complex and deeply embedded in history and social structures, meaningful progress is possible through a combination of legal action, policy reform, educational initiatives, and a collective commitment to creating a more just and equitable world. By understanding the mechanisms that perpetuate discrimination and disparities, we can work towards a future where everyone has the opportunity to thrive, regardless of their background or identity.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Prejudice is a preconceived judgment or opinion, often negative, about a group of people. Discrimination is the action of treating individuals unfairly based on prejudice.
2. How can I identify systemic discrimination? Systemic discrimination is often subtle and embedded within institutions. Look for patterns of unequal outcomes across various groups despite policies appearing neutral.
3. What role does unconscious bias play in discrimination? Unconscious bias refers to implicit prejudices that influence our decisions without our conscious awareness. Addressing these biases requires self-reflection and training.
4. Are disparities always a result of discrimination? While discrimination is a significant factor, disparities can also stem from other factors such as historical inequalities and access to resources.
5. What is the role of affirmative action in addressing disparities? Affirmative action policies aim to create a more level playing field by actively recruiting and promoting individuals from underrepresented groups to address historical disadvantages.
| discrimination and disparities: Discrimination and Disparities Thomas Sowell, 2019-03-05 An enlarged edition of Thomas Sowell's brilliant examination of the origins of economic disparities Economic and other outcomes differ vastly among individuals, groups, and nations. Many explanations have been offered for the differences. Some believe that those with less fortunate outcomes are victims of genetics. Others believe that those who are less fortunate are victims of the more fortunate. Discrimination and Disparities gathers a wide array of empirical evidence to challenge the idea that different economic outcomes can be explained by any one factor, be it discrimination, exploitation, or genetics. This revised and enlarged edition also analyzes the human consequences of the prevailing social vision of these disparities and the policies based on that vision--from educational disasters to widespread crime and violence. |
| discrimination and disparities: Unequal Treatment Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, 2009-02-06 Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color. |
| discrimination and disparities: Discrimination and Disparities Thomas Sowell, 2018 An empirical examination of how economic and other disparities arise Economic and other outcomes differ vastly among individuals, groups, and nations. Many explanations have been offered for the differences. Some believe that those with less fortunate outcomes are victims of genetics. Others believe that those who are less fortunate are victims of the more fortunate. Discrimination and Disparities gathers a wide array of empirical evidence from to challenge the idea that different economic outcomes can be explained by any one factor, be it discrimination, exploitation or genetics. It is readable enough for people with no prior knowledge of economics. Yet the empirical evidence with which it backs up its analysis spans the globe and challenges beliefs across the ideological spectrum. The point of Discrimination and Disparities is not to recommend some particular policy fix at the end, but to clarify why so many policy fixes have turned out to be counterproductive, and to expose some seemingly invincible fallacies-behind many counterproductive policies. |
| discrimination and disparities: Becoming an Anti-Racist Church Joseph Barndt, 2011-03-01 Christians addressing racism in American society must begin with a frank assessment of how race figures in the churches themselves, leading activist Joseph Barndt argues. This practical and important volume extends the insights of Barndt's earlier, more general work to address the race situation in the churches themselves and to equip people there to be agents for change in and beyond their church communities. |
| discrimination and disparities: Communities in Action National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States, 2017-04-27 In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. |
| discrimination and disparities: The Oxford Handbook of Stigma, Discrimination, and Health Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, Bruce G. Link, 2018 Stigma leads to poorer health. In The Oxford Handbook of Stigma, Discrimination, and Health, leading scholars identify stigma mechanisms that operate at multiple levels to erode the health of stigmatized individuals and, collectively, produce health disparities. This book provides unique insights concerning the link between stigma and health across various types of stigma and groups. |
| discrimination and disparities: Beyond Discrimination Fredrick C. Harris, Robert C. Lieberman, 2013-06-30 Nearly a half century after the civil rights movement, racial inequality remains a defining feature of American life. Along a wide range of social and economic dimensions, African Americans consistently lag behind whites. This troubling divide has persisted even as many of the obvious barriers to equality, such as state-sanctioned segregation and overt racial hostility, have markedly declined. How then can we explain the stubborn persistence of racial inequality? In Beyond Discrimination: Racial Inequality in a Post-Racist Era, a diverse group of scholars provides a more precise understanding of when and how racial inequality can occur without its most common antecedents, prejudice and discrimination. Beyond Discrimination focuses on the often hidden political, economic and historical mechanisms that now sustain the black-white divide in America. The first set of chapters examines the historical legacies that have shaped contemporary race relations. Desmond King reviews the civil rights movement to pinpoint why racial inequality became an especially salient issue in American politics. He argues that while the civil rights protests led the federal government to enforce certain political rights, such as the right to vote, addressing racial inequities in housing, education, and income never became a national priority. The volume then considers the impact of racial attitudes in American society and institutions. Phillip Goff outlines promising new collaborations between police departments and social scientists that will improve the measurement of racial bias in policing. The book finally focuses on the structural processes that perpetuate racial inequality. Devin Fergus discusses an obscure set of tax and insurance policies that, without being overtly racially drawn, penalizes residents of minority neighborhoods and imposes an economic handicap on poor blacks and Latinos. Naa Oyo Kwate shows how apparently neutral and apolitical market forces concentrate fast food and alcohol advertising in minority urban neighborhoods to the detriment of the health of the community. As it addresses the most pressing arenas of racial inequality, from education and employment to criminal justice and health, Beyond Discrimination exposes the unequal consequences of the ordinary workings of American society. It offers promising pathways for future research on the growing complexity of race relations in the United States. |
