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Castration: Before and After – A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction:
Considering castration, whether for a pet or another animal, involves significant decisions. This comprehensive guide explores the process of castration, detailing what to expect before and after the procedure. We'll cover the pre-operative preparation, the surgery itself (in general terms, as specifics vary by species and individual circumstances), post-operative care, and potential long-term effects. Understanding these aspects allows for informed decision-making and ensures the best possible outcome for your animal. This article will focus on the practical aspects and will not delve into the ethical or moral considerations surrounding the procedure. It's crucial to consult with a veterinarian for personalized advice tailored to your specific situation.
Before Castration: Preparation and Considerations
Pre-Operative Vet Visit:
Before scheduling the procedure, a thorough veterinary examination is essential. This visit allows the vet to assess the animal's overall health, identify any potential risks or complications, and run any necessary blood tests. Discuss any concerns you have, including the animal's medical history and current medications. This ensures the procedure is performed safely and effectively.
Bloodwork and Physical Examination:
Bloodwork helps detect underlying health issues that could affect the surgery or recovery. The physical exam ensures the animal is fit for anesthesia. This is a crucial preventative measure to avoid complications.
Fasting Instructions:
Your veterinarian will provide specific instructions regarding fasting before the surgery. This is vital to prevent vomiting and aspiration during anesthesia. Follow these instructions precisely.
Choosing the Right Veterinarian:
Selecting a qualified and experienced veterinarian is paramount. Look for a vet with a proven track record in performing castrations and a strong commitment to animal welfare. Read reviews and ask for recommendations.
During Castration: The Surgical Procedure (General Overview)
The Surgical Process:
The specifics of the surgical technique vary depending on the animal's species and age. Generally, the procedure involves either surgical removal of the testicles or a minimally invasive technique. The veterinarian will administer anesthesia to ensure the animal is pain-free throughout the process. The incisions are typically small and closed with sutures. The entire procedure usually takes a relatively short amount of time. It is crucial to understand that the detail will vary greatly depending on the type of animal undergoing castration.
After Castration: Recovery and Post-Operative Care
Immediate Post-Operative Care:
Following the procedure, the animal will require close monitoring. This typically includes pain management with medication prescribed by the vet. Keeping the incision site clean and dry is crucial to prevent infection. Restricting activity to minimize stress on the incision is also essential.
Pain Management and Medication:
Your veterinarian will prescribe pain relievers and potentially antibiotics to manage discomfort and prevent infection. Administer these medications as directed.
Wound Care:
Keep the incision site clean and dry. Avoid letting the animal lick or scratch the area. The vet may recommend an Elizabethan collar (cone) to prevent this.
Monitoring for Complications:
Observe your animal for any signs of complications, such as excessive bleeding, swelling, discharge, or lethargy. Contact your veterinarian immediately if you notice anything unusual.
Long-Term Effects and Changes to Expect:
Castration has several long-term effects. In males, the most noticeable is the cessation of testosterone production, leading to changes in behavior and physical characteristics. These can include a decrease in aggression, altered sexual behavior, and changes in coat texture and muscle mass. The specific changes vary depending on the species and age at the time of castration.
Conclusion:
Castration is a common procedure with generally positive outcomes when performed by a qualified veterinarian and followed by proper post-operative care. Understanding the process, from pre-operative preparation to long-term effects, is essential for informed decision-making and ensuring the well-being of your animal. Remember, this information is for general knowledge only, and a consultation with a veterinarian is always necessary for personalized advice and treatment.
FAQs:
1. How long does it take for my pet to recover from castration? Recovery time varies depending on the animal's size, age, and overall health, but generally ranges from a few days to a couple of weeks.
2. Will my pet experience behavioral changes after castration? Yes, behavioral changes are common. Reduced aggression and sexual behaviors are typical outcomes.
3. What are the potential risks associated with castration? As with any surgical procedure, there are potential risks, including infection, bleeding, and anesthetic complications. These risks are generally low when the procedure is performed by a skilled veterinarian.
4. Is castration painful for my pet? Veterinarians utilize anesthesia to ensure the procedure is pain-free. Post-operative pain is managed with medication.
5. How much does castration cost? The cost varies depending on the animal's species, size, and the veterinarian's fees. It's best to contact your veterinarian for a cost estimate.
| castration before and after: Castration Gary Taylor, 2002 First Published in 2001. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| castration before and after: Beef 2007-08 , 2009 |
| castration before and after: Cat Behavior and Training Lowell J. Ackerman, Gary M. Landsberg, Wayne L. Hunthausen, 1996 |
| castration before and after: A Salamander's Tale Paul Steinberg, 2015-04-21 Staring in the face of prostate cancer at age thirty-five and metastatic disease and proposed surgical castration at age forty, Paul Steinberg was forced to take two simultaneous journeys. The first was to transition from doctor to patient and surrender his physical health to a medical establishment he knew from firsthand knowledge would be using approaches that would be outdated within a few years. The second was a spiritual journey. His search for a higher meaning in his life sent him as far as walking over hot coals with Tony Robbins. Using the salamander as his role model, Steinberg, a college-health and sports psychiatrist, takes a look at the evolution of the regenerative capabilities of cold-blooded vertebrates like the salamander and at what we as humans have lost and gained in our warm-bloodedness. How do human beings regenerate? How do we redeem ourselves when our capacity for regeneration is limited? How did the prostate evolve, and how does prostate cancer develop? With wit and humor, Steinberg tackles lust and sex, and ultimately time and death and the gods. Having lived longer than virtually anyone else with metastatic prostate cancer, he uses his knowledge as a doctor and experience as a patient to provide a story of endurance and perseverance, weaving a tale of grace, regeneration, and redemption—just not the kind of regeneration and redemption that he or anyone else would expect. |
