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Cladogram Analysis Answer Key: Mastering Phylogenetic Tree Interpretation
Are you staring at a cladogram, feeling utterly bewildered? Do you need a cladogram analysis answer key to unlock the secrets of evolutionary relationships? You're not alone! Cladograms, visual representations of evolutionary history, can seem daunting at first. This comprehensive guide provides you with the tools and understanding needed to confidently analyze cladograms, interpret their data, and ultimately, ace any related assignment. We'll walk you through the fundamentals, offer practical examples, and even provide strategies for creating your own cladograms. This isn't just about finding "answers"—it's about understanding the process and building a strong foundation in phylogenetic analysis.
Understanding the Basics of Cladogram Analysis
Before diving into specific examples and answer keys, let's solidify our understanding of the core components of a cladogram. A cladogram is a branching diagram that depicts the evolutionary relationships among different species or groups of organisms. Each branch point, or node, represents a common ancestor, and the length of the branches often (but not always) indicates the degree of evolutionary divergence.
#### Key Terminology:
Clade: A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants. Think of it as a branch on the cladogram.
Node: The point where branches diverge, representing a common ancestor.
Root: The base of the cladogram, representing the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms in the diagram.
Outgroup: A species or group that is closely related to the ingroup (the organisms being studied) but diverged earlier. The outgroup helps to establish the ancestral characteristics.
Character: A heritable trait (e.g., presence of feathers, type of teeth) used to build the cladogram.
Deciphering a Cladogram: A Step-by-Step Approach
Analyzing a cladogram involves identifying shared characteristics (synapomorphies) that define the different clades. Here's a systematic approach:
1. Identify the Outgroup: This helps establish the baseline characteristics.
2. Trace the Branches: Follow the branches from the root to the tips, noting the appearance or disappearance of characteristics.
3. Analyze Nodes: Each node represents a speciation event – a point where a common ancestor split into two or more lineages.
4. Interpret Relationships: Determine which organisms share the most recent common ancestor. The closer two species are on the cladogram, the more closely related they are.
Example Cladogram Analysis and "Answer Key"
Let's examine a hypothetical cladogram analyzing the evolutionary relationships between several mammal species.
(Insert a simple cladogram image here showing mammals with different characteristics like fur, lactation, etc. The cladogram should be simple enough to easily interpret)
Analysis: Based on this cladogram, we can see that species A and B share the characteristic of fur, indicating a closer evolutionary relationship compared to species C, which lacks fur. Species A and B share a more recent common ancestor than species C. This simple example illustrates how to deduce evolutionary relationships from a cladogram. There is no single "answer key" for this, but rather the understanding derived from the analysis.
Creating Your Own Cladogram: A Practical Exercise
Understanding cladogram analysis goes beyond interpreting existing diagrams. Creating your own cladogram reinforces learning. To build a cladogram, you need to:
1. Select your organisms: Choose a group of organisms with known characteristics.
2. Identify shared characteristics: Create a character matrix listing the traits present or absent in each organism.
3. Construct the cladogram: Use the character matrix to create a branching diagram, grouping organisms based on shared characteristics.
4. Interpret the results: Analyze the resulting cladogram to determine evolutionary relationships.
Conclusion
Mastering cladogram analysis is a crucial skill in understanding evolutionary biology. By understanding the principles of clade construction and interpreting branching patterns, you can unlock valuable insights into the history of life on Earth. While there isn’t a single “cladogram analysis answer key” for every possible diagram, the systematic approach outlined above provides a framework for interpreting any cladogram effectively. Practice is key – the more cladograms you analyze, the more confident you'll become.
FAQs
1. Can the branch lengths on a cladogram always indicate evolutionary distance? No, branch lengths sometimes represent the amount of evolutionary change, not necessarily time. Some cladograms are drawn with equal branch lengths for simplicity.
2. What if a cladogram shows conflicting information? Conflicting information highlights the complexities of evolutionary history and may indicate the need for further research or a re-evaluation of the data.
3. Are there different types of cladograms? Yes, cladograms can be rooted or unrooted, reflecting different levels of information about the ancestral relationships.
4. What software can be used to create cladograms? Several software packages, such as MEGA X and PhyML, are available for creating and analyzing cladograms.