| discrimination and disparities: Intellectuals and Race Thomas Sowell, 2013-03-12 Thomas Sowell's incisive critique of the intellectuals' destructive role in shaping ideas about race in America Intellectuals and Race is a radical book in the original sense of one that goes to the root of the problem. The role of intellectuals in racial strife is explored in an international context that puts the American experience in a wholly new light. The views of individual intellectuals have spanned the spectrum, but the views of intellectuals as a whole have tended to cluster. Indeed, these views have clustered at one end of the spectrum in the early twentieth century and then clustered at the opposite end of the spectrum in the late twentieth century. Moreover, these radically different views of race in these two eras were held by intellectuals whose views on other issues were very similar in both eras. Intellectuals and Race is not, however, a book about history, even though it has much historical evidence, as well as demographic, geographic, economic and statistical evidence -- all of it directed toward testing the underlying assumptions about race that have prevailed at times among intellectuals in general, and especially intellectuals at the highest levels. Nor is this simply a theoretical exercise. The impact of intellectuals' ideas and crusades on the larger society, both past and present, is the ultimate concern. These ideas and crusades have ranged widely from racial theories of intelligence to eugenics to social justice and multiculturalism. In addition to in-depth examinations of these and other issues, Intellectuals and Race explores the incentives, the visions and the rationales that drive intellectuals at the highest levels to conclusions that have often turned out to be counterproductive and even disastrous, not only for particular racial or ethnic groups, but for societies as a whole. |
| discrimination and disparities: Black Rednecks and White Liberals Thomas Sowell, 2010-09-17 This explosive new book challenges many of the long-prevailing assumptions about blacks, about Jews, about Germans, about slavery, and about education. Plainly written, powerfully reasoned, and backed with a startling array of documented facts, Black Rednecks and White Liberals takes on not only the trendy intellectuals of our times but also suc... |
| discrimination and disparities: Economic Facts and Fallacies Thomas Sowell, 2011-03-22 Thomas Sowell “both surprises and overturns received wisdom” in this indispensable examination of widespread economic fallacies (The Economist) Economic Facts and Fallacies exposes some of the most popular fallacies about economic issues-and does so in a lively manner and without requiring any prior knowledge of economics by the reader. These include many beliefs widely disseminated in the media and by politicians, such as mistaken ideas about urban problems, income differences, male-female economic differences, as well as economics fallacies about academia, about race, and about Third World countries. One of the themes of Economic Facts and Fallacies is that fallacies are not simply crazy ideas but in fact have a certain plausibility that gives them their staying power-and makes careful examination of their flaws both necessary and important, as well as sometimes humorous. Written in the easy-to-follow style of the author's Basic Economics, this latest book is able to go into greater depth, with real world examples, on specific issues. |
| discrimination and disparities: Measuring Racial Discrimination National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on National Statistics, Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination, 2004-07-24 Many racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and others, have historically faced severe discriminationâ€pervasive and open denial of civil, social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. Today, large differences among racial and ethnic groups continue to exist in employment, income and wealth, housing, education, criminal justice, health, and other areas. While many factors may contribute to such differences, their size and extent suggest that various forms of discriminatory treatment persist in U.S. society and serve to undercut the achievement of equal opportunity. Measuring Racial Discrimination considers the definition of race and racial discrimination, reviews the existing techniques used to measure racial discrimination, and identifies new tools and areas for future research. The book conducts a thorough evaluation of current methodologies for a wide range of circumstances in which racial discrimination may occur, and makes recommendations on how to better assess the presence and effects of discrimination. |
| discrimination and disparities: Death & Discrimination Samuel R. Gross, Robert Mauro, 1989 Studies the capital sentencing patterns in Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Oklahoma, Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia and Arkansas for the years 1976 through 1980. Suggests that, in the aftermath of Furman v. Georgia, various state efforts to improve the evenhandedness of the capital punishment system still need improvements and just alternatives. |
| discrimination and disparities: Please Stop Helping Us Jason L. Riley, 2016-01-05 Why is it that so many efforts by liberals to lift the black underclass not only fail, but often harm the intended beneficiaries? In Please Stop Helping Us, Jason L. Riley examines how well-intentioned welfare programs are in fact holding black Americans back. Minimum-wage laws may lift earnings for people who are already employed, but they price a disproportionate number of blacks out of the labor force. Affirmative action in higher education is intended to address past discrimination, but the result is fewer black college graduates than would otherwise exist. And so it goes with everything from soft-on-crime laws, which make black neighborhoods more dangerous, to policies that limit school choice out of a mistaken belief that charter schools and voucher programs harm the traditional public schools that most low-income students attend. In theory these efforts are intended to help the poor—and poor minorities in particular. In practice they become massive barriers to moving forward. Please Stop Helping Us lays bare these counterproductive results. People of goodwill want to see more black socioeconomic advancement, but in too many instances the current methods and approaches aren’t working. Acknowledging this is an important first step. |
| discrimination and disparities: Social Epidemiology Lisa F. Berkman, Ichiro Kawachi, 2000-03-09 This book shows the important links between social conditions and health and begins to describe the processes through which these health inequalities may be generated. It reviews a range of methodologies that could be used by health researchers in this field and proposes innovative future research directions. |
| discrimination and disparities: Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Population, Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life, 2004-09-08 As the population of older Americans grows, it is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. Differences in health by racial and ethnic status could be increasingly consequential for health policy and programs. Such differences are not simply a matter of education or ability to pay for health care. For instance, Asian Americans and Hispanics appear to be in better health, on a number of indicators, than White Americans, despite, on average, lower socioeconomic status. The reasons are complex, including possible roles for such factors as selective migration, risk behaviors, exposure to various stressors, patient attitudes, and geographic variation in health care. This volume, produced by a multidisciplinary panel, considers such possible explanations for racial and ethnic health differentials within an integrated framework. It provides a concise summary of available research and lays out a research agenda to address the many uncertainties in current knowledge. It recommends, for instance, looking at health differentials across the life course and deciphering the links between factors presumably producing differentials and biopsychosocial mechanisms that lead to impaired health. |
| discrimination and disparities: Racial Disparities in Capital Sentencing Jamie L. Flexon, 2012 Flexon presents an interdisciplinary perspective to the problem of racial disparities in capital case outcomes. In doing so, research from social and cognitive psychology concerning stereotypes and attitude influence were bridged with other empirical findings concerning racial disparities in capital sentencing. Specifically, the psychology of stereotypes and attitudes are used to help explain how racial discrimination can operate undetected among death qualified jurors while producing sentencing discrepancies. The introduction of a potential source of bias information concerning criminal justice and race also is offered. Results indicate that prejudicial ideas are likely operating to influence capital sentencing decisions. |