| castration before and after: Androgen Deprivation Therapy Richard J. Wassersug, PhD, Lauren M. Walker, PhD, John W. Robinson, PhD, R Psych, 2021-07-12 Praise for Androgen Deprivation Therapy: To my knowledge [this] is the only book written in plain language (no medical jargon) explaining what’s happening during ADT, and detailing how to limit and often solve most associated side effects. It should be read by every man undergoing ADT, as well as family members and also healthcare providers. They will find all the details they need to get the most from this treatment... Prof. N. Mottet, MD, PhD, Urologist, Medical Oncologist, Head of the Prostate Cancer Guidelines panel of the European Association of Urology Androgen Deprivation Therapy is the only guide written exclusively about the side effects of hormone therapy. The authors have collaborated with the European Association of Urology to produce this specially revised new edition to serve men affected by ADT across the globe. This comprehensive workbook for prostate cancer patients and their loved ones is filled with practical advice from experts in the field. The book covers a wealth of strategies to help men cope with ADT and maintain a good quality of life while on this treatment. It is not only an informational manual, but a guide for both patients and partners about ways to make changes in their lives that can keep them healthy and positive when the patient is on ADT. New to this Edition: Updates on the physical side effects of ADT and management strategies Expanded information on exercise and nutrition for men diagnosed with prostate cancer Updates on the primary drugs used to treat prostate cancer and extensive drug tables with common brand names worldwide Revisions throughout based on critical feedback from international medical experts in the field of prostate cancer and related disciplines Exercises, activities, worksheets, and other tools to promote discussion and inspire behavioural changes that can reduce the burden of ADT Officially endorsed by the European Association of Urology |
| castration before and after: The Female Eunuch Germaine Greer, 2009-02-06 The publication of Germaine Greer's The Female Eunuch in 1970 was a landmark event, raising eyebrows and ire while creating a shock wave of recognition in women around the world with its steadfast assertion that sexual liberation is the key to women's liberation. Today, Greer's searing examination of the oppression of women in contemporary society is both an important historical record of where we've been and a shockingly relevant treatise on what still remains to be achieved. |
| castration before and after: The Perfect Servant Kathryn M. Ringrose, 2007-11-01 The Perfect Servant reevaluates the place of eunuchs in Byzantium. Kathryn Ringrose uses the modern concept of gender as a social construct to identify eunuchs as a distinct gender and to illustrate how gender was defined in the Byzantine world. At the same time she explores the changing role of the eunuch in Byzantium from 600 to 1100. Accepted for generations as a legitimate and functional part of Byzantine civilization, eunuchs were prominent in both the imperial court and the church. They were distinctive in physical appearance, dress, and manner and were considered uniquely suited for important roles in Byzantine life. Transcending conventional notions of male and female, eunuchs lived outside of normal patterns of procreation and inheritance and were assigned a unique capacity for mediating across social and spiritual boundaries. This allowed them to perform tasks from which prominent men and women were constrained, making them, in essence, perfect servants. Written with precision and meticulously researched, The Perfect Servant will immediately take its place as a major study on Byzantium and the history of gender. |
| castration before and after: Dog Behavior and Training Lowell J. Ackerman, Gary M. Landsberg, Wayne L. Hunthausen, 1996 Outlines how to train and shape a dog's behaviour, emphasising reward, motivation and training techniques instead of punishment and harsh discipline |
| castration before and after: How to Castrate a Bull Dave Hitz, 2009-01-20 Dave Hitz likes to solve fun problems. He didn’t set out to be a Silicon Valley icon, a business visionary, or even a billionaire. But he became all three. It turns out that business is a mosaic of interesting puzzles like managing risk, developing and reversing strategies, and looking into the future by deconstructing the past. As a founder of NetApp, a data storage firm that began as an idea scribbled on a placemat and now takes in $4 billion a year, Hitz has seen his company go through every major cycle in business—from the Jack-of-All-Trades mentality of a start-up, through the tumultuous period of the IPO and the dot-com bust, and finally to a mature enterprise company. NetApp is one of the fastest-growing computer companies ever, and for six years in a row it has been on Fortune magazine’s list of Best Companies to Work For. Not bad for a high school dropout who began his business career selling his blood for money and typing the names of diseases onto index cards. With colorful examples and anecdotes, How to Castrate a Bull is a story for everyone interested in understanding business, the reasons why companies succeed and fail, and how powerful lessons often come from strange and unexpected places. Dave Hitz co-founded NetApp in 1992 with James Lau and Michael Malcolm. He served as a programmer, marketing evangelist, technical architect, and vice president of engineering. Presently, he is responsible for future strategy and direction for the company. Before his career in Silicon Valley, Dave worked as a cowboy, where he got valuable management experience by herding, branding, and castrating cattle. |
| castration before and after: Raising Goats For Dummies Cheryl K. Smith, 2010-01-28 Learn to raise goats and start reaping the benefits of owning these fun and useful animals Raising goats is a major part of human life (and survival) around the world. The movement has increased in popularity in recent years as consumers embrace a more sustainable lifestyle, reject commercialism, move to organic food options, and raise concerns about industrial agriculture practices. Raising Goats For Dummies provides you with an introduction to all aspects of owning, caring for, and the day-to-day benefits of raising goats. Breaks down the complicated process of choosing and purchasing the right goat breed to meet your needs and getting facilities for your goat set up. Provides in-depth information on proper grooming, handling, feeding, and milking Covers the basics of goat health and nutrition Offers tips and advice for using your goat to produce milk, meat, fiber, and more You'll quickly understand what makes these useful and delightful creatures so popular and gain the knowledge and skills to properly care for and utilize their many offerings with help from Raising Goats For Dummies. |
| castration before and after: Dictionary of Farm Animal Behavior J. F. Hurnik, 1999-05-12 Provides comprehensive, alphabetical definitions of terms and colloquial expressions used in animal agriculture, animal science, and veterinary medicine. |
| castration before and after: Castrated: My Eight Months in Prison Ralph Ginzburg, 1973-01-01 |
| castration before and after: A Brief History Of Castration Victor T. Cheney, 2006-03-06 Victor T. Cheney has just published a BRIEF HISTORY OF CASTRATION 2nd EDITION. This book contains a five page index plus a two page glossary with numerous footnotes t aid the curious history buff and serious researcher. Readers unfamiliar with this subject (which is most of us) will be surprised to learn how important this operation was to many cultures of the world in times past, and to a lesser extent, even today. In Italy thousands of young boys were castrated to prepare their voices for the opera. In Arab lands slaves (both black and white) were castrated in order to become harem guards. Chinese emperors found castrated males to be extremely reliable for treasurers and other governmental posts. In the past their operation was very dangerous and many died from infections. Bur it also had its beneficial side effects. The average castrated male lives 15 years longer than “normal” men. This is because harmful hormones and other impediments were removed form the man’s system. For instance, one cannot get testicular cancer if he has no testicles. Many ancient religions, as well as the early Christians, used their religious duties unhampered by impure thoughts and immoral deeds. Though Christians gradually abandoned this practice some breakaway groups continued to castrate young men in Russia and elsewhere even in this 20th century. The author believes that castration can still play an important role in modern society. He shows that it can be used to prevent serious crimes, diseases, and the loss of vital spiritual and moral values. |
