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Chapter 5: Infection Control Principles and Practices: A Comprehensive Guide
Infection control is paramount in any healthcare setting, and understanding its principles and practices is critical for patient safety and the well-being of healthcare professionals. This comprehensive guide delves into the key elements of infection control, providing a detailed overview of Chapter 5 (assuming this refers to a specific textbook or training module) and offering practical insights applicable to various healthcare environments. We’ll explore the core principles, common practices, and the crucial role of prevention in minimizing the spread of infection.
H2: Understanding the Chain of Infection: Breaking the Cycle
Infection control hinges on understanding the chain of infection – a sequence of events required for an infection to occur. Breaking any link in this chain prevents the spread of infectious agents. This chain includes:
H3: Infectious Agent: This refers to the pathogen (bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite) causing the infection. Identifying the specific agent is crucial for targeted treatment.
H3: Reservoir: The environment where the infectious agent lives and multiplies. This could be a human, animal, or inanimate object. Understanding the reservoir helps in identifying potential sources of infection.
H3: Portal of Exit: The route by which the infectious agent leaves the reservoir. This could be through bodily fluids (blood, urine, feces), respiratory droplets, or skin shedding.
H3: Mode of Transmission: How the infectious agent travels from the reservoir to a susceptible host. Common modes include direct contact, indirect contact (via contaminated objects), droplet transmission, airborne transmission, and vector transmission (insects).
H3: Portal of Entry: The route by which the infectious agent enters a susceptible host. This can mirror the portal of exit, such as through mucous membranes, broken skin, or the respiratory tract.
H3: Susceptible Host: An individual at risk of infection due to weakened immunity or other predisposing factors. Factors such as age, underlying health conditions, and compromised immune systems increase susceptibility.
H2: Core Principles of Infection Control: Prevention is Key
Effective infection control relies on several core principles:
H3: Standard Precautions: These are applied to all patients, regardless of their infection status. Standard precautions involve hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, safe injection practices, and proper handling of sharps.
H3: Transmission-Based Precautions: These are implemented in addition to standard precautions for patients known or suspected to have specific infections transmitted via airborne, droplet, or contact routes. This often involves specialized PPE and isolation techniques.
H3: Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection: Maintaining a clean and disinfected environment is crucial. This includes regular cleaning of surfaces, equipment, and the overall environment, using appropriate disinfectants.
H3: Sterilization: The complete elimination of all microorganisms, including spores, is essential for items that penetrate skin or come into contact with sterile body sites. Methods include steam sterilization (autoclaving) and chemical sterilization.
H3: Waste Management: Proper disposal of infectious waste is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. This includes segregation, containment, and appropriate disposal methods for different types of waste.
H2: Practical Infection Control Practices: From Hand Hygiene to Isolation
Beyond the principles, effective infection control requires a range of practical practices:
H3: Hand Hygiene: This remains the single most important infection control measure. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water or the use of alcohol-based hand rubs is essential.
H3: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Appropriate PPE, including gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection, must be used according to the risk assessment and the type of procedure or patient interaction.
H3: Aseptic Techniques: Maintaining a sterile field and employing aseptic techniques during procedures is critical to prevent contamination.
H3: Isolation Precautions: Implementing appropriate isolation precautions (airborne, droplet, contact) for patients with infectious diseases is crucial to prevent transmission to healthcare workers and other patients.
H3: Immunization: Vaccination against preventable infectious diseases offers crucial protection for both healthcare workers and patients.
H2: The Role of Surveillance and Outbreak Management
Effective infection control also involves:
H3: Surveillance: Continuous monitoring of infection rates and patterns is essential for early detection of outbreaks and for evaluating the effectiveness of infection control measures.
H3: Outbreak Management: A well-defined protocol for responding to outbreaks is critical, including prompt investigation, implementation of control measures, and communication with relevant stakeholders.
Conclusion:
Mastering Chapter 5's principles and practices of infection control is vital for maintaining a safe healthcare environment. By understanding the chain of infection, adhering to core principles, implementing practical practices, and embracing surveillance and outbreak management, we can significantly reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections and protect both patients and healthcare workers.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection? Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms, including spores, while disinfection reduces the number of microorganisms to a safe level.
2. How often should hand hygiene be performed? Hand hygiene should be performed before and after patient contact, before and after performing procedures, and after contact with potentially contaminated surfaces.