| discrimination and disparities: Rights on Trial Ellen Berrey, Robert L. Nelson, Laura Beth Nielsen, 2017-06-22 Gerry Handley faced years of blatant race-based harassment before he filed a complaint against his employer: racist jokes, signs reading “KKK” in his work area, and even questions from coworkers as to whether he had sex with his daughter as slaves supposedly did. He had an unusually strong case, with copious documentation and coworkers’ support, and he settled for $50,000, even winning back his job. But victory came at a high cost. Legal fees cut into Mr. Handley’s winnings, and tensions surrounding the lawsuit poisoned the workplace. A year later, he lost his job due to downsizing by his company. Mr. Handley exemplifies the burden plaintiffs bear in contemporary civil rights litigation. In the decades since the civil rights movement, we’ve made progress, but not nearly as much as it might seem. On the surface, America’s commitment to equal opportunity in the workplace has never been clearer. Virtually every company has antidiscrimination policies in place, and there are laws designed to protect these rights across a range of marginalized groups. But, as Ellen Berrey, Robert L. Nelson, and Laura Beth Nielsen compellingly show, this progressive vision of the law falls far short in practice. When aggrieved individuals turn to the law, the adversarial character of litigation imposes considerable personal and financial costs that make plaintiffs feel like they’ve lost regardless of the outcome of the case. Employer defendants also are dissatisfied with the system, often feeling “held up” by what they see as frivolous cases. And even when the case is resolved in the plaintiff’s favor, the conditions that gave rise to the lawsuit rarely change. In fact, the contemporary approach to workplace discrimination law perversely comes to reinforce the very hierarchies that antidiscrimination laws were created to redress. Based on rich interviews with plaintiffs, attorneys, and representatives of defendants and an original national dataset on case outcomes, Rights on Trial reveals the fundamental flaws of workplace discrimination law and offers practical recommendations for how we might better respond to persistent patterns of discrimination. |
| discrimination and disparities: The Economics of Discrimination Gary S. Becker, 2010-08-15 This second edition of Gary S. Becker's The Economics of Discrimination has been expanded to include three further discussions of the problem and an entirely new introduction which considers the contributions made by others in recent years and some of the more important problems remaining. Mr. Becker's work confronts the economic effects of discrimination in the market place because of race, religion, sex, color, social class, personality, or other non-pecuniary considerations. He demonstrates that discrimination in the market place by any group reduces their own real incomes as well as those of the minority. The original edition of The Economics of Discrimination was warmly received by economists, sociologists, and psychologists alike for focusing the discerning eye of economic analysis upon a vital social problem—discrimination in the market place. This is an unusual book; not only is it filled with ingenious theorizing but the implications of the theory are boldly confronted with facts. . . . The intimate relation of the theory and observation has resulted in a book of great vitality on a subject whose interest and importance are obvious.—M.W. Reder, American Economic Review The author's solution to the problem of measuring the motive behind actual discrimination is something of a tour de force. . . . Sociologists in the field of race relations will wish to read this book.—Karl Schuessler, American Sociological Review |
| discrimination and disparities: The Political Regulation Wave Shiran Victoria Shen, 2022-03-31 Offers an innovative theorization of how local political incentives impact bureaucratic regulation, using the case of air pollution control. |
| discrimination and disparities: Race & Economics Walter E. Williams, 2013-09-01 Walter E. Williams applies an economic analysis to the problems black Americans have faced in the past and still face in the present to show that that free-market resource allocation, as opposed to political allocation, is in the best interests of minorities. He debunks many common labor market myths and reveals how excessive government regulation and the minimum-wage law have imposed incalculable harm on the most disadvantaged members of our society. |
| discrimination and disparities: Affirmative Action Around the World Thomas Sowell, 2004-01-01 An eminent authority presents a new perspective on affirmative action in a provocative book that will stir fresh debate about this vitally important issue |
| discrimination and disparities: Issues for Debate in Social Policy CQ Researcher,, 2009-08-18 Issues for Debate in Social Policy is a timely supplement for courses in Social Policy. Each article gives substantial background and analysis of a particular issue as well as useful pedagogical features to inspire critical thinking and to help students grasp and review key material. Topics include: * Women′s Rights * Middle Class Squeeze * Vanishing Jobs * Race and Politics * Domestic Poverty * Welfare Reform * Hunger in America * Social Security Reform * Child Welfare Reform * Wounded Veterans * Universal Coverage * Ending Homelessness * Mortgage Crisis * Caring for the Elderly * Aging Baby Boomers * Gender Pay Gap * The Obama Presidency. |
| discrimination and disparities: The Colors of Poverty Ann Chih Lin, David R. Harris, 2008-08-14 Given the increasing diversity of the nation—particularly with respect to its growing Hispanic and Asian populations—why does racial and ethnic difference so often lead to disadvantage? In The Colors of Poverty, a multidisciplinary group of experts provides a breakthrough analysis of the complex mechanisms that connect poverty and race. The Colors of Poverty reframes the debate over the causes of minority poverty by emphasizing the cumulative effects of disadvantage in perpetuating poverty across generations. The contributors consider a kaleidoscope of factors that contribute to widening racial gaps, including education, racial discrimination, social capital, immigration, and incarceration. Michèle Lamont and Mario Small grapple with the theoretical ambiguities of existing cultural explanations for poverty disparities. They argue that culture and structure are not competing explanations for poverty, but rather collaborate to produce disparities. Looking at how attitudes and beliefs exacerbate racial stratification, social psychologist Heather Bullock links the rise of inequality in the United States to an increase in public tolerance for disparity. She suggests that the American ethos of rugged individualism and meritocracy erodes support for antipoverty programs and reinforces the belief that people are responsible for their own poverty. Sociologists Darren Wheelock and Christopher Uggen focus on the collateral consequences of incarceration in exacerbating racial disparities and are the first to propose a link between legislation that blocks former drug felons from obtaining federal aid for higher education and the black/white educational attainment gap. Joe Soss and Sanford Schram argue that the increasingly decentralized and discretionary nature of state welfare programs allows for different treatment of racial groups, even when such policies are touted as race-neutral. They find that states with more blacks and Hispanics on welfare rolls are consistently more likely to impose lifetime limits, caps on benefits for mothers with children, and stricter sanctions. The Colors of Poverty is a comprehensive and evocative introduction to the dynamics of race and inequality. The research in this landmark volume moves scholarship on inequality beyond a simple black-white paradigm, beyond the search for a single cause of poverty, and beyond the promise of one magic bullet solution. A Volume in the National Poverty Center Series on Poverty and Public Policy |
| discrimination and disparities: The Gender Paradox: Discrimination and Disparities in the Postmodern Era Zachary Elliott, 2020-01-12 Explore the origins of sex and gender through a scientific lens and understand social constructionism, its reliance on regressive gender stereotypes, and its pathological doctrines. Social constructionist theory tells us that boys and girls are not born different but are rather made different through socialization. Yet something strange has happened: Across the world's most gender-equal liberal democracies, the differences between men and women have not gone away. Paradoxically, gender differences in personality, interests, and occupational preferences have grown larger. This should not be happening. If men and women are made different through socialization, shouldn't the most gender-equal societies be, after all, gender-equal? Gender, like the Penrose Triangle, is an optical illusion. Many people think they know its properties, but it's wildly deceptive. If we can just find the correct angle, then maybe we can observe gender's actual properties, and with it, perhaps we can solve The Gender Paradox. |