| castration before and after: Measuring Manhood Melissa N. Stein, 2015-09-01 From the “gay gene” to the “female brain” and African American students’ insufficient “hereditary background” for higher education, arguments about a biological basis for human difference have reemerged in the twenty-first century. Measuring Manhood shows where they got their start. Melissa N. Stein analyzes how race became the purview of science in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America and how it was constructed as a biological phenomenon with far-reaching social, cultural, and political resonances. She tells of scientific “experts” who advised the nation on its most pressing issues and exposes their use of gender and sex differences to conceptualize or buttress their claims about racial difference. Stein examines the works of scientists and scholars from medicine, biology, ethnology, and other fields to trace how their conclusions about human difference did no less than to legitimize sociopolitical hierarchy in the United States. Covering a wide range of historical actors from Samuel Morton, the infamous collector and measurer of skulls in the 1830s, to NAACP leader and antilynching activist Walter White in the 1930s, this book reveals the role of gender, sex, and sexuality in the scientific making?and unmaking?of race. |
| castration before and after: Surgical Castration of Sex Offenders Nikolaus Heim, 2009-03-11 In modern societies, surgical castration is still an archaic means to treat aggressive sex offenders. In this book, the German author reveals emotional reactions and social coping mechanisms of adult castrates. Based on interviews, he further demonstrates sexual attitudes and the profile of dangerousness of castrated sex offenders during their second life. |
| castration before and after: Castration Victor Cheney, 2003-11 |
| castration before and after: The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality, 3 Volume Set Patricia Whelehan, Anne Bolin, 2015-06-02 This Encyclopedia is a comprehensive A-Z reference with over 500 entries that define sexuality from a broad biocultural perspective and show the diversity of human sexual behavior and belief systems. • Contains entries ranging from short definitions of scientific, clinical, cultural, and colloquial terms to extended explorations of major concepts • Covers 13 key areas of content, from clinical medicine and body modification to the language of sexuality and the history of sexology • Serves as an essential resource for students, scholars, and researchers with contributions from an international team of top scholars and practitioners 3 Volumes www.encyclopediaofhumansexuality.com |
| castration before and after: Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Mammals Mark McEntee, 2012-12-02 This book evolved from a series of lectures and laboratories given by Dr. Kenneth McEntee to students at Cornell University, the University of Illinois, and Tufts University and is based on tissues from over 20,000 cases of reproductive disease in the International Registry of Reproductive Pathology, founded by Dr. McEntee. Dr. McEntee brings into sharp focus what is known of reproductive pathology in North America and abroad. His book will be an invaluable text and reference for those working on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of reproductive failures of all kinds. - The only comprehensive text on reproductive pathology of domestic mammals - Based on pathologic examination of more than 20,000 cases of reproductive disease - Covers clinical aspects of disease and associated lesions - Extensive reference list includes citations in twelve languages |
| castration before and after: Small Animal Surgery Theresa Welch Fossum, 2007 This edition offers authoritative information on all aspects of small animal surgery. Coverage includes basic procedures such as spays, castrations, and declaws, as well as more advanced surgeries that might be referred to specialists such as craniotomy, ventral slots, and lung lobectomy. |
| castration before and after: Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Subcommittee on Dog and Cat Nutrition, 2006-07-01 Updating recommendations last made by the National Research Council in the mid-1980s, this report provides nutrient recommendations based on physical activity and stage in life, major factors that influence nutrient needs. It looks at how nutrients are metabolized in the bodies of dogs and cats, indications of nutrient deficiency, and diseases related to poor nutrition. The report provides a valuable resource for industry professionals formulating diets, scientists setting research agendas, government officials developing regulations for pet food labeling, and as a university textbook for dog and cat nutrition. It can also guide pet owners feeding decisions for their pets with information on specific nutrient needs, characteristics of different types of pet foods, and factors to consider when feeding cats and dogs. |
| castration before and after: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Kenneth S . Korach, 1998-03-27 This timely resource offers extensive discussions on the pharmacological, environmental,endocrinological, and natural factors that alter reproductive or developmental processes-elucidating the effects of toxicants on mechanisms of reproduction. Describing biological actions common to both genders as well as gender-specific processes, Reproducti |
| castration before and after: Hot Topics in Burn Injuries Selda Pelin Kartal, Dilek Bayramgurler, 2018-05-23 The aim of this book is to give readers a broad review of burn injuries, which may affect people from birth to death and can lead to high morbidity and mortality. The book consists of four sections and seven chapters. The first section consists of the introductory review chapter, which overviews the burn injuries. The second section includes chapter Burn Etiology and Pathogenesis, which focuses on burn injuries and clinical findings. The third section consists of chapter Controlling Inflammation in Burn Injury and is devoted to the role of inflammatory response, which is fundamental to the healing process, while a prolonged inflammation may lead to scarring and fibrosis. The fourth section consists of four chapters as follows: Therapeutic Effects of Conservative Treatments on Burn Scars, Herbal Therapy for Burns and Burn Scars, Platelet-Rich Plasma in Burn Treatment, and Surgical Treatment of Burn Scars. The book is easy to read and includes hot topics on burn injury to enhance the reader's understanding and knowledge. |
| castration before and after: The Other End of the Leash Patricia McConnell, Ph.D., 2009-02-19 Learn to communicate with your dog—using their language “Good reading for dog lovers and an immensely useful manual for dog owners.”—The Washington Post An Applied Animal Behaviorist and dog trainer with more than twenty years’ experience, Dr. Patricia McConnell reveals a revolutionary new perspective on our relationship with dogs—sharing insights on how “man’s best friend” might interpret our behavior, as well as essential advice on how to interact with our four-legged friends in ways that bring out the best in them. After all, humans and dogs are two entirely different species, each shaped by its individual evolutionary heritage. Quite simply, humans are primates and dogs are canids (as are wolves, coyotes, and foxes). Since we each speak a different native tongue, a lot gets lost in the translation. This marvelous guide demonstrates how even the slightest changes in our voices and in the ways we stand can help dogs understand what we want. Inside you will discover: • How you can get your dog to come when called by acting less like a primate and more like a dog • Why the advice to “get dominance” over your dog can cause problems • Why “rough and tumble primate play” can lead to trouble—and how to play with your dog in ways that are fun and keep him out of mischief • How dogs and humans share personality types—and why most dogs want to live with benevolent leaders rather than “alpha wanna-bes!” Fascinating, insightful, and compelling, The Other End of the Leash is a book that strives to help you connect with your dog in a completely new way—so as to enrich that most rewarding of relationships. |
