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Chemistry: The Periodic Table and Periodicity
Ever wondered why certain elements behave similarly, while others are drastically different? The answer lies within the beautifully organized structure we call the periodic table, and the fundamental principle of periodicity. This comprehensive guide dives deep into the world of chemistry, exploring the periodic table's arrangement and how periodicity governs the properties of elements. We'll demystify the seemingly complex relationships between elements, providing a clear understanding for both students and curious minds.
Understanding the Periodic Table: A Foundation in Chemistry
The periodic table isn't just a random collection of elements; it's a meticulously crafted arrangement reflecting fundamental chemical principles. Dmitri Mendeleev's genius lies in organizing elements based on their atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) and recurring patterns in their properties. This organization allows us to predict the behavior of elements and understand their relationships with one another.
#### Key Components of the Periodic Table:
Periods (Rows): Elements in the same period share the same highest energy electron shell. As you move across a period, the number of electrons and protons increases, leading to changes in properties.
Groups (Columns): Elements within the same group possess similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons (electrons in the outermost shell). These valence electrons are primarily responsible for chemical bonding.
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids: The periodic table categorizes elements based on their metallic character. Metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, while nonmetals are poor conductors. Metalloids exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Periodicity: The Heart of Chemical Behavior
Periodicity refers to the regular recurrence of chemical and physical properties of elements as their atomic number increases. This cyclical pattern is a direct consequence of the electron configuration of atoms. As you move across a period, the number of electrons in the outermost shell changes, influencing the element's reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy.
#### Key Periodic Trends:
Atomic Radius: The size of an atom generally decreases across a period and increases down a group.
Electronegativity: This measures an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond. Electronegativity generally increases across a period and decreases down a group.
Ionization Energy: The energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Ionization energy generally increases across a period and decreases down a group.
Metallic Character: Metallic character generally decreases across a period and increases down a group.
Predicting Chemical Behavior using Periodicity
The beauty of periodicity lies in its predictive power. By understanding the trends, we can anticipate the chemical behavior of elements. For instance, knowing that electronegativity increases across a period helps predict the type of bonds elements will form. Highly electronegative elements tend to form ionic bonds with less electronegative elements. Understanding these trends is crucial for predicting reaction pathways and synthesizing new compounds.
The Importance of the Periodic Table in Various Fields
The periodic table is not just a tool for chemists; it's a fundamental resource across various scientific disciplines. From materials science (designing new alloys and semiconductors) to biology (understanding the role of trace elements in biological processes) and even environmental science (assessing the impact of pollutants), the periodic table provides a framework for understanding the elemental composition of our world.
Conclusion
The periodic table and the concept of periodicity are cornerstones of chemistry. Understanding their intricacies allows us to unravel the mysteries of elemental behavior and predict chemical reactions. This knowledge is essential for advancements in numerous fields, highlighting the periodic table's enduring importance as a powerful predictive tool and a testament to the elegance of scientific organization.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the difference between a period and a group in the periodic table? Periods are horizontal rows, representing elements with the same highest energy electron shell. Groups are vertical columns, containing elements with similar valence electron configurations and hence similar chemical properties.
2. How does atomic number relate to periodicity? Atomic number dictates the number of protons and electrons in an atom, directly impacting its electron configuration and consequently its position and properties within the periodic table. The periodic recurrence of properties is directly tied to the increasing atomic number.
3. Why are some elements more reactive than others? Reactivity is largely determined by the number of valence electrons and their tendency to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. Elements with nearly full or nearly empty valence shells are often highly reactive.
4. How can I use the periodic table to predict the type of bond an element will form? Observe the element's position and its electronegativity. Large differences in electronegativity often lead to ionic bonds, while smaller differences suggest covalent bonds.
5. What are some real-world applications of understanding the periodic table and periodicity? Applications are vast and include developing new materials (alloys, semiconductors), understanding biological processes, designing efficient batteries, and addressing environmental pollution issues.