| discrimination and disparities: Coming to Terms with Chance Oscar H. Gandy, 2016-05-23 The application of probability and statistics to an ever-widening number of life-decisions serves to reproduce, reinforce, and widen disparities in the quality of life that different groups of people can enjoy. As a critical technology assessment, the ways in which bad luck early in life increase the probability that hardship and loss will accumulate across the life course are illustrated. Analysis shows the ways in which individual decisions, informed by statistical models, shape the opportunities people face in both market and non-market environments. Ultimately, this book challenges the actuarial logic and instrumental rationalism that drives public policy and emphasizes the role that the mass media play in justifying its expanded use. Although its arguments and examples take as their primary emphasis the ways in which these decision systems affect the life chances of African-Americans, the findings are also applicable to a broad range of groups burdened by discrimination. |
| discrimination and disparities: Ethnic America Thomas Sowell, 2008-08-01 This classic work by the distinguished economist traces the history of nine American ethnic groups -- the Irish, Germans, Jews, Italians, Chinese, African-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Mexicans. |
| discrimination and disparities: Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism Jamil, Sadia, Çoban, Bar??, Ataman, Bora, Appiah-Adjei, Gifty, 2020-12-18 Today, a variety of gender-based threats and discrimination continue to characterize journalism. Both male and female journalists are prone to online and offline threats, casual stereotypes in their routine work, and discrimination (especially in terms of job opportunities, promotion, and pay-scale). Working in a safe and non-discriminatory environment is the right of all journalists, regardless of their gender. The Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism is a critical reference book that highlights equal rights in journalism to ensure the safety of women and men. The book investigates the level and nature of threats, both online and offline, faced by journalists as well as gender discrimination in journalism. Best practices and examples that can promote a safe working environment and gender equality in journalism are also presented. Highlighting important themes such as online harassment, sexism, and gender-based violence, this book is ideal for journalists, reporters, media organizations, professionals, researchers, academicians, and students working or studying in the fields of journalism, media and communications, human rights, and women’s studies. |
| discrimination and disparities: Equal Opportunities and Ethnic Inequality in European Labour Markets Karen Kraal, Judith Roosblad, John Wrench, 2009 scholars and practitioners can help make equal opportunities more accessible than ever. -- |
| discrimination and disparities: Confronting Discrimination and Inequality in China Errol Mendes, Sakunthala Srighanthan, 2009-04-18 Confronting Discrimination and Inequality in China focuses on the most challenging areas of discrimination and inequality in China, including discrimination faced by HIV/AIDS afflicted individuals, rural populations, migrant workers, women, people with disabilities, and ethnic minorities. The Canadian contributors offer rich regional, national, and international perspectives on how constitutions, laws, policies, and practices, both in Canada and in other parts of the world, battle discrimination and the conflicts that rise out of it. The Chinese contributors include some of the most independent-minded scholars and practitioners in China. Their assessments of the challenges facing China in the areas of discrimination and inequality not only attest to their personal courage and intellectual freedom but also add an important perspective on this emerging superpower. |
| discrimination and disparities: Flatlining Adia Harvey Wingfield, 2019-07-02 What happens to black health care professionals in the new economy, where work is insecure and organizational resources are scarce? In Flatlining, Adia Harvey Wingfield exposes how hospitals, clinics, and other institutions participate in “racial outsourcing,” relying heavily on black doctors, nurses, technicians, and physician assistants to do “equity work”—extra labor that makes organizations and their services more accessible to communities of color. Wingfield argues that as these organizations become more profit driven, they come to depend on black health care professionals to perform equity work to serve increasingly diverse constituencies. Yet black workers often do this labor without recognition, compensation, or support. Operating at the intersection of work, race, gender, and class, Wingfield makes plain the challenges that black employees must overcome and reveals the complicated issues of inequality in today’s workplaces and communities. |
| discrimination and disparities: Affirmative Discrimination Nathan Glazer, 1987 Should government try to remedy persistent racial and ethnic inequalities by establishing and enforcing quotas and other statistical goals? Here is one of the most incisive books ever written on this difficult issue. Nathan Glazer surveys the civil rights tradition in the United States; evaluates public policies in the areas of employment, education, and housing; and questions the judgment and wisdom of their underlying premises--their focus on group rights, rather than individual rights. Such policies, he argues, are ineffective, unnecessary, and politically destructive of harmonious relations among the races. Updated with a long, new introduction by the author, Affirmative Discrimination will enable citizens as well as scholars to better understand and evaluate public policies for achieving social justice in a multiethnic society. |
| discrimination and disparities: Under the Skin Linda Villarosa, 2022-06-14 PULITZER PRIZE FINALIST • A stunning exposé of why Black people in our society 'live sicker and die quicker'—an eye-opening game changer.—Oprah Daily From an award-winning writer at the New York Times Magazine and a contributor to the 1619 Project comes a landmark book that tells the full story of racial health disparities in America, revealing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation. In 2018, Linda Villarosa's New York Times Magazine article on maternal and infant mortality among black mothers and babies in America caused an awakening. Hundreds of studies had previously established a link between racial discrimination and the health of Black Americans, with little progress toward solutions. But Villarosa's article exposing that a Black woman with a college education is as likely to die or nearly die in childbirth as a white woman with an eighth grade education made racial disparities in health care impossible to ignore. Now, in Under the Skin, Linda Villarosa lays bare the forces in the American health-care system and in American society that cause Black people to “live sicker and die quicker” compared to their white counterparts. Today's medical texts and instruments still carry fallacious slavery-era assumptions that Black bodies are fundamentally different from white bodies. Study after study of medical settings show worse treatment and outcomes for Black patients. Black people live in dirtier, more polluted communities due to environmental racism and neglect from all levels of government. And, most powerfully, Villarosa describes the new understanding that coping with the daily scourge of racism ages Black people prematurely. Anchored by unforgettable human stories and offering incontrovertible proof, Under the Skin is dramatic, tragic, and necessary reading. |
