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Bowling Alone Putnam: Finding the PDF and Understanding its Relevance
Are you searching for a copy of Robert Putnam's seminal work, "Bowling Alone," in PDF format? This comprehensive guide navigates the complexities of finding accessible versions online while offering a deep dive into the book's central themes and enduring relevance in today's world. We'll discuss the challenges of locating legitimate PDFs, explore the book's key arguments about social capital, and delve into why understanding Putnam's work remains crucial for navigating contemporary societal issues.
The Search for "Bowling Alone Putnam Filetype:pdf": Navigating the Digital Landscape
Finding a readily available, legitimate PDF of "Bowling Alone" can be surprisingly difficult. While many websites offer downloads, it's crucial to exercise caution. Copyright laws protect Putnam's work, and unauthorized distribution is illegal. Downloading from unofficial sources risks malware infection and contributes to copyright infringement. Legitimate access often involves purchasing a digital copy from reputable online retailers like Amazon or Google Books, or accessing it through university library databases if you have access.
Remember: Respecting intellectual property rights is paramount. Always seek out legitimate avenues for accessing copyrighted material. A simple Google search for "Bowling Alone Putnam filetype:pdf" might yield numerous results, but careful scrutiny is essential to ensure you're accessing the book legally and safely.
Understanding Robert Putnam's Central Argument: The Decline of Social Capital
"Bowling Alone" explores the decline of social capital in the United States throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Putnam argues that Americans are becoming increasingly isolated, participating less in civic organizations and community activities. He uses the metaphor of bowling leagues – once a common social activity – to illustrate this shift. While individuals may still bowl, they increasingly do so alone, reflecting a broader trend of decreasing social interaction and engagement.
#### Key Concepts Explored in "Bowling Alone":
Social Capital: The networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Putnam argues that this social capital is declining.
Civic Engagement: Participation in community organizations, volunteer work, and political activities. Putnam demonstrates a significant decline in these forms of engagement.
Trust and Reciprocity: The foundation of strong communities. Putnam shows how declining trust erodes social cohesion.
Technology's Impact: Putnam explores how technological advancements, while offering benefits, have potentially contributed to social isolation.
The Enduring Relevance of "Bowling Alone" in the 21st Century
Putnam's analysis, while focused on the late 20th century, remains strikingly relevant in the 21st. The rise of social media, while connecting people globally, has also raised concerns about the quality of social interactions and the potential for increased polarization and echo chambers. The issues Putnam raised about declining civic engagement and erosion of trust continue to resonate in debates surrounding political polarization, community building, and the future of democracy.
#### Modern Applications of Putnam's Ideas:
Community Building Initiatives: Understanding the dynamics of social capital is vital for effective community development projects.
Political Polarization: Putnam's work offers insights into the decline of trust and the factors contributing to political divisions.
The Impact of Technology: His analysis prompts a critical examination of how technology impacts social interactions and community building.
Strengthening Civic Engagement: Putnam's research highlights the need for initiatives to promote civic engagement and strengthen social connections.
Beyond the PDF: Engaging with Putnam's Work
While finding a legitimate PDF of "Bowling Alone" is a starting point, the true value lies in engaging deeply with Putnam's arguments and their implications. Consider reading the book alongside relevant academic articles and commentary to gain a richer understanding of the context and current debates surrounding social capital and civic engagement. Actively participate in your community – joining clubs, volunteering, and engaging in respectful dialogue – to counter the trends Putnam describes.
Conclusion
The search for "Bowling Alone Putnam filetype:pdf" underscores the enduring interest in Robert Putnam's seminal work. While obtaining a legitimate copy requires careful attention to copyright and intellectual property, understanding its core message about the decline of social capital and its ongoing relevance is crucial for navigating the complexities of the modern world. Active engagement with Putnam's ideas, combined with a commitment to building strong communities, can contribute to a more connected and cohesive society.
FAQs
1. Where can I legally purchase a digital copy of "Bowling Alone"? Reputable online retailers like Amazon and Google Books offer digital versions of the book.
2. Are there any academic databases that might offer access to "Bowling Alone"? Many university libraries provide access to ebooks through their online databases. Check with your local university library or a university library near you.
3. What are some alternative ways to access the content of "Bowling Alone"? You could explore summaries and reviews of the book online, although reading the full text offers the most complete understanding.
4. How can I contribute to strengthening social capital in my community? Volunteer your time, join local organizations, participate in community events, and engage in respectful dialogue with others holding different perspectives.
5. Is there a newer edition of "Bowling Alone" that incorporates more recent data? While there isn't a new edition with updated data, numerous academic articles and books have built upon Putnam's work, offering updated perspectives on social capital and related issues. Searching for scholarly articles on "social capital" will yield relevant contemporary research.