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Periodic Table I D. Michael P. Mingos, 2020-02-05 As 2019 has been declared the International Year of the Periodic Table, it is appropriate that Structure and Bonding marks this anniversary with two special volumes. In 1869 Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleev first proposed his periodic table of the elements. He is given the major credit for proposing the conceptual framework used by chemists to systematically inter-relate the chemical properties of the elements. However, the concept of periodicity evolved in distinct stages and was the culmination of work by other chemists over several decades. For example, Newland’s Law of Octaves marked an important step in the evolution of the periodic system since it represented the first clear statement that the properties of the elements repeated after intervals of 8. Mendeleev’s predictions demonstrated in an impressive manner how the periodic table could be used to predict the occurrence and properties of new elements. Not all of his many predictions proved to be valid, but the discovery of scandium, gallium and germanium represented sufficient vindication of its utility and they cemented its enduring influence. Mendeleev’s periodic table was based on the atomic weights of the elements and it was another 50 years before Moseley established that it was the atomic number of the elements, that was the fundamental parameter and this led to the prediction of further elements. Some have suggested that the periodic table is one of the most fruitful ideas in modern science and that it is comparable to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed at approximately the same time. There is no doubt that the periodic table occupies a central position in chemistry. In its modern form it is reproduced in most undergraduate inorganic textbooks and is present in almost every chemistry lecture room and classroom. This first volume provides chemists with an account of the historical development of the Periodic Table and an overview of how the Periodic Table has evolved over the last 150 years. It also illustrates how it has guided the research programmes of some distinguished chemists. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Atomic Structure and Periodicity Jack Barrett, 2002 This book presents basic atomic theory as given in first and second year courses at university. It demonstrates that the structure of the Periodic Table as we know it is based on sound principles. Throughout the book, theoretical concepts are presented, along with the experimental evidence for them. Foundations are laid in the introductory chapter, which deals with fundamental particles, electromagnetic radiation and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Atomic orbitals are then described, using a minimum of mathematics, followed by a discussion of the electron configurations of the elements. Further chapters reveal the relationships between the electronic configurations of the elements and some properties of their atoms; and the variations in the properties of their fluorides and oxides across the periods and down the groups of the Periodic Table. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major new series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Chemical Periodicity Robert Thomas Sanderson, 2013-04-20 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Periodic Table Eric R. Scerri, 2019 Eric R. Scerri presents a modern and fresh exploration of this fundamental topic in the physical sciences, considering the deeper implications of the arrangements of the table to atomic physics and quantum mechanics. This new edition celebrates the completion of the 7th period of the table, with the naming of elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Periodic Table, The: Past, Present, And Future Geoff Rayner-canham, 2020-08-04 'This is an an absolutely wonderful book that is full of gems about the elements and the periodic table … All in all, the book is highly recommended to philosophers of chemistry. As philosophers we have a natural tendency to concentrate on generalities and not to get too involved in the specifics and the details. Above all else, this new book reminds us that such an approach needs to be tempered by a detailed knowledge of the exceptions and features that go against the simplified generalities which we so cherish.' [Read Full Review]Eric ScerriFoundations of Chemistry'Many questions are dealt with in a clearly written way in this stimulating and innovative book. The reader will quickly become interested in the subject and will be taken on tour through this Periodic Table in a very readable way, both for students and teachers … The number of illustrations is good, and clear. This book is indeed unique and quite thought-provoking … This book is highly recommended for students, teachers, researchers and not only chemists! Geologists, biochemist and also physicists will find it very interesting to read.' [Read Full Review]Chemistry InternationalThat fossilized chart on every classroom wall — isn't that The Periodic Table? Isn't that what Mendeléev devised about a century ago? No and No. There are many ways of organizing the chemical elements, some of which are thought-provoking, and which reveal philosophical challenges. Where does hydrogen 'belong'? Can an element occupy more than one location on the chart? Which are the Group 3 elements? Is aluminum in the wrong place? Why is silver(I) like thallium(I)? Why is vanadium like molybdenum? Why does gold form an auride ion like a halide ion? Does an atom 'know' if it is a non-metal or metal? Which elements are the 'metalloids'? Which are the triels? So many questions! In this stimulating and innovative book, the Reader will be taken on a voyage from the past to the present to the future of the Periodic Table. This book is unique. This book is readable. This book is thought-provoking. It is a multi-dimensional examination of patterns and trends among the chemical elements. Every reader will discover something about the chemical elements which will provoke thought and a new appreciation as to how the elements relate together. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Periodicity and the S- and P- Block Elements Nicholas C. Norman, Nicholas C. (School of Chemistry Norman, The University of Bristol), 2021-02 The most accessible introduction to periodicity, presenting students with up-to-date research and real-world examples. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Chemistry 2e Paul Flowers, Richard Langely, William R. Robinson, Klaus Hellmut Theopold, 2019-02-14 Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Mendeleev to Oganesson Eric R. Scerri, Guillermo Restrepo, 2018 An edited volume featuring chapters on multidisciplinary aspects of the Periodic Table, particularly focusing on the history and philosophy of chemistry |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Periodic Table Eric R. Scerri, 2020 The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance traces the evolution and development of the periodic table, from Mendeleev's 1869 first published table and onto the modern understanding provided by modern physics. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Chemical Periodicity Robert Thomas Sanderson, 1960 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Principles of Chemistry Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, 1901 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Mendeleev on the Periodic Law Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, 2013-04-25 By the dawn of the nineteenth century, elements had been defined as basic building blocks of nature resistant to decomposition by chemical means. In 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev organized the discord of the elements into the periodic table, assigning each element to a row, with each row corresponding to an elemental category. The underlying order of matter, hitherto only dimly perceived, was suddenly clearly revealed. This is the first English-language collection of Mendeleev's most important writings on the periodic law. Thirteen papers and essays, divided into three groups, reflect the period corresponding to the initial establishment of the periodic law (three papers: 1869-71), a period of priority disputes and experimental confirmations (five papers: 1871-86), and a final period of general acceptance for the law and increasing international recognition for Mendeleev (five papers: 1887-1905). A single, easily accessible source for Mendeleev's principle papers, this volume offers a history of the development of the periodic law, written by the law's own founder. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: 150 Years of the Periodic Table Carmen J. Giunta, Vera V. Mainz, Gregory S. Girolami, 2021-07-04 This book provides an overview of the origins and evolution of the periodic system from its prehistory to the latest synthetic elements and possible future additions. The periodic system of the elements first emerged as a comprehensive classificatory and predictive tool for chemistry during the 1860s. Its subsequent embodiment in various versions has made it one of the most recognizable icons of science. Based primarily on a symposium titled “150 Years of the Periodic Table” and held at the August 2019 national meeting of the American Chemical Society, this book describes the origins of the periodic law, developments that led to its acceptance, chemical families that the system struggled to accommodate, extension of the periodic system to include synthetic elements, and various cultural aspects of the system that were celebrated during the International Year of the Periodic Table. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Discovery of Oxygen Joseph Priestley, 1894 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Chemistry of the Elements Norman Neill Greenwood, Alan Earnshaw, 1995 This textbook presents an account of the chemistry of the elements for both undergraduate and postgraduate students. It covers not only the inorganic chemistry of the elements, but also analytical, theoretical, industrial, organometallic, bio-inorganic areas of chemistry which apply. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Chemistry Bruce Averill, Patricia Eldredge, 2007 Emphasises on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach that helps students discover the exciting potential of chemical science. This book incorporates fresh applications from the three major areas of modern research: materials, environmental chemistry, and biological science. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Modern Inorganic Chemistry William L. Jolly, 1991 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Mastering the Periodic Table Linda Trombley, Faye Williams, 2000 Whether students are studying chemistry, biology, or other sciences, the periodic table is a vitally important tool. These 50 word games, puzzles, and other creative activities unlock the nature of the various elements, while explicating periodicity, atomic structure, element groups, and more. Complete teacher support includes background information, answer keys, and materials lists. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Elements Beyond Uranium Glenn T. Seaborg, Walter D. Loveland, 1991-01-16 Written by Glenn T. Seaborg, Nobel Laureate and pre-eminent figure in the field, with the assistance of Walter D. Loveland, it covers all aspects of transuranium elements, including their discovery, chemical properties, nuclear properties, nuclear synthesis reactions, experimental techniques, natural occurrence, superheavy elements, and predictions for the future. Published on the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of transuranium elements, it conveys the essence of the ideas and distinctive blend of theory and experiment that has marked their study. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Encyclopedia of Geochemistry William M. White, 2018-07-24 The Encyclopedia is a complete and authoritative reference work for this rapidly evolving field. Over 200 international scientists, each experts in their specialties, have written over 330 separate topics on different aspects of geochemistry including geochemical thermodynamics and kinetics, isotope and organic geochemistry, meteorites and cosmochemistry, the carbon cycle and climate, trace elements, geochemistry of high and low temperature processes, and ore deposition, to name just a few. The geochemical behavior of the elements is described as is the state of the art in analytical geochemistry. Each topic incorporates cross-referencing to related articles, and also has its own reference list to lead the reader to the essential articles within the published literature. The entries are arranged alphabetically, for easy access, and the subject and citation indices are comprehensive and extensive. Geochemistry applies chemical techniques and approaches to understanding the Earth and how it works. It touches upon almost every aspect of earth science, ranging from applied topics such as the search for energy and mineral resources, environmental pollution, and climate change to more basic questions such as the Earth’s origin and composition, the origin and evolution of life, rock weathering and metamorphism, and the pattern of ocean and mantle circulation. Geochemistry allows us to assign absolute ages to events in Earth’s history, to trace the flow of ocean water both now and in the past, trace sediments into subduction zones and arc volcanoes, and trace petroleum to its source rock and ultimately the environment in which it formed. The earliest of evidence of life is chemical and isotopic traces, not fossils, preserved in rocks. Geochemistry has allowed us to unravel the history of the ice ages and thereby deduce their cause. Geochemistry allows us to determine the swings in Earth’s surface temperatures during the ice ages, determine the temperatures and pressures at which rocks have been metamorphosed, and the rates at which ancient magma chambers cooled and crystallized. The field has grown rapidly more sophisticated, in both analytical techniques that can determine elemental concentrations or isotope ratios with exquisite precision and in computational modeling on scales ranging from atomic to planetary. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Mathematics of the Periodic Table , 2006 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Understanding the Periodic Table , 2021-06-09 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Advanced Inorganic Chemistry F. Albert Cotton, Geoffrey Wilkinson, Carlos A. Murillo, Manfred Bochmann, 1999-04-13 For more than a quarter century, Cotton and Wilkinson's Advanced Inorganic Chemistry has been the source that students and professional chemists have turned to for the background needed to understand current research literature in inorganic chemistry and aspects of organometallic chemistry. Like its predecessors, this updated Sixth Edition is organized around the periodic table of elements and provides a systematic treatment of the chemistry of all chemical elements and their compounds. It incorporates important recent developments with an emphasis on advances in the interpretation of structure, bonding, and reactivity.“/p> From the reviews of the Fifth Edition: The first place to go when seeking general information about the chemistry of a particular element, especially when up-to-date, authoritative information is desired. —Journal of the American Chemical Society Every student with a serious interest in inorganic chemistry should have [this book]. —Journal of Chemical Education A mine of information . . . an invaluable guide. —Nature The standard by which all other inorganic chemistry books are judged. —Nouveau Journal de Chimie A masterly overview of the chemistry of the elements. —The Times of London Higher Education Supplement A bonanza of information on important results and developments which could otherwise easily be overlooked in the general deluge of publications. —Angewandte Chemie |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Periodic Kingdom Peter Atkins, 2013-12-31 A 'travel guide' to the periodic table, explaining the history, geography and the rules of behaviour in this imagined land. The Periodic Kingdom is a journey of imagination in which Peter Atkins treats the periodic table of elements - the 109 chemical elements in the world, from which everything is made - as a country, a periodic kingdom, each region of which corresponds to an element. Arranged much like a travel guide, the book introduces the reader to the general features of the table, the history of the elements, and the underlying arrangement of the table in terms of the structure and properties of atoms. Atkins sees elements as finely balanced living personalities, with quirks of character and certain, not always outward, dispositions, and the kingdom is thus a land of intellectual satisfaction and infinite delight. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Bastard Brigade Sam Kean, 2019-07-09 From New York Times bestselling author Sam Kean comes the gripping, untold story of a renegade group of scientists and spies determined to keep Adolf Hitler from obtaining the ultimate prize: a nuclear bomb. Scientists have always kept secrets. But rarely have the secrets been as vital as they were during World War II. In the middle of building an atomic bomb, the leaders of the Manhattan Project were alarmed to learn that Nazi Germany was far outpacing the Allies in nuclear weapons research. Hitler, with just a few pounds of uranium, would have the capability to reverse the entire D-Day operation and conquer Europe. So they assembled a rough and motley crew of geniuses -- dubbed the Alsos Mission -- and sent them careening into Axis territory to spy on, sabotage, and even assassinate members of Nazi Germany's feared Uranium Club. The details of the mission rival the finest spy thriller, but what makes this story sing is the incredible cast of characters -- both heroes and rogues alike -- including: Moe Bergm, the major league catcher who abandoned the game for a career as a multilingual international spy; the strangest fellow to ever play professional baseball. Werner Heisenberg, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist credited as the discoverer of quantum mechanics; a key contributor to the Nazi's atomic bomb project and the primary target of the Alsos mission. Colonel Boris Pash, a high school science teacher and veteran of the Russian Revolution who fled the Soviet Union with a deep disdain for Communists and who later led the Alsos mission. Joe Kennedy Jr., the charismatic, thrill-seeking older brother of JFK whose need for adventure led him to volunteer for the most dangerous missions the Navy had to offer. Samuel Goudsmit, a washed-up physics prodigy who spent his life hunting Nazi scientists -- and his parents, who had been swept into a concentration camp -- across the globe. Irène and Frederic Joliot-Curie, a physics Nobel-Prize winning power couple who used their unassuming status as scientists to become active members of the resistance. Thrust into the dark world of international espionage, these scientists and soldiers played a vital and largely untold role in turning back one of the darkest tides in human history. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Early Responses to the Periodic System Masanori Kaji, Helge Kragh, Gábor Palló, 2015 A collection of comparative studies on the reception, response, and appropriation of the periodic system of elements in eleven countries. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Contributions to Molecular Science, Or Atomechanics ... Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs, 1868 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Inorganic Reactions in Water Ronald Rich, 2007-12-22 Organized to facilitate reference to the reagents involved, this book describes the reactions of the elements and their mostly simpler compounds, primarily inorganic ones and primarily in water. The book makes available some of the more comprehensive coverage of descriptive aqueous chemistry found in older sources, but now corrected and interpreted with the added insights of the last seven decades. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: An Introduction to Chemistry Michael Mosher, Paul Kelter, 2023-03-18 This textbook is written to thoroughly cover the topic of introductory chemistry in detail—with specific references to examples of topics in common or everyday life. It provides a major overview of topics typically found in first-year chemistry courses in the USA. The textbook is written in a conversational question-based format with a well-defined problem solving strategy and presented in a way to encourage readers to “think like a chemist” and to “think outside of the box.” Numerous examples are presented in every chapter to aid students and provide helpful self-learning tools. The topics are arranged throughout the textbook in a traditional approach to the subject with the primary audience being undergraduate students and advanced high school students of chemistry. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Concept Development Studies in Chemistry John S. Hutchinson, 2009-09-24 This is an on-line textbook for an Introductory General Chemistry course. Each module develops a central concept in Chemistry from experimental observations and inductive reasoning. This approach complements an interactive or active learning teaching approach. Additional multimedia resources can be found at: http: //cnx.org/content/col10264/1.5 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Krypton, Xenon & Radon H. L. Clever, 2013-10-22 Solubility Data Series, Volume 2: Krypton, Xenon, and Radon – Gas Solubilities is a three-chapter text that presents the solubility data of various forms of the title compounds in different substrates. This series emerged from the fundamental trend of the Solubility Data Project, which is toward integration of secondary and tertiary services to produce in-depth critical analysis and evaluation. Each chapter deals with the experimental solubility data of the noble gases in several substrates, including water, salt solutions, organic compounds, and biological fluids. This book will prove useful to chemists, researchers, and students. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Graphic Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years Edward G. Mazurs, 1974 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Introductory Chemistry Steve Russo, Michael E. Silver, Mike Silver, 2011 Real success in your chemistry course depends on far more than memorizing equations. Introductory Chemistry, Fourth Edition helps you develop a deeper understanding of chemical concepts as well as your problem-solving skills, with a reader-friendly style and stunning illustrations that have made this text a student favorite. The authors' conceptual approach focuses on the concepts behind chemical equations, to help you become a more proficient problem solver. Unlike other books that emphasize rote memorization of problem-solving algorithms, this text helps you master the quantitative skills and understanding you'll to gain a real understanding of chemistry. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: The Periodic System of Chemical Elements J. W. van Spronsen, 1969 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Modern Theories of Chemistry Lothar Meyer, 1888 |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Mendeleyev's Dream Paul Strathern, 2019-06-04 **One of Bill Gates' Top Five Book Recommendations* The wondrous and illuminating story of humankind's quest to discover the fundamentals of chemistry, culminating in Mendeleyev's dream of the Periodic Table. In 1869 Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleyev was puzzling over a way to bring order to the fledgling science of chemistry. Wearied by the effort, he fell asleep at his desk. What he dreamed would fundamentally change the way we see the world.Framing this history is the life story of the nineteenth-century Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleyev, who fell asleep at his desk and awoke after conceiving the periodic table in a dream-the template upon which modern chemistry is founded and the formulation of which marked chemistry's coming of age as a science. From ancient philosophy through medieval alchemy to the splitting of the atom, this is the true story of the birth of chemistry and the role of one man's dream. In this elegant, erudite, and entertaining book, Paul Strathern unravels the quixotic history of chemistry through the quest for the elements. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf Peter Wothers, 2019 How did the elements get their names? The origins of californium may be obvious, but what about oxygen? Investigating their origins takes Peter Wothers deep into history. Drawing on a wide variety of original sources, he brings to light the astonishing, the unusual, and the downright weird origins behind the element names we take for granted. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements Gregory V. Samsonov, 2012-12-06 The American edition of this handbook contains concise informa tion on the basic physical properties of the elements and on their chem ical characteristics. In general, the data selected for inclusion in the handbook are those which either agree well with calculated data (in those cases where calculations could be carried out) or satisfy various correlations, particularly those based on concepts of the distribution of valence electrons of isolated atoms in the formation of a condensed state, as electrons localized at atomic ions in the form of energetically stable configurations, and as nonlocalized electrons. The Russian edition was published in the USSR in 1965, and new or previously omitted data have been added to all the sections of the present edition. In addition, the authors have considered it necessary to include a series of new sections. Thus, a new table has been included, Electronic Configurations and Ground States of Free Atoms and Their Ions, since, in the ionization of some atoms (particularly for transition metals), the electrons are not always abstracted from the outer shell, and, consequently, calculation of the ground state (electron energy level) using the usual vector model does not give a direct result. The ground states are obtained experimentally and the table contains the corresponding data on the configurations and states of triply-ionized atoms (which is usually sufficient). |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: Electronic Structure, Properties, and the Periodic Law Harry Hall 1917- Sisler, 2021-09-09 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| chemistry the periodic table and periodicity: A Tale of Seven Elements Eric Scerri, 2013-07-18 In A Tale of Seven Elements, Eric Scerri presents the fascinating history of those seven elements discovered to be mysteriously missing from the periodic table in 1913. |
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