| discrimination and disparities: The Color of Wealth Barbara Robles, Betsy Leondar-Wright, Rose Brewer, 2006-06-05 For every dollar owned by the average white family in the United States, the average family of color has less than a dime. Why do people of color have so little wealth? The Color of Wealth lays bare a dirty secret: for centuries, people of color have been barred by laws and by discrimination from participating in government wealth-building programs that benefit white Americans. This accessible book—published in conjunction with one of the country's leading economics education organizations—makes the case that until government policy tackles disparities in wealth, not just income, the United States will never have racial or economic justice. Written by five leading experts on the racial wealth divide who recount the asset-building histories of Native Americans, Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans, this book is a uniquely comprehensive multicultural history of American wealth. With its focus on public policies—how, for example, many post–World War II GI Bill programs helped whites only—The Color of Wealth is the first book to demonstrate the decisive influence of government on Americans' net worth. |
| discrimination and disparities: False Black Power? Jason L. Riley, 2017-05-30 Black civil rights leaders have long supported ethnic identity politics and prioritized the integration of political institutions, and seldom has that strategy been questioned. In False Black Power?, Jason L. Riley takes an honest, factual look at why increased black political power has not paid off in the ways that civil rights leadership has promised. Recent decades have witnessed a proliferation of black elected officials, culminating in the historic presidency of Barack Obama. However, racial gaps in employment, income, homeownership, academic achievement, and other measures not only continue but in some cases have even widened. While other racial and ethnic groups in America have made economic advancement a priority, the focus on political capital for blacks has been a disadvantage, blocking them from the fiscal capital that helped power upward mobility among other groups. Riley explains why the political strategy of civil rights leaders has left so many blacks behind. The key to black economic advancement today is overcoming cultural handicaps, not attaining more political power. The book closes with thoughtful responses from key thought leaders Glenn Loury and John McWhorter. |
| discrimination and disparities: Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Population, Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life, 2004-10-16 In their later years, Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are not in equally good-or equally poor-health. There is wide variation, but on average older Whites are healthier than older Blacks and tend to outlive them. But Whites tend to be in poorer health than Hispanics and Asian Americans. This volume documents the differentials and considers possible explanations. Selection processes play a role: selective migration, for instance, or selective survival to advanced ages. Health differentials originate early in life, possibly even before birth, and are affected by events and experiences throughout the life course. Differences in socioeconomic status, risk behavior, social relations, and health care all play a role. Separate chapters consider the contribution of such factors and the biopsychosocial mechanisms that link them to health. This volume provides the empirical evidence for the research agenda provided in the separate report of the Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life. |
| discrimination and disparities: Analyzing Oppression Ann E. Cudd, 2006 Analyzing Oppression presents a new, integrated theory of social oppression, which tackles the fundamental question that no theory of oppression has satisfactorily answered: if there is no natural hierarchy among humans, why are some cases of oppression so persistent? Cudd argues that the explanation lies in the coercive co-opting of the oppressed to join in their own oppression. This answer sets the stage for analysis throughout the book, as it explores the questions of how and why the oppressed join in their oppression. Cudd argues that oppression is an institutionally structured harm perpetrated on social groups by other groups using direct and indirect material, economic, and psychological force. Among the most important and insidious of the indirect forces is an economic force that operates through oppressed persons' own rational choices. This force constitutes the central feature of analysis, and the book argues that this force is especially insidious because it conceals the fact of oppression from the oppressed and from others who would be sympathetic to their plight. The oppressed come to believe that they suffer personal failings and this belief appears to absolve society from responsibility. While on Cudd's view oppression is grounded in material exploitation and physical deprivation, it cannot be long sustained without corresponding psychological forces. Cudd examines the direct and indirect psychological forces that generate and sustain oppression. She discusses strategies that groups have used to resist oppression and argues that all persons have a moral responsibility to resist in some way. In the concluding chapter Cudd proposes a concept of freedom that would be possible for humans in a world that is actively opposing oppression, arguing that freedom for each individual is only possible when we achieve freedom for all others. |
| discrimination and disparities: Strictly Right Linda Bridges, John R. Coyne, Jr., 2007-04-13 An affectionate portrait of the man who started it all With this graceful homage to Bill Buckley, two people who have known the pleasure of his company as friends and colleagues place him where he incontestably belongs--at the center of the conservative political movement that moved the center of American politics to the right. --George F. Will, Newsweek Strictly Right paints an intimate and penetrating portrait of the elegant and multifaceted figure who has helped to add a new dimension to the American political canvas. --Henry A. Kissinger Bill and I and others have been good friends for almost sixty years and I thought I knew of his life as well as anyone, but Linda and John have brought the events together in a magnificent story that surpasses all that we have absorbed. If you like and admire Bill, you must read this. If you don't, read it anyway--it will be good for you. --Evan G. Galbraith, former Ambassador to France and Chairman of National Review Linda Bridges and John Coyne evoke the true old times, when every morning brought a noble chance, and every chance brought out William F. Buckley Jr., ready to write, speak, question, provoke, tease, or praise, in print, in person, or on the tube, as required. All honor to him, and to the authors who capture him in these pages. --Richard Brookhiser, author of What Would the Founders Do?: Our Questions, Their Answers |
| discrimination and disparities: Poverty in the Philippines Asian Development Bank, 2009-12-01 Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis and rising food, fuel, and commodity prices, addressing poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge. The proportion of households living below the official poverty line has declined slowly and unevenly in the past four decades, and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring countries such as the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Economic growth has gone through boom and bust cycles, and recent episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on the poor. Great inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors, as well as unmanaged population growth, are considered some of the key factors constraining poverty reduction efforts. This publication analyzes the causes of poverty and recommends ways to accelerate poverty reduction and achieve more inclusive growth. it also provides an overview of current government responses, strategies, and achievements in the fight against poverty and identifies and prioritizes future needs and interventions. The analysis is based on current literature and the latest available data, including the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey. |
