Civil War: A Deep Dive into America's Defining Conflict

The American Civil War, a brutal and transformative conflict fought from 1861 to 1865, remains a pivotal moment in American history. More than just a battle over states' rights, it was a clash of ideologies, economies, and social structures that irrevocably reshaped the nation. This comprehensive guide delves into the complexities of the Civil War, exploring its causes, key battles, major figures, and lasting consequences. We’ll examine the road to secession, the strategies and tactics employed by both sides, and the profound impact this war had—and continues to have—on American society.

The Seeds of Discontent: Understanding the Causes of the Civil War

The Civil War wasn't a spontaneous eruption but the culmination of decades of simmering tensions. Several key factors contributed to the escalating conflict:

Slavery: The Moral and Economic Fault Line

The institution of slavery was undoubtedly the most significant underlying cause. The moral repugnance of slavery clashed directly with the burgeoning abolitionist movement in the North. Furthermore, the economic disparity between the largely agricultural, slave-dependent South and the increasingly industrialized North created a fundamental conflict of interest. Southern states feared the federal government's potential interference with their "peculiar institution," fueling secessionist sentiment.

States' Rights vs. Federal Authority: A Power Struggle

The debate over states' rights versus federal authority was a persistent source of friction. Southern states fiercely defended their autonomy, believing the federal government had no right to interfere in their internal affairs, particularly regarding slavery. This clash of ideologies ultimately led to the assertion of states' rights as the justification for secession.

Political Polarization and Compromise Failure

The political landscape was deeply divided, with the rise of sectional parties reflecting the growing chasm between North and South. While attempts at compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, temporarily eased tensions, they ultimately failed to address the fundamental issue of slavery and its implications. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed for popular sovereignty to decide the slavery question in those territories, further inflamed the situation, resulting in violent clashes known as "Bleeding Kansas."

The War Itself: Key Battles and Strategies

The Civil War was a protracted conflict marked by numerous significant battles and shifts in military strategy.

Fort Sumter: The Shot Heard 'Round the World

The bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April 12, 1861, marked the official start of the war. This event galvanized both sides and shattered any remaining hopes for a peaceful resolution.

Anaconda Plan vs. Confederate Defensive Strategy

The Union employed the Anaconda Plan, a strategy designed to gradually constrict the Confederacy through a naval blockade, control of the Mississippi River, and the conquest of key Confederate territories. The Confederacy, lacking the Union's industrial capacity and manpower, primarily relied on defensive strategies and guerilla warfare.

Key Battles: Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Appomattox

Gettysburg (1863) is widely considered the turning point of the war, a devastating defeat for the Confederacy that halted its northern invasion. Vicksburg’s fall (1863) secured Union control of the Mississippi River, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two. Finally, the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse (1865) marked the end of the Confederate States of America and the conclusion of the Civil War.

Key Figures: Leaders and Icons of the Civil War

The Civil War produced a cast of iconic figures, both military and political leaders who shaped the course of the conflict.

Abraham Lincoln: The Union's Steadfast Leader

Abraham Lincoln's leadership proved crucial to the Union's eventual victory. His unwavering commitment to preserving the Union, combined with his skillful political maneuvering, guided the nation through its darkest hours.

Robert E. Lee: The Confederate General

Robert E. Lee, a brilliant military strategist, led the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Despite his tactical brilliance, he ultimately faced overwhelming odds against the Union's superior resources.

The Legacy of the Civil War: A Nation Reforged

The Civil War's legacy is profound and multifaceted.

Reconstruction and its Challenges

Reconstruction, the period following the war, aimed to rebuild the South and integrate formerly enslaved people into American society. However, this process was fraught with challenges, including resistance from white Southerners and the failure to fully achieve racial equality.

Amendments and Civil Rights

The Civil War led to the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, abolishing slavery, granting citizenship to African Americans, and guaranteeing voting rights for black men. These amendments, while monumental, were insufficient to overcome the persistent legacy of racism and inequality.

Conclusion

The American Civil War remains a pivotal chapter in American history, a conflict that tested the nation's very foundation and ultimately redefined its identity. Understanding its causes, battles, and consequences is crucial for comprehending the complex social, political, and economic landscape of the United States today. Its impact reverberates even now, reminding us of the fragility of democracy and the enduring struggle for equality and justice.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What was the main cause of the Civil War? While multiple factors contributed, slavery is widely considered the primary cause, fueled by economic disparities and differing ideologies on states' rights and federal authority.

2. How long did the Civil War last? The American Civil War lasted from April 12, 1861, to April 9, 1865.

3. What was the Anaconda Plan? The Anaconda Plan was the Union's military strategy to blockade Confederate ports, control the Mississippi River, and isolate the Confederacy.

4. Who were the main leaders of the Union and Confederacy? Abraham Lincoln led the Union, while Robert E. Lee was a prominent Confederate general.

5. What were the long-term consequences of the Civil War? The Civil War led to the abolition of slavery, the strengthening of the federal government, and significant social and political changes, although racial inequality persisted for many decades afterwards.


