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Deer Predation or Starvation: Answer Key to a Complex Ecological Question
Introduction:
The delicate balance of nature often presents us with stark choices, particularly when examining the mortality factors affecting wildlife populations. For deer, two significant threats loom large: predation and starvation. Understanding which of these plays a more dominant role in shaping deer populations is crucial for effective wildlife management. This post serves as your comprehensive "answer key" – not with a simple right or wrong, but a nuanced exploration of predation versus starvation in deer mortality, backed by scientific evidence and real-world examples. We'll unpack the complexities of this ecological equation, examining the various factors that influence the outcome and providing a clearer picture of this critical wildlife issue.
H2: Predation: The Silent Hunters and Their Impact
Deer face a diverse array of predators, depending on their geographic location and habitat. This ranges from large carnivores like wolves, cougars, and bears to smaller predators such as coyotes, bobcats, and even foxes, particularly targeting fawns.
H3: Predation's Role in Population Control
Predation acts as a natural form of population regulation. Predators primarily target the weak, sick, or injured deer, thus improving the overall genetic health of the herd. This "selective predation" prevents overgrazing and reduces the spread of disease within the deer population. However, the impact of predation is highly variable, influenced by predator populations, deer density, and habitat availability.
H4: Specific Examples of Predation's Influence
In areas with robust wolf or cougar populations, predation can significantly influence deer numbers. Studies in Yellowstone National Park, for example, have shown a clear correlation between wolf reintroduction and changes in elk (a close relative to deer) behavior and population dynamics. In other regions, coyote predation on fawns can heavily impact recruitment rates, influencing the overall population growth.
H2: Starvation: The Silent Killer of the Winter Months
Starvation, often exacerbated by harsh winters, overpopulation, or habitat degradation, presents a formidable challenge to deer survival. This is especially true during periods of deep snow, ice, or when preferred food sources are scarce.
H3: Factors Contributing to Starvation
Several factors contribute to deer starvation. These include:
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Reduced access to foraging areas due to development, deforestation, or agricultural expansion limits the availability of food.
Overgrazing: High deer densities can lead to overgrazing, depleting the available food resources, particularly in winter months when plant regeneration is slow.
Severe Weather: Heavy snowfall, prolonged periods of freezing rain, or extreme cold can make accessing food sources incredibly difficult, leading to starvation, especially for vulnerable individuals like young deer and the elderly.
Disease: Weak or diseased deer are more susceptible to starvation as they lack the energy to compete for resources or travel to find food.
H4: The Impact of Starvation on Deer Populations
Starvation affects deer populations in a non-selective manner, meaning it doesn't target specific individuals based on their fitness. It can lead to mass die-offs during particularly harsh winters or when other factors exacerbate food scarcity. This indiscriminate mortality can have significant short-term impacts on population size, but unlike predation, it doesn’t necessarily lead to a healthier, more resilient herd.
H2: Predation vs. Starvation: The Interplay and the "Answer Key"
There's no single "answer key" to which factor is more significant in deer mortality. The relative impact of predation and starvation is highly context-dependent and varies drastically based on location, specific environmental factors, and the interplay between predator and prey populations.
In some regions, predation might be the primary driver of deer mortality, particularly in areas with abundant predators and healthy prey populations. In other regions, starvation might be the dominant factor, especially during harsh winters or in areas with high deer densities and limited food resources. Often, a combination of both factors plays a role, with starvation weakening deer and making them more vulnerable to predation.
Effective wildlife management requires a nuanced understanding of these interacting factors. Strategies aimed at mitigating both predation and starvation are needed to ensure healthy deer populations. This may involve habitat restoration, predator control (in certain circumstances), and population management techniques.
Conclusion:
Understanding the complex interplay between predation and starvation in deer mortality is vital for effective wildlife conservation. While there's no simple answer to which factor is more important, appreciating their interconnectedness and the specific ecological context allows for informed management strategies aimed at maintaining healthy and sustainable deer populations. Further research and monitoring are essential to continue unraveling the intricate details of this ecological puzzle.
FAQs:
1. Can human intervention prevent deer starvation? Yes, to some extent. Habitat management, supplemental feeding (carefully implemented to avoid dependency and disease spread), and controlling deer populations can all play a role.
2. Does predation always benefit the deer population? While selective predation can improve the overall genetic health of the herd, excessive predation can negatively impact population numbers, particularly if it surpasses the reproductive capacity of the deer.