| castration before and after: Osteoporosis in Men Eric S. Orwoll, John P. Bilezikian, Dirk Vanderschueren, 2009-11-30 Since the publication of the first edition, the U.S. Surgeon General released the first-ever report on bone health and osteoporosis in October 2004. This report focuses even more attention on the devastating impact osteoporosis has on millions of lives. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2 million American men have osteoporosis, and another 12 million are at risk for this disease. Yet despite the large number of men affected, the lack of awareness by doctors and their patients puts men at a higher risk that the condition may go undiagnosed and untreated. It is estimated that one-fifth to one-third of all hip fractures occur in men. This second edition brings on board John Bilezikian and Dirk Vanderschueren as editors with Eric Orwoll. The table of contents is more than doubling with 58 planned chapters. The format is larger – 8.5 x 11. This edition of Osteoporosis in Men brings together even more eminent investigators and clinicians to interpret developments in this growing field, and describe state-of-the-art research as well as practical approaches to diagnosis, prevention and therapy. - Brings together more eminent investigators and clinicians to interpret developments in this growing field - Describes state-of-the-art research as well as practical approaches to diagnosis, prevention and therapy - There is no book on the market that covers osteoporosis in men as comprehensively as this book |
| castration before and after: Experiment Station Record , 1933 |
| castration before and after: Journal National Cancer Institute (U.S.), 1975 |
| castration before and after: Manual of Equine Reproduction Steven P. Brinsko, Terry L. Blanchard, Dickson D. Varner, James Schumacher, Charles C. Love, 2010-05-19 Now in full color, Manual of Equine Reproduction, 3rd Edition provides a comprehensive look at the reproductive management of horses, including management of stallions, pregnant mares, and neonatal foals. Expert authors use a concise, practical approach in discussing improved therapies and treatments in equine breeding. You'll enhance your skills and knowledge with this book's detailed coverage of techniques used in reproductive examination, breeding procedures, pregnancy diagnosis, foaling, and reproductive tract surgery. - A clinical emphasis includes a step-by-step format of possible scenarios from conception to breeding management. - Practical information includes topics such as breeding with transported cooled or frozen semen, and caring for the broodmare and newborn foal. - The organization of material corresponds to the course of study in veterinary school, so you can find topics easily. - Chapter objectives and study questions at the beginning of each chapter guide you through the material and provide clear learning goals. - Evaluation of Breeding Records chapter covers the importance of breeding records, and how to use them to evaluate stallion performance and optimize fertility. - References are listed at the end of each chapter for further research and study. - Full-color photographs and illustrations clearly depict procedures, and all drawings have been redrawn and improved. - NEW Assisted Reproductive Technology chapter goes beyond embryo transfer. - Updated content includes the latest advances in therapies and treatments. - New content is added to two chapters, Reproductive Physiology of the Nonpregnant Mare and Manipulation of Estrus in the Mare. - Thorough coverage of every aspect of equine reproduction provides a strong foundation for success in veterinary practice, including a discussion of the use of GnRH-analog deslorelin (Ovuplant) to hasten ovulation; aseptic technique for endometrial biopsy; use of transabdominal ultrasonography, especially in early pregnancy; determination of fetal gender by transrectal ultrasonography; aspiration testicular biopsy using a spring-loaded biopsy instrument; and procedure for surgical embryo transfer. |
| castration before and after: Castration Celebration Jake Wizner, 2010-05-25 Two high school students in a summer arts program at Yale University collaborate on an anti-guy musical with the working title, Castration Celebration. |
| castration before and after: Experiment Station Record U.S. Office of Experiment Stations, United States. Agricultural Research Service, United States. Office of Experiment Stations, 1934 |
| castration before and after: Our Dogs, Ourselves Alexandra Horowitz, 2019-09-03 From Alexandra Horowitz, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Inside of a Dog, an eye-opening, informative, and wholly entertaining examination and celebration of the human-canine relationship for the curious dog owner and science-lover alike. We keep dogs and are kept by them. We love dogs and (we assume) we are loved by them. We buy them sweaters, toys, shoes; we are concerned with their social lives, their food, and their health. The story of humans and dogs is thousands of years old but is far from understood. In Our Dogs, Ourselves, Alexandra Horowitz explores all aspects of this unique and complex interspecies pairing. As Horowitz considers the current culture of dogdom, she reveals the odd, surprising, and contradictory ways we live with dogs. We celebrate their individuality but breed them for sameness. Despite our deep emotional relationships with dogs, legally they are property to be bought, sold, abandoned, or euthanized as we wish. Even the way we speak to our dogs is at once perplexing and delightful. In thirteen thoughtful and charming chapters, Our Dogs, Ourselves affirms our profound affection for this most charismatic of animals—and opens our eyes to the companions at our sides as never before. |
| castration before and after: The Dog's Mind Bruce Fogle, 1992-10-14 Quite simply this is an excellent book. It is well-written, with snatches of dry humour. It should be mandatory reading for anybody who keeps a dog or has intentions of so doing. -R. W. F. Poole, Daily Telegraph How do dogs perceive the world about them? How do they see, hear, learn, relate to their owners? How large are their brains, what is their emotional makeup? Why do they suffer from stress and how can it be coped with? Over the last few years a substantial body of knowledge has been built up about the psychology of dog behavior. Combining more than twenty years of practical experience as a veterinary clinician with a personal knowledge and understanding of the latest international research, Dr. Bruce Fogle has written the most inclusive and relevant book on how the canine mind works. |
| castration before and after: Hitler's Prisons Nikolaus Wachsmann, 2004-01-01 State prisons played an indispensable part in the terror of the Third Reich, incarcerating many hundreds of thousands of men and women during the Nazi era. This important book illuminates the previously unknown world of Nazi prisons, their victims, and the judicial and penal officials who built and operated this system of brutal legal terror. Nikolaus Wachsmann describes the operation and function of legal terror in the Third Reich and brings Nazi prisons to life through the harrowing stories of individual inmates. Drawing on a vast array of archival materials, he traces the series of changes in prison policies and practice that led eventually to racial terror, brutal violence, slave labour, starvation, and mass killings. Wachsmann demonstrates that ordinary legal officials were ready collaborators who helped to turn courts and prisons into key components in the Nazi web of terror. And he concludes with a discussion of the whitewash of the Nazi legal system in post-war West Germany. |