  civil war: The Next Civil War Stephen Marche, 2023-01-03 “Should be required reading for anyone interested in preserving our 246-year experiment in self-government.” —The New York Times Book Review * “Well researched and eloquently presented.” —The Atlantic * “Delivers Cormac McCarthy-worthy drama; while the nonfictional asides imbue that drama with the authority of documentary.” —The New York Times Book Review A celebrated journalist takes a fiercely divided America and imagines five chilling scenarios that lead to its collapse, based on in-depth interviews with experts of all kinds. The United States is coming to an end. The only question is how. On a small two-lane bridge in a rural county that loathes the federal government, the US Army uses lethal force to end a standoff with hard-right anti-government patriots. Inside an ordinary diner, a disaffected young man with a handgun takes aim at the American president stepping in for an impromptu photo-op, and a bullet splits the hyper-partisan country into violently opposed mourners and revelers. In New York City, a Category 2 hurricane plunges entire neighborhoods underwater and creates millions of refugees overnight—a blow that comes on the heels of a financial crash and years of catastrophic droughts—and tips America over the edge into ruin. These nightmarish scenarios are just three of the five possibilities most likely to spark devastating chaos in the United States that are brought to life in The Next Civil War, a chilling and deeply researched work of speculative nonfiction. Drawing upon sophisticated predictive models and nearly two hundred interviews with experts—civil war scholars, military leaders, law enforcement officials, secret service agents, agricultural specialists, environmentalists, war historians, and political scientists—journalist Stephen Marche predicts the terrifying future collapse that so many of us do not want to see unfolding in front of our eyes. Marche has spoken with soldiers and counterinsurgency experts about what it would take to control the population of the United States, and the battle plans for the next civil war have already been drawn up. Not by novelists, but by colonels. No matter your political leaning, most of us can sense that America is barreling toward catastrophe—of one kind or another. Relevant and revelatory, The Next Civil War plainly breaks down the looming threats to America and is a must-read for anyone concerned about the future of its people, its land, and its government.
  civil war: How Civil Wars Start Barbara F. Walter, 2023-04-25 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • A leading political scientist examines the dramatic rise in violent extremism around the globe and sounds the alarm on the increasing likelihood of a second civil war in the United States “Required reading for anyone invested in preserving our 246-year experiment in self-government.”—The New York Times Book Review (Editors’ Choice) WINNER OF THE GLOBAL POLICY INSTITUTE AWARD • THE SUNDAY TIMES BOOK OF THE YEAR • ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: Financial Times, The Times (UK), Esquire, Prospect (UK) Political violence rips apart several towns in southwest Texas. A far-right militia plots to kidnap the governor of Michigan and try her for treason. An armed mob of Trump supporters and conspiracy theorists storms the U.S. Capitol. Are these isolated incidents? Or is this the start of something bigger? Barbara F. Walter has spent her career studying civil conflict in places like Iraq, Ukraine, and Sri Lanka, but now she has become increasingly worried about her own country. Perhaps surprisingly, both autocracies and healthy democracies are largely immune from civil war; it’s the countries in the middle ground that are most vulnerable. And this is where more and more countries, including the United States, are finding themselves today. Over the last two decades, the number of active civil wars around the world has almost doubled. Walter reveals the warning signs—where wars tend to start, who initiates them, what triggers them—and why some countries tip over into conflict while others remain stable. Drawing on the latest international research and lessons from over twenty countries, Walter identifies the crucial risk factors, from democratic backsliding to factionalization and the politics of resentment. A civil war today won’t look like America in the 1860s, Russia in the 1920s, or Spain in the 1930s. It will begin with sporadic acts of violence and terror, accelerated by social media. It will sneak up on us and leave us wondering how we could have been so blind. In this urgent and insightful book, Walter redefines civil war for a new age, providing the framework we need to confront the danger we now face—and the knowledge to stop it before it’s too late.
  civil war: Remembering the Civil War Caroline E. Janney, 2013 Remembering the Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation
  civil war: A More Civil War D. H. Dilbeck, 2016-09-13 During the Civil War, Americans confronted profound moral problems about how to fight in the conflict. In this innovative book, D. H. Dilbeck reveals how the Union sought to wage a just war against the Confederacy. He shows that northerners fought according to a distinct moral vision of war, an array of ideas about the nature of a truly just and humane military effort. Dilbeck tells how Union commanders crafted rules of conduct to ensure their soldiers defeated the Confederacy as swiftly as possible while also limiting the total destruction unleashed by the fighting. Dilbeck explores how Union soldiers abided by official just-war policies as they battled guerrillas, occupied cities, retaliated against enemy soldiers, and came into contact with Confederate civilians. In contrast to recent scholarship focused solely on the Civil War's carnage, Dilbeck details how the Union sought both to deal sternly with Confederates and to adhere to certain constraints. The Union's earnest effort to wage a just war ultimately helped give the Civil War its distinct character, a blend of immense destruction and remarkable restraint.
  civil war: Smithsonian Civil War Smithsonian Institution, 2013-10-29 Smithsonian Civil War is a lavishly illustrated coffee-table book featuring 150 entries in honor of the 150th anniversary of the Civil War. From among tens of thousands of Civil War objects in the Smithsonian's collections, curators handpicked 550 items and wrote a unique narrative that begins before the war through the Reconstruction period. The perfect gift book for fathers and history lovers, Smithsonian Civil War combines one-of-a-kind, famous, and previously unseen relics from the war in a truly unique narrative. Smithsonian Civil War takes the reader inside the great collection of Americana housed at twelve national museums and archives and brings historical gems to light. From the National Portrait Gallery come rare early photographs of Stonewall Jackson and Ulysses S. Grant; from the National Museum of American History, secret messages that remained hidden inside Lincoln's gold watch for nearly 150 years; from the National Air and Space Museum, futuristic Civil War-era aircraft designs. Thousands of items were evaluated before those of greatest value and significance were selected for inclusion here. Artfully arranged in 150 entries, they offer a unique, panoramic view of the Civil War.
  civil war: The Imagined Civil War Alice Fahs, 2010-03-15 In this groundbreaking work of cultural history, Alice Fahs explores a little-known and fascinating side of the Civil War--the outpouring of popular literature inspired by the conflict. From 1861 to 1865, authors and publishers in both the North and the South produced a remarkable variety of war-related compositions, including poems, songs, children's stories, romances, novels, histories, and even humorous pieces. Fahs mines these rich but long-neglected resources to recover the diversity of the war's political and social meanings. Instead of narrowly portraying the Civil War as a clash between two great, white armies, popular literature offered a wide range of representations of the conflict and helped shape new modes of imagining the relationships of diverse individuals to the nation. Works that explored the war's devastating impact on white women's lives, for example, proclaimed the importance of their experiences on the home front, while popular writings that celebrated black manhood and heroism in the wake of emancipation helped readers begin to envision new roles for blacks in American life. Recovering a lost world of popular literature, The Imagined Civil War adds immeasurably to our understanding of American life and letters at a pivotal point in our history.
  civil war: American Civil Wars Don H. Doyle, 2017-02-02 American Civil Wars takes readers beyond the battlefields and sectional divides of the U.S. Civil War to view the conflict from outside the national arena of the United States. Contributors position the American conflict squarely in the context of a wider transnational crisis across the Atlantic world, marked by a multitude of civil wars, European invasions and occupations, revolutionary independence movements, and slave uprisings—all taking place in the tumultuous decade of the 1860s. The multiple conflicts described in these essays illustrate how the United States' sectional strife was caught up in a larger, complex struggle in which nations and empires on both sides of the Atlantic vied for the control of the future. These struggles were all part of a vast web, connecting not just Washington and Richmond but also Mexico City, Havana, Santo Domingo, and Rio de Janeiro and--on the other side of the Atlantic--London, Paris, Madrid, and Rome. This volume breaks new ground by charting a hemispheric upheaval and expanding Civil War scholarship into the realms of transnational and imperial history. American Civil Wars creates new connections between the uprisings and civil wars in and outside of American borders and places the United States within a global context of other nations. Contributors: Matt D. Childs, University of South Carolina Anne Eller, Yale University Richard Huzzey, University of Liverpool Howard Jones, University of Alabama Patrick J. Kelly, University of Texas at San Antonio Rafael de Bivar Marquese, University of Sao Paulo Erika Pani, College of Mexico Hilda Sabato, University of Buenos Aires Steve Sainlaude, University of Paris IV Sorbonne Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Tufts University Jay Sexton, University of Oxford