3. How can we measure the relative impact of predation and starvation? This often involves a combination of techniques including population surveys, carcass analysis (to determine cause of death), tracking predator and prey movements, and analyzing environmental factors like snow depth and food availability.
4. What is the role of disease in deer mortality? Disease can weaken deer, making them more susceptible to both predation and starvation. It can also contribute directly to mortality.
5. Can climate change affect deer predation and starvation? Absolutely. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can influence food availability, vegetation growth, and predator-prey dynamics, thereby affecting the relative impact of predation and starvation on deer populations.
| deer predation or starvation answer key: White-tailed Deer in Eastern Ecosystems William F. Porter, 1991 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Wisconsin Natural Resources , 2013 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Escaping From Predators William E. Cooper (Jr.), Daniel T. Blumstein, 2015-05-28 Bringing together theory and reality of prey escape from predators, this book benchmarks new and current thinking in escape ecology. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Mule Deer Conservation James C. DeVos, Michael R. Conover, Nevelyn E. Headrick, 2003-01-01 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: IFIS Dictionary of Food Science and Technology International Food Information Service, 2009-05-18 “When comparing this dictionary, there is very little competition at all… a very useful resource in the industrial, profession-al and supporting research areas, as well as for non-food scientists who have supervisory and management responsibility in a food area.” –Food & Beverage Reporter, Nov/Dec 2009 “I would thoroughly recommend this book to food scientists and technologists throughout the universities, research establishments and food and pharmaceutical companies. Librarians in all such establishments should ensure that they have copies on their shelves.” –International Journal of Dairy Technology, November 2009 “A must-own.” –Food Industry News, August 2009 IFIS has been producing quality comprehensive information for the world’s food science, food technology and nutrition community since its foundation in 1968 and, through its production of FSTA – Food Science and Technology Abstracts, has earned a worldwide reputation for excellence. Distilled from the extensive data held and maintained by IFIS, the dictionary is easy to use and has been rigorously edited and cross-referenced. Now in an extensively revised and updated second edition, this landmark publication features: 8,612 entries including 763 new entries and over 1,500 revised entries Reflects current usage in the scientific literature Includes local names, synonyms and Latin names, as appropriate Extensive cross-referencing Scientific editing from the team at IFIS |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Integrative Organismal Biology Lynn B. Martin, Cameron K. Ghalambor, H. Arthur Woods, 2014-11-13 Integrative Organismal Biology synthesizes current understandings of the causes and consequences of individual variation at the physiological, behavioral and organismal levels. Emphasizing key topics such as phenotypic plasticity and flexibility, and summarizing emerging areas such as ecological immunology, oxidative stress biology and others, Integrative Organismal Biology pulls together information from diverse disciplines to provide a synthetic view of the role of the individual in evolution. Beginning with the role of the individual in evolutionary and ecological processes, the book covers theory and mechanism from both classic and modern perspectives. Chapters explore concepts such as phenotypic plasticity, genetic and epigenetic variation, physiological and phenotypic variation, homeostasis, and gene and physiological regulatory networks. A concluding section interweaves these concepts through a series of case studies of life processes such as aging, reproduction, and immune defense. Written and edited by leaders in the field, Integrative Organismal Biology will be an important advanced textbook for students and researchers across a variety of subdisciplines of integrative biology. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Biennial Meeting of the National Association of Game Wardens and Commissioners International Association of Game, Fish, and Conservation Commissioners, 1971 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs Joshua Ross Ginsberg, David Whyte Macdonald, IUCN/SSC Wolf Specialist Group, 1990 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Towards a sustainable, participatory and inclusive wild meat sector Coad, L., Fa, J.E., Abernethy, K., Van Vliet, N., Santamaria, C., Wilkie, D., El Bizri, H.R., Ingram, D.J., Cawthorn, D-M., Nasi, R., 2019-01-30 The meat of wild species, referred to in this report as ‘wild meat’, is an essential source of protein and a generator of income for millions of forest-living communities in tropical and subtropical regions. However, unsustainable harvest rates currently |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Population Regulation Robert H. Tamarin, 1978 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Albion's Seed David Hackett Fischer, 1991-03-14 This fascinating book is the first volume in a projected cultural history of the United States, from the earliest English settlements to our own time. It is a history of American folkways as they have changed through time, and it argues a thesis about the importance for the United States of having been British in its cultural origins. While most people in the United States today have no British ancestors, they have assimilated regional cultures which were created by British colonists, even while preserving ethnic identities at the same time. In this sense, nearly all Americans are Albion's Seed, no matter what their ethnicity may be. The concluding section of this remarkable book explores the ways that regional cultures have continued to dominate national politics from 1789 to 1988, and still help to shape attitudes toward education, government, gender, and violence, on which differences between American regions are greater than between European nations. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Spreadsheet Exercises in Ecology and Evolution Therese Marie Donovan, Charles Woodson Welden, 2002 The exercises in this unique book allow students to use spreadsheet programs such as Microsoftr Excel to create working population models. The book contains basic spreadsheet exercises that explicate the concepts of statistical distributions, hypothesis testing and power, sampling techniques, and Leslie matrices. It contains exercises for modeling such crucial factors as population growth, life histories, reproductive success, demographic stochasticity, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, metapopulation dynamics, predator-prey interactions (Lotka-Volterra models), and many others. Building models using these exercises gives students hands-on information about what parameters are important in each model, how different parameters relate to each other, and how changing the parameters affects outcomes. The mystery of the mathematics dissolves as the spreadsheets produce tangible graphic results. Each exercise grew from hands-on use in the authors' classrooms. Each begins with a list of objectives, background information that includes standard mathematical formulae, and annotated step-by-step instructions for using this information to create a working model. Students then examine how changing the parameters affects model outcomes and, through a set of guided questions, are challenged to develop their models further. In the process, they become proficient with many of the functions available on spreadsheet programs and learn to write and use complex but useful macros. Spreadsheet Exercises in Ecology and Evolution can be used independently as the basis of a course in quantitative ecology and its applications or as an invaluable supplement to undergraduate textbooks in ecology, population biology, evolution, and population genetics. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Register , 2009-10-09 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Of Wolves and Men Barry Holstun Lopez, 2004 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Animals in Our Midst: The Challenges of Co-existing with Animals in the Anthropocene Bernice Bovenkerk, Jozef Keulartz, 2021-04-29 This Open Access book brings together authoritative voices in animal and environmental ethics, who address the many different facets of changing human-animal relationships in the Anthropocene. As we are living in complex times, the issue of how to establish meaningful relationships with other animals under Anthropocene conditions needs to be approached from a multitude of angles. This book offers the reader insight into the different discussions that exist around the topics of how we should understand animal agency, how we could take animal agency seriously in farms, urban areas and the wild, and what technologies are appropriate and morally desirable to use regarding animals. This book is of interest to both animal studies scholars and environmental ethics scholars, as well as to practitioners working with animals, such as wildlife managers, zookeepers, and conservation biologists. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Social Predation Guy Beauchamp, 2013-12-07 The classic literature on predation dealt almost exclusively with solitary predators and their prey. Going back to Lotka-Volterra and optimal foraging theory, the theory about predation, including predator-prey population dynamics, was developed for solitary species. Various consequences of sociality for predators have been considered only recently. Similarly, while it was long recognized that prey species can benefit from living in groups, research on the adaptive value of sociality for prey species mostly emerged in the 1970s. The main theme of this book is the various ways that predators and prey may benefit from living in groups. The first part focusses on predators and explores how group membership influences predation success rate, from searching to subduing prey. The second part focusses on how prey in groups can detect and escape predators. The final section explores group size and composition and how individuals respond over evolutionary times to the challenges posed by chasing or being chased by animals in groups. This book will help the reader understand current issues in social predation theory and provide a synthesis of the literature across a broad range of animal taxa. - Includes the whole taxonomical range rather than limiting it to a select few - Features in-depth analysis that allows a better understanding of many subtleties surrounding the issues related to social predation - Presents both models and empirical results while covering the extensive predator and prey literature - Contains extensive illustrations and separate boxes that cover more technical features, i.e., to present models and review results |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Principles of Ecology Rory Putman, 2012-12-06 As Ecology teachers ourselves we have become increasingly aware of the lack of a single comprehensive textbook of Ecvlogy which we can recommend unreservedly to our students. While