| castration before and after: Recent Progress in Hormone Research Gregory Pincus, 2013-10-22 Recent Progress in Hormone Research, Volume III contains papers delivered at the 1947 Laurentian Hormone Conference. This volume is organized into five parts encompassing 12 chapters that cover growth, metabolic, and steroid hormones. The opening parts cover the biochemical and physiological aspects of growth, metabolic, and steroid hormones. These parts particularly review the functions of the so-called sexogens, as well as some diseases caused by steroids, such as the Addison's disease. The succeeding parts describe the methods adaptable to the study of metabolic hormone problems. The remaining two parts discuss the testis physiology and function, the role of hormones in hypertension. These parts also consider the participation of the other system of the body, such as the renal pressor system and central nervous system in hypertension. The factors influencing the hormonal defense mechanism are also examined. This book will prove useful to endocrinologists. |
| castration before and after: Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition Andrea J. Fascetti, Sean J. Delaney, 2011-11-08 Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition provides current, clinically relevant nutritional advice intended for use in daily canine and feline practice. Highly practical, the book emphasizes solutions for integrating nutrition into clinical practice, with introductory chapters covering the foundation and science behind the recommendations and extensive references for further reading. Written by a group of leading veterinary nutritionists, Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition is a valuable resource on the principles of animal nutrition and feeding practices in healthy or diseased dogs and cats. The book begins with an overview of basic nutrition, energy requirements, and the basics of product guides, pet foods, home-prepared diets and dietary supplements. Subsequent chapters delve into feeding the healthy dog and cat, nutrition for weight management, and nutritional principles for a variety of diseases, with the final chapters covering enteral and parenteral nutrition. Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition is a daily reference for veterinary practitioners, students, and residents seeking authoritative information on feeding animals. |
| castration before and after: Religion in the Soviet Union Walter Kolarz, 1961 |
| castration before and after: Racial Castration David L. Eng, 2001-03-20 Racial Castration, the first book to bring together the fields of Asian American studies and psychoanalytic theory, explores the role of sexuality in racial formation and the place of race in sexual identity. David L. Eng examines images—literary, visual, and filmic—that configure past as well as contemporary perceptions of Asian American men as emasculated, homosexualized, or queer. Eng juxtaposes theortical discussions of Freud, Lacan, and Fanon with critical readings of works by Frank Chin, Maxine Hong Kingston, Lonny Kaneko, David Henry Hwang, Louie Chu, David Wong Louie, Ang Lee, and R. Zamora Linmark. While situating these literary and cultural productions in relation to both psychoanalytic theory and historical events of particular significance for Asian Americans, Eng presents a sustained analysis of dreamwork and photography, the mirror stage and the primal scene, and fetishism and hysteria. In the process, he offers startlingly new interpretations of Asian American masculinity in its connections to immigration exclusion, the building of the transcontinental railroad, the wartime internment of Japanese Americans, multiculturalism, and the model minority myth. After demonstrating the many ways in which Asian American males are haunted and constrained by enduring domestic norms of sexuality and race, Eng analyzes the relationship between Asian American male subjectivity and the larger transnational Asian diaspora. Challenging more conventional understandings of diaspora as organized by race, he instead reconceptualizes it in terms of sexuality and queerness. |
| castration before and after: Initiation and Promotion in Skin Or Liver Neoplasia Edward B. Ilgren, 1991-12-18 Initiation and Promotion in Skin or Liver Neoplasia is the only source of its kind that presents a comprehensive compilation of in vivo initiation/promotion studies that involve neoplastic changes in the skin or liver of experimental animals. The book surveys world literature over the past 65 years from almost 2,000 original studies covering nearly 200 journals in 9 languages. Publications reviewed consist of primary peer-reviewed papers, as well as those abstracts, meeting reports, and review articles, containing original data. Papers measuring both pre-neoplastic or neoplastic changes are included. The summaries for each study included in the book are highly formatted resumes that have four principal components which indicate: 1) What was done in the study; 2) How the study was done (e.g, methods); 3) The precise results obtained; 4) Individual critiques using GLP (Good Lab Practice) standards. Initiation and Promotion in Skin or Liver Neoplasia provides an indispensable abstracted reference resource for scientists, toxicologists, cancer researchers, litigators, regulators, environmentalists, policy analysts, and industry-based investigators. |
| castration before and after: Pain Management, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice Hans Coetzee, 2013-03-28 A comprehensive review of pain management and anesthesia for the food animal practitioner! Topics include assessment and management of pain, regulatory considerations for approving analgesic drugs, review of analgesic compounds, assessment and management of pain associated with castration in cattle, extra-label use of analgesic compounds in cattle, visual assessment of pain and sickness, telemetric assessment of pain and health, assessment and management of pain during surgery, anesthesia and chemical restraint, economics of pain management, and much more! |
| castration before and after: Cumulated Index Medicus , 1977 |
| castration before and after: Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 1968 |
Castration Before And After - netsec.csuci.edu
Considering castration, whether for a pet or another animal, involves significant decisions. This comprehensive guide explores the process of castration, detailing what to expect before and …
Physiology and behavior of pigs before and after castration: …
Surgical castration of male piglets is a common management practice conducted on commercial swine farms to prevent the occurrence of boar taint and aggressive behavior. However, the …
Castration of Cattle - American Veterinary Medical Association
Jul 15, 2014 · Supporting the value of early castration, it has been found that beef calves castrated before weaning ate more and had higher average daily gain (ADG) with lower inflammatory …
Assessment and Management of …
This review discusses the options for providing analgesia to calves before castration and the tools that have been used to assess analgesic drug efficacy. Published evidence to support the …
Practices and Considerations - Division of Agriculture and …
☐ Castration of calves can be done at any age, but castration before 3 months of age is less painful, less traumatic, and leads to fewer complications than later castrations.