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Bowling Alone: Revised and Updated Robert D. Putnam, 2020-10-13 Updated to include a new chapter about the influence of social media and the Internet—the 20th anniversary edition of Bowling Alone remains a seminal work of social analysis, and its examination of what happened to our sense of community remains more relevant than ever in today’s fractured America. Twenty years, ago, Robert D. Putnam made a seemingly simple observation: once we bowled in leagues, usually after work; but no longer. This seemingly small phenomenon symbolized a significant social change that became the basis of the acclaimed bestseller, Bowling Alone, which The Washington Post called “a very important book” and Putnam, “the de Tocqueville of our generation.” Bowling Alone surveyed in detail Americans’ changing behavior over the decades, showing how we had become increasingly disconnected from family, friends, neighbors, and social structures, whether it’s with the PTA, church, clubs, political parties, or bowling leagues. In the revised edition of his classic work, Putnam shows how our shrinking access to the “social capital” that is the reward of communal activity and community sharing still poses a serious threat to our civic and personal health, and how these consequences have a new resonance for our divided country today. He includes critical new material on the pervasive influence of social media and the internet, which has introduced previously unthinkable opportunities for social connection—as well as unprecedented levels of alienation and isolation. At the time of its publication, Putnam’s then-groundbreaking work showed how social bonds are the most powerful predictor of life satisfaction, and how the loss of social capital is felt in critical ways, acting as a strong predictor of crime rates and other measures of neighborhood quality of life, and affecting our health in other ways. While the ways in which we connect, or become disconnected, have changed over the decades, his central argument remains as powerful and urgent as ever: mending our frayed social capital is key to preserving the very fabric of our society. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Loneliness as a Way of Life Thomas Dumm, 2010-05-01 “What does it mean to be lonely?” Thomas Dumm asks. His inquiry, documented in this book, takes us beyond social circumstances and into the deeper forces that shape our very existence as modern individuals. The modern individual, Dumm suggests, is fundamentally a lonely self. Through reflections on philosophy, political theory, literature, and tragic drama, he proceeds to illuminate a hidden dimension of the human condition. His book shows how loneliness shapes the contemporary division between public and private, our inability to live with each other honestly and in comity, the estranged forms that our intimate relationships assume, and the weakness of our common bonds. A reading of the relationship between Cordelia and her father in Shakespeare’s King Lear points to the most basic dynamic of modern loneliness—how it is a response to the problem of the “missing mother.” Dumm goes on to explore the most important dimensions of lonely experience—Being, Having, Loving, and Grieving. As the book unfolds, he juxtaposes new interpretations of iconic cultural texts—Moby-Dick, Death of a Salesman, the film Paris, Texas, Emerson’s “Experience,” to name a few—with his own experiences of loneliness, as a son, as a father, and as a grieving husband and widower. Written with deceptive simplicity, Loneliness as a Way of Life is something rare—an intellectual study that is passionately personal. It challenges us, not to overcome our loneliness, but to learn how to re-inhabit it in a better way. To fail to do so, this book reveals, will only intensify the power that it holds over us. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The Paradox of Choice Barry Schwartz, 2009-10-13 Whether we're buying a pair of jeans, ordering a cup of coffee, selecting a long-distance carrier, applying to college, choosing a doctor, or setting up a 401(k), everyday decisions—both big and small—have become increasingly complex due to the overwhelming abundance of choice with which we are presented. As Americans, we assume that more choice means better options and greater satisfaction. But beware of excessive choice: choice overload can make you question the decisions you make before you even make them, it can set you up for unrealistically high expectations, and it can make you blame yourself for any and all failures. In the long run, this can lead to decision-making paralysis, anxiety, and perpetual stress. And, in a culture that tells us that there is no excuse for falling short of perfection when your options are limitless, too much choice can lead to clinical depression. In The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz explains at what point choice—the hallmark of individual freedom and self-determination that we so cherish—becomes detrimental to our psychological and emotional well-being. In accessible, engaging, and anecdotal prose, Schwartz shows how the dramatic explosion in choice—from the mundane to the profound challenges of balancing career, family, and individual needs—has paradoxically become a problem instead of a solution. Schwartz also shows how our obsession with choice encourages us to seek that which makes us feel worse. By synthesizing current research in the social sciences, Schwartz makes the counter intuitive case that eliminating choices can greatly reduce the stress, anxiety, and busyness of our lives. He offers eleven practical steps on how to limit choices to a manageable number, have the discipline to focus on those that are important and ignore the rest, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices you have to make. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Identity Francis Fukuyama, 2018-09-11 The New York Times bestselling author of The Origins of Political Order offers a provocative examination of modern identity politics: its origins, its effects, and what it means for domestic and international affairs of state In 2014, Francis Fukuyama wrote that American institutions were in decay, as the state was progressively captured by powerful interest groups. Two years later, his predictions were borne out by the rise to power of a series of political outsiders whose economic nationalism and authoritarian tendencies threatened to destabilize the entire international order. These populist nationalists seek direct charismatic connection to “the people,” who are usually defined in narrow identity terms that offer an irresistible call to an in-group and exclude large parts of the population as a whole. Demand for recognition of one’s identity is a master concept that unifies much of what is going on in world politics today. The universal recognition on which liberal democracy is based has been increasingly challenged by narrower forms of recognition based on nation, religion, sect, race, ethnicity, or gender, which have resulted in anti-immigrant populism, the upsurge of politicized Islam, the fractious “identity liberalism” of college campuses, and the emergence of white nationalism. Populist nationalism, said to be rooted in economic motivation, actually springs from the demand for recognition and therefore cannot simply be satisfied by economic means. The demand for identity cannot be transcended; we must begin to shape identity in a way that supports rather than undermines democracy. Identity is an urgent and necessary book—a sharp warning that unless we forge a universal understanding of human dignity, we will doom ourselves to continuing conflict. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The Wealth of Networks Yochai Benkler, 2006-01-01 Describes how patterns of information, knowledge, and cultural production are changing. The author shows that the way information and knowledge are made available can either limit or enlarge the ways people create and express themselves. He describes the range of legal and policy choices that confront. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies Erik Brynjolfsson, Andrew McAfee, 2014-01-20 The big stories -- The skills of the new machines : technology races ahead -- Moore's law and the second half of the chessboard -- The digitization of just about everything -- Innovation : declining or recombining? -- Artificial and human intelligence in the second machine age -- Computing bounty -- Beyond GDP -- The spread -- The biggest winners : stars and superstars -- Implications of the bounty and the spread -- Learning to race with machines : recommendations for individuals -- Policy recommendations -- Long-term recommendations -- Technology and the future (which is very different from technology is the future). |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The Craftsman Richard Sennett, 2009-02-05 Why do people work hard, and take pride in what they do? This book, a philosophically-minded enquiry into practical activity of many different kinds past and present, is about what happens when people try to do a good job. It asks us to think about the true meaning of skill in the 'skills society' and argues that pure competition is a poor way to achieve quality work. Sennett suggests, instead, that there is a craftsman in every human being, which can sometimes be enormously motivating and inspiring - and can also in other circumstances make individuals obsessive and frustrated. The Craftsman shows how history has drawn fault-lines between craftsman and artist, maker and user, technique and expression, practice and theory, and that individuals' pride in their work, as well as modern society in general, suffers from these historical divisions. But the past lives of crafts and craftsmen show us ways of working (using tools, acquiring skills, thinking about materials) which provide rewarding alternative ways for people to utilise their talents. We need to recognise this if motivations are to be understood and lives made as fulfilling as possible. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: One Up On Wall Street Peter Lynch, John Rothchild, 2000-04-03 THE NATIONAL BESTSELLING BOOK THAT EVERY INVESTOR SHOULD OWN Peter Lynch is America's number-one money manager. His mantra: Average investors can become experts in their own field and can pick winning stocks as effectively as Wall Street professionals by doing just a little research. Now, in a new introduction written specifically for this edition of One Up on Wall Street, Lynch gives his take on the incredible rise of Internet stocks, as well as a list of twenty winning companies of high-tech '90s. That many of these winners are low-tech supports his thesis that amateur investors can continue to reap exceptional rewards from mundane, easy-to-understand companies they encounter in their daily lives. Investment opportunities abound for the layperson, Lynch says. By simply observing business developments and taking notice of your immediate world -- from the mall to the workplace -- you can discover potentially successful companies before professional analysts do. This jump on the experts is what produces tenbaggers, the stocks that appreciate tenfold or more and turn an average stock portfolio into a star performer. The former star manager of Fidelity's multibillion-dollar Magellan Fund, Lynch reveals how he achieved his spectacular record. Writing with John Rothchild, Lynch offers easy-to-follow directions for sorting out the long shots from the no shots by reviewing a company's financial statements and by identifying which numbers really count. He explains how to stalk tenbaggers and lays out the guidelines for investing in cyclical, turnaround, and fast-growing companies. Lynch promises that if you ignore the ups and downs of the market and the endless speculation about interest rates, in the long term (anywhere from five to fifteen years) your portfolio will reward you. This advice has proved to be timeless and has made One Up on Wall Street a number-one bestseller. And now this classic is as valuable in the new millennium as ever. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: An Introduction to Community Development Rhonda Phillips, Robert Pittman, 2014-11-26 Beginning with the foundations of community development, An Introduction to Community Development offers a comprehensive and practical approach to planning for communities. Road-tested in the authors’ own teaching, and through the training they provide for practicing planners, it enables students to begin making connections between academic study and practical know-how from both private and public sector contexts. An Introduction to Community Development shows how planners can utilize local economic interests and integrate finance and marketing considerations into their strategy. Most importantly, the book is strongly focused on outcomes, encouraging students to ask: what is best practice when it comes to planning for communities, and how do we accurately measure the results of planning practice? This newly revised and updated edition includes: increased coverage of sustainability issues, discussion of localism and its relation to community development, quality of life, community well-being and public health considerations, and content on local food systems. Each chapter provides a range of reading materials for the student, supplemented with text boxes, a chapter outline, keywords, and reference lists, and new skills based exercises at the end of each chapter to help students turn their learning into action, making this the most user-friendly text for community development now available. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Understanding and Measuring Social Capital Christiaan Grootaert, Thierry Van Bastelaer, 2002 This work details various methods of gauging social capital and provides illustrative case studies from Mali and India. It also offers a measuring instrument, the Social Capital Assessment Tool, that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Chains Laurie Halse Anderson, 2010-01-05 If an entire nation could seek its freedom, why not a girl? As the Revolutionary War begins, thirteen-year-old Isabel wages her own fight...for freedom. Promised freedom upon the death of their owner, she and her sister, Ruth, in a cruel twist of fate become the property of a malicious New York City couple, the Locktons, who have no sympathy for the American Revolution and even less for Ruth and Isabel. When Isabel meets Curzon, a slave with ties to the Patriots, he encourages her to spy on her owners, who know details of British plans for invasion. She is reluctant at first, but when the unthinkable happens to Ruth, Isabel realizes her loyalty is available to the bidder who can provide her with freedom. From acclaimed author Laurie Halse Anderson comes this compelling, impeccably researched novel that shows the lengths we can go to cast off our chains, both physical and spiritual. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Democracy and Power Noam Chomsky, Jean Drèze, 2014-12-07 Noam Chomsky visited India in 1996 and 2001 and spoke on a wide range of subjects, from democracy and corporate propaganda to the nature of the world order and the role of intellectuals in society. He captivated audiences with his lucid challenge of dominant political analyses, the engaging style of his talks, and his commitment to social equality as well as individual freedom. Chomsky’s early insights into the workings of power in the modern world remain timely and compelling. Published for the first time, this series of lectures also provides the reader with an invaluable introduction to the essential ideas of one of the leading thinkers of our time. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Evil Media Matthew Fuller, Andrew Goffey, 2012-08-17 A philosophical manual of media power for the network age. Evil Media develops a philosophy of media power that extends the concept of media beyond its tried and trusted use in the games of meaning, symbolism, and truth. It addresses the gray zones in which media exist as corporate work systems, algorithms and data structures, twenty-first century self-improvement manuals, and pharmaceutical techniques. Evil Media invites the reader to explore and understand the abstract infrastructure of the present day. From search engines to flirting strategies, from the value of institutional stupidity to the malicious minutiae of databases, this book shows how the devil is in the details. The title takes the imperative “Don't be evil” and asks, what would be done any differently in contemporary computational and networked media were that maxim reversed. Media here are about much more and much less than symbols, stories, information, or communication: media do things. They incite and provoke, twist and bend, leak and manage. In a series of provocative stratagems designed to be used, Evil Media sets its reader an ethical challenge: either remain a transparent intermediary in the networks and chains of communicative power or become oneself an active, transformative medium. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The Craft of Research, 2nd edition Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, 2008-04-15 Since 1995, more than 150,000 students and researchers have turned to The Craft of Research for clear and helpful guidance on how to conduct research and report it effectively . Now, master teachers Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams present a completely revised and updated version of their classic handbook. Like its predecessor, this new edition reflects the way researchers actually work: in a complex circuit of thinking, writing, revising, and rethinking. It shows how each part of this process influences the others and how a successful research report is an orchestrated conversation between a researcher and a reader. Along with many other topics, The Craft of Research explains how to build an argument that motivates readers to accept a claim; how to anticipate the reservations of thoughtful yet critical readers and to respond to them appropriately; and how to create introductions and conclusions that answer that most demanding question, So what? Celebrated by reviewers for its logic and clarity, this popular book retains its five-part structure. Part 1 provides an orientation to the research process and begins the discussion of what motivates researchers and their readers. Part 2 focuses on finding a topic, planning the project, and locating appropriate sources. This section is brought up to date with new information on the role of the Internet in research, including how to find and evaluate sources, avoid their misuse, and test their reliability. Part 3 explains the art of making an argument and supporting it. The authors have extensively revised this section to present the structure of an argument in clearer and more accessible terms than in the first edition. New distinctions are made among reasons, evidence, and reports of evidence. The concepts of qualifications and rebuttals are recast as acknowledgment and response. Part 4 covers drafting and revising, and offers new information on the visual representation of data. Part 5 concludes the book with an updated discussion of the ethics of research, as well as an expanded bibliography that includes many electronic sources. The new edition retains the accessibility, insights, and directness that have made The Craft of Research an indispensable guide for anyone doing research, from students in high school through advanced graduate study to businesspeople and government employees. The authors demonstrate convincingly that researching and reporting skills can be learned and used by all who undertake research projects. New to this edition: Extensive coverage of how to do research on the internet, including how to evaluate and test the reliability of sources New information on the visual representation of data Expanded bibliography with many electronic sources |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Essentials of Business Communication Mary Ellen Guffey, 2004 This text-workbook is a streamlined, no-nonsense approach to business communication. It takes a three-in-one approach: (1) text, (2) practical workbook, and (3) self-teaching grammar/mechanics handbook. The chapters reinforce basic writing skills, then apply these skills to a variety of memos, letters, reports, and resumes. This new edition features increased coverage of contemporary business communication issues including oral communication, electronic forms of communication, diversity and ethics. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Positive Psychology in Practice P. Alex Linley, Stephen Joseph, 2012-06-27 A thorough and up-to-date guide to putting positive psychology into practice From the Foreword: This volume is the cutting edge of positive psychology and the emblem of its future. -Martin E. P. Seligman, Ph.D., Fox Leadership Professor of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, and author of Authentic Happiness Positive psychology is an exciting new orientation in the field, going beyond psychology's traditional focus on illness and pathology to look at areas like well-being and fulfillment. While the larger question of optimal human functioning is hardly new - Aristotle addressed it in his treatises on eudaimonia - positive psychology offers a common language on this subject to professionals working in a variety of subdisciplines and practices. Applicable in many settings and relevant for individuals, groups, organizations, communities, and societies, positive psychology is a genuinely integrative approach to professional practice. Positive Psychology in Practice fills the need for a broad, comprehensive, and state-of-the-art reference for this burgeoning new perspective. Cutting across traditional lines of thinking in psychology, this resource bridges theory, research, and applications to offer valuable information to a wide range of professionals and students in the social and behavioral sciences. A group of major international contributors covers: The applied positive psychology perspective Historical and philosophical foundations Values and choices in pursuit of the good life Lifestyle practices for health and well-being Methods and processes for teaching and learning Positive psychology at work The best and most thorough treatment of this cutting-edge discipline, Positive Psychology in Practice is an essential resource for understanding this important new theory and applying its principles to all areas of professional practice. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: American Military History Volume 1 Army Center of Military History, 2016-06-05 American Military History provides the United States Army-in particular, its young officers, NCOs, and cadets-with a comprehensive but brief account of its past. The Center of Military History first published this work in 1956 as a textbook for senior ROTC courses. Since then it has gone through a number of updates and revisions, but the primary intent has remained the same. Support for military history education has always been a principal mission of the Center, and this new edition of an invaluable history furthers that purpose. The history of an active organization tends to expand rapidly as the organization grows larger and more complex. The period since the Vietnam War, at which point the most recent edition ended, has been a significant one for the Army, a busy period of expanding roles and missions and of fundamental organizational changes. In particular, the explosion of missions and deployments since 11 September 2001 has necessitated the creation of additional, open-ended chapters in the story of the U.S. Army in action. This first volume covers the Army's history from its birth in 1775 to the eve of World War I. By 1917, the United States was already a world power. The Army had sent large expeditionary forces beyond the American hemisphere, and at the beginning of the new century Secretary of War Elihu Root had proposed changes and reforms that within a generation would shape the Army of the future. But world war-global war-was still to come. The second volume of this new edition will take up that story and extend it into the twenty-first century and the early years of the war on terrorism and includes an analysis of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq up to January 2009. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Getting to Yes Roger Fisher, William Ury, Bruce Patton, 1991 Describes a method of negotiation that isolates problems, focuses on interests, creates new options, and uses objective criteria to help two parties reach an agreement. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Reality Is Broken Jane McGonigal, 2011-01-20 “McGonigal is a clear, methodical writer, and her ideas are well argued. Assertions are backed by countless psychological studies.” —The Boston Globe “Powerful and provocative . . . McGonigal makes a persuasive case that games have a lot to teach us about how to make our lives, and the world, better.” —San Jose Mercury News “Jane McGonigal's insights have the elegant, compact, deadly simplicity of plutonium, and the same explosive force.” —Cory Doctorow, author of Little Brother A visionary game designer reveals how we can harness the power of games to boost global happiness. With 174 million gamers in the United States alone, we now live in a world where every generation will be a gamer generation. But why, Jane McGonigal asks, should games be used for escapist entertainment alone? In this groundbreaking book, she shows how we can leverage the power of games to fix what is wrong with the real world-from social problems like depression and obesity to global issues like poverty and climate change-and introduces us to cutting-edge games that are already changing the business, education, and nonprofit worlds. Written for gamers and non-gamers alike, Reality Is Broken shows that the future will belong to those who can understand, design, and play games. Jane McGonigal is also the author of SuperBetter: A Revolutionary Approach to Getting Stronger, Happier, Braver and More Resilient. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, 2014-08-08 The second volume in the collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi covers about thirty years of Csikszentmihalyi‘s work on three main and interconnected areas of study: attention, flow and positive psychology. Describing attention as psychic energy and in the footsteps of William James, Csikszentmihalyi explores the allocation of attention, the when and where and the amount of attention humans pay to tasks and the role of attention in creating ‘experiences’, or ordered patterns of information. Taking into account information processing theories and attempts at quantifying people’s investment, the chapters deal with such topics as time budgets and the development and use of the Experience Sampling Method of collecting data on attention in everyday life. Following the chapters on attention and reflecting Csikszentmihalyi’s branching out into sociology and anthropology, there are chapters on the topic of adult play and leisure and connected to that, on flow, a concept formulated and developed by Csikszentmihalyi. Flow has become a popular concept in business and management around the world and research on the concept continues to flourish. Finally, this volume contains articles that stem from Csikszentmihalyi’s connection with Martin Seligman; they deal with concepts and theories, as well as with the development and short history, of the field and the “movement” of positive psychology. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Walkable City Jeff Speck, 2012-11-13 Jeff Speck has dedicated his career to determining what makes cities thrive. And he has boiled it down to one key factor: walkability. The very idea of a modern metropolis evokes visions of bustling sidewalks, vital mass transit, and a vibrant, pedestrian-friendly urban core. But in the typical American city, the car is still king, and downtown is a place that's easy to drive to but often not worth arriving at. Making walkability happen is relatively easy and cheap; seeing exactly what needs to be done is the trick. In this essential new book, Speck reveals the invisible workings of the city, how simple decisions have cascading effects, and how we can all make the right choices for our communities. Bursting with sharp observations and real-world examples, giving key insight into what urban planners actually do and how places can and do change, Walkable City lays out a practical, necessary, and eminently achievable vision of how to make our normal American cities great again. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The Leadership Challenge James M. Kouzes, Barry Z. Posner, 2017-03-30 The most trusted source of leadership wisdom, updated to address today's realities The Leadership Challenge is the gold-standard manual for effective leadership, grounded in research and written by the premier authorities in the field. With deep insight into the complex interpersonal dynamics of the workplace, this book positions leadership both as a skill to be learned, and as a relationship that must be nurtured to reach its full potential. This new seventh edition has been revised to address current challenges, and includes more international examples and a laser focus on business issues; you'll learn how extraordinary leaders accomplish extraordinary things, and how to develop your leadership skills and style to deliver quality results every time. Engaging stories delve into the fundamental roles that great leaders fulfill, and simple frameworks provide a primer for those who seek continuous improvement; by internalizing key insights and putting concepts into action, you'll become a more effective, more impactful leader. A good leader gets things done; a great leader aspires, inspires, and achieves more. This book highlights the differences between good and great, and shows you how to bridge the chasm between getting things done and making things happen. Gain deep insight into leadership's critical role in organizational health Navigate the shift toward team-oriented work relationships Motivate and inspire to break through the pervasive new cynicism Leverage the electronic global village to deliver better results Business is evolving at an increasingly rapid rate, and leaders must keep pace with the changes or risk stagnation. People work differently, are motivated differently, and have different expectations today—business as usual is quickly losing its effectiveness. The Leadership Challenge helps you stay current, relevant, and effective in the modern workplace. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Measuring Social Capital Christiaan Grootaert, 2004 The concept of social capital has become increasingly prominent in both the theoretical and applied social science literature over the last decade. This publication seeks to provide a set of empirical tools to measure social capital, focusing on its application in developing countries. The methodology aims to generate quantitative data on various dimensions of social capital as part of a larger household survey (such as the Living Standards Measurement Survey or a household income/expenditure survey). The paper also provides detailed guidance for the use and analysis of the data. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Identity and Violence Amartya Sen, 2007 Amartya Sen argues that most of the conflicts in the contemporary world arise from individuals' notions of who they are, and which groups they belong to - local, national, religious - which define themselves in opposition to others. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Pragmatic Thinking and Learning Andy Hunt, 2008-10-28 Printed in full color. Software development happens in your head. Not in an editor, IDE, or designtool. You're well educated on how to work with software and hardware, but what about wetware--our own brains? Learning new skills and new technology is critical to your career, and it's all in your head. In this book by Andy Hunt, you'll learn how our brains are wired, and how to take advantage of your brain's architecture. You'll learn new tricks and tipsto learn more, faster, and retain more of what you learn. You need a pragmatic approach to thinking and learning. You need to Refactor Your Wetware. Programmers have to learn constantly; not just the stereotypical new technologies, but also the problem domain of the application, the whims of the user community, the quirks of your teammates, the shifting sands of the industry, and the evolving characteristics of the project itself as it is built. We'll journey together through bits of cognitive and neuroscience, learning and behavioral theory. You'll see some surprising aspects of how our brains work, and how you can take advantage of the system to improve your own learning and thinking skills. In this book you'll learn how to: Use the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition to become more expert Leverage the architecture of the brain to strengthen different thinking modes Avoid common known bugs in your mind Learn more deliberately and more effectively Manage knowledge more efficiently |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Funky Business Forever Jonas Ridderstråle, Kjell Nordström, 2008 With its fresh thinking approach and updated with the latest business messages and new examples, 'Funky Business Forever' will ensure you are always on the right side of change. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Principles of Comparative Politics William Roberts Clark, Matt Golder, Sona Nadenichek Golder, 2017-02-23 Principles of Comparative Politics offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to comparative inquiry, research, and scholarship. In this thoroughly revised Third Edition, students now have an even better guide to cross-national comparison and why it matters. The new edition retains a focus on the enduring questions with which scholars grapple, the issues about which consensus has started to emerge, and the tools comparativists use to get at the complex problems in the field. Among other things, the updates to this edition include a thoroughly-revised chapter on dictatorships that incorporates a discussion of the two fundamental problems of authoritarian rule: authoritarian power-sharing and authoritarian control; a revised chapter on culture and democracy that includes a more extensive examination of cultural modernization theory and a new overview of survey methods for addressing sensitive topics; a new section on issues related to electoral integrity; an expanded assessment of different forms of representation; and a new intuitive take on statistical analyses that provides a clearer explanation of how to interpret regression results. Examples from the gender and politics literature have been incorporated into various chapters, the Problems sections at the end of each chapter have been expanded, a! nd the empirical examples and data on various types of institutions have been updated. Online videos and tutorials are available to address some of the more methodological components discussed in the book. The authors have thoughtfully streamlined chapters to better focus attention on key topics. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Small Spaces Katherine Arden, 2018-09-25 New York Times bestselling adult author of The Bear and the Nightingale makes her middle grade debut with a creepy, spellbinding ghost story destined to become a classic. After suffering a tragic loss, eleven-year-old Ollie only finds solace in books. So when she happens upon a crazed woman at the river threatening to throw a book into the water, Ollie doesn't think—she just acts, stealing the book and running away. As she begins to read the slender volume, Ollie discovers a chilling story about a girl named Beth, the two brothers who both loved her, and a peculiar deal made with the smiling man, a sinister specter who grants your most tightly held wish, but only for the ultimate price. Ollie is captivated by the tale until her school trip the next day to Smoke Hollow, a local farm with a haunting history all its own. There she stumbles upon the graves of the very people she's been reading about. Could it be the story about the smiling man is true? Ollie doesn't have too long to think about the answer to that. On the way home, the school bus breaks down, sending their teacher back to the farm for help. But the strange bus driver has some advice for the kids left behind in his care: Best get moving. At nightfall they'll come for the rest of you. Nightfall is, indeed, fast descending when Ollie's previously broken digital wristwatch, a keepsake reminder of better times, begins a startling countdown and delivers a terrifying message: RUN. Only Ollie and two of her classmates heed the bus driver's warning. As the trio head out into the woods—bordered by a field of scarecrows that seem to be watching them—the bus driver has just one final piece of advice for Ollie and her friends: Avoid large places. Keep to small. And with that, a deliciously creepy and hair-raising adventure begins. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: A Practical Guide for Integrating Civic Responsibility Into the Curriculum Karla Gottlieb, Gail Robinson, 2006 From Preface: This curriculum guide evolved from a national service learning project of the AACC. Recognizing that an intentional civic responsibility component was missing from many service learning initiatives, AACC selected six colleges from around the country to participate in a pilot project whose purpose was to identify service learning strategies to boost civic engagement and foster civic responsibility among community college students. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Handbook on Poverty + Inequality Jonathan Haughton, Shahidur R. Khandker, 2009-03-27 For anyone wanting to learn, in practical terms, how to measure, describe, monitor, evaluate, and analyze poverty, this Handbook is the place to start. It is designed to be accessible to people with a university-level background in science or the social sciences. It is an invaluable tool for policy analysts, researchers, college students, and government officials working on policy issues related to poverty and inequality. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Animal Liberation Peter Singer, 2015-10-01 How should we treat non-human animals? In this immensely powerful and influential book (now with a new introduction by Sapiens author Yuval Noah Harari), the renowned moral philosopher Peter Singer addresses this simple question with trenchant, dispassionate reasoning. Accompanied by the disturbing evidence of factory farms and laboratories, his answers triggered the birth of the animal rights movement. 'An extraordinary book which has had extraordinary effects... Widely known as the bible of the animal liberation movement' Independent on Sunday In the decades since this landmark classic first appeared, some public attitudes to animals may have changed but our continued abuse of animals in factory farms and as tools for research shows that the underlying ideas Singer exposes as ethically indefensible are still dominating the way we treat animals. As Yuval Harari’s brilliantly argued introduction makes clear, this book is as relevant now as the day it was written. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Buzzing Communities Richard Millington, 2012-10-30 guide to online community management for professionals |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The Third Pillar Raghuram Rajan, 2019-02-26 Shortlisted for the Financial Times/McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award From one of the most important economic thinkers of our time, a brilliant and far-seeing analysis of the current populist backlash against globalization. Raghuram Rajan, distinguished University of Chicago professor, former IMF chief economist, head of India's central bank, and author of the 2010 FT-Goldman-Sachs Book of the Year Fault Lines, has an unparalleled vantage point onto the social and economic consequences of globalization and their ultimate effect on our politics. In The Third Pillar he offers up a magnificent big-picture framework for understanding how these three forces--the state, markets, and our communities--interact, why things begin to break down, and how we can find our way back to a more secure and stable plane. The third pillar of the title is the community we live in. Economists all too often understand their field as the relationship between markets and the state, and they leave squishy social issues for other people. That's not just myopic, Rajan argues; it's dangerous. All economics is actually socioeconomics - all markets are embedded in a web of human relations, values and norms. As he shows, throughout history, technological phase shifts have ripped the market out of those old webs and led to violent backlashes, and to what we now call populism. Eventually, a new equilibrium is reached, but it can be ugly and messy, especially if done wrong. Right now, we're doing it wrong. As markets scale up, the state scales up with it, concentrating economic and political power in flourishing central hubs and leaving the periphery to decompose, figuratively and even literally. Instead, Rajan offers a way to rethink the relationship between the market and civil society and argues for a return to strengthening and empowering local communities as an antidote to growing despair and unrest. Rajan is not a doctrinaire conservative, so his ultimate argument that decision-making has to be devolved to the grass roots or our democracy will continue to wither, is sure to be provocative. But even setting aside its solutions, The Third Pillar is a masterpiece of explication, a book that will be a classic of its kind for its offering of a wise, authoritative and humane explanation of the forces that have wrought such a sea change in our lives. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism Theda Skocpol, Vanessa Williamson, 2016 In this penetrating new study, Skocpol of Harvard University, one of today's leading political scientists, and co-author Williamson go beyond the inevitable photos of protesters in tricorn hats and knee breeches to provide a nuanced portrait of the Tea Party. What they find is sometimes surprising. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The Ethics of Care Virginia Held, 2006 The author assesses the ethics of care as a promising alternative to the familiar moral theories that serve so inadequately to guide our lives. Held examines what we mean by care and focuses on caring relationships. She also looks at the potential of care for dealing with social issues and global problems. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Justice and the Politics of Difference Iris Marion Young, Danielle S. Allen, 2011-09-11 In this classic work of feminist political thought, Iris Marion Young challenges the prevailing reduction of social justice to distributive justice. The starting point for her critique is the experience and concerns of the new social movements that were created by marginal and excluded groups, including women, African Americans, and American Indians, as well as gays and lesbians. Young argues that by assuming a homogeneous public, democratic theorists fail to consider institutional arrangements for including people not culturally identified with white European male norms. Consequently, theorists do not adequately address the problems of an inclusive participatory framework. Basing her vision of the good society on the culturally plural networks of contemporary urban life, Young makes the case that normative theory and public policy should undermine group-based oppression by affirming rather than suppressing social group differences--Provided by publisher. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Culture's Consequences Geert Hofstede, 2001 'The publication of this second edition of Culture's Consequences marks an important moment in the field of cross-cultural studies . Hofstede's framework for understanding national differences has been one of the most influential and widely used frameworks in cross-cultural business studies, in the past ten years' - Australian Journal of Management |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: No Fear Tim Gill, 2007 Debates the role and nature of childhood in the UK. Focusing on the crucial years of childhood between the ages of 5 and 11, this work examines some of the key issues with regard to children's safety: playground design and legislation, antisocial behavior, bullying, child protection, the fear of strangers, and online risks. |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: Work by Referral Live the Good Life Brian Buffini, Joe Niego, 2008-07-25 |
| bowling alone putnam filetypepdf: The European Dream Jeremy Rifkin, 2004 Rifkin delves deeply into the history of Europe--and eventually America--to show how Europeans have succeeded in slowly and steadily developing a more adaptive, sensible way of working and living. |
Bowling Alone. Robert D. Putnam. Simon & Schuster, 2…
Bowling Alone. Robert D. Putnam. Simon & Schuster, 2000, 541 pages. ISBN 0-7432-0304-6 Robert Putnam's Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community has received a great deal …
Bowling Alone Putnam Filetype (book) - i-flame.com
Bowling Alone Putnam Filetype: Bowling Alone Robert D. Putnam,2000 Packed with provocative information about the social and political habits of twentieth century Americans ˜Aœ Symposium on Robert …
Bowling Alone. Robert Putnam - sofn.org.uk
Bowling Alone. Robert Putnam In Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam, a sociologist at Harvard, offers a provocative thesis. He argues that our society’s health is being threatened by the erosion of …
Putnam, R. D. (2003). Bowling alone: The collapse and reviv…
Putnam, R. D. (2003). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American . Community. In Miroff, B., et. al., Debating Democracy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. In recent years social scientists have …