general, review texts are readily available in other fields, recent publications in Ecology have tended for the most part to be small, specialised works on single aspects of the subject. Such general texts as are available are often rather too detailed and, in addition, tend to be somewhat biased towards one aspect of the discipline or another and are thus not truly balanced syntheses of current knowledge. Ecology is, in addition, a rapidly developing subject: new information is being gathered all the time on a variety of key questions; new approaches and techniques open up whole new areas of research and establish new principles. Already things have changed radically since the early '70s and we feel there is a need for an up to date student text that will include some of this newer material. We have tried, therefore, to create a text that will review all the major principles and tenets within the whole field of Ecology, presenting the generally accepted theories and fundamentals and reviewing carefully the evidence on which such principles have been founded. While recent developments in ecological thought are emphasised, we hope that these will not dominate the material to the extent where the older-established principles are ignored or overlooked. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Global Re-introduction Perspectives Pritpal S. Soorae, 2010 This is the second issue in the Global Re-introduction Perspectives series and has been produced in the same standardized format as the previous one. The case-studies are arranged in the following order: Introduction, Goals, Success Indicators, Project Summary, Major Difficulties Faced, Major Lessons Learned, Success of Project with reasons for success or failure. For this second issue we received a total of 72 case-studies compared to 62 in the last issue. These case studies cover the following taxa as follows: invertebrates (9), fish (6), amphibians (5), reptiles (7), birds (13), mammals (20) and plants (12) ... We hope the information presented in this book will provide a broad global perspective on challenges facing re-introduction projects trying to restore biodiversity.--Pritpal S. Soorae. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators Matt W. Hayward, Michael Somers, 2009-04-13 Large predators are among the most threatened species on the planet and ways of conserving them in the face of increasing human populations and associated resource requirements are becoming critical. This book draws upon the experiences of some of the world’s foremost large carnivore specialists to discuss the numerous issues associated reintroducing large predators back into their natural habitats. Reviews of internationally renowned reintroduction programs for wolves, European lynx and African wild dog reveal the successes and failures of these actions. Experts on tigers, snow leopards and jaguars contend that there are other conservation options of higher priority that will ensure their security in the long-term. Other experts discuss more theoretical aspects such as whether we know enough about these species to be able to predict their behavioural or ecological response to the reintroduction process. Social, economic, political and genetic considerations are also addressed. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Linkages in the Landscape Andrew F. Bennett, 2003 The loss and fragmentation of natural habitats is one of the major issues in wildlife management and conservation. Habitat corridors are sometimes proposed as an important element within a conservation strategy. Examples are given of corridors both as pathways and as habitats in their own right. Includes detailed reviews of principles relevant to the design and management of corridors, their place in regional approaches to conservation planning, and recommendations for research and management. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Real Gardens Grow Natives Eileen M Stark, 2014-09-24 CLICK HERE to download sample native plants from Real Gardens Grow Natives For many people, the most tangible and beneficial impact they can have on the environment is right in their own yard. Aimed at beginning and veteran gardeners alike, Real Gardens Grow Natives is a stunningly photographed guide that helps readers plan, implement, and sustain a retreat at home that reflects the natural world. Gardening with native plants that naturally belong and thrive in the Pacific Northwest’s climate and soil not only nurtures biodiversity, but provides a quintessential Northwest character and beauty to yard and neighborhood! For gardeners and conservationists who lack the time to read through lengthy design books and plant lists or can’t afford a landscape designer, Real Gardens Grow Natives is accessible yet comprehensive and provides the inspiration and clear instruction needed to create and sustain beautiful, functional, and undemanding gardens. With expert knowledge from professional landscape designer Eileen M. Stark, Real Gardens Grow Natives includes: * Detailed profiles of 100 select native plants for the Pacific Northwest west of the Cascades, plus related species, helping make plant choice and placement. * Straightfoward methods to enhance or restore habitat and increase biodiversity * Landscape design guidance for various-sized yards, including sample plans * Ways to integrate natives, edibles, and nonnative ornamentals within your garden * Specific planting procedures and secrets to healthy soil * Techniques for propagating your own native plants * Advice for easy, maintenance using organic methods |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Restoring the Balance John A. Vucetich, 2021-10-12 A renowned scientist studies wolves on a wilderness island, searching for what