  civil war: This Republic of Suffering Drew Gilpin Faust, 2009-01-06 NATIONAL BESTSELLER • NATIONAL BOOK AWARD FINALIST • An extraordinary ... profoundly moving history (The New York Times Book Review) of the American Civil War that reveals the ways that death on such a scale changed not only individual lives but the life of the nation. An estiated 750,000 soldiers lost their lives in the American Civil War. An equivalent proportion of today's population would be seven and a half million. In This Republic of Suffering, Drew Gilpin Faust describes how the survivors managed on a practical level and how a deeply religious culture struggled to reconcile the unprecedented carnage with its belief in a benevolent God. Throughout, the voices of soldiers and their families, of statesmen, generals, preachers, poets, surgeons, nurses, northerners and southerners come together to give us a vivid understanding of the Civil War's most fundamental and widely shared reality. With a new introduction by the author, and a new foreword by Mike Mullen, 17th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
  civil war: Introduction to Civil War (fragments) ,
  civil war: Victory of Law Deak Nabers, 2006-08-07 Publisher Description
  civil war: A Short History of the American Civil War Paul Christopher Anderson, 2019-12-26 The American Civil War (1861-65) remains a searing event in the collective consciousness of the United States. It was one of the bloodiest conflicts in modern history, claiming the lives of at least 600,000 soldiers and an unknown number of civilians and slaves. The Civil War was also one of the world's first truly industrial conflicts, involving railroads, the telegraph, steamships and mass-manufactured weaponry. The eventual victory of the Union over the Confederacy rang the death-knell for American slavery, and set the USA on the path to becoming a truly world power. Paul Christopher Anderson shows how and why the conflict remains the nation's defining moment, arguing that it was above all a struggle for power and political supremacy but was also a struggle for the idea of America. Melding social, cultural and military history, the author explores iconic battles like Shiloh, Chickamauga, Antietam and Gettysburg, as well as the bitterly contesting forces underlying them and the myth-making that came to define them in aftermath. He shows that while both sides began the war in order to preserve - the integrity of the American state in the case of the Union, the integrity of a culture, a value system, and as slave society in the case of the Confederacy - it allowed the American South to define a regional identity that has survived into modern times.
  civil war: Nature's Civil War Kathryn Shively Meier, 2013-11-11 In the Shenandoah Valley and Peninsula Campaigns of 1862, Union and Confederate soldiers faced unfamiliar and harsh environmental conditions--strange terrain, tainted water, swarms of flies and mosquitoes, interminable rain and snow storms, and oppressive
  civil war: Civil War by Other Means Jeremi Suri, 2022-10-18 The Civil War may have ended on the battlefield, but the fight for equality never did In 1865, the Confederacy was comprehensively defeated, its economy shattered, its leaders in exile or in jail. Yet in the years that followed, Lincoln’s vision of a genuinely united country never took root. Apart from a few brief months, when the presence of the Union army in the South proved liberating for newly freed Black Americans, the military victory was squandered. Old white supremacist efforts returned, more ferocious than before. In Civil War by Other Means, Jeremi Suri shows how resistance to a more equal Union began immediately. From the first postwar riots to the return of Confederate exiles, to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, to the highly contested and consequential election of 1876, Suri explores the conflicts and questions Americans wrestled with as competing visions of democracy, race, and freedom came to a vicious breaking point. What emerges is a vivid and at times unsettling portrait of a country striving to rebuild itself, but unable to compromise on or adhere to the most basic democratic tenets. What should have been a moment of national renewal was ultimately wasted, with reverberations still felt today. The recent shocks to American democracy are rooted in this forgotten, urgent history.
  civil war: Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War Carol A. Shively, United States. National Park Service, 2015-02
  civil war: The American Civil War Christopher J. Olsen, 2007-04-15 Succinct, with a brace of original documents following each chapter, Christopher J. Olsen's The American Civil War is the ideal introduction to American history's most famous, and infamous, chapter. Covering events from 1850 and the mounting political pressures to split the Union into opposing sections, through the four years of bloodshed and waning Confederate fortunes, to Lincoln's assassination and the advent of Reconstruction, The American Civil War covers the entire sectional conflict and at every juncture emphasizes the decisions and circumstances, large and small, that determined the course of events.
  civil war: An Environmental History of the Civil War Judkin Browning, Timothy Silver, 2020-02-20 This sweeping new history recognizes that the Civil War was not just a military conflict but also a moment of profound transformation in Americans' relationship to the natural world. To be sure, environmental factors such as topography and weather powerfully shaped the outcomes of battles and campaigns, and the war could not have been fought without the horses, cattle, and other animals that were essential to both armies. But here Judkin Browning and Timothy Silver weave a far richer story, combining military and environmental history to forge a comprehensive new narrative of the war's significance and impact. As they reveal, the conflict created a new disease environment by fostering the spread of microbes among vulnerable soldiers, civilians, and animals; led to large-scale modifications of the landscape across several states; sparked new thinking about the human relationship to the natural world; and demanded a reckoning with disability and death on an ecological scale. And as the guns fell silent, the change continued; Browning and Silver show how the war influenced the future of weather forecasting, veterinary medicine, the birth of the conservation movement, and the establishment of the first national parks. In considering human efforts to find military and political advantage by reshaping the natural world, Browning and Silver show not only that the environment influenced the Civil War's outcome but also that the war was a watershed event in the history of the environment itself.
  civil war: The Logic of Violence in Civil War Stathis N. Kalyvas, 2006-05-01 By analytically decoupling war and violence, this book explores the causes and dynamics of violence in civil war. Against the prevailing view that such violence is an instance of impenetrable madness, the book demonstrates that there is logic to it and that it has much less to do with collective emotions, ideologies, and cultures than currently believed. Kalyvas specifies a novel theory of selective violence: it is jointly produced by political actors seeking information and individual civilians trying to avoid the worst but also grabbing what opportunities their predicament affords them. Violence, he finds, is never a simple reflection of the optimal strategy of its users; its profoundly interactive character defeats simple maximization logics while producing surprising outcomes, such as relative nonviolence in the 'frontlines' of civil war.
  civil war: How the South Won the Civil War Heather Cox Richardson, 2020-03-12 Named one of The Washington Post's 50 Notable Works of Nonfiction While the North prevailed in the Civil War, ending slavery and giving the country a new birth of freedom, Heather Cox Richardson argues in this provocative work that democracy's blood-soaked victory was ephemeral. The system that had sustained the defeated South moved westward and there established a foothold. It was a natural fit. Settlers from the East had for decades been pushing into the West, where the seizure of Mexican lands at the end of the Mexican-American War and treatment of Native Americans cemented racial hierarchies. The South and West equally depended on extractive industries-cotton in the former and mining, cattle, and oil in the latter-giving rise a new birth of white male oligarchy, despite the guarantees provided by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, and the economic opportunities afforded by expansion. To reveal why this happened, How the South Won the Civil War traces the story of the American paradox, the competing claims of equality and subordination woven into the nation's fabric and identity. At the nation's founding, it was the Eastern yeoman farmer who galvanized and symbolized the American Revolution. After the Civil War, that mantle was assumed by the Western cowboy, singlehandedly defending his land against barbarians and savages as well as from a rapacious government. New states entered the Union in the late nineteenth century and western and southern leaders found yet more common ground. As resources and people streamed into the West during the New Deal and World War II, the region's influence grew. Movement Conservatives, led by westerners Barry Goldwater, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan, claimed to embody cowboy individualism and worked with Dixiecrats to embrace the ideology of the Confederacy. Richardson's searing book seizes upon the soul of the country and its ongoing struggle to provide equal opportunity to all. Debunking the myth that the Civil War released the nation from the grip of oligarchy, expunging the sins of the Founding, it reveals how and why the Old South not only survived in the West, but thrived.
  civil war: Why the Civil War Came David W. Blight, 1997-05-29 In the early morning of April 12, 1861, Captain George S. James ordered the bombardment of Fort Sumter, beginning a war that would last four years and claim many lives. This book brings together a collection of voices to help explain the commencement of Am.