3. What types of PPE are commonly used in healthcare settings? Common PPE includes gloves, gowns, masks (surgical and N95), eye protection (goggles or face shields), and respirators.
4. What are the key components of a successful infection control program? A successful program involves a multidisciplinary team, clear policies and procedures, regular training and education, active surveillance, and a commitment to continuous improvement.
5. How can healthcare facilities ensure compliance with infection control protocols? Compliance can be ensured through regular audits, staff training, performance monitoring, and the establishment of clear accountability mechanisms.
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Caring for People who Sniff Petrol Or Other Volatile Substances National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), 2011 These guidelines provide recommendations that outline the critical aspects of infection prevention and control. The recommendations were developed using the best available evidence and consensus methods by the Infection Control Steering Committee. They have been prioritised as key areas to prevent and control infection in a healthcare facility. It is recognised that the level of risk may differ according to the different types of facility and therefore some recommendations should be justified by risk assessment. When implementing these recommendations all healthcare facilities need to consider the risk of transmission of infection and implement according to their specific setting and circumstances. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Patient Safety and Quality Ronda Hughes, 2008 Nurses play a vital role in improving the safety and quality of patient car -- not only in the hospital or ambulatory treatment facility, but also of community-based care and the care performed by family members. Nurses need know what proven techniques and interventions they can use to enhance patient outcomes. To address this need, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), with additional funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, has prepared this comprehensive, 1,400-page, handbook for nurses on patient safety and quality -- Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. (AHRQ Publication No. 08-0043). - online AHRQ blurb, http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nurseshdbk/ |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Health Protection Samuel Ghebrehewet, Alex G. Stewart, 2016 Health Protection: Principles and practice is a practical guide for practitioners working at all levels in public health and health protection, including those with a non-specialist background. It is the first textbook in health protection to address all three domains within the field (communicable disease control; emergency preparedness, resilience and response (EPRR); and environmental public health) in a comprehensive and integrated manner. Written by leading practitioners in the field, the book is rooted in a practice-led, all-hazards approach, which allows for easy real-world application of the topics discussed. The chapters are arranged in six sections, which begin with an in-depth introduction to the principles of health protection and go on to illuminate the three key elements of the field by providing: case studies and scenarios to describe common and important issues in the practice of health protection; health protection tools, which span epidemiology and statistics, infection control, immunisation, disease surveillance, and audit and service improvement; and evidence about new and emerging health protection issues. It includes more than 100 health protection checklists (SIMCARDs), covering infections from anthrax to yellow fever, non-infectious diseases emergencies and environmental hazards. Written from first-hand experience of managing communicable diseases these provide practical, stand-alone quick reference guides for in-practice use. Both the topical content of Health Protection: Principles and practice, and the clearly described health protection principles the book provides, makes it a highly relevant resource for wider public health and health protection professionals in this continually evolving field. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Essentials of Hospital Infection Control S Apruba Sastry, R Deepashree, 2019-02-08 1. Introduction to Healthcare-associated Infections 2. Structural Organization of an Infection Control Program 3. Major Healthcare-associated Infection Types 4. Surveillance of Healthcare-associated Infections 5. Standard Precautions-I: Hand Hygiene 6. Standard Precautions-II: Personal Protective Equipment 7. Transmission-based Precautions 8. Infection Control in Special Situations 9. Disinfection Policy 10. Central Sterile Supply Department 11. Environmental Surveillance 12. Screening for Multidrug-resistant Organisms 13. Infection Control in Laundry 14. Infection Control in Kitchen and Food Safety 15. Waste Management in Healthcare Facility 16. Staff Health Issues-I: Needle Stick Injury Management 17. Staff Health Issues-II: Work Restriction and Vaccination 18. Outbreak Investigation 19. Antimicrobial Stewardship 20. Infection Control Requirements for Accreditation Index |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: APIC Text of Infection Control and Epidemiology Apic, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2014-06-01 |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Biosafety in the Laboratory Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, Committee on Hazardous Biological Substances in the Laboratory,National Research Council, 1989-01-01 Biosafety in the Laboratory is a concise set of practical guidelines for handling and disposing of biohazardous material. The consensus of top experts in laboratory safety, this volume provides the information needed for immediate improvement of safety practices. It discusses high- and low-risk biological agents (including the highest-risk materials handled in labs today), presents the seven basic rules of biosafety, addresses special issues such as the shipping of dangerous materials, covers waste disposal in detail, offers a checklist for administering laboratory safetyâ€and more. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals Julia S. Garner, 1983 |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Disinfection in Healthcare Peter Hoffman, Graham Ayliffe, Tine Bradley, 2008-04-30 Concise, practical guide for everyone involved in the control of hospital infection Features: Key information at your fingertips: Concise information is easy to find - now includes references and index Completely revised, expanded and updated to reflect changes in new chemical disinfectants Reviews the range of new disinfectants used for endoscope reprocessing New for this edition: For the first time, includes thermal disinfection applications of washer-disinfectors and healthcare laundry Covers new safety regulations Reviews new European disinfectant tests Outlines the properties of both established and new disinfectants Covers the use of disinfectants against the range of healthcare-associated pathogens |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Fundamentals of Infection Prevention and Control Debbie Weston, 2013-07-03 Reviews of first edition: “This book tells every healthcare professional all they need to know about infection control... A user-friendly, valuable source of knowledge on a subject that can be confusing and complicated.” Nursing Standard “A valuable contribution within any health or social environment. Journal of Community Nursing Infection prevention and control is an essential component of nursing care, and a crucially important subject area for both nursing students and qualified nurses. Fundamentals of Infection Prevention and Control gives readers a firm grasp of the principles of infection control, how they relate to clinical practice and the key issues surrounding the subject. It provides a comprehensive guide to the prevention, management and control of healthcare associated infections, and the basic elements of microbiology, immunology and epidemiology that underpin them. Thoroughly revised in line with current policy, this new edition contains brand-new chapters on a range of topics including the role of the Infection Prevention and Control Team, audit and surveillance, and the management of outbreaks. Also incorporating a range of case studies and examples as well as additional online content, it is essential reading for all nursing students as well as qualified nursing and healthcare professionals. Explores both principles and practice of a crucial subject area Accessible and user-friendly, with a range of features to help study including key definitions, links back to clinical practice, and chapter learning outcomes and summaries Accompanied by an online resource centre featuring MCQs, weblinks, case scenarios and downloadable fact sheets Features an increased clinical focus, with more application to practice This title is also available: as a Wiley E-Text, powered by VitalSource: an interactive digital version of the book featuring downloadable text and images, highlighting and note-taking facilities, book-marking, cross-referencing, in-text searching, and linking to references and glossary terms instantly on CourseSmart at www.coursesmart.co.uk/9781118306659. CourseSmart offers extra functionality, as well as an immediate way to review the text. For more details, visit www.coursesmart.com/instructors or www.coursesmart.com/students |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care World Health Organization, 2009 The WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care provide health-care workers (HCWs), hospital administrators and health authorities with a thorough review of evidence on hand hygiene in health care and specific recommendations to improve practices and reduce transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to patients and HCWs. The present Guidelines are intended to be implemented in any situation in which health care is delivered either to a patient or to a specific group in a population. Therefore, this concept applies to all settings where health care is permanently or occasionally performed, such as home care by birth attendants. Definitions of health-care settings are proposed in Appendix 1. These Guidelines and the associated WHO Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy and an Implementation Toolkit (http://www.who.int/gpsc/en/) are designed to offer health-care facilities in Member States a conceptual framework and practical tools for the application of recommendations in practice at the bedside. While ensuring consistency with the Guidelines recommendations, individual adaptation according to local regulations, settings, needs, and resources is desirable. This extensive review includes in one document sufficient technical information to support training materials and help plan implementation strategies. The document comprises six parts. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Milady's Standard Cosmetology Milady, 2002-09-09 Congratulations! You are about to start on a journey that can take you in many directions and holds the potential to make you a confident, successful professional in cosmetology. As a cosmetologist, you will become a trusted professional, the person your clients rely on to provide them with ongoing service, enabling them to look and feel their best. You will become as personally involved in your clients' lives as their physicians or dentists are, and with study and practice, you can be as much in demand as a well-regarded medical provider. - Preface. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Practical Healthcare Epidemiology Ebbing Lautenbach, Preeti N. Malani, Keith F. Woeltje, Jennifer H. Han, Emily K. Shuman, Jonas Marschall, 2018-04-19 A clear, hands-on outline of best practices for infection prevention that directly improve patient outcomes across the healthcare continuum. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Closing the Quality Gap Kaveh G. Shojania, 2004 |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: SARS, MERS and other Viral Lung Infections David S. Hui, Giovanni A. Rossi, Sebastian L. Johnston, 2016-06-01 Viral respiratory tract infections are important and common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the past two decades, several novel viral respiratory infections have emerged with epidemic potential that threaten global health security. This Monograph aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome and other viral respiratory infections, including seasonal influenza, avian influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus, through six chapters written by authoritative experts from around the globe. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Milady's Standard Nail Technology [With Workbook] Milady Publishing Company, Schultes, 2002-08-01 |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Sepsis Management in Resource-limited Settings Arjen M. Dondorp, Martin W. Dünser, Marcus J. Schultz, 2019-02-08 This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. It constitutes a unique source of knowledge and guidance for all healthcare workers who care for patients with sepsis and septic shock in resource-limited settings. More than eighty percent of the worldwide deaths related to sepsis occur in resource-limited settings in low and middle-income countries. Current international sepsis guidelines cannot be implemented without adaptations towards these settings, mainly because of the difference in local resources and a different spectrum of infectious diseases causing sepsis. This prompted members of the Global Intensive Care working group of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) and the Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU, Bangkok, Thailand) - among which the Editors – to develop with an international group of experts a comprehensive set of recommendations for the management of sepsis in resource-limited settings. Recommendations are based on both current scientific evidence and clinical experience of clinicians working in resource-limited settings. The book includes an overview chapter outlining the current challenges and future directions of sepsis management as well as general recommendations on the structure and organization of intensive care services in resource-limited settings. Specific recommendations on the recognition and management of patients with sepsis and septic shock in these settings are grouped into seven chapters. The book provides evidence-based practical guidance for doctors in low and middle income countries treating patients with sepsis, and highlights areas for further research and discussion. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Manual of Infection Control Procedures N. N. Damani, 2003 Provides a comprehensive overview of the main aspects of infection control, and gives practical, evidence-based recommendations. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases Jane E. Sykes, 2013-08-09 Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases is a practical, up-to-date resource covering the most important and cutting-edge advances in the field. Presented by a seasoned educator in a concise, highly visual format, this innovative guide keeps you current with the latest advances in this ever-changing field. 80 case studies illustrate the clinical relevance of the major infectious disease chapters. - Well-organized Major Infectious Diseases chapters break down content by etiologic agent and epidemiology, clinical signs and their pathophysiology, physical examination findings, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, immunity, prevention, and public health implications. - Over 80 case studies illustrate how the information provided can be applied in everyday practice. - Logical approach to laboratory diagnosis guides you through all the steps needed to accurately diagnose and treat viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, and algal diseases. - Practical protocols provided by expert clinicians guide you in the management of canine and feline patients suspected to have infectious diseases, including handling, disinfection, isolation, and vaccination protocols. - Over 500 full color images – geographic distribution maps, life cycle drawings, and hundreds of color photographs – visually illustrate and clarify complex issues. - Easy-to-understand tables and boxes make content quickly accessible, eliminating the need to sort through dense text for critical information in the clinical setting. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Infection Control in the Dental Office Louis G. DePaola, Leslie E. Grant, 2019-11-17 This book reviews the principles of infection control and the guidelines and standards of care in multiple countries, discussing them within the context of the practice of dentistry. The aim is to enable dental practitioners to ensure that the appropriate measures are adopted for each patient contact, thereby minimizing the risk of transmission of infection – a goal that is becoming ever more important given the threats posed by new or re-emerging infectious diseases and drug-resistant infections. Readers will find information and guidance on all aspects of infection control within the dental office: hand and respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and safe injection practices, management of occupational exposures, maintenance of dental unit water quality, surface disinfection, and the cleaning and sterilization of dental instruments. Infection Control in the Dental Office will be an invaluable asset for all dental practitioners, including dentists, dental specialists, dental hygienists, and dental assistants. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Basic Microbiology and Infection Control for Midwives Elisabeth Presterl, Magda Diab-El Schahawi, Jacqui S. Reilly, 2018-12-26 This book provides an evidence-based, practical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of the most frequent fungal infections in a general hospital. It offers a comprehensive overview of the basic medical and scientific background of fungal infections and carefully explains and discusses epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation. Readers will acquire a good and clear perception of invasive fungal infections, including diagnosis and treatment. This user-friendly resource not only serves as a valuable tool in clinical management, but also provides the basis for further research questions and studies in this particular field. It will be a useful companion for midwives as well as for doctors, medical and pharmacy students, nurses and other healthcare professionals. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children J. Chase McNeil, Judith R. Campbell, Jonathan D. Crews, 2018-10-30 With advances in technology and medical science, children with previously untreatable and often fatal conditions, such as congenital heart disease, extreme prematurity and pediatric malignancy, are living longer. While this is a tremendous achievement, pediatric providers are now more commonly facing challenges in these medical complex children both as a consequence of their underlying disease and the delivery of medical care. The term healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) encompass both infections that occur in the hospital and those that occur as a consequence of healthcare exposure and medical complexity in the outpatient setting. HAIs are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality for the individual patient as well as seriously taxing the healthcare system as a whole. In studies from the early 2000s, over 11% of all children in pediatric intensive care units develop HAIs and this figure increases substantially if neonatal intensive care units are considered. While progress has been made in decreasing the rates of HAI in the hospital, these infections remain a major burden on the medical system. In a study published in 2013, the annual estimated costs of the five most common HAIs in the United States totaled $9.8 billion. An estimated 648,000 patients developed HAIs in hospitals within the US in 2011 and children with healthcare-associated bloodstream infection have a greater than three-fold increased risk of death. While a number of texts discuss HAIs in the broader context of infectious diseases or pediatric infectious diseases (such as Mandell’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases or Long and Pickering’s Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases) no single text specifically focuses on the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of HAI in children. Many infectious diseases texts are organized based on the microbiology of infection and from this starting point then discussing the clinical syndromes associated with the organism of interest. For instance, a chapter on Staphylococcus aureus may contain a brief discussion of the role of S. aureus in surgical site infections in the wider context of all staphylococcal disease. For clinicians caring for children at the bedside, however, the clinical syndrome is typically appreciated and intervention necessary prior to organism identification. We propose a text that details both the general principles involved in HAIs and infection prevention but also provides a problem oriented approach. Such a text would be of interest to intensivists, neonatologists, hospitalists, oncologists, infection preventionists and infectious diseases specialists. The proposed text will be divided into three principle sections: 1) Basic Principles of Infection Control and Prevention, 2) Major Infectious Syndromes and 3) Infections in Vulnerable Hosts. Chapters in the Major Infectious Syndromes section will include discussion of the epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, diagnosis, medical management (or surgical management as appropriate) and prevention of the disease entity of interest. Chapters will seek to be evidenced based as much as possible drawing from the published medical literature as well as from clinical practice guidelines (such as those from the Infectious Diseases Society of America) when applicable. We intend to include tables, figures and algorithms as appropriate to assist clinicians in the evaluation and management of these often complex patients. Finally, we intend to invite authors to participate in this project from across a number of medical specialties including infectious diseases, infection control, critical care, oncology and surgery to provide a multidisciplinary understanding of disease. It is our intent to have many chapters be co-written by individuals in different subspecialties; for instance, a chapter on ventilator-associated pneumonia may be co-written by both infectious disease and critical care medicine specialists. Such a unique text has the potential to provide important guidance for clinicians caring for these often fragile children. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management Liam Donaldson, Walter Ricciardi, Susan Sheridan, Riccardo Tartaglia, 2020-12-14 Implementing safety practices in healthcare saves lives and improves the quality of care: it is therefore vital to apply good clinical practices, such as the WHO surgical checklist, to adopt the most appropriate measures for the prevention of assistance-related risks, and to identify the potential ones using tools such as reporting & learning systems. The culture of safety in the care environment and of human factors influencing it should be developed from the beginning of medical studies and in the first years of professional practice, in order to have the maximum impact on clinicians' and nurses' behavior. Medical errors tend to vary with the level of proficiency and experience, and this must be taken into account in adverse events prevention. Human factors assume a decisive importance in resilient organizations, and an understanding of risk control and containment is fundamental for all medical and surgical specialties. This open access book offers recommendations and examples of how to improve patient safety by changing practices, introducing organizational and technological innovations, and creating effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable care systems, in order to spread the quality and patient safety culture among the new generation of healthcare professionals, and is intended for residents and young professionals in different clinical specialties. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Virology Luke S. P. Moore, James C. Hatcher, 2019-12-05 A key resource for FRCPath and MRCP trainees, mapped to the current curriculum, using over 300 exam-style Q&A. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: A Guide to Infection Control in the Hospital Richard Putnam Wenzel, Timothy F. Brewer, Jean-Paul Butzler, 2002 Infections, especially those occurring postoperatively, remain a major problem in hospitals. This handy pocket-sized manual provides guidelines and protocols for preventing infections, and managing them if they occur. It covers various types of infection, and is suitable for members of infection control teams. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Biofilms in Infection Prevention and Control Steven L. Percival, David Williams, Tracey Cooper, Jacqueline Randle, 2014-01-30 Biofilms in Infection and Disease Control: A Healthcare Handbook outlines the scientific evidence and rationale for the prevention of infection, the role biofilms play in infection control, and the issues concerning their resistance to antimicrobials. This book provides practical guidance for healthcare and infection control professionals, as well as students, for preventing and controlling infection. Biofilms are the most common mode of bacterial growth in nature. Highly resistant to antibiotics and antimicrobials, biofilms are the source of more than 65 percent of health care associated infections (HCAI), which, according to the WHO, affect 1.4 million people annually. Biofilms are involved in 80 percent of all microbial infections in the body, including those associated with medical devices such as catheters, endotracheal tubes, joint prostheses, and heart valves. Biofilms are also the principle causes of infections of the middle-ear, dental caries, gingivitis, prostatitis and cystic fibrosis. Importantly, biofilms also significantly delay wound healing and reduce antimicrobial efficiency in at-risk or infected skin wounds. - Provides specific procedures for controlling and preventing infection - Includes case studies of HCAI, and identifies appropriate treatments - Presents national government standards for infection prevention and control - Includes extensive references and links to websites for further information |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Mayhall’s Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Prevention David Weber, Tom Talbot, 2020-10-27 The fifth edition of Mayhall’s Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Prevention has a new streamlined focus, with new editors and contributors, a new two-color format, and a new title. Continuing the legacy of excellence established by Dr. C. Glen Mayhall, this thoroughly revised text covers all aspects of healthcare-associated infections and their prevention and remains the most comprehensive reference available in this complex field. It examines every type of healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infection and addresses every issue relating to surveillance, prevention, and control of these infections in patients and in healthcare personnel, providing unparalleled coverage for hospital epidemiologists and infectious disease specialists. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Hand Hygiene Didier Pittet, John M. Boyce, Benedetta Allegranzi, 2017-05-03 Die erste umfassende und wegweisende Publikation zur Handhygiene, eines der grundlegendsten und wichtigsten Themen bei der Infektionsbekämpfung und Patientensicherheit. Für alle medizinischen Berufe ist dieses Handbuch zur Handhygiene ein wichtiges Referenzwerk, geschrieben von weltweit führenden Wissenschaftlern und Klinikern. - Geschrieben von weltweit führenden Experten des Fachgebiets. - Berücksichtigt umfassend die Richtlinien und Vorschriften der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO). - Behandelt das Thema Handhygiene aus globaler Sicht, relevant für Industrie- und Entwicklungsländer. - Erörtert grundlegende sowie hochkomplexe klinische Anwendungen der Handhygiene. - Beinhaltet neue, ungewöhnliche Aspekte und Fragestellungen, wie religiöse und kulturelle Aspekte und die Einbeziehung der Patienten. - Bietet Leitlinien für nationale und weltweite Hygienekampagnen, für jeden Einzelnen, für Institutionen und Organisationen. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Milady Standard Esthetics Milady, 2012-02-24 MILADY STANDARD ESTHETICS FUNDAMENTALS, 11E International Edition is the essential source for basic esthetics training. This new edition builds upon Milady's strong tradition of providing students and instructors with the best beauty and wellness education tools for their future.The rapidly expanding field of esthetics has taken a dramatic leap forward in the past decade, and this up-to-date text plays a critical role in creating a strong foundation for the esthetics student. Focusing on introductory topics, including history and opportunities in skin care, anatomy and physiology, and infection control and disorders, it lays the groundwork for the future professional to build their knowledge.The reader can then explore the practical skills of a skin care professional, introducing them to the treatment environment, basic facial treatments, hair removal, and the technology likely to be performed in the salon or spa setting. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician Krishnamurthy Bonanthaya, Elavenil Panneerselvam, Suvy Manuel, Vinay V. Kumar, Anshul Rai, 2021 This is an open access book with CC BY 4.0 license. This comprehensive open access textbook provides a comprehensive coverage of principles and practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. With a range of topics starting from routine dentoalveolar surgery to advanced and complex surgical procedures, this volume is a meaningful combination of text and illustrations including clinical photos, radiographs, and videos. It provides guidance on evidence-based practices in context to existing protocols, guidelines and recommendations to help readers deal with most clinical scenarios in their daily surgical work. This multidisciplinary textbook is meant for postgraduate trainees, young practicing oral surgeons and experienced clinicians, as well as those preparing for university and board certification exams. It also aids in decision-making, the implementation of treatment plans and the management of complications that may arise. This book is an initiative of Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India (AOMSI) to its commitment to academic medicine. As part of this commitment, this textbook is in open access to help ensure widest possible dissemination to readers across the world. ; Open access Unique presentation with contents divided into color-coded core competency gradations Covers all aspects of oral and maxillofacial surgery Supplemented with videos of all commonly carried out procedures as operative video Every chapter or topic concludes with future perspective and addresses cutting edge advances in each area Every topic has a pull out box that provides the most relevant systematic reviews/ key articles to every topic. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Sarah S. Long, Larry K. Pickering, Charles G. Prober, 2008 In print, online, or on your mobile device, Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease provides the comprehensive and actionable coverage you need to understand, diagnose, and manage the ever-changing, high-risk clinical problems caused by infectious diseases in children and adolescents. With new chapters, expanded and updated coverage, and increased worldwide perspectives, this authoritative medical reference offers the latest need-to-know information in an easily-accessible, high-yield format for quick answers and fast, effective intervention!--Publisher's website. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Microbial Threats to Health Institute of Medicine, Board on Global Health, Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century, 2003-08-25 Infectious diseases are a global hazard that puts every nation and every person at risk. The recent SARS outbreak is a prime example. Knowing neither geographic nor political borders, often arriving silently and lethally, microbial pathogens constitute a grave threat to the health of humans. Indeed, a majority of countries recently identified the spread of infectious disease as the greatest global problem they confront. Throughout history, humans have struggled to control both the causes and consequences of infectious diseases and we will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. Following up on a high-profile 1992 report from the Institute of Medicine, Microbial Threats to Health examines the current state of knowledge and policy pertaining to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases from around the globe. It examines the spectrum of microbial threats, factors in disease emergence, and the ultimate capacity of the United States to meet the challenges posed by microbial threats to human health. From the impact of war or technology on disease emergence to the development of enhanced disease surveillance and vaccine strategies, Microbial Threats to Health contains valuable information for researchers, students, health care providers, policymakers, public health officials. and the interested public. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Infection Control Guidelines for Long-term Care Facilities Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada), 1994 The first Infection control guidelines for long-term care facilities were published in 1986. Since that time the interest in, and knowledge of, the requirements of infection control programs for long-term care facilities has steadily increased. This document presents the second version and looks at the following points: organizational structure of an infection control program; environmental concerns; departments and services; management of specific care situations; occupational health; and, epidemic investigation and control. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control C. Glen Mayhall, 2012-02-20 Thoroughly revised and updated for its Fourth Edition, this highly acclaimed volume is the most comprehensive reference on hospital epidemiology and infection control. Written by over 150 leading experts, this new edition examines every type of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infection and addresses every issue relating to surveillance, prevention, and control of these infections in patients and in healthcare workers. This new edition features new or significantly increased coverage of emerging infectious diseases, avian influenza, governmental regulation of infection control and payment practices related to hospital-acquired infections, molecular epidemiology, the increasing prevalence of community-acquired MRSA in healthcare facilities, system-wide infection control provisions for healthcare systems, hospital infection control issues following natural disasters, and antimicrobial stewardship in reducing the development of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Vessel Health and Preservation: The Right Approach for Vascular Access Nancy L. Moureau, 2019-06-10 This Open access book offers updated and revised information on vessel health and preservation (VHP), a model concept first published in poster form in 2008 and in JVA in 2012, which has received a great deal of attention, especially in the US, UK and Australia. The book presents a model and a new way of thinking applied to vascular access and administration of intravenous treatment, and shows how establishing and maintaining a route of access to the bloodstream is essential for patients in acute care today. Until now, little thought has been given to an intentional process to guide selection, insertion and management of vascular access devices (VADs) and by default actions are based on crisis management when a quickly selected VAD fails. The book details how VHP establishes a framework or pathway model for each step of the patient experience, intentionally guiding, improving and eliminating risk when possible. The evidence points to the fact that reducing fragmentation, establishing a pathway, and teaching the process to all stakeholders reduces complications with intravenous therapy, improves efficiency and diminishes cost. As such this book appeals to bedside nurses, physicians and other health professionals. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: The European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Textbook for Nurses Michelle Kenyon, Aleksandra Babic, 2018-03-14 This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This textbook, endorsed by the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), provides adult and paediatric nurses with a full and informative guide covering all aspects of transplant nursing, from basic principles to advanced concepts. It takes the reader on a journey through the history of transplant nursing, including essential and progressive elements to help nurses improve their knowledge and benefit the patient experience, as well as a comprehensive introduction to research and auditing methods. This new volume specifically intended for nurses, complements the ESH-EBMT reference title, a popular educational resource originally developed in 2003 for physicians to accompany an annual training course also serving as an educational tool in its own right. This title is designed to develop the knowledge of nurses in transplantation. It is the first book of its kind specifically targeted at nurses in this specialist field and acknowledges the valuable contribution that nursing makes in this area. This volume presents information that is essential for the education of nurses new to transplantation, while also offering a valuable resource for more experienced nurses who wish to update their knowledge. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Hospital Infection Control Guidelines: Principles and Practice Gupta Singh, 2012-01-01 This book Hospital Infection Control Guidelines: Principles and Practice aims to provide comprehensive, acceptable, implementable and effective guidelines on Infection Control in various healthcare facilities. The book deliberates on all aspects of infection control in healthcare facilities including prevention, processes, infrastructure and training. Analyses the existing guidelines on infection control and recommends micro- and macro-guidelines appropriate to healthcare facilities at various levels, i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary. As per the World Health Organization statistics, at any. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: The Battle Against Infection Charles B. Clayman, 1992 |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri, National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine, Health And Medicine Division, Board On Population Health And Public He, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Long-Term Health and Economic Effects of Antimicrobial Resistance in the United States, 2022-07-20 The National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, published in 2014, sets out a plan for government work to mitigate the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Direction on the implementation of this strategy is provided in five-year national action plans, the first covering 2015 to 2020, and the second covering 2020 to 2025. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine evaluates progress made against the national strategy. This report discusses ways to improve detection of resistant infections and estimate the risk to human health from environmental sources of resistance. In addition, the report considers the effect of agricultural practices on human and animal health and animal welfare and ways these practices could be improved, and advises on key drugs and diseases for which animal-specific test breakpoints are needed. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Infection Control and Safety Mark Zelman, Carrie L. Milne-Zelman, 2013-03-07 For infection control and safety courses in programs training medical assistants, surgical assistants, dental hygienists, radiologic technologists and technicians, and other healthcare professionals. This text will also support courses in medical office assisting, and clinical and/or laboratory safety, and is an ideal professional reference and continuing education resource. This engaging and accessible text introduces the modern principles and practice of infection control and safety for clinics, ambulatory settings, and laboratories. Beyond infection control, INFECTION CONTROL AND SAFETY takes a comprehensive view of safety hazards facing healthcare professionals, also offering current, credible, and relevant information about best practices in chemical and radiation safety. Topics include: agencies and standards pertaining to infection control and safety; infectious diseases and healthcare-associated infections; blood-borne pathogens; prevention; post-exposure prophylaxis, and much more. Appendices address reportable diseases, healthcare-associated infections, and reproductive health hazards. Case studies in each chapter challenge the reader to apply the material to realistic scenarios. Chapters are also supplemented with Words of Warning! and Work Safe! boxed features highlighting special infection control topics. This text is supported by exceptionally high-quality instructor slides, IM, and test banks. |
| chapter 5 infection control principles and practices: Infection Prevention Linda Tietjen, Débora Bossemeyer, Noel McIntosh, 2003-01-01 An important tool for hospital administrators, clinic managers, and healthcare professionals working in limited-resource settings to develop their own uniform infection prevention policies and service delivery guidelines. |
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