5. How do scientists determine the characteristics to use in cladogram construction? Scientists carefully select characteristics that are heritable, easily observable, and relevant to the evolutionary relationships being studied, often focusing on genetic and morphological data.
| cladogram analysis answer key: Bats John D. Altringham, 2011-08-25 Bats are highly charismatic and popular animals that are not only fascinating in their own right, but illustrate most of the topical and important concepts and issues in mammalian biology. This book covers the key aspects of bat biology, including evolution, flight, echolocation, hibernation, reproduction, feeding and roosting ecology, social behaviour, migration, population and community ecology, biogeography, and conservation. This new edition is fully updated and greatly expanded throughout, maintaining the depth and scientific rigour of the first edition. It is written with infectious enthusiasm, and beautifully illustrated with drawings and colour photographs. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: A Revised Cladistic Classification of the Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) with Descriptions of New Taxa Mainly from South Africa M. J. Scoble, 1983 |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Revision of Pluchea Cass. (Compositae, Plucheeae) in the Old World Susanne King-Jones, 2001 |
| cladogram analysis answer key: General Zoology Stephen A. Miller, 1998-06 This General Zoology Laboratory Manual is intended for students taking their first course in zoology. Provided are exercises and experiences that will help students: (1) understand the general principles that unite animal biology, (2) appreciate the diversity found in the animal kingdom and understand the evolutionary relationships that explain this diversity, (3) become familiar with the structure and function of vertebrate organ systems and appreciate some of the evolutionary changes that took place in the development of those organ systems, and (4) develop problem-solving skills. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Introduction to the Exploration of Multivariate Biological Data János Podani, 2000 Attention is focused on the supraindividual biological level in example plant ecology, phytosociology and taxonomy. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Discover , 1992 |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Insect Phylogeny Willi Hennig, 1981 Methodological introduction; Localities for palaeozoic and mesozoic insects; The phyloggenetic development of the insecta; Concluding remarks and prospects for the future. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Rivista Italiana Di Paleontologia E Stratigrafia , 2000 |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Phylogenetics E. O. Wiley, Bruce S. Lieberman, 2011-10-11 The long-awaited revision of the industry standard on phylogenetics Since the publication of the first edition of this landmark volume more than twenty-five years ago, phylogenetic systematics has taken its place as the dominant paradigm of systematic biology. It has profoundly influenced the way scientists study evolution, and has seen many theoretical and technical advances as the field has continued to grow. It goes almost without saying that the next twenty-five years of phylogenetic research will prove as fascinating as the first, with many exciting developments yet to come. This new edition of Phylogenetics captures the very essence of this rapidly evolving discipline. Written for the practicing systematist and phylogeneticist, it addresses both the philosophical and technical issues of the field, as well as surveys general practices in taxonomy. Major sections of the book deal with the nature of species and higher taxa, homology and characters, trees and tree graphs, and biogeography—the purpose being to develop biologically relevant species, character, tree, and biogeographic concepts that can be applied fruitfully to phylogenetics. The book then turns its focus to phylogenetic trees, including an in-depth guide to tree-building algorithms. Additional coverage includes: Parsimony and parsimony analysis Parametric phylogenetics including maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches Phylogenetic classification Critiques of evolutionary taxonomy, phenetics, and transformed cladistics Specimen selection, field collecting, and curating Systematic publication and the rules of nomenclature Providing a thorough synthesis of the field, this important update to Phylogenetics is essential for students and researchers in the areas of evolutionary biology, molecular evolution, genetics and evolutionary genetics, paleontology, physical anthropology, and zoology. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Biology Neil A. Campbell, 2003 Accompanying CD-ROM includes activities, thinking as a scientist, quizzes, flashcards, key terms and glossary. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: New Zealand Entomologist , 1995 |
| cladogram analysis answer key: The Future of Phylogenetic Systematics David Williams, Michael Schmitt, Quentin Wheeler, 2016-07-21 Willi Hennig (1913–76), founder of phylogenetic systematics, revolutionised our understanding of the relationships among species and their natural classification. An expert on Diptera and fossil insects, Hennig's ideas were applicable to all organisms. He wrote about the science of taxonomy or systematics, refining and promoting discussion of the precise meaning of the term 'relationship', the nature of systematic evidence, and how those matters impinge on a precise understanding of monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly. Hennig's contributions are relevant today and are a platform for the future. This book focuses on the intellectual aspects of Hennig's work and gives dimension to the future of the subject in relation to Hennig's foundational contributions to the field of phylogenetic systematics. Suitable for graduate students and academic researchers, this book will also appeal to philosophers and historians interested in the legacy of Willi Hennig. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Molecular Evolution Roderick D.M. Page, Edward C. Holmes, 2009-07-14 The study of evolution at the molecular level has given the subject of evolutionary biology a new significance. Phylogenetic 'trees' of gene sequences are a powerful tool for recovering evolutionary relationships among species, and can be used to answer a broad range of evolutionary and ecological questions. They are also beginning to permeate the medical sciences. In this book, the authors approach the study of molecular evolution with the phylogenetic tree as a central metaphor. This will equip students and professionals with the ability to see both the evolutionary relevance of molecular data, and the significance evolutionary theory has for molecular studies. The book is accessible yet sufficiently detailed and explicit so that the student can learn the mechanics of the procedures discussed. The book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in molecular evolution/phylogenetic reconstruction. It will also be a useful supplement for students taking wider courses in evolution, as well as a valuable resource for professionals. First student textbook of phylogenetic reconstruction which uses the tree as a central metaphor of evolution. Chapter summaries and annotated suggestions for further reading. Worked examples facilitate understanding of some of the more complex issues. Emphasis on clarity and accessibility. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R Emmanuel Paradis, 2006-11-25 This book integrates a wide variety of data analysis methods into a single and flexible interface: the R language. The book starts with a presentation of different R packages and gives a short introduction to R for phylogeneticists unfamiliar with this language. The basic phylogenetic topics are covered. The chapter on tree drawing uses R's powerful graphical environment. A section deals with the analysis of diversification with phylogenies, one of the author's favorite research topics. The last chapter is devoted to the development of phylogenetic methods with R and interfaces with other languages (C and C++). Some exercises conclude these chapters. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Cladistics David M. Williams, Malte C. Ebach, 2020-08-06 This new edition of a foundational text presents a contemporary review of cladistics, as applied to biological classification. It provides a comprehensive account of the past fifty years of discussion on the relationship between classification, phylogeny and evolution. It covers cladistics in the era of molecular data, detailing new advances and ideas that have emerged over the last twenty-five years. Written in an accessible style by internationally renowned authors in the field, readers are straightforwardly guided through fundamental principles and terminology. Simple worked examples and easy-to-understand diagrams also help readers navigate complex problems that have perplexed scientists for centuries. This practical guide is an essential addition for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in taxonomy, systematics, comparative biology, evolutionary biology and molecular biology. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Cladistics Ian J. Kitching, 1998 Systematics underpins all of biology. Cladistics is a method of systematic classification that aims to reconstruct genealogies based on common ancestry, thus revealing the phylogenetic relationships between taxa. Its applications vary from linguistic analysis to the study of conservation and biodiversity, and it has become a method of choice for comparative studies in all fields of biology. For all students interested in the systematic relationships among organisms, this book provides an integrated, state-of-the-art account of the techniques and methods of modern cladistics, and how to put them into practice. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Chapter Resource 14 Class of Organisms Biology Holt Rinehart & Winston, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Staff, 2004 |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Deep Time Henry Gee, 2008-06 This work introduces a revolution in how we look at the history of life, and humanity's place within it. Cladistics overturns the traditional linear theories of evolution and shows the possibility of creatures far wilder than human imagination. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Tree Thinking: An Introduction to Phylogenetic Biology David A. Baum, Stacey D. Smith, 2012-08-10 Baum and Smith, both professors evolutionary biology and researchers in the field of systematics, present this highly accessible introduction to phylogenetics and its importance in modern biology. Ever since Darwin, the evolutionary histories of organisms have been portrayed in the form of branching trees or “phylogenies.” However, the broad significance of the phylogenetic trees has come to be appreciated only quite recently. Phylogenetics has myriad applications in biology, from discovering the features present in ancestral organisms, to finding the sources of invasive species and infectious diseases, to identifying our closest living (and extinct) hominid relatives. Taking a conceptual approach, Tree Thinking introduces readers to the interpretation of phylogenetic trees, how these trees can be reconstructed, and how they can be used to answer biological questions. Examples and vivid metaphors are incorporated throughout, and each chapter concludes with a set of problems, valuable for both students and teachers. Tree Thinking is must-have textbook for any student seeking a solid foundation in this fundamental area of evolutionary biology. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Understanding Evolution Kostas Kampourakis, 2014-04-03 Bringing together conceptual obstacles and core concepts of evolutionary theory, this book presents evolution as straightforward and intuitive. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process Niles Eldredge, Joel Cracraft, 1980 |