The Basics of Castration Carla L. Huston, DVM, PhD, ACVPM …
The method of castration will depend on age and weight of the calf, producer preference, and time of the year. Castration should be performed as early as possible to reduce stress. Baby calves …
Castration Methods and Pain Management Issues
Regardless of the method, castration is generally less stressful or risky for a young animal than for an older one. Daniel Thomson, DVM, Kansas State University (K-State), says castration within …
Animal Health Castration Dos and Don’ts
Calves can be castrated as early as the first day of life; however, that is not usually the most efficient method for producers with more than a few calves. The best time for most producers, …
Castrating Beef Calves - Walker
Calves less than 36 hours of age can often be caught in the pasture, put on their side, tied with a short piece of rope and castrated by one person. Older baby calves can often be caught, held …
EQUINE CASTRATION/ GELDING FACTSHEET Reason
• Examination prior to castration is critical and allows us to check for anatomical variations which may complicate surgery- an example is a retained testicle (rig). • The horse will need checking …
Prepubertal castration eliminates sex differences in lifespan …
Prepubertal castration eliminated the longevity disparity between sexes by reducing the elevated early- to mid- life mor-tality rate observed in males and extending their median lifespan to …
Castration Aftercare Instructions - VetEdit
Castration Aftercare Instructions 1. No food for at least two hours following surgery – your horse has been sedated heavily and needs to wake up fully before he can eat anything. He can have …
PATIENT & CAREGIVER EDUCATION About Your Orchiectomy
Aug 5, 2024 · If you won’t have any testicles after your orchiectomy or if you have a bilateral orchiectomy, you won’t be able to produce sperm. This means that you won’t be able to have a …
Total Human Castration Before And After Pictures
Human physiology v.2 Cornell University Press Castration is a lively history of the meaning, function, and act of castration from its place in the early church to its secular reinvention in the …
Choosing Castration: A Thematic Analysis of the Perceived
Some men elect castration voluntarily without any clear medical reason. Here we aim to document their perception of genital ablation and injuries to better understand their motivations for …
Sexual Function After Voluntary Castration - Springer
Abstract. Some genetic males undergo voluntary castration, with and without hormonal supplementation. Here, we investigate the sexual func-tion of 163 such individuals (average …
Exposures to information about castration and emotional …
Aim: The study sought to determine how learning about castration before and after 13 years of age is associated with differential childhood experiences, outcomes, and self-recollections of...
The hidden world of self-castration and testicular self-injury
Introduction. Male-to-female transsexuals diagnosed with gender dysphoria often request castra-tion as part of their transition to a differ-ent gender, to promote demasculinization and change...
Hwf:9218&Academiatotal Human Castration Before And After …
Interactive eBooks incorporate multimedia elements, quizzes, and activities, enhancing the reader engagement and providing a more immersive learning experience. Hwf:9218&Academiatotal …
Differences in the Psychological, Sexual, and Childhood
Castration as a medical procedure is used to treat testicu-lar and prostate cancer as well as part of the treatment of male-to-female (MtF) gender dysphoria. Castration can be achieved either …
Behavior of Piglets in an Observation Arena before and after …
The results showed significant differences in the behavior of the piglets before and after castration and between the sham-castrated control group and the control group castrated without
Castration in Germany
castration of sexual offenders in Germany during the Nazi period from 1934 - 1945, is discussed in a cultural-historical introduction. A contemporary sample ... with large number of case of castrated men were not published before the end of the fifties and all studies show certain peculiarities. Bremer (1959) examined 215 men, one third of whom ...
Acute biochemical and Hematological responses to Bur dizzo …
(P<0.05) at the 2nd and 3 hours post castration in comparison to the 1st hour value. There was a non-significant (P>0.05) increase in heart rate 1 hour post castration before returning to the pre castration value. This study concluded that the effects of three hours post burdizzo castration on hematological and biochemical profile
Continuous enzalutamide after progression of metastatic …
Evidence before this study. The AFFIRM (2012), PREVAIL (2014), and PROSPER (2018) phase 3 trials showed that enzalutamide administration before or after . docetaxel was effective in treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) or non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; however, in each trial, enzalutamide was
A review of prevention and management of castration …
days, months or even years after castration. Complication severity ranges from those that cause no distress to the horse but are a con- ... review strategies to prevent complications and surgical castration techniques before re-viewing, in- depth, the following complications: excessive scrotal swelling and seroma for - ...
Castration for Pleasure: Exploring Extreme Castration …
castration are twice as likely to contact an underground “cut-ter” or attempt self-castration as to contact a medical doctor (Roberts, Brett, Johnson, & Wassersug, 2008). After reviewing a random sample of 120 EA stories by 89 dierent authors, Handy, Wassersug, Ketter, and Johnson (2015) suggested that EA stories provide insights into the ori-
Castration in the U.S. Swine Industry: Animal Welfare …
after, they show altered behavior and will tend to isolate . from others. Physiological signs of distress in response . to castration are an increased heart rate and increased circulating adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol levels. In addition, piglets can experience chronic (long-lasting) pain for up to five days after the procedure.
Elastrator Method - Florida Institute for Human and Machine …
Elastic band castration cuts off blood supply to the testicles. A lack of blood supply kills the testicles. The equipment for banding calves less than three weeks of age is called an elastrator. An elastrator (Figure 1) is the tool used to apply an elastic band to the neck of the scrotum.
Total penectomy - The Christie NHS Foundation Trust
possible after the operation. You will have a dressing covering the wound above your scrotum. This dressing will be removed the day after your surgery. There may also be a drain (small plastic tube) close to the wound. This will be removed after 1 - 2 days. The catheter draining urine from your bladder will be taken out 5 - 7 days after the ...
Castration - Bovin
weeks before castration so that it is in effect when the rubber bands are applied. This type of vaccine requires a booster dose at the time of castration. This alternative method can be used when it is impossible to perform the castration at a younger age. The risk of complications occur later, when the rubber band cut through the dead skin,
CASTRATION OF SHEEP AND GOATS - 40.65.112.141
Carcass composition and weight development: This is one of the main effects of castration. In general, the following effects are noted: carcasses from castrated sheep/goats have more fat tissue; and castration could retard growth and reduce the quantity of lean meat if done late (after 6 months of age). 2. AGE OF CASTRATING SHEEP AND GOATS
NEUTERING YOUR DOG – MALE CASTRATION - Rutland Vets
Personality changes after castration are unusual, although castration will usually help to improve undesirable male behaviours. If you are concerned that your dog may suffer adversely from castration then please discuss this with your vet. If you are unsure about whether castration is suitable it might be appropriate to use a hormone
Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC)
Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) Silke Gillessen, MD Medical Oncology Division of Cancer Sciences , University of Manchester and The Christie, Manchester, UK and ... • Staging: Always before start of a new therapy • Monitoring: Risk-adapted. Scher et al, J Clin Oncol 2016. Criteria Cave! 1. PSA Progression
Leahurst Equine Practice Castration Aftercare Instructions
Castration Aftercare Instructions After the procedure 1. No food for at least two hours following surgery – your horse has been sedated heavily and needs to wake up fully before he can eat anything. He can have water but no food. 2. Your horse will have two incisions (cuts) in his scrotum which will drip blood for several hours after the surgery.
EFFECT OF CASTRATION ON THE WELFARE OF PIGS
After that, castration may only be performed under anaesthesia and with pro-longed analgesia administered by a veterinary surgeon. However, due to the body of evidence indicating that surgical castration in the first 7 days of life is a painful practice, in 2010 a European De-claration on alternatives to surgical castration in pigs was signed.
The effect of Traumeel LT ad us. vet. on the perioperative
Oct 2, 2024 · Blood was taken before and 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after castration. The following main parameters were assessed: SAA, fibrinogen, iron, white blood cells, neutrophils, Interleukin1ß, and cortisol. Wound healing and pain were assessed at 8 time points. Results: The main variable SAA was increased after surgery reaching a mean
Castration of Sheep - A Greener World South Africa
Some sheep producers say that castration before 6 weeks 'stunts growth'. The reality is that, in all species, entire males produce hormones that mean their growth rate is faster than that of a castrated male or a female. The theory behind castrating at six weeks of
Plasma concentrations of substance P and cortisol in beef …
before and immediately prior to castration or simulated castration (time of castration or simulated castration was designated as time 0). Additional samples were col-lected immediately after and 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 4 hours after castration or
Castration radiosensitizes prostate cancer tissue by ... - Science
juvant castration treatment. We biopsied patients at diagnosis and before and after castration and radiother-apy treatments to monitor androgen receptor, NHEJ, and DSB repair in verified cancer tissue. We show that patients receiving neoadjuvant castration treatment before radiotherapy had reduced amounts of the NHEJ
WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT mCRPC Metastatic …
In Non-Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (nmCRPC), cancer grows after hormone treatment. Scans may show that it has not yet spread to other parts of the body. In the advanced form of prostate cancer, it becomes metastatic. It spreads beyond the prostate to other parts of the body. With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate
Castration - Durango Equine Veterinary Clinic
will occur after the procedure, usually descending into the sheath due to gravity. This is normal. The day of the procedure, it is best to keep your horse confined to keep the blood clots intact. Starting the day after the castration, you need to exercise your new gelding once or twice a day for 15-30 minutes for 7-10 days.
AnesthesiaAfterSedatingWith …
Silva et al. Castration of Dogs Using Local Anesthesia were contacted by telephone 4–5 days after surgery for their opinion of their dog’s health.
Risk of Cardiovascular Ischemic Events After Surgical …
Table 1. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated With GnRHa or Orchiectomy, Before and After Propensity Score Weighting Characteristic Propensity Score Weighting* Before After GnRHa (n = 11,137) Orchiectomy (n = 3,578) Absolute Standardized Mean Difference† GnRHa (n = 11,137) Orchiectomy (n ...
CAT CASTRATION - Northland Veterinary Group
Most importantly, castration will help to control the cat population. There are too many unwanted pets in New Zealand already. Before surgery The cat should not be offered any food or water after 8pm on the night before surgery. Any food or fluid after this time will increase the danger of vomiting under anaesthetic.
Summary: Piglet Castration and Alternatives - Compassion in …
Surgical Castration . Surgical castration is painful to piglets and induces stress afterwards, so is not recommended. Mitigating pain and stress . When surgical castration is , pain and unavoidable stress can be minimised via the use of anaesthesia and analgesia; though the time and cost involved means they are rarely considered.
Castration of Cattle - A Greener World
calves of three to four weeks old after castration with rubber rings. Robertson et al (1994) looked at the effect of castration on calves at three different ages: six days, 21 days and 42 days. Six-day-old bull calves exhibited fewer violent pain responses than 21- or 42-day-old calves after castration, although some pain-associated
Prepubertal castration eliminates sex differences in lifespan …
suggesting that castration slows growth by other mechanisms. Castration also eliminated the sex difference in the duration of growth. UM-HET3 males stop growing around 12 months, while fe-males continue growing until 18 months (Figure 2d, historical data). Although castration reduced body weight at 6 months, by 12 months
Castration for Sex Offenders: Treatment or Punishment? A …
a decline of the nonsexual crimes after castration. Before castration 606 sex offenders committed nonsexual crimes; afterward 230 of them were either Table II. Recidivism Rate for Sexual Crimes of Noncastrates Noncastrates Number of convictions N % Once 417 60.9 Twice 148 21.6 3 times 71 10.4 4 times 26 3.8
Local mepivacaine before castration of horses under …
Background: In horses castration with primary intention healing is usually performed under balanced inhalation anaesthesia. To optimise analgesia, the use of local anaesthesia was tested. Objectives: To investigate the effect of local mepivacaine before castration with first intention healing under balanced medetomidine-isoflurane
Enzalutamide Treatment in Metastatic Castration-resistant …
Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Before and after Docetaxel Irem Bilgetekin1, Fatma Bugdayci Basal1, Havva Yesil Cinkir2, Ece Esin1, Berna Oksuzoglu1 and Umut Demirci1 1Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara …
Animal Health Castration Dos and Don’ts
the first few weeks after castration. At two weeks, the banded calves had less decrease in feed intake and better weight gain than the knife-cut calves. However, at three to four weeks, it flip-flopped and the knife-cut calves did better. “By three to four weeks the knife-cut calves were pretty much healed and the banded calves
Castration Punishment for Sex Offenders: Reproductive …
offenders before and after castration punishment. Method This study shared the perspective of reproductive health review, in which describe the implementation of castration in sexual violence cases. The criteria for the references must be contain castration, include chemical or physical as a punishment. The problem of sexual
HEALTHCARE RESOURCE USE AND COSTS FOR …
BEFORE AND AFTER PROGRESSION TO CASTRATION RESISTANCE INTRODUCTION • Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men in the United States, representing 27% of newly diagnosed cancers and estimated to be responsible for 34,700 deaths in 20231 • While most patients will initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)
Spay/Neuter Surgery: Postoperative Healing Guide - ASPCApro
Aug 16, 2023 · rechecks after surgery, with the following intentions: 1 . Making sure clients know how to fit a collar correctly 2 . Making life with a collar easier for their pets 3 . Providing alternative options available at pet supply stores Below you can download unbranded, editable versions of these instructions, both in English and in Spanish.