| discrimination and disparities: The Seasons of God Richard Blackaby, 2012-08-21 What season of life are you in? Each of us goes through periods of life that have a certain character—a few months or a few years, good times or difficult circumstances, times of brilliant joy or periods of dark clouds. Often we say, “It’s just the season of life I’m in.” But did you know that just as God has purposes for the seasons of nature, he also uses seasons in your life to grow you, work with you, and talk to you? Richard Blackaby explains in The Seasons of God how understanding the principles of the seasons can offer us hope, direction, insight, and intimacy with God himself. It’s a thoughtful exploration of God’s patterns at work in our lives—how His will is being carried out in the best way…at the best time. Your plans, your relationships, your career, your ministry—all have their unique God-intended moment. God’s Word expresses it this way: “For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven.” So what’s your season of life? And what is God telling you through the season you’re in? |
| discrimination and disparities: Migration and Discrimination Rosita Fibbi, Arnfinn H. Midtbøen, Patrick Simon, 2021-04-08 This open access short reader provides a state of the art overview of the discrimination research field, with particular focus on discrimination against immigrants and their descendants. It covers the ways in which discrimination is defined and conceptualized, how it is measured, how it may be theorized and explained, and how it might be combated by legal and policy means. The book also presents empirical results from studies of discrimination across the world to show the magnitude of the problem and the difficulties of comparison across national borders. The concluding chapter engages in a critical discussion of the relationship between discrimination and integration as well as pointing out promising directions for future studies. As such this short reader is a valuable read to undergraduate students, as well as graduate students, scholars, policy makers and the general public. |
A Review of Thomas Sowell’s Discrimination and Disparities
In Discrimination and Disparities, Thomas Sowell describes how economists think about the causes of disparities in socioeconomic outcomes. He cautions against gov-
Structural Racism and Disparate Impacts in the United States
The ICERD’s definition of discrimination is unequivocal: effects and racially disparate outcomes caused by individual or institutional practices and policies are of primary concern. In the United …
Racial Inequality in the 21st Century: The Declining …
This chapter contains three themes. First, relative to the 20th century, the significance of discrimination as an explanation for racial inequality across economic and social indicators has …
HOUSING POLICY AND RACIAL DISPARITIES AUGUST 2020
A century of racial discrimination in housing and land use policies leading to separate and unequal paths for Black and white Americans has left a legacy of unequal housing conditions, …
Measuring Discrimination Resource - Scholars at Harvard
“Perceived Discrimination, Race and Health in South Africa: Findings from the South Africa Stress and Health Study.” Social Science and Medicine, 2008; 67: 441-452.
Systemic Racism and Reproductive Injustice in the United States
In 2022, racial discrimination in U.S. health care is rampant. For women of color, intersectional discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, and gender is fueling a reproductive health equity …
Health Disparities and Stress - American Psychological …
Perceived discrimination (i.e. work place, gender-, race/ethnicity-, and sexual orientation-based), has been found to be a key factor in chronic stress-related health disparities among …
Comprehensive Policy Framework to Understand and Address …
In this policy paper the American College of Physicians lays out a framework that confronts the various, interconnected, and compounding aspects of U.S. society that contribute to poorer …
Racial Equity and Job Quality - Urban Institute
To address these challenges, this brief first summarizes the literature on disparities in job quality by race. More evidence exists on some elements of job quality than others, but by and large, …
H D S O How Discrimination and Bias Shape Outcomes - ed
They describe evidence of substantial racial disparities in the labor market, education, criminal justice, health, and housing, and they show that in each of these domains, such disparities at …
Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Education: Psychology’s …
Ethnic and racial disparities in education are evident prior to children’s entry into K-12 schooling. Although early childhood education (ECE) programs, such as Head Start, have been found to …
Disparities, Discrimination, and Advocacy - Springer
Chapter 5. Disparities, Discrimination, and Advocacy. Karen Brown and Laura Dryjanska. This chapter considers health disparities in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, con-centrating on …
From Disparities to Discrimination - Drexel University
We analyze discrimination and food insecurity in the context of the racial and ethnic disparities in food insecurity in the United States and in the twenty-year history of the Children’s …
Measuring Discrimination Resource - Scholars at Harvard
Everyday Discrimination Scale: Implications for Exposure Assessment and Associations with Hypertension and Depression Among a Cross Section of Mid-Life African American Women.”
How Workplace Disparities May Arise: An Economic Outline
In this article, we provide an introduction to how economists think about poten-tial sources of discrimination and channels through which disparities in labor market outcomes can arise.4 …
NATIONAL STRATEGY ON GENDER EQUITY AND EQUALITY
discrimination and structural barriers that have hampered women, especially women of color, from fully participating in the labor force and from being paid and treated equitably when they do.
Measuring Discrimination Resource - Scholars at Harvard
Everyday Discrimination Scale: Implications for Exposure Assessment and Associations with Hypertension and Depression Among a Cross Section of Mid-Life African American Women.”
Racebased job discrimination, disparities in job control, and …
and may contribute to health disparities consequent on work.Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:587–595, 2014. 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. KEY WORDS: job control; job discrimination; work psychosocial environment; racial disparities in health; occupational disparities INTRODUCTION With education and income, occupation is one of the
Health Disparities and Stress - American Psychological …
Perceived Discrimination Perceived discrimination (i.e. work place, gender-, race/ethnicity-, and sexual orientation-based), has been found to be a key factor in chronic stress-related health disparities among ethnic/racial and other minority groups (de Castro, Gee, & Takeuchi, 2008; Williams & Mohammed, 2009;
Training Health Professionals to Understand Implicit Bias …
Discrimination, and the Implications for Health Equity Kim Yu, MD, FAAFP Chair, WONCA, Special Interest Group on Health Equity March 25, 2021 . ... Discuss IB and health disparities and how to mitigate bias 3. Discuss tools used in the training of health professionals on IB 4. Identify policies and action items to better address and
The Persistent Effects of Decreasing Labor-Market …
Labor-Market Discrimination* Anna Aizer Adriana Lleras-Muney Ryan Boone Jonathan Vogel March 2022 Abstract Racial disparities in labor markets are pervasive. We study a time period, the 1940s, featuring persistent labor-market improvements for Black workers, which we trace to the WWII production effort. Govern-
STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Mar 4, 2022 · of discrimination, hate speech or other overt expressions. Health disparities: A health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and environmental disadvantage. Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group or
From Disparities to Discrimination: Getting at the Roots of …
Discrimination in receiving housing, public assistance, and healthcare is linked to household and childhood food insecurity. These findings are based on interviews ... and racial and ethnic disparities in child health.1,2 Substandard housing is related to increased exposure to lead and allergens that exacerbate asthma, and
Racial Disparities in Mortgage Lending: New Evidence Based …
housing market. An investigation on whether disparities in processing time exist and an examination of the potential causes are important to fully grasp the extent of racial and ethnic disparities in mortgage lending. The expansion of housing credit in the early 2000s led to historically high rates of home-ownership among minority groups.