  civil war: The Untold Civil War James I. Robertson, 2011 132 untold stories and 475 rare illustrations offer a completely new perspective on the Civil War.
  civil war: The Civil War Bruce Catton, 2005 Infinitely readable and absorbing, Bruce Catton's The Civil War is one of the best-selling, most widely read general histories of the war available in a single volume. Newly introduced by the critically acclaimed Civil War historian James M. McPherson, The Civil War vividly traces one of the most moving chapters in American history, from the early division between the North and the South to the final surrender of Confederate troops. Catton's account of battles is carefully interwoven with details about the political activities of the Union and Confederate armies and diplomatic efforts overseas. This new edition of The Civil War is a must-have for anyone interested in the war that divided America.
  civil war: 1861 Adam Goodheart, 2012-02-21 A gripping and original account of how the Civil War began and a second American revolution unfolded, setting Abraham Lincoln on the path to greatness and millions of slaves on the road to freedom. An epic of courage and heroism beyond the battlefields, 1861 introduces us to a heretofore little-known cast of Civil War heroes—among them an acrobatic militia colonel, an explorer’s wife, an idealistic band of German immigrants, a regiment of New York City firemen, a community of Virginia slaves, and a young college professor who would one day become president. Their stories take us from the corridors of the White House to the slums of Manhattan, from the waters of the Chesapeake to the deserts of Nevada, from Boston Common to Alcatraz Island, vividly evoking the Union at its moment of ultimate crisis and decision. Hailed as “exhilarating….Inspiring…Irresistible…” by The New York Times Book Review, Adam Goodheart’s bestseller 1861 is an important addition to the Civil War canon. Includes black-and-white photos and illustrations.
  civil war: The Long Shadow of the Civil War Victoria E. Bynum, 2010-04-15 The Long Shadow of the Civil War relates uncommon narratives about common Southern folks who fought not with the Confederacy, but against it. Focusing on regions in three Southern states--North Carolina, Mississippi, and Texas--Victoria E. Bynum introduces Unionist supporters, guerrilla soldiers, defiant women, socialists, populists, free blacks, and large interracial kin groups that belie stereotypes of Southerners as uniformly supportive of the Confederate cause. Centered on the concepts of place, family, and community, Bynum's insightful and carefully documented work effectively counters the idea of a unified South caught in the grip of the Lost Cause.
  civil war: Ends of War Caroline E. Janney, 2021-09-13 The Army of Northern Virginia's chaotic dispersal began even before Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House. As the Confederates had pushed west at a relentless pace for nearly a week, thousands of wounded and exhausted men fell out of the ranks. When word spread that Lee planned to surrender, most remaining troops stacked their arms and accepted paroles allowing them to return home, even as they lamented the loss of their country and cause. But others broke south and west, hoping to continue the fight. Fearing a guerrilla war, Grant extended the generous Appomattox terms to every rebel who would surrender himself. Provost marshals fanned out across Virginia and beyond, seeking nearly 18,000 of Lee's men who had yet to surrender. But the shock of Lincoln's assassination led Northern authorities to see threats of new rebellion in every rail depot and harbor where Confederates gathered for transport, even among those already paroled. While Federal troops struggled to keep order and sustain a fragile peace, their newly surrendered adversaries seethed with anger and confusion at the sight of Union troops occupying their towns and former slaves celebrating freedom. In this dramatic new history of the weeks and months after Appomattox, Caroline E. Janney reveals that Lee's surrender was less an ending than the start of an interregnum marked by military and political uncertainty, legal and logistical confusion, and continued outbursts of violence. Janney takes readers from the deliberations of government and military authorities to the ground-level experiences of common soldiers. Ultimately, what unfolds is the messy birth narrative of the Lost Cause, laying the groundwork for the defiant resilience of rebellion in the years that followed.
  civil war: Anatomy of a Civil War Mehmet Gurses, 2018-10-30 Anatomy of a Civil War demonstrates the destructive nature of war, ranging from the physical to the psychosocial, as well as war’s detrimental effects on the environment. Despite such horrific aspects, evidence suggests that civil war is likely to generate multilayered outcomes. To examine the transformative aspects of civil war, Mehmet Gurses draws on an original survey conducted in Turkey, where a Kurdish armed group, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), has been waging an intermittent insurgency for Kurdish self-rule since 1984. Findings from a probability sample of 2,100 individuals randomly selected from three major Kurdish-populated provinces in the eastern part of Turkey, coupled with insights from face-to-face in-depth interviews with dozens of individuals affected by violence, provide evidence for the multifaceted nature of exposure to violence during civil war. Just as the destructive nature of war manifests itself in various forms and shapes, wartime experiences can engender positive attitudes toward women, create a culture of political activism, and develop secular values at the individual level. In addition, wartime experiences seem to robustly predict greater support for political activism. Nonetheless, changes in gender relations and the rise of a secular political culture appear to be primarily shaped by wartime experiences interacting with insurgent ideology.
  civil war: The Civil War as a Theological Crisis Mark A. Noll, 2006-12-08 Viewing the Civil War as a major turning point in American religious thought, Mark A. Noll examines writings about slavery and race from Americans both white and black, northern and southern, and includes commentary from Protestants and Catholics in Europe and Canada. Though the Christians on all sides agreed that the Bible was authoritative, their interpretations of slavery in Scripture led to a full-blown theological crisis.
  civil war: Civil War? Interstate War? Hybrid War? Jakob Hauter, 2021-04-20 This volume of collected papers takes stock of what has become known about the war in eastern Ukraine’s Donets Basin (Donbas) between April 2014 and mid-2020. It provides an introduction to the conflict and illustrates the key point of contention in the academic debate surrounding it—the question whether this war is primarily an internal Ukrainian phenomenon or the result of a covert Russian invasion. The contributions by recognized specialists from Ukraine, Russia, Germany, and Japan offer multifaceted views and insights into this long-lasting conflict for both expert readers and those who are new to the topic. The volume’s contributors are Tymofii Brik, Jakob Hauter, Sanshiro Hosaka, Yuriy Matsiyevsky, Nikolay Mitrokhin, Maximilian Kranich, and Ulrich Schneckener.
  civil war: Transnational Dynamics of Civil War Jeffrey T. Checkel, 2013-01-24 Combining innovative theory with detailed case studies, this book offers a novel account of the border-crossing processes of civil war.
  civil war: The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom James M. McPherson, 2003-12-11 Filled with fresh interpretations and information, puncturing old myths and challenging new ones, Battle Cry of Freedom will unquestionably become the standard one-volume history of the Civil War. James McPherson's fast-paced narrative fully integrates the political, social, and military events that crowded the two decades from the outbreak of one war in Mexico to the ending of another at Appomattox. Packed with drama and analytical insight, the book vividly recounts the momentous episodes that preceded the Civil War--the Dred Scott decision, the Lincoln-Douglas debates, John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry--and then moves into a masterful chronicle of the war itself--the battles, the strategic maneuvering on both sides, the politics, and the personalities. Particularly notable are McPherson's new views on such matters as the slavery expansion issue in the 1850s, the origins of the Republican Party, the causes of secession, internal dissent and anti-war opposition in the North and the South, and the reasons for the Union's victory. The book's title refers to the sentiments that informed both the Northern and Southern views of the conflict: the South seceded in the name of that freedom of self-determination and self-government for which their fathers had fought in 1776, while the North stood fast in defense of the Union founded by those fathers as the bulwark of American liberty. Eventually, the North had to grapple with the underlying cause of the war--slavery--and adopt a policy of emancipation as a second war aim. This new birth of freedom, as Lincoln called it, constitutes the proudest legacy of America's bloodiest conflict. This authoritative volume makes sense of that vast and confusing second American Revolution we call the Civil War, a war that transformed a nation and expanded our heritage of liberty.
  civil war: The World the Civil War Made Gregory P. Downs, Kate Masur, 2015-07-22 At the close of the Civil War, it was clear that the military conflict that began in South Carolina and was fought largely east of the Mississippi River had changed the politics, policy, and daily life of the entire nation. In an expansive reimagining of post–Civil War America, the essays in this volume explore these profound changes not only in the South but also in the Southwest, in the Great Plains, and abroad. Resisting the tendency to use Reconstruction as a catchall, the contributors instead present diverse histories of a postwar nation that stubbornly refused to adopt a unified ideology and remained violently in flux. Portraying the social and political landscape of postbellum America writ large, this volume demonstrates that by breaking the boundaries of region and race and moving past existing critical frameworks, we can appreciate more fully the competing and often contradictory ideas about freedom and equality that continued to define the United States and its place in the nineteenth-century world. Contributors include Amanda Claybaugh, Laura F. Edwards, Crystal N. Feimster, C. Joseph Genetin-Pilawa, Steven Hahn, Luke E. Harlow, Stephen Kantrowitz, Barbara Krauthamer, K. Stephen Prince, Stacey L. Smith, Amy Dru Stanley, Kidada E. Williams, and Andrew Zimmerman.
  civil war: English Public Opinion and the American Civil War Duncan Andrew Campbell, 2003 Numerous issues in Britain affected public reaction to the American Civil War. Opinion was not straightforward with recent evidence showing that a majority of English people were suspicious of both sides in the conflict. This volume offers new insights into British attitudes to the conflict.
  civil war: The Business of Civil War Mark R. Wilson, 2006-07-15 This wide-ranging, original account of the politics and economics of the giant military supply project in the North reconstructs an important but little-known part of Civil War history. Drawing on new and extensive research in army and business archives, Mark R. Wilson offers a fresh view of the wartime North and the ways in which its economy worked when the Lincoln administration, with unprecedented military effort, moved to suppress the rebellion. This task of equipping and sustaining Union forces fell to career army procurement officers. Largely free from political partisanship or any formal free-market ideology, they created a mixed military economy with a complex contracting system that they pieced together to meet the experience of civil war. Wilson argues that the North owed its victory to these professional military men and their finely tuned relationships with contractors, public officials, and war workers. Wilson also examines the obstacles military bureaucrats faced, many of which illuminated basic problems of modern political economy: the balance between efficiency and equity, the promotion of competition, and the protection of workers' welfare. The struggle over these problems determined the flow of hundreds of millions of dollars; it also redirected American political and economic development by forcing citizens to grapple with difficult questions about the proper relationships among government, business, and labor. Students of the American Civil War will welcome this fresh study of military-industrial production and procurement on the home front—long an obscure topic.
  civil war: The Civil War Years Robin W. Winks, 1998 New edition of a work first published in 1960 under the title Canada and the United States: The Civil War Years by the Johns Hopkins Press. It examines the impact of the American Civil War on Canada, especially on the movement toward Confederation, offers a survey of Canadian public opinion on the war, and discusses the role of Confederate sympathizers in Canada, and the number of Canadians enlisted in the armies of the North and South. A new introduction gives an overview of Civil War studies since 1960. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
  civil war: The Civil War in the West Earl J. Hess, 2012-03-12 The Western theater of the Civil War, rich in agricultural resources and manpower and home to a large number of slaves, stretched 600 miles north to south and 450 miles east to west from the Appalachians to the Mississippi. If the South lost the West, there would be little hope of preserving the Confederacy. Earl J. Hess's comprehensive study of how Federal forces conquered and held the West examines the geographical difficulties of conducting campaigns in a vast land, as well as the toll irregular warfare took on soldiers and civilians alike. Hess balances a thorough knowledge of the battle lines with a deep understanding of what was happening within the occupied territories. In addition to a mastery of logistics, Union victory hinged on making use of black manpower and developing policies for controlling constant unrest while winning campaigns. Effective use of technology, superior resource management, and an aggressive confidence went hand in hand with Federal success on the battlefield. In the end, Confederates did not have the manpower, supplies, transportation potential, or leadership to counter Union initiatives in this critical arena.
  civil war: The Civil War in Art and Memory Kirk Savage, 2016-01-01 Proceedings of the symposium The Civil War in Art and Memory, organized by the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art, and sponsored by the Arthur Vining Davis Foundations. The symposium was held November 8-9, 2013, in Washington.
  civil war: What Caused the Civil War?: Reflections on the South and Southern History Edward L. Ayers, 2006-08-17 “An extremely good writer, [Ayers] is well worth reading . . . on the South and Southern history.”—Stephen Sears, Boston Globe The Southern past has proven to be fertile ground for great works of history. Peculiarities of tragic proportions—a system of slavery flourishing in a land of freedom, secession and Civil War tearing at a federal Union, deep poverty persisting in a nation of fast-paced development—have fed the imaginations of some of our most accomplished historians. Foremost in their ranks today is Edward L. Ayers, author of the award-winning and ongoing study of the Civil War in the heart of America, the Valley of the Shadow Project. In wide-ranging essays on the Civil War, the New South, and the twentieth-century South, Ayers turns over the rich soil of Southern life to explore the sources of the nation's and his own history. The title essay, original here, distills his vast research and offers a fresh perspective on the nation's central historical event.
  civil war: Rebel Governance in Civil War Ana Arjona, Nelson Kasfir, Zachariah Mampilly, 2015-10-22 This is the first book to examine and compare how rebels govern civilians during civil wars in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Europe. Drawing from a variety of disciplinary traditions, including political science, sociology, and anthropology, the book provides in-depth case studies of specific conflicts as well as comparative studies of multiple conflicts. Among other themes, the book examines why and how some rebels establish both structures and practices of rule, the role of ideology, cultural, and material factors affecting rebel governance strategies, the impact of governance on the rebel/civilian relationship, civilian responses to rebel rule, the comparison between modes of state and non-state governance to rebel attempts to establish political order, the political economy of rebel governance, and the decline and demise of rebel governance attempts.
  civil war: Civil War Battlefields David T. Gilbert, 2017-03-14 Walk in the footsteps of history with this stunning volume that brings more than thirty Civil War battlefields to life. From the “First Battle of Bull Run” to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House four years later, this book celebrates the history and scenic beauty of these hallowed grounds in a large-format, beautifully produced volume. Explore more than thirty Civil War battlefields— from Antietam to Chancellorsville, Gettysburg to Shiloh—including the first five national battlefield parks preserved by veterans in the 1890s. Each battlefield features extensive photos of the key sites and monuments, as well as beautiful landscapes and historic archival photography. The essays enable the reader to understand each battlefield from a strategic perspective—its topography, geography, and military value—the battle’s seminal moments, and its historical significance, and guide the reader on how best to tour the grounds on foot. With maps, rarely seen archival photos, and stunning contemporary photography, this photo- and information-packed book is an inspirational bucket list for Civil War and history buffs, as well as those who wish to walk in the literal boot steps of American history.
  civil war: The Civil War in Books David J. Eicher, 1997 With the assistance of several scholars, including James M. McPherson and Gary Gallagher, and a long-time specialist in Civil War books, Ralph Newman, David Eicher has selected for inclusion in The Civil War in Books the 1,100 most important books on the war. These are organized into categories as wide-ranging as Battles and Campaigns, Biographies, Memoirs, and Letters, Unit Histories, and General Works. The last of these includes volumes on black Americans and the war, battlefields, fiction, pictorial works, politics, prisons, railroads, and a host of other topics. Annotations are included for all entries in the work, which is presented in an oversized 8 1/2 x 11 inch volume in two-column format. Appendixes list prolific Civil War publishers and other Civil War bibliographies, and the works included in Eicher's mammoth undertaking are indexed by author or editor and by title. Gary Gallagher's foreword traces the development of Civil War bibliographies and declares that Eicher's annotation exceeds that of any previous comprehensive volume. The Civil War in Books, Gallagher believes, is precisely the type of guide that has been needed. The first full-scale, fully-annotated bibliography on the Civil War to appear in more than thirty years, Eicher's The Civil War in Books is a remarkable compendium of the best reading available about the worst conflict ever to strike the United States. The bibliography, the most valuable reference book on the subject since The Civil War Day by Day, will be essential for college and university libraries, dealers in rare and secondhand books, and Civil War buffs.
  civil war: Civil War 150 Civil War Trust, 2011-05-17 The year 2011 marks the sesquicentennial of the Civil War, and so the time is right for this indispensable collection of 150 key places to see and things to do to remember and to honor the sacrifices made during America’s epic struggle. Covering dozens of states and the District of Columbia, this easy-to-use guide provides a concise text description and one or more images for each entry, as well as directions to all sites.
American Civil War Forums
Nov 13, 2024 · The American Civil War, arguably the most traumatic event in the history of the United States, was fought from 1861 to 1865, and was the culmination of sectional issues which deeply divided the country between a pro-Federal government North and a pro-states rights, in the pro-slavery South, whose eleven states formed a breakaway government ...

Forum list - American Civil War Forums
Sep 21, 2024 · In this forum there are discussions about American Civil War Table Top Board Games, Card Games, Computer Games, Cell Phone Games, as well as Photos and Discussions about Civil War Wargaming with Miniatures, as well as Painting and Landscaping of Miniatures used on Realistic Scale Mockups of Historic Battlefields.

What's new - American Civil War Forums
Jun 3, 2021 · The Civil War Letters of Surgeon James D. Benton. 0.00 star(s) 0 ratings Updated Mar 8, 2022.

Halloween aka ‘All Hallow’e’en’ Fun during the Civil War
Oct 25, 2017 · D id people celebrate Halloween during the Civil War? Well, the answer’s complicated. Well, the answer’s complicated. Halloween, ‘All Hallows’ Eve,’ or ‘All Hallow’e’en’ can trace its origins in America back to the mid-1800s, with …

Civil War shakos | Ranks, Uniforms, Clothing, & Gear
Mar 3, 2024 · For Civil War relics, I recently lost an auction for an excavated CSA wishbone buckle by just a few cents. Now I'm eyeing a French Revolution saber and 1810 pattern shako plate for my Napoleonic French collection, and I'm praying they don't go before I've got the funds to pick them up haha

Who were the two Presidents during the Civil War? - Answers
Aug 18, 2023 · On April 12, 1861, America was split up into two parts. The north & the south. The North was the United States of America. The South was the Confederate States of America. The president of the ...

CivilWarTalk Presents - American Civil War Forums
Mar 9, 2022 · The Battles and Campaigns of the Branch-Lane Brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia, 1861-1865

Civil War Games & Miniatures
Sep 1, 2019 · In this forum there are discussions about American Civil War Table Top Board Games, Card Games, Computer Games, Cell Phone Games, as well as Photos and Discussions about Civil War Wargaming with Miniatures, as well as Painting and Landscaping of Miniatures used on Realistic Scale Mockups of Historic Battlefields.

"Civil War": Avalon-Hill's 1961 Game
Feb 23, 2013 · In 1961, no doubt in time for the Civil war Centennial, the game company Avalon-Hill brought out this so-called "Family-Social" game Based on the Civil War. This was to accompany their so-called "Tournament" or historical games like Gettysburg, Tactics II, Waterloo, D-Day and Stalingrad. The Family-Social game line was intended for less-serious ...

Best/Favorite Civil War Magazines?
Jan 19, 2013 · I began subscribing to Civil War Times ( the Illustrated part of the title was dropped a few years ago, since anymore EVERYTHING is! ) back in 1961 during the Centennial, and remained a faithful subscriber for close to a half-century, through their many ups-and-downs.

Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990 - JSTOR
Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990 Case Outcome: COIN Loss (Mixed, Favoring Insurgents) Case Summary The Lebanese Civil War lasted from 1975 to 1990 and quickly led to the breakdown of government structures as Lebanon was engulfed by anarchy, earning the nickname the “militia republic.”964 The multi-

United States Institute of Peace
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MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DURING AMERICA’S CIVIL WAR
The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War: New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988, in the Foreword, by Stephen Sears, p xiii. 4 ibid, p xiii. 5 In the November 2004 issue of America’s Civil War, (Volume 17, No.5) William Marvel presents, by

Civil War The Civil War in Charles County
During the Civil War, Port Tobacco was well known for the pro-southern activities and sympathies of its citizens. In 1864, Mosby’s Rangers captured 20 Union soldiers during a surprise raid at the courthouse. Lincoln’s assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was traced to

The Economics of US Civil War Conscription - Appalachian …
The Economics of US Civil War Conscription 427 bounties to fill the quotas. One’s term of service ended in December each year.9 Although there was no national conscription in the War of 1812, several proposals for conscription were advanced. These plans were offered sepa-rately by James Monroe (Secretary of War) and George Troup (Chairman

America's Wars - Veterans Affairs
Civil War. Last Union verified Veteran, Albert Woolson, died 8/2/1956, age 109 Last Confederate verified Veteran, Pleasant Crump, died 12/21/1951, age 104 Last Union Widow, Gertrude Janeway, died 1/17/2003, age 93 Last Confederate Widow, Maudie Hopkins died 8/1/2008, age 93. Indian Wars.