it means to better relate to the natural world-- |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Ecology Charles J. Krebs, 2001 This best-selling majors ecology book continues to present ecology as a series of problems for readers to critically analyze. No other text presents analytical, quantitative, and statistical ecological information in an equally accessible style. Reflecting the way ecologists actually practice, the book emphasizes the role of experiments in testing ecological ideas and discusses many contemporary and controversial problems related to distribution and abundance. Throughout the book, Krebs thoroughly explains the application of mathematical concepts in ecology while reinforcing these concepts with research references, examples, and interesting end-of-chapter review questions. Thoroughly updated with new examples and references, the book now features a new full-color design and is accompanied by an art CD-ROM for instructors. The field package also includes The Ecology Action Guide, a guide that encourages readers to be environmentally responsible citizens, and a subscription to The Ecology Place (www.ecologyplace.com), a web site and CD-ROM that enables users to become virtual field ecologists by performing experiments such as estimating the number of mice on an imaginary island or restoring prairie land in Iowa. For college instructors and students. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour Vero Copner Wynne-Edwards, 1962 An outline of the principles of animal dispersion. The integration of social groups by visible signals. Dispersion in the breeding season: birds. Display characters and natural selection. Fourther consideration of castes in animal societies. Timing and synchronisation. Vertical migration of the plankton. Fluctuations, irruptions and emigrations. Recruitment through reproduction. Socially-induced mortality. Deferment of growth and maturity. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: A Memoir of Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu , 2003 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Deer Browse Resources of North Georgia Thomas Huntington Ripley, Joe P. McClure, 1963 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Medical Biochemistry Antonio Blanco, Gustavo Blanco, 2022-03-23 This second edition of Medical Biochemistry is supported by more than 45 years of teaching experience, providing coverage of basic biochemical topics, including the structural, physical, and chemical properties of water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In addition, the general aspects of thermodynamics, enzymes, bioenergetics, and metabolism are presented in straightforward and easy-to-comprehend language. This book ties these concepts into more complex aspects of biochemistry using a systems approach, dedicating chapters to the integral study of biological phenomena, including cell membrane structure and function, gene expression and regulation, protein synthesis and post-translational modifications, metabolism in specific organs and tissues, autophagy, cell receptors, signal transduction pathways, biochemical bases of endocrinology, immunity, vitamins and minerals, and hemostasis. The field of biochemistry is continuing to grow at a fast pace. This edition has been revised and expanded with all-new sections on the cell plasma membrane, the human microbiome, autophagy, noncoding, small and long RNAs, epigenetics, genetic diseases, virology and vaccines, cell signaling, and different modes of programmed cell death. The book has also been updated with full-color figures, new tables, chapter summaries, and further medical examples to improve learning and better illustrate the concepts described and their clinical significance. - Integrates basic biochemistry principles with molecular biology and molecular physiology - Illustrates basic biochemical concepts through medical and physiological examples - Utilizes a systems approach to understanding biological phenomena - Fully updated for recent studies and expanded to include clinically relevant examples and succinct chapter summaries |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Foraging David W. Stephens, Joel S. Brown, Ronald C. Ydenberg, 2008-09-15 Foraging is fundamental to animal survival and reproduction, yet it is much more than a simple matter of finding food; it is a biological imperative. Animals must find and consume resources to succeed, and they make extraordinary efforts to do so. For instance, pythons rarely eat, but when they do, their meals are large—as much as 60 percent larger than their own bodies. The snake’s digestive system is normally dormant, but during digestion metabolic rates can increase fortyfold. A python digesting quietly on the forest floor has the metabolic rate of thoroughbred in a dead heat. This and related foraging processes have broad applications in ecology, cognitive science, anthropology, and conservation biology—and they can be further extrapolated in economics, neurobiology, and computer science. Foraging is the first comprehensive review of the topic in more than twenty years. A monumental undertaking, this volume brings together twenty-two experts from throughout the field to offer the latest on the mechanics of foraging, modern foraging theory, and foraging ecology. The fourteen essays cover all the relevant issues, including cognition, individual behavior, caching behavior, parental behavior, antipredator behavior, social behavior, population and community ecology, herbivory, and conservation. Considering a wide range of taxa, from birds to mammals to amphibians, Foraging will be the definitive guide to the field. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Animal Vigilance Guy Beauchamp, 2015-06-29 Animal Vigilance builds on the author's previous publication with Academic Press (Social Predation: How Group Living Benefits Predators and Prey) by developing several other themes including the development and mechanisms underlying vigilance, as well as developing more fully the evolution and function of vigilance. Animal vigilance has been at the forefront of research on animal behavior for many years, but no comprehensive review of this topic has existed. Students of animal behavior have focused on many aspects of animal vigilance, from models of its adaptive value to empirical research in the laboratory and in the field. The vast literature on vigilance is widely dispersed with often little contact between models and empirical work and between researchers focusing on different taxa such as birds and mammals. Animal Vigilance fills this gap in the available material. - Tackles vigilance from all angles, theoretical and empirical, while including the broadest range of species to underscore unifying themes - Discusses several newer developments in the area, such as vigilance copying and effect of food density - Highlights recent challenges to assumptions of traditional models of vigilance, such as the assumption that vigilance is independent among group members, which is reviewed during discussion of synchronization and coordination of vigilance in a group - Written by a top expert in animal vigilance |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: The Wolf ́s Long Howl Stanley Waterloo, 2018-04-05 Reproduction of the original: The Wolf ́s Long Howl by Stanley Waterloo |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: The Other End of the Leash Patricia McConnell, Ph.D., 2009-02-19 Learn to communicate with your dog—using their language “Good reading for dog lovers and an immensely useful manual for dog owners.”—The Washington Post An Applied Animal Behaviorist and dog trainer with more than twenty years’ experience, Dr. Patricia McConnell reveals a revolutionary new perspective on our relationship with dogs—sharing insights on how “man’s best friend” might interpret our behavior, as well as essential advice on how to interact with our four-legged friends in ways that bring out the best in them. After all, humans and dogs are two entirely different species, each shaped by its individual evolutionary heritage. Quite simply, humans are primates and dogs are canids (as are wolves, coyotes, and foxes). Since we each speak a different native tongue, a lot gets lost in the translation. This marvelous guide demonstrates how even the slightest changes in our voices and in the ways we stand can help dogs understand what we want. Inside you will discover: • How you can get your dog to come when called by acting less like a primate and more like a dog • Why the advice to “get dominance” over your dog can cause problems • Why “rough and tumble primate play” can lead to trouble—and how to play with your dog in ways that are fun and keep him out of mischief • How dogs and humans share personality types—and why most dogs want to live with benevolent leaders rather than “alpha wanna-bes!” Fascinating, insightful, and compelling, The Other End of the Leash is a book that strives to help you connect with your dog in a completely new way—so as to enrich that most rewarding of relationships. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: The Wolves of Mount McKinley Adolph Murie, 1985 In the time of Lewis and Clark, wolves were abundant throughout North America from the Arctic regions to Mexico. But man declared war on this cunning and powerful animal when cattle replaced the buffalo on the western plains, reducing the wolf's range to those few areas in the Far North where economic necessity did not call for its extinction. Between 1939 and 1941, Adolph Murie, one of North America's greatest naturalists, made a field study of the relationship between wolves and Dall sheep in Mount McKinley National Park (since renamed Denali National Park) which has come to be respected as a classic work of natural history. In this study Murie not only described the life cycle of Alaskan wolves in greater detail than has ever been done, but he discovered a great deal about the entire ecological network of predator and prey. The issues surrounding the survival of the wolf and its prey are more important today than ever, and Murie helps us understand the careful balance that must be maintained to ensure that these magnificent animals prosper. Originally available only in government publications which are long out-of-print, this account of a much maligned animal is now available in its first popular edition. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Yellowstone Grizzly Bears Daniel D. Bjornlie, 2017 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: The Science of Overabundance William J. Mcshea, Brian H. Underwood, John H. Rappole, 2003-01-17 Easily the most common of America’s large wildlife species, white-tailed deer are often referred to as overabundant. But when does a species cross the threshold from common to overpopulated? This question has been the focus of debate in recent years among hunters, animal rights activists, and biologists. William McShea and his colleagues explore every aspect of the issue in The Science of Overabundance. Are there really too many deer? Do efforts to control deer populations really work? What broader lessons can we learn from efforts to understand deer population dynamics? Through twenty-three chapters, the editors and contributors dismiss widely held lore and provide solid information on this perplexing problem. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: The Carnivore Way Cristina Eisenberg, 2015-09-08 What would it be like to live in a world with no predators roaming our landscapes? Would their elimination, which humans have sought with ever greater urgency in recent times, bring about a pastoral, peaceful human civilization? Or in fact is their existence critical to our own, and do we need to be doing more to assure their health and the health of the landscapes they need to thrive? In The Carnivore Way, Cristina Eisenberg argues compellingly for the necessity of top predators in large, undisturbed landscapes, and how a continental-long corridor—a “carnivore way”—provides the room they need to roam and connected landscapes that allow them to disperse. Eisenberg follows the footsteps of six large carnivores—wolves, grizzly bears, lynx, jaguars, wolverines, and cougars—on a 7,500-mile wildlife corridor from Alaska to Mexico along the Rocky Mountains. Backed by robust science, she shows how their well-being is a critical factor in sustaining healthy landscapes and how it is possible for humans and large carnivores to coexist peacefully and even to thrive. University students in natural resource science programs, resource managers, conservation organizations, and anyone curious about carnivore ecology and management in a changing world will find a thoughtful guide to large carnivore conservation that dispels long-held myths about their ecology and contributions to healthy, resilient landscapes. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Mule and Black-tailed Deer of North America Olof C. Wallmo, 1981 Developed in co-operation with U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Hunters, Pastoralists and Ranchers Tim Ingold, 1988-03-31 Throughout the northern circumpolar tundras and forests, and over many millennia, human populations have based their livelihood wholly or in part upon the exploitation of a single animal species-the reindeer. Yet some are hunters, others pastoralists, while today traditional pastoral economies are being replaced by a commercially oriented ranch industry. In this book, drawing on ethnographic material from North America and Eurasia, Tim Ingold explains the causes and mechanisms of transformations between hunting, pastoralism and ranching, each based on the same animal in the same environment, and each viewed in terms of a particular conjunction of social and ecological relations of production. In developing a workable synthesis between ecological and economic approaches in anthropology, Ingold introduces theoretically rigorous concepts for the analysis of specialized animal-based economies, which cast the problem of 'domestication' in an entirely new light. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Team, 1980 |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Ecology, Economics, Ethics F. Herbert Bormann, Stephen R. Kellert, Stephan R... Kellert, Professor F Herbert Bormann, 1991 In this book a distinguished group of environmental experts argues that in order to solve global environmental problems, we must view them in a broad interdisciplinary perspective that recognizes the relations, the interconnected circle, among ecology, economics, and ethics. Currently the circle is broken, they say, because environmental policy is decided on short-term estimations of material return that take little account of the economic or moral burdens that will be borne by future generations if we deplete our resources now. |
| deer predation or starvation answer key: Science in Action 7: ... Test Manager [1 CD-ROM Carey Booth, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Pearson Education Canada Inc, |
Deer: Predation or Starvation? - Goethe-Institut
1. Describe what happened to the deer population between 1971 and 1980. Deep populations went up, then went down and then started to increase. 2. When was the wolf population the …
Deer Predation Or Starvation Answer Key (book)
your comprehensive "answer key" – not with a simple right or wrong, but a nuanced exploration of predation versus starvation in deer mortality, backed by scientific evidence and real-world …
Lesson Title: Deer: Predation or Starvation?*
Lesson Title: Deer: Predation or Starvation?* I. Goals: This lesson will show wolf and white-tailed deer’s influence on each other in a closed ecosystem. II. Objectives: At the end of this lesson, …
Deer: Predation or Starvation? - Goethe-Institut
Deer: Predation or Starvation? Analysis 1. Describe what happened to the deer population between 1971 and 1980. 2. When was the wolf population the highest? What is the …
Deer Predation Or Starvation Worksheet Answers
Starvation Lesson - WolfQuest Deer: Predation or Starvation Introduction: An island population of deer has no predators and the island is too remote for hunters. Is it better to let nature take its …
Deer: Predation or Starvation - Mr. Phillips -Science
Deer: Predation or Starvation? - upliftparent.org
1. Calculate the number of deaths (predation + starvation). 2. To determine the deer population change, subtract the number of deaths from births (births - deaths), this can be a positive …
Deer Predation or Starvation Lesson - WolfQuest
Deer: Predation or Starvation. Introduction: An island population of deer has no predators and the island is too remote for hunters. Is it better to let nature take its course with the deer population …
Deer: Predation or Starvation - Morales Biology
• Why is death by predators more natural or "right" then death by starvation? • How does one determine when an ecosystem is in "balance"? • Do predators really kill only the old and sick …
Deer: Predation or Starvation
1. Graph the deer and wolf populations on the graph below. Use one color to show deer populations and another color to show wolf populations. Data Analysis: Describe what …
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