Structural Racism and Disparate Impacts in the United States
rights and fundamental freedoms in any field of public life. The ICERD’s definition of discrimination is unequivocal: effects and racially disparate outcomes caused by individual or institutional practices and policies are of primary concern. In the United States, racial inequalities and disparities stem from policies and practices that
Illuminating Caste Discrimination in the Indian Education
social disparities. The education sector is particularly affected, despite India's efforts in reform and expansion. Historical caste divisions persist, influencing unequal access ... discrimination within the Indian education sector, including but not limited to unequal access to educational opportunities, biased treatment in classrooms, and ...
The Healthcare Discrimination Experience Scale: Assessing a …
healthcare discrimination experience plays a larger role in explaining racial/ethnic inequities in patient activation and health. Keywords Discrimination · Healthcare · Disparities · Adherence · Patient-practitioner relationships · Health It is important to understand the extent to which people
Measuring Discrimination Resource - Scholars at Harvard
Measuring Discrimination Resource David R. Williams June 2016 ... M., Slopen, N., Williams, D.R. “Racial Disparities in Health: How Much Does Stress Really Matter?” Du Bois Review, 2011; 8(1): 95-113. Measure: In your day-to-day life how often have any of the following things happened to you? 1. You are treated with less courtesy or respect ...
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND HOUSING OUTCOMES IN …
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How Much Does Racial Bias Affect Mortgage Lending?
We assess racial discrimination in mortgage approvals using new data on mortgage applications. Minority applicants tend to have signi cantly lower credit scores, higher ... Observable applicant-risk factors explain most of the racial disparities in lender denials. Further, we exploit the AUS data to show there are risk factors we do not ...
Racial Disparities in Sleep: Potential Mediation by …
experiences of discrimination, which was associated with increased psychological distress, and poorer sleep health. Find-ings demonstrate the signicant adverse impact that discrimination has on both psychological well-being and sleep health. Keywords Sleep health · Discrimination · Psychological distress · Mediation · Disparities · Race
What are Health Disparities and Health Equity? We Need …
health disparities or equity. None of these examples reflects what is at the heart of the concept of health disparities: concerns about social justice—that is, justice with respect to the treatment of more advantaged vs. less advantaged socioeconomic groups when it comes to health and health care. Ambiguity about the meaning of health disparities
Cross-disciplinary rapid scoping review of structural racial and …
Jan 16, 2024 · historical decent-based racial and caste discrimination in three case-study countries. Major theories and praxis explaining research and experiences of structural racial and caste discrimination impacting health disparities are consolidated to synthesize a unified body of knowledge for the 21st century.
WORLD SOCIAL REPORT 2020 INEQUALITY IN A RAPIDLY …
Annex 2: Group-based disparities in access to electricity and sanitation 56. CONTENTS. INEQUALITY IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD. V. 2. The technological revolution: winners and losers 57 ...
Racial and Ethnic Disparities throughout the Criminal Legal …
4 RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES THROUGHOUT THE CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM outcomes of stops, such as disparities in search rates and arrests following traffic stops (Pierson et al. 2020).9 More generally, many policing policies and practices have been rooted in racial biases. In the United
Opioids: Impacts of Health Disparities & Discrimination
Opioids: Impacts of Health Disparities & Discrimination. June 20, 2024. In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by American Academy of CME, Inc. and Par tnership for a Drug-Free New Jersey. American Academy of CME, Inc. is Jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical ...
Addressing Disparities in Care on Labor and Delivery - Springer
Keywords Discrimination · Disparities · Inequity · Labor and delivery · Maternal morbidity · Maternal mortality · Obstetrics · Racism Introduction Signicant racial and ethnic disparities in maternal morbid-ity and mortality exist in the USA, and have continued to widen over the past century. In the setting of race and ethnic-
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID …
discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance to health care.9 People of African descent, people of Asian descent and Roma are doing worst in the midst of the pandemic. In addition, they represent a significant percentage of - ... Where disaggregated data is available, stark racial disparities are evident. For example, there are now a number
New Requirements to Reduce Health Care Disparities - The …
Jun 20, 2022 · • The Rights and Responsibilities of the Individual (RI) requirement prohibiting discrimination (Standard RI.01.01.01, EP 29) will apply to all Joint Commission–accredited ambulatory health care organizations and ... Standard LD.04.03.08: Reducing health care disparities for the [organization’s] [patients] is a quality and safety priority ...
Understanding and Addressing Disparities and …
this, ACP contends that policy recommendations to address disparities and discrimination in education and the physician workforce are a key component to a comprehensive and overarching approach to eliminating disparities in health and health care. Methods This position paper was drafted by ACP’s Health and Public Policy
Racial/Ethnic Disparities: Discrimination’s Impact on
Racial/Ethnic Disparities: Discrimination’s Impact on Health‑Related Quality of Life—An All of Us Cancer Survivors’ Cross‑sectional Study Angel Arizpe1 · Carol Y. Ochoa‑Dominguez2 · Stephanie Navarro1 · Sue E. Kim1 · Katelyn Queen1 · Trevor A ...
Discrimination and Health Outcomes - Veterans Affairs
Discrimination and Health Outcomes Second, I want to welcome everyone and thank you all for joining. My name is Lauren Korshak and I lead translation activities for VA's office of HealthEquity, the Office of HealthEquity champions, the advancement of HealthEquity and reduction. Of health disparities and veterans. My job means that I get
From Disparities to Discrimination - feedva.org
discrimination on the street, in healthcare, school and work, with the police, and in other settings. We analyze discrimination and food insecurity in the context of the racial and ethnic disparities in food insecurity in the United States and in the twenty-year history of the Children’s HealthWatch dataset from the front lines of pediatric care.
THOMAS SOWELL INTELLECTUALS - Archive.org
Chapter 2: Disparities and Their Causes Chapter 3: Changing Racial Beliefs Chapter 4: Internal Responses to Disparities ... discrimination explains much or most of the disparities between blacks and. whites. In many, if not most, cases, reporting the data for Asian Americans would undermin e, if not devastate, the conclusions reached from black
Race, Ethnicity, and Discriminatory Zoning - National Bureau …
Discrimination in zoning ordinances translates directly into economic disparities since “… for the great majority of homeowners, the equity in their home is the most important savings they have.” (Fischel, 2001, p. 4). We also show that conditional on pre-zoning land use,
H D S O How Discrimination and Bias Shape Outcomes - JSTOR
but such disparities don’t necessarily indicate discrimination. Disparities could reflect differences in preferences, innate differences between groups, and/or unequal treatment that occurred before contact with a given institution. For example, the absence of women in the National Football League could reflect biological differences between men
Understanding how discrimination can affect health
risk factor for disease and a contributor to racial disparities in health. Attention is needed to strengthen research gaps and to advance our understanding of the optimal interventions that can reduce the negative effects of discrimination. KEYWORDS discrimination, health, health disparities, mental health, racism |
HOW JUDGES THINK ABOUT RACIAL DISPARITIES: …
disparities at arraignment, plea hearings, jury selection, and sentencing. Most judges in our sample attribute disparities, in part, to differential treatment by themselves and/or other criminal justice officials, whereas some judges attribute disparities only to the disparate impact of poverty and differences in offending rates.
Discrimination, Economics, and Culture - Hoover Institution
Some statistical disparities are of course caused by discrimination, just as some deaths are caused by cancer. But one cannot infer discrimination from statistics any more than one can infer cancer whenever someone dies. The absence of corroborating evidence of …
STRESS AND HEALTH DISPARITIES - American Psychological …
health disparities initiative as an activity of its recently adopted strategic plan. The purpose of the initiative was to increase support for research, training, public edu- ... racial discrimination, have been associated with health status and health behaviors (Ahmed, Mohammed, & Williams, 2007; J. S. Jackson, Knight, & Rafferty, 2010).
Minority Health and Health Disparities Strategic Plan …
health disparities: “The Director of the Institute, as the primary Federal official with responsibility for coordinat-ing all research and activities conducted or supported by the National Institutes of Health on minority health and health disparities, shall plan, coordinate, review, and evaluate research and other activities conducted or
Systemic Racism and Reproductive Injustice in the United States
quality, compromised by discrimination.11 And across a broad range of health outcomes, racial disparities reveal systemic inequities, within and beyond the U.S. health care system.12 This Committee (the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, or CERD) has
JEL Codes: Keywords - JSTOR
tions of statistical discrimination, as portrayed by negative stereotyping and screen-ing discrimination, to such employment and wage disparities. We develop an equi-librium search model of statistical discrimination with learning based onMoscarini (2005) and estimate it by indirect inference. We show that statistical discrimination
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health: The Interplay Between
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health: The Interplay Between Discrimination and Socioeconomic Status Xinhua S. Ren, PhD; Benjamin C. Amick, PhD; David R. Williams, PhD ... of discrimination tended to have a strong negative association with health and accounted for some racial/ethnic differences in health status. The study also revealed a complex
WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF SCHOOL DISCIPLINE …
disparities might require professional development and oversight to reduce the occurrence of discriminatory practices. If discipline disparities reflect differences in students’ actual behaviors, eliminating these disparities might require addressing the root causes of misbehavior. In this study, we carefully examine discipline disparities in
Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic …
Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education Participation. Indicator 5. Early Childcare and Education Arrangements. In 2016, about 29 percent of children under 6 years old who were not enrolled in kindergarten regularly received center-
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the VA Healthcare System: A …
disparities within the VA, to address the following objectives: 1) Determine in which clinical areas racial and ethnic disparities are prevalent within the VA; 2) Describe what is known about the sources of those disparities; and 3) Qualitatively synthesize that knowledge to determine the most promising avenues for
Gender discrimination, gender disparities in obesity and …
Gender discrimination, gender disparities in obesity and human development Fabrizio Ferretti*, Michele Mariani Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy ... discrimination currently available to the international research community. We obtain five main results. First, we provide an ...
Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Probation …
sanctioning, particularly incarceration. Disparities in probation revocations could then contribute to disparities in incarceration. Yet, few studies examine racial and ethnic disparities at this decision point. This brief discusses Urban’s study examining …
How Health Care Leaders View Disparities in Care - The New …
May 15, 2024 · structural racism, discrimination, and disparities,” says Richmond. “Not just in health care, but across society at large. There was the murder of George Floyd and its impact on the national conversation about racism, and widespread health care disparities that occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Measuring Racial Discrimination in Bail Decisions - University …
disparities may reflect legally relevant dierences in criminal behavior that are partially observed by police ocers, prosecutors, and judges but not by the econometrician. Second, the observed disparities may also reflect discrimination driven by statistical discrimination, not just racially biased preferences and stereotypes.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Discrimination: …
Furthermore, racial disparities in exposure to discrimination among children explains almost 10% of the black–white gap but little of the Hispanic– white gap in self-rated health among these mothers. We conclude that the negative health impacts of discrimination are likely to operate in a bidirectional fashion across key family relationships.
Systemic Discrimination and Gender Inequality - JSTOR
The concept of systemic discrimination was recognized in Canadian equality law in the late 20th century. In a series of cases involving workplace discrimination, the courts steadily expanded the legal meaning of discrimination to embrace both intentional and effects-based discrimination, as well as to acknowledge the individual and collective,
Annotated Bibliography: Racial Disparities in the Criminal …
Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System 514 10TH STREET NW, ... discrimination in the contexts of education, employment, and voting, it is completely absent in the realm of criminal law, where perhaps the most troubling racial disparities in America actually exist. Butler believes that the three traditional rationales for affirmative
Behavioral Health Equity Disparities Behavioral Health …
discrimination, and increased racial tensions. OMH is building on a multi-faceted strategy to address and reduce disparities in mental health-care and is implementing strategies to eliminate disparities and combat racism in New York State. These efforts are grounded in the concept that organizational and personal self-reflection
Shadow Report of The Sentencing Project to the …
Racial and ethnic disparities among women remain prevalent, although less substantial than disparities among men. 9. 1 International Convention On the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Feb. 18 – March 7, 2008, Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