There’s more than one way to crack a nut. - Virbac
Surgical castration in ferrets may be associated with an increased incidence of hyperadrenocorticism.5 Suprelorin offers an alternative. Licensed in ferrets too! Ferrets are ... before during after Testicular tissue under a microscope - before, during and after implant use. Notice the presence, absence
Literature Review on the Welfare Implications of Swine …
Castration of male piglets is a common practice in many countries and the vast majority of male piglets in theUnited St ates re c strted. C tion is perfo med to void bo r int me of exu lly ... was slaughter of pigs before puberty. One study has shown that entire males spend more time performing social behaviors, including aggressive behaviors ...
Castration of Cattle - A Greener World South Africa
calves of three to four weeks old after castration with rubber rings. Robertson et al (1994) looked at the effect of castration on calves at three different ages: six days, 21 days and 42 days. Six-day-old bull calves exhibited fewer violent pain responses than 21- or 42-day-old calves after castration, although some pain-associated
A review of prevention and management of castration …
days, months or even years after castration. Complication severity ranges from those that cause no distress to the horse but are a con- ... review strategies to prevent complications and surgical castration techniques before re-viewing, in- depth, the following complications: excessive scrotal swelling and seroma for - ...
Real-world treatment patterns and overall survival among men …
with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC) in the US Medicare population Stephen J. Freedland 1,2 , Matthew Davis 3 , Andrew J. Epstein , Bhakti Arondekar 4 and Jasmina I. Ivanova 5
Urethral luminal epithelia are castration-insensitive ... - bioRxiv
Feb 19, 2020 · The prostate involutes after castration, but regrows to its original size with androgen replenishment. This observation prompted the search for acastration-insensitive prostate ... progenitor is a urethral luminal epithelial cell type that exists in the urogenital sinus before prostate budding and extends into the ductal network of the proximal ...
Predicting outcomes after 177Lu-PSMA therapy in castration …
after ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA . therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer . Radioligand therapy targeting . prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a novel effective treat-ment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). 1. In an Article in . The Lancet Oncology, Andrei Gafita and colleagues propose a nomogram that is predictive
Burdizzo Clamps for Castration - Florida Institute for Human …
rubber-ring or latex-band castration Advantages and Disadvantages: bloodless slow to perform and requires expertise unreliable when done incorrectly, leads to stags equipment becomes ineffective after long-term use and must be replaced less reduction in weight gain after castration compared to surgical or latex-band
Burdizzo castration; rubber rings; anesthetic; pain relief.
PCE13v2 – ©TAFS 10 - Castration of Sheep 032111 faster than castrates and late castration (around weaning) can show some improvement in growth rate over early castration in some sheep breeds. Management options As noted above, on the basis that castration is painful the ideal welfare outcome is not to carry this operation out at all.
LARGE ANIMAL HOSPITAL Equine Castration - University of …
After recovering from the procedure, it is important to provide the horse with 24 hour stall rest to allow for an adequate blood clot to form and stabilize. It is then recommended the horse undergo 20 minutes of daily controlled exercise for one week. An anti-inflammatory medication may be prescribed to help with postoperative swelling and pain.
Early Castration in Horses Does Not Impact Osteoarticular …
Nov 26, 2023 · Abstract: The castration of stallions is traditionally performed after puberty, at around the age of 2 years old. No studies have focused on the effects of early castration on osteoarticular metabolism. Thus, we aimed to compare early castration (3 days after birth) with traditional castration (18 months of age) in horses.
Plasma tumor gene conversions after one cycle abiraterone …
Mar 29, 2021 · Background: Plasma tumor DNA fraction is prognostic in metastaticcancers.This could improve risk stratification before commencing a new treatment. We hypothesized that a second sample collected after one cycle of treatment could refine outcome prediction of patients identified as poor prognosis based on plasma DNA collected pre-treatment.
The hidden world of self-castration and testicular self-injury
whether to perform voluntary castration. Epidemiology of self-castration ... est before age 14 years. The average age of actual castra tion was 41.7 years; the young -
Extensive Alteration of Androgen Precursor Levels After …
of 15 circulating steroids before and after castration and their association with DHT and testosterone levels. We found that pharmacological castration can significantly modulate the levels of 13 steroids out of the 15 studied. Besides the expected decrease in testosterone and DHT levels, the levels of androstenedione, dehydroepiandros-
Goserelin versus leuprolide in the chemical castration of
considered castration level [13]. However, there are controversies regarding the value of testosterone to consider the level of castration and the necessary dosage to reach such goal. The 50 ng/dl value of testosterone as a cutoff level for castration derives from the dosage method used in the 60s and 70s, which was known as ‘‘isotope-
The physiological and behavioral response of pigs castrated …
Before castration (time 0), and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min, 24 h, and 3 d after castration, pigs were held in a supine position and 2.5 mL of blood was obtained by anterior vena cava puncture. Blood was collected into vacutainers (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) containing EDTA.