THE ROOTS OF THE SECOND LIBERIAN CIVIL WAR - JSTOR
Liberian civil war, disaffected members of the former Taylor-led National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), and war-time capitalists with interests in the private accumulation of capital. LURD launched its attacks from Guinea, Liberia's neighbor to …

Civil War and Revolution - Scholars at Harvard
connected histories of civil war across space and time.4 A further reason why historians have not examined civil war outside its specific contexts might be the lack of consensus about just what counts as a civil war. ‘Civil war is … a phenomenon prone to serious semantic confusion, even contestation. The description of a

Civil War Railroads: A Revolution in Mobility - DTIC
The Civil War pitted two armies against each other on a grand battlefield in the East that focused on Virginia and its Border States and an equally demanding battlefield in the West for control of the Mississippi River. Both sides faced the extremely difficult challenges associated

CIVIL WAR Reading Comprehension - MrNussbaum.com
The Civil War was waged because 11 Southern states seceded (broke away and started their own government) from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. The secession took place primarily because of a long-standing debate concerning states’ rights, and more specifically the issue of slavery. As new territories

WORLD WAR II, OCCUPATION, AND THE CIVIL WAR IN …
The civil war erupted in 1946 when forces controlled by the KKE, having political and logistical backing from the newly-founded communist states to the north (Albania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria) organized the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), and started fighting against. 4

The War that Inspired Animal Farm: How George Orwellâ•Žs …
The War that Inspired Animal Farm: How George Orwell’s Experiences in Spain Shaped his Views Towards Russia The Spanish Civil war was a duel between two systems of government: democracy, and fascism. This war dragged many nations into it, with volunteers enlisting and countries sending in aid, arms, and money.

Crossing into War: Hostages in Civil War Virginia and West …
Secession and civil war presented Virginia with perhaps the most difficult crossroads in its history. The state’s government wrestled with the choice over secession, and when secession came, a substantial part of the state’s legislators and local officials—particularly in the west and along

The Civil War: 1861–1865 - Social Studies School Service
The Civil War: 1861–1865 Backwards Planning Curriculum Units Michael Hutchison, Writer Dr. Aaron Willis, Project Coordinator Kerry Gordonson, Editor Justin Coffey, Editor Starr Balmer, Editorial Assistant Earl Collins, Graphic Designer Social Studies School Service

Explaining State Violence in the Guatemalan Civil War: …
In civil war, a government employs a variety of counterinsurgency strategies. These include the selective provision of security, goods, services, and income; the develop-ment of narratives and symbols that resonate with the population's cultural system

AP United States History - AP Central
Civil War, the primary cause of the Civil War was the tension over slavery.” • “Throughout the mid-1800’s, debates rose on the institution of slavery which eventually led to the Civil War: social arguments were made such as whites were superior to blacks; the south argued that slaves were economically beneficial due to the stable

South Carolina after the Civil War - University of South Carolina
Explain how the Civil War affected South Carolina's economy, including destruction of plantations, towns, factories, and transportation systems. 4-6.6. Explain the impact of the Civil War on the nation, including its effects on the physical environment and on the people—soldiers, women, African Americans, and the civilian population

Syria Conflict Overview: 2011-2021 - CRS Reports
Aug 3, 2023 · war population. This product provides a historical overview of the conflict through 2021. As of 2023, five outside countries regularly operate in or maintain military forces in Syria: Russia, Turkey (Türkiye), Iran, Israel, and the United …

Geoinquiry | A Nation Divided: the Civil War - Esri
A Nation Divided: the Civil War ʅ Click the link above to launch the map. ʅ Click the orange, blue, and gray states to answer the following questions.? How were states classified during the Civil War? [Union/North, Confederate/South, or border states]? Which states allowed slavery? Did all states allowing slavery secede?

Causes of the Civil War Reading Comprehension Bundle …
Causes of the Civil War Reading Comprehension Bundle Integrated Reading and CRITICAL THOUGHT Activities For Grades 5-8 8 INTEGRATED ACTIVITIES Perfect for Interactive Notebooks Perfect for Morning Work or Assessments !!!! TermsofUse& Slavery&RC& C,&C,&B,&D,B,D,A&

Hallowed Ground: Arkansas‘s Historic Places in the Civil War
The Civil War caused massive devastation in the rural, frontier state of Arkansas. It is estimated that over 7,000 Arkansas Confederate soldiers, 1,700 white Arkansas Union soldiers, hundreds of Arkan-sas African-American soldiers, and thousands of Arkansas citizens died …

Civil War Genealogy & History For Buffalo & Erie County
GRO Civil War Index Table *E494 .J4 1984 Jewitt, Allen E. Civil War Military Discharges and Pensions Hamburg, NY: A. E. Jewitt, 1984 GRO Ref. F116 .A45 v.18 Brown, Richard C. Erie County and the Civil War Buffalo, NY: Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, 1973 Buffalo F129 .B44 1951, pp. 55-56 Thompson, Ethel

Gentlemen of the White Apron: Masonic POWs in the …
American Civil War. Michael A. Halleran, 32° Mackey Scholar. A. pproximately 410,000 soldiers were taken prisoner in the Civil War, and about 56,000 died in prison.¹ The ordeal of these captives received much study immediately after the war, and renewed schol-arly interest in the last twenty years. Much has been published about

Civil War SoldierA - Wornall/Majors
Civil War Slang What if you could talk to someone who lived during the Civil War? You would probably have a hard time understanding some of what they would say. The list below has some words and phrases used during the Civil War. The words on the right are the meanings. Where did the terms come from? Which ones are still in use? What

Why Bad Governance Leads to Repeat Civil War
exception of the recent war in Libya) has been a continuation of a previous civil war. The fact that most civil wars today are repeat wars is striking for two reasons. First, civil wars are not recurring in all countries and all regions. El Salvador, for example, experienced a civil war that ended in 1992 and has never restarted. Instead ...

Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War - Cambridge University …
2. Inequality and Grievances in the Civil War Literature 11 3. From Horizontal Inequality to Civil War via Grievances 30 part ii: empirical analysis of civil war onset 4. Political Exclusion and Civil War 57 5. Economic Inequality and Civil War 93 6. Transborder Ethnic Kin and Civil War 119 7. Country-Level Inequalities and Civil War 143

English Civil War Politics and the Religious Settlement
war party to concern themselves with Scottish sensibilities also began to decline at this time. Marston Moor had another significant effect upon the future of the Civil War. It served to bring Oliver Cromwell forward as Parliament's principal mil-itary commander, and it caused the leaders of the war party to see in his leader-

Appendix A: Union Army Pensions and Civil War Records
Civil War Pensions Origins The Civil War affected an entire generation. Forty-one percent of all north- ern white men born between 1822 and 1845,60 percent of those born between 1837 and 1845, and 8 1 percent of those born in 1843 served in the Union army during the Civil War. Union soldiers constituted a fairly representative cross

LESSON 4: Bodies Broken by Bullets - muttermuseum.org
Civil War soldiers were also subjected to artillery fire, and the shells that rained down from the sky produced metal fragments and shot. These wounds were particularly gruesome. Removing particles of clothing, dirt, and bone fragments was critical to treatment. Surgeons were very concerned about

Mail Service and the Civil War - About.usps.com
Mail Service and the Civil War . Mail was a treasured link between Civil War camps and battlefields and “back home.” Recognizing its importance to morale, the armies assigned personnel to collect, distribute, and deliver soldiers’ mail; wagons and tents served as traveling Post Offices. Some soldiers wrote home weekly; some seemed to

The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–90 - JSTOR
Jan 1, 2005 · Lebanese civil war.External intervention was also crucial.Because economic expla-nations of the causes of the Lebanese war are weak,the CH model,which gives great weight to economic factors,does a poor job in predicting the outbreak of the war. Factors identified by CH as potentially affecting civil war duration are,however,help-

the traditional civil war curriculum by the american battlefield …
The Traditional Civil War Curriculum, Goal 7 . 1864-1865: Bringing the War to an End The Traditional Civil War Curriculum | Middle School Battlefields.org . calculated to prevent a restoration of the Union and the perpetuation of a government deriving its just powers from the consent of the governed. Resolved

NARA Records with Civil War Medical Information - National …
NARA Records with Civil War Medical Information . Below are some of the records at NARA where you may find medical information about soldiers. Record Group 15: Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, 1773 – 2007 . Approximately 115,000 disapproved pension applications submitted by soldiers

Liberia: 1989-1997 Civil War, Post-War Developments, and …
Dec 31, 2003 · Civil War, 1989-1997 On December 24, 1989, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), led by Charles Taylor, crossed into Liberia from Cote d’Ivoire, sparking a conflict that mushroomed into a seven year civil war. Taylor, then 51 years old, had studied economics in the United States, and had been

Nicaragua: Revolution and restoration - Brookings
Cold War, internationally supervised elections yielded an interlude of relatively liberal democracy and alternation of power (1990-2006). To the consternation of the United

The American Civil War: A Military History - LSU
Civil War Book Review Winter 2010 Article 3 The American Civil War: A Military History Erik B. Alexander Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.lsu.edu/cwbr Recommended Citation Alexander, Erik B. (2010) "The American Civil War: A Military History," Civil War Book Review: Vol. 12 : Iss. 1 . DOI: 10.31390/cwbr.12.1.3

Disease & Infection in the American Civil War - JSTOR
War DiDase* Wounds** Civil War (Union) 62.0 13.3 Spanish American 25.6 6.1 World War I 16.5 8.1 World War II 0.6 4.5 Korean 0.5 2.5 *Per 1,000 strength per annum **Per 100 wounded Source: The Army Almanac Union Medical Records Medical records available from the American Civil War can be utilized to show a cause and effect rela-

The Civil War Diet - Virginia Tech
As Civil War historian William C. Davis wrote, “[n]o one completely escaped the rotten meat, the worm-infested bread, the illness from want of fruits and vegetables, or the utter absence of even the basic principles of nutrition and a balanced diet.”1 Civil War nutrition has been a topic that many authors have flirted with but never

The Flags of the Union - American Battlefield Trust
The United States of America went through four different flags during the Civil War: The 33-star flag, the 34-star flag, the 35-star flag, and the 36-star flag. The original flag used during the attack on Fort Sumter was the 33-star flag, created in 1859 after the admission of Oregon into the United States of America.

Beyond Greed and Grievance: Feasibility and Civil War
Civil war is the most prevalent form of large-scale violence and is massively destructive to life, society, and the economy. The prevention of civil war is therefore a key priority for international attention. We present an empirical analysis of what makes countries prone to civil war. Using a global panel data set we examine different ...

Rewriting History: A Study of How the History of the Civil …
cause of the Civil War was either states’ rights or slavery. Eventually, it was inevitable that those two thoughts would be linked together. Slavery remained the central cause of the Civil War until 1954, when textbooks began to agree with Davis and Jefferson’s earlier claim that secession and war were caused by states’ rights.

The Greek Civil War (1944–1949) and the International …
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Civil War DBQ - Guilford County Schools
DBQ: End of the Civil War Directions: The following question requires you to construct a coherent THESIS STATEMENT and an OUTLINE that integrates your interpretation of Documents A-F and your knowledge of the period referred to in the question. 1. Analyze the Union’s approach to ending the Civil Wa r and the restoration of the Union

British Mediation and the American Civil War: A …
Civil War: A Reconsideration By KINLEY J. BRAUER DURING ThE FALL OF 1862 GREAT BRrrAIN SERIOUSLY CONSIDERED intervening in the American Civil War. Union defeats in northern Virginia and a Confederate advance toward Washington, coupled with growing domestic economic problems created by the cotton famine, led Lord Palmerston, the prime minister ...

NCOs in the Civil War - DTIC
As the Civil War progressed attrition caused most units to fight with fewer NCOs. In battle, a regiment would line each company in two ranks. The captain stood to the right of the company with the first rank and the first sergeant stood with the second rank. The first sergeant also was known as the covering sergeant or orderly sergeant

Understanding Civil War - JSTOR
3. The latter hypothesis is tested empirically for all post-civil war transitions since 1945 in Doyle and Sambanis (2000). The authors find a significant positive correlation between the level of war-generated hos-tility and the likelihood of civil war recurrence within 5 …

On Economic Causes of Civil War - JSTOR
Linearising and treating the process as stochastic, a civil war will occur if a p(T) T+ b. P- c-D- d. Y- e. C > r1 (2) The maximum expected duration of a civil war conditional upon its occurrence follows from the same formulation D < (a-p(T).T+ b. P- d. Y- e C- )/c (3) Hence, if rebels have perfect foresight, so that the expected duration coincides

ENDING CIVIL WARS: THE CASE OF LIBERIA - JSTOR
Jun 16, 1997 · 59 ENDING CIVIL WARS: THE CASE OF LIBERIA Luca Renda The 1.5 for Liberian its million unprecedented civil of Liberia's war (1989-1997) level 2.8 million of brutality. attracted people Seven and international caused years of …

Writings on the American Civil War - Marxists Internet Archive
The question of the principle of the American Civil War is answered by the battle slogan with which the South broke the peace. Stephens, the Vice-President of the Southern Confederacy, declared in the Secession Congress that what essentially distinguished the Constitution newly hatched at Montgomery

Civil War Book Review - LSU
Civil War—Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War: The Eastern Campaigns, 1861-1864 (2005) and Trench Warfare Under Grant & Lee: Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign (2007) with a third volume on the fortifications of the Siege of Petersburg forthcoming—is a substantial addition to