| cladogram analysis answer key: The Compleat Cladist: A Primer of Phylogenetic Procedures E. O. Wiley, 2022-10-26 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: The Beak of the Finch Jonathan Weiner, 2014-05-14 PULITZER PRIZE WINNER • A dramatic story of groundbreaking scientific research of Darwin's discovery of evolution that spark[s] not just the intellect, but the imagination (Washington Post Book World). “Admirable and much-needed.... Weiner’s triumph is to reveal how evolution and science work, and to let them speak clearly for themselves.”—The New York Times Book Review On a desert island in the heart of the Galapagos archipelago, where Darwin received his first inklings of the theory of evolution, two scientists, Peter and Rosemary Grant, have spent twenty years proving that Darwin did not know the strength of his own theory. For among the finches of Daphne Major, natural selection is neither rare nor slow: it is taking place by the hour, and we can watch. In this remarkable story, Jonathan Weiner follows these scientists as they watch Darwin's finches and come up with a new understanding of life itself. The Beak of the Finch is an elegantly written and compelling masterpiece of theory and explication in the tradition of Stephen Jay Gould. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: At the Water's Edge Carl Zimmer, 1999-09-08 Everybody Out of the Pond At the Water's Edge will change the way you think about your place in the world. The awesome journey of life's transformation from the first microbes 4 billion years ago to Homo sapiens today is an epic that we are only now beginning to grasp. Magnificent and bizarre, it is the story of how we got here, what we left behind, and what we brought with us. We all know about evolution, but it still seems absurd that our ancestors were fish. Darwin's idea of natural selection was the key to solving generation-to-generation evolution -- microevolution -- but it could only point us toward a complete explanation, still to come, of the engines of macroevolution, the transformation of body shapes across millions of years. Now, drawing on the latest fossil discoveries and breakthrough scientific analysis, Carl Zimmer reveals how macroevolution works. Escorting us along the trail of discovery up to the current dramatic research in paleontology, ecology, genetics, and embryology, Zimmer shows how scientists today are unveiling the secrets of life that biologists struggled with two centuries ago. In this book, you will find a dazzling, brash literary talent and a rigorous scientific sensibility gracefully brought together. Carl Zimmer provides a comprehensive, lucid, and authoritative answer to the mystery of how nature actually made itself. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Bioinformatics Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette, 2004-03-24 In this book, Andy Baxevanis and Francis Ouellette . . . haveundertaken the difficult task of organizing the knowledge in thisfield in a logical progression and presenting it in a digestibleform. And they have done an excellent job. This fine text will makea major impact on biological research and, in turn, on progress inbiomedicine. We are all in their debt. —Eric Lander from the Foreword Reviews from the First Edition ...provides a broad overview of the basic tools for sequenceanalysis ... For biologists approaching this subject for the firsttime, it will be a very useful handbook to keep on the shelf afterthe first reading, close to the computer. —Nature Structural Biology ...should be in the personal library of any biologist who usesthe Internet for the analysis of DNA and protein sequencedata. —Science ...a wonderful primer designed to navigate the novice throughthe intricacies of in scripto analysis ... The accomplished genesearcher will also find this book a useful addition to theirlibrary ... an excellent reference to the principles ofbioinformatics. —Trends in Biochemical Sciences This new edition of the highly successful Bioinformatics:A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteinsprovides a sound foundation of basic concepts, with practicaldiscussions and comparisons of both computational tools anddatabases relevant to biological research. Equipping biologists with the modern tools necessary to solvepractical problems in sequence data analysis, the Second Editioncovers the broad spectrum of topics in bioinformatics, ranging fromInternet concepts to predictive algorithms used on sequence,structure, and expression data. With chapters written by experts inthe field, this up-to-date reference thoroughly covers vitalconcepts and is appropriate for both the novice and the experiencedpractitioner. Written in clear, simple language, the book isaccessible to users without an advanced mathematical or computerscience background. This new edition includes: All new end-of-chapter Web resources, bibliographies, andproblem sets Accompanying Web site containing the answers to the problems,as well as links to relevant Web resources New coverage of comparative genomics, large-scale genomeanalysis, sequence assembly, and expressed sequence tags A glossary of commonly used terms in bioinformatics andgenomics Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genesand Proteins, Second Edition is essential reading forresearchers, instructors, and students of all levels in molecularbiology and bioinformatics, as well as for investigators involvedin genomics, positional cloning, clinical research, andcomputational biology. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Phylogenetic Systematics Willi Hennig, 1999 Phylogenetic Systematics, first published in 1966, marks a turning point in the history of systematic biology. Willi Hennig's influential synthetic work, arguing for the primacy of the phylogenetic system as the general reference system in biology, generated significant controversy and opened possibilities for evolutionary biology that are still being explored. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: IB Biology Student Workbook Tracey Greenwood, Lissa Bainbridge-Smith, Kent Pryor, Richard Allan, 2014-10-02 |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Dinosaur Paleobiology Stephen L. Brusatte, 2012-04-30 The study of dinosaurs has been experiencing a remarkable renaissance over the past few decades. Scientific understanding of dinosaur anatomy, biology, and evolution has advanced to such a degree that paleontologists often know more about 100-million-year-old dinosaurs than many species of living organisms. This book provides a contemporary review of dinosaur science intended for students, researchers, and dinosaur enthusiasts. It reviews the latest knowledge on dinosaur anatomy and phylogeny, how dinosaurs functioned as living animals, and the grand narrative of dinosaur evolution across the Mesozoic. A particular focus is on the fossil evidence and explicit methods that allow paleontologists to study dinosaurs in rigorous detail. Scientific knowledge of dinosaur biology and evolution is shifting fast, and this book aims to summarize current understanding of dinosaur science in a technical, but accessible, style, supplemented with vivid photographs and illustrations. The Topics in Paleobiology Series is published in collaboration with the Palaeontological Association, and is edited by Professor Mike Benton, University of Bristol. Books in the series provide a summary of the current state of knowledge, a trusted route into the primary literature, and will act as pointers for future directions for research. As well as volumes on individual groups, the series will also deal with topics that have a cross-cutting relevance, such as the evolution of significant ecosystems, particular key times and events in the history of life, climate change, and the application of a new techniques such as molecular palaeontology. The books are written by leading international experts and will be pitched at a level suitable for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers in both the paleontological and biological sciences. Additional resources for this book can be found at: http://www.wiley.com/go/brusatte/dinosaurpaleobiology. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Next Generation Systematics Peter D. Olson, Joseph Hughes, James A. Cotton, 2016-06-16 Cheap and plentiful genome sequence data is transforming biology, and will surely transform systematics. This volume explores how. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Amphibian Evolution Rainer R. Schoch, 2014-03-19 This book focuses on the first vertebrates to conquer land and their long journey to become fully independent from the water. It traces the origin of tetrapod features and tries to explain how and why they transformed into organs that permit life on land. Although the major frame of the topic lies in the past 370 million years and necessarily deals with many fossils, it is far from restricted to paleontology. The aim is to achieve a comprehensive picture of amphibian evolution. It focuses on major questions in current paleobiology: how diverse were the early tetrapods? In which environments did they live, and how did they come to be preserved? What do we know about the soft body of extinct amphibians, and what does that tell us about the evolution of crucial organs during the transition to land? How did early amphibians develop and grow, and which were the major factors of their evolution? The Topics in Paleobiology Series is published in collaboration with the Palaeontological Association, and is edited by Professor Mike Benton, University of Bristol. Books in the series provide a summary of the current state of knowledge, a trusted route into the primary literature, and will act as pointers for future directions for research. As well as volumes on individual groups, the series will also deal with topics that have a cross-cutting relevance, such as the evolution of significant ecosystems, particular key times and events in the history of life, climate change, and the application of a new techniques such as molecular palaeontology. The books are written by leading international experts and will be pitched at a level suitable for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers in both the paleontological and biological sciences. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: The Freshwater Crabs of West Africa Neil Cumberlidge, 1999 |
| cladogram analysis answer key: A Framework for Post-phylogenetic Systematics Richard H. Zander, 2013 The Framework for Post-Phylogenetic Systematics reframes biological systematics to reconcile classical and cladistic schools. It combines scientific intuition and statistical inference in a new form of total evidence analysis developing a joint macroevolutionary process-based causal theory. Discrepancies between classical results and morphological and molecular cladograms are explained through heterophyletic inference of deep ancestral taxa, coarse priors leading to Bayesian Solution of total evidence, self-nesting ladders that can reverse branching order, and a superoptimization protocol that aids in distinguishing pseudoextinction from budding evolution. It determines direction of transformative evolution through Dollo evaluation at the taxon level. The genus as a basic, practical unit of evolution is postulated for taxa with dissilient evolution. Scientific intuition is defended as highly developed heuristics based on physical principles. The geometric mean and Fibonacci series in powers of the golden ratio explain distributions of measurements of the form (a-)b-c(-d) when close to zero. This series is basic both to S. J. Gould's speciational reformulation of macroevolution and to psychologically salient numbers. The effect of molecular systematics on conservation and biodiversity research is shown to be of immediate concern.The value of cladistic study for serial macroevolutionary reconstruction is reduced to-in morphological studies, evaluation of relatively primitive or advanced taxa, and distinction of taxa by autapomorphies, and-in molecular studies, identification of deep ancestors via heterophyly or unreasonable patristic distance not explainable by extinct or unsampled extended paraphyly. Evolutionary paraphyly is common in cladistics and is to be avoided; phylogenetic paraphyly, however, can be informative. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Romancing the Birds and Dinosaurs Alan Feduccia, 2020-10-15 Birds and dinosaurs have dominated human interest for decades. In this well-supported revolutionary view of the field, critical questions are explored with credible evidence and biological thought. Are birds derived directly from advanced dinosaurs, or are they closely related dinosaur cousins? Did flight originate via the natural gravity-assisted trees-down model, or from the improbable “gravity-resisted” ground-up model? Were the earliest birds ground-predators or trunk-climbing gliders? Were dinosaurs hot-blooded with insulating protofeathers, or highly active, cold-blooded reptiles? These are among the questions addressed in this path-breaking book. Current consensus suggests that early birds were earth-bound and flight began on the ground. Reversing that logic, since birds are hot-blooded, by inference so too were dinosaurs, and extraordinarily complex feathers, flight brain and inner ear, evolved before flight in dinosaurs. The iconic early bird Archaeopteryx, despite innumerable flight and arboreal features, is now displayed as an earth-bound predator that could not fly. In reality, we have yet to provide satisfactory explanations for much of the biological origin and early evolution of birds. Among the questions addressed is whether truly feathered dinosaurs are in reality lost or hidden birds? The architectural complexity of feathers leads the author to the conclusion that if an animal has evolved extraordinarily complex, aerodynamically-designed feathers, an avian flight hand, flight membranes, and a flight brain, it's a bird. Birds and dinosaurs captivate and enchant the human imagination. These intriguing animals have dominated the field of paleontology and evolution for the past half century, engendering heated debate on avian ancestry, the origin of flight and feathers, and the biology of their fossils. Are birds living dinosaurs? In this series of entertainingly contentious and captivating essays evolutionary biologist Alan Feduccia writes with verve and humor to expose major problems in the field and advocate liberation from the shackles of consensus thinking about birds and dinosaurs. He maintains that the euphoria of paleontologists claiming to have solved the major problems of bird evolution is premature, largely generated by the adoption of a rigid, cult-like methodology, heavily blended with ideology, and excluding many biological and geological principles. He adroitly exposes and elucidates major mistakes in the field and their aftermath. Romancing the Birds and Dinosaurs is a lucid revelation of clarity and synthesis, a fascinating unveiling of the underlying science that has produced the good, but also often appalling fossil research and wild speculation in bird and dinosaur evolution. A must read for anyone interested in this rapidly evolving field, the short, concise and incisive essays provide the reader with access to this complex topic. REVIEWS and WORDS OF PRAISE In this strikingly unconventional and brilliant book, Professor Alan Feduccia presents the current status of the recent controversy about the origin of birds with clarity and vigor. A thought-provoking personal exploration of what the bird fossils represent. ---Sankar Chatterjee, Paul Whitfield Horn Distinguished Professor of Geosciences and Curator of Paleontology, Texas Tech University. Feduccia's book eloquently reminds us that consensus science is to be shied away from especially when it is used to plead special cases against basic scientific principles. The concept of “lost birds” is particularly intriguing as it defines what birds are and how special science obfuscates the simplicity of evolution. ---David A. Burnham, Associate Researcher, University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum. Based on a thorough understanding of the empirical evidence, Feduccia presents a convincing account of avian origins from their putative ancestors. ---Walter J. Bock, Professor of Evolutionary Biology, Columbia University and Research Associate, American Museum of Natural History. With candor, clear thinking, humor, and abundant evidence, Alan Feduccia’s Romancing the Birds and Dinosaurs should be mandatory reading for the countless millions who are intrigued by dinosaurs and their relatives, the birds. Feduccia points out the many empirical and logical shortcomings in the stubborn majority view that birds evolved from dinosaurs, an idea now solidly entrenched as dogma in education and popular culture. This new book will be as interesting to those who study human behavior and scientific methods as it will to students of vertebrate evolution. ---David W. Steadman, Curator of Ornithology, Professor of Biology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: The Rise of Reptiles Hans-Dieter Sues, 2019-08-06 The defining masterwork on the evolution of reptiles. Over 300 million years ago, an early land vertebrate developed an egg that contained the embryo in an amnion, allowing it to be deposited on land. This moment marked the first step in the fascinating and complex evolutionary journey of the reptiles. In The Rise of Reptiles, paleontologist Hans-Dieter Sues explores the diversity of reptilian lineages, discussing the relationships among turtles, crocodylians, lizards and snakes, and many extinct groups. Reflecting the tremendous advances in the study of reptilian diversity and phylogeny over recent decades, this book is the first detailed, contemporary synthesis of the evolutionary history of these remarkable animals. Reptiles have always confused taxonomists, who have endlessly debated and rewritten their classifications. In this book, Sues adopts an explicitly phylogenetic framework to sift through the evidence and discuss the origin and diversification of Reptilia in a way no one has before. He also examines the genealogical link between dinosaurs and birds and sheds new light on the Age of Reptiles, a period that saw the rise and fall of most dinosaurs. With this single meticulously researched volume, Sues paints a complete portrait of reptilian evolution. Numerous photographs of key specimens from around the world introduce readers to the reptilian fossil record, and color images of present-day reptiles illustrate their diversity. The extensive bibliography provides an invaluable guide for readers who are interested in exploring individual topics more deeply. Accurate, synthetic, and sweeping, The Rise of Reptiles is the definitive work on the subject. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Systematics Ward C. Wheeler, 2012-05-29 Systematics: A Course of Lectures is designed for use in an advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate level course in systematics and is meant to present core systematic concepts and literature. The book covers topics such as the history of systematic thinking and fundamental concepts in the field including species concepts, homology, and hypothesis testing. Analytical methods are covered in detail with chapters devoted to sequence alignment, optimality criteria, and methods such as distance, parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Trees and tree searching, consensus and super-tree methods, support measures, and other relevant topics are each covered in their own sections. The work is not a bleeding-edge statement or in-depth review of the entirety of systematics, but covers the basics as broadly as could be handled in a one semester course. Most chapters are designed to be a single 1.5 hour class, with those on parsimony, likelihood, posterior probability, and tree searching two classes (2 x 1.5 hours). |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Heterochrony Michael L. McKinney, K.J. McNamara, 2013-04-17 The authors outline evolutionary thought from pre-Darwinian biology to current research on the subject. They broadly label the factors of evolution as intrinsic and extrinsic, with Darwin favoring the latter by emphasizing the process of natural selection and later followers of Darwin carrying t |
| cladogram analysis answer key: The Timetree of Life S. Blair Hedges, Sudhir Kumar, 2009-04-23 The evolutionary history of life includes two primary components: phylogeny and timescale. Phylogeny refers to the branching order (relationships) of species or other taxa within a group and is crucial for understanding the inheritance of traits and for erecting classifications. However, a timescale is equally important because it provides a way to compare phylogeny directly with the evolution of other organisms and with planetary history such as geology, climate, extraterrestrialimpacts, and other features.The Timetree of Life is the first reference book to synthesize the wealth of information relating to the temporal component of phylogenetic trees. In the past, biologists have relied exclusively upon the fossil record to infer an evolutionary timescale. However, recent revolutionary advances in molecular biology have made it possible to not only estimate the relationships of many groups of organisms, but also to estimate their times of divergence with molecular clocks. The routineestimation and utilization of these so-called 'time-trees' could add exciting new dimensions to biology including enhanced opportunities to integrate large molecular data sets with fossil and biogeographic evidence (and thereby foster greater communication between molecular and traditional systematists). Theycould help estimate not only ancestral character states but also evolutionary rates in numerous categories of organismal phenotype; establish more reliable associations between causal historical processes and biological outcomes; develop a universally standardized scheme for biological classifications; and generally promote novel avenues of thought in many arenas of comparative evolutionary biology.This authoritative reference work brings together, for the first time, experts on all major groups of organisms to assemble a timetree of life. The result is a comprehensive resource on evolutionary history which will be an indispensable reference for scientists, educators, and students in the life sciences, earth sciences, and molecular biology. For each major group of organism, a representative is illustrated and a timetree of families and higher taxonomic groups is shown. Basic aspects ofthe evolutionary history of the group, the fossil record, and competing hypotheses of relationships are discussed. Details of the divergence times are presented for each node in the timetree, and primary literature references are included. The book is complemented by an online database(www.timetree.net) which allows researchers to both deposit and retrieve data. |
| cladogram analysis answer key: Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory Quentin D. Wheeler, Rudolf Meier, 2000-06-22 No question in theoretical biology has been more perennially controversial or perplexing than What is a species? Recent advances in phylogenetic theory have called into question traditional views of species and spawned many concepts that are currently competing for general acceptance. Once the subject of esoteric intellectual exercises, the species problem has emerged as a critically important aspect of global environmental concerns. Completion of an inventory of biodiversity, success in conservation, predictive knowledge about life on earth, management of material resources, formulation of scientifically credible public policy and law, and more depend upon our adoption of the right species concept. Quentin D. Wheeler and Rudolf Meier present a debate among top systematic biology theorists to consider the strengths and weaknesses of five competing concepts. Debaters include (1) Ernst Mayr (Biological Species Concept), (2) Rudolf Meier and Rainer Willmann (Hennigian species concept), (3) Brent Mishler and Edward Theriot (one version of the Phylogenetic Species Concept), (4) Quentin Wheeler and Norman Platnick (a competing version of the Phylogenetic Species Concept), and (5) E. O. Wiley and Richard Mayden (the Evolutionary Species Concept). Each author or pair of authors contributes three essays to the debate: first, a position paper with an opening argument for their respective concept of species; second, a counterpoint view of the weakness of competing concepts; and, finally, a rebuttal of the attacks made by other authors. This unique and lively debate format makes the comparative advantages and disadvantages of competing species concepts clear and accessible in a single book for the first time, bringing to light numerous controversies in phylogenetic theory, taxonomy, and philosophy of science that are important to a wide audience. Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory will meet a need among scientists, conservationists, policy-makers, and students of biology for an explicit, critical evaluation of a large and complex literature on species. An important reference for professionals, the book will prove especially useful in classrooms and discussion groups where students may find a concise, lucid entrée to one of the most complex questions facing science and society. |
Cladogram Worksheet - University of British Columbia
What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a …
Cladogram Worksheet - University of British Columbia
What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a …
Answer Key For Cladogram Analysis
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Draw a cladogram depicting the evolutionary relationships among all six species (including Humans) according to their percentage similarity in the gene shown in the table.
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Answer keys will show the statistical reasoning behind the chosen cladogram. This chapter also covers techniques for selecting appropriate characters, assessing character independence, …
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What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a …
PART I - Analyze the Cladogram - KARA BEDFORD
CLADOGRAM PRACTICE Name Date Class period evolutionary …
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Examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the diagram points to a derived character, or something different (or newer) than what was seen in previous groups. Match the letter to its …
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Mastering cladogram analysis is a crucial skill in understanding evolutionary biology. By understanding the principles of clade construction and interpreting branching patterns, you can …
Fill out the following character matrix. Mark an “X” if an …
CLADOGRAM ANALYSIS. What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary …
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This guide is designed to acquaint students with the basic principles and methods of cladistic analysis. The first part briefly reviews basic cladistic methods and terminology. The remaining …
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cladogram. The cladogram is constructed such that the number of changes from one character state to the next are minimized. The principle behind this is the rule of parsimony - any …
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4. Use the following data matrix of 4 species (w, x, y and z) and 5 characters (1‐5) to construct a phenogram. Draw the phenogram below.
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What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a …
Cladogram Worksheet - Yeakel Group
CLADOGRAM ANALYSIS What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary …
Phylogenetics Laboratory: Reconstructing Evolutionary …
Phylogenies are most often depicted in a type of diagram called a cladogram, as shown in the figure at the top of the next page. Before a cladogram can be drawn, characters (i.e., possible …
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cladogram or analyzing evolutionary relationships. III. Creating the Answer Key The answer key should not only provide the correct cladogram but also explain the reasoning behind the …
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Cladogram of Phyla covered in Bio 11 Cladograms Cladograms are constructed using a method known as ‘cladistics’. This method analyzes a collection of heritable character data compiled …
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PART 2: Analyze the Bug Cladogram What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of …
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Cladogram Analysis Worksheet Answer Key (PDF)
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Read the background information and answer the following questions in your lab notebook. (from pages S43-S44 of student lab manual) 1. Use the following data to construct a cladogram of …
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Example Cladogram Analysis and "Answer Key" Let's examine a hypothetical cladogram analyzing the evolutionary relationships between several mammal species. (Insert a simple …
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Cladogram Analysis Answer Key: Bats John D. Altringham,2011-08-25 Bats are highly charismatic and popular animals that are not only fascinating in their own right but illustrate …
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4. Compare and Contrast The shark dichotomous key groups three species that lack anal fins together. But a recent cladogram of sharks indicates that one of them (the Greenland shark) is …
Cladogram Analysis Worksheet Answer Key
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Cladogram Analysis Answer Key Mike Jess. Cladogram Analysis Answer Key: Bats John D. Altringham,2011-08-25 Bats are highly charismatic and popular animals that are not only …