ROBERT D. PUTNAM: OUR KIDS. THE AMERICAN DREA…
the widening opportunity gap. Putnam has been involved in the examination of social capital from the mid-1990s. In his first bestseller, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American …
What is Social Capital 2015 a review - commons.ch
Since he published „Bowling alone“ (Putnam 1995) the Worldbank, the OECD and other international organizations referred to his definition of Social Capital. Putnam focussed on the relation of the …
BOWLING ALONE - GBV
bowling alone the gollapse and revival of american community robert d. putnam simon & schuster paperbacks newyork london toronto sydney. contents section i: introduction chapter 1: thinkingabout …
The Art of Community Building in Light of Robert Putnam's …
Robert Putnam's "Bowling Alone" Gail El berg and Janet Phillips Bowling Alone, subtitled The Collapse and Revival of American Community, is a schol arly work full of insights about the social and …
Summary of “Bowling Alone” by - cdn.bookey.app
work include Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis, and Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Italy. In 2006 Putnam received the …
Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital - Sem…
Moving From Durkheim to Putnam Durkheim engagement Putnam Preindustrial Industrial Mechanical Solidarity Organic Solidarity Homogeneous Heterogeneous …
Memahami Modal Sosial - Petra Christian University
Dalam Bowling Alone, Putnam menindaklanjuti dengan meneliti secara komprehensif berbagai sumber data. Bukti ini tampak meyakinkan. Dalam ruang partisipasi warga dan hubungan sosial, …
Robert D. Putnam
Robert D. Putnam is a political scientist best known for his research on social capital and its impact on society. ... of Public Policy at Harvard Univer-sity and the author of several influential and …
LE CAPITAL SOCIAL : UN CONCEPT UTILE - Girona
qualité au service de l’intérêt général (notamment Putnam 2000a ; Fukuyama 1999 ; Inglehart 1997). Dans son livre « Bowling Alone », Putnam constate une diminution de l’engagement social et …
Putnam and Beyond
in it. The name Putnam has become synonymous with excellence in undergraduate mathematics. Using the Putnam competition as a symbol, we lay the foundations of higher math …
Robert D. Putnam, Bowling alone: The collapse and reviv…
Robert D. Putnam, Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000. 541 pages. $26.00 (cloth). ... Putnam states that the core idea of …
Better Together, Restoring the American Community. - Char…
Robert D. Putnam and Lewis M. Feldstein, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, 318 pages, 2003. “In his national best-seller Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam decried the collapse of America’s social …
Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis - Policy Persp…
society is becoming more individualistic (a main argument in Putnam’s prior book, Bowling Alone). He connects the concept of social networks to children by using data to show lower-class children have …
Resumo de Bowling Alone por - cdn.bookey.app
trabalho incluem "Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community", "Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis" e "Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Italy". Em …
Bowling Together? Practices of Belonging and Becoming in a …
how bowling cements relationships between working class men in a rural community. But Putnam’s (2000) intervention is the most well known and makes claims that go far beyond the …
Chapter 1
question for Robert Putnam’s (2000) new national bestseller, Bowling Alone. As you might surmise from the title, Putnam’s answer to that question is decidedly negative; moreover, he identifies so …
Dingxin Zhao: The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theor…
theories in political science for example. In Bowling Alone, Putnam (2000) contends that the popularization of TV and the professionalization of women after 1960s contributed paradoxically …
Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis - JSTOR
The basic narrative of Putnam's book seems to me to be undeniably true—the gap between rich and poor kids in America is getting more severe on all sorts of dimensions. In some ways, this …
Did Cooperation Among Strangers Decline in the Unit…
past several decades. For example, in Putnam’s (2000, 2020) book titled Bowling Alone, he argued that Americans have become increasingly less connected with one another outside the market-place …
Robert Putnam Bowling Alone (book)
Robert Putnam Bowling Alone bowling alone: the collapse and revival of american WEBAug 7, 2001 · Once we bowled in leagues, usually after work—but no longer. This seemingly …
BOWLING ONLINE: HOW THE INTERNET IS DRIVING THE RE…
Bowling Online: How the Internet is Driving the Reinvigoration of American Social Capital Luke Burns ABSTRACT: This paper begins where Robert Putnam (2000) left off in his seminal work Bowling …
Bowling Alone: Revised and Updated: The Collapse and R…
Bowling Alone: Revised and Updated: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. by Robert D. Putnam, Simon & Schuster; Revised, Updated edition, 544 pages, June 16, 2020. ... , Putnam’s then …
BUILDING SOCIAL CAPI TAL THROUGH URBAN DESIGN A…
In his book, Bowling Alone, The Collapse and Revival of American Community, Robert Putnam argues convincingly that effective democratic governance depends on “social capital” - the connections …
Communicating in a Multicultural Society and Wor…
In Bowling Alone, written at the turn of this mil-lennium, author Robert Putnam reported that reciprocal and trustworthy social networks were on the decline. Aware that people were doing more …
Social capital: exploring the theory and empirical divide
Putnam (1993). Smith argues that “… reputations for trustworthiness are transmitted through networks of trading relationships; the denser the network … the greater is the value of reputation …
Bowling Together, Bowling Alone: The Development of
Bowling Together, Bowling Alone: The Development of Generalized Trust in Voluntary Associations Dietlind Stolle ... (Putnam, 1993, 1995a, 1995b). In his study of Italy, Putnam regarded
The Limits of Social Capital: Durkheim, Suicide, and Socia…
known works, Putnam’s Bowling Alone,20 identifies social associa-tions and networks, norms of rec-iprocity, and trust as 3 key com-ponents of social capital. Social capital constructs have had a …
Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis - Cato Institute
Bowling Alone, doubles down on this view of the world in his newest book, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis , in which he claims that Americans have …
BOWLING ALONE - University of Utah
BOWLING ALONE 11 HE COLLAPSE AND REVIVAL OF AMERICAN COMMUNITY Robert D. Putnam JfJfJO SIMON & SCHUSTER PAPERBACKS NEW YORK LONDON TORONTO SYDNEY . CHAPTER …
Social Capital: Measurement and Consequences Robert P…
bowling alley in Oklahoma City. The reviewer then juxtaposed this with my article written several years ago, called “Bowling Alone” (Putnam 1995), in which I called attention to the fact that …
ROBERT PUTNAM - Greater Good
political scientist Robert Putnam published his book Bowling Alone. Putnam’s book was a thorough and persuasive account of the breakdown of community in America. He documented …
Microsoft Word - Bowling alone. The collapse and reviv…
ROBERT D. PUTNAM, Bowling alone. The collapse and revival of American community. (New York, Simon and Schuster, 2000, 541 páginas). En la década de los noventa, los propietarios de …
Social Capital: Measurement and Consequences Robert Pu…
bowling alley in Oklahoma City. The reviewer then juxtaposed this with my article written several years ago, called “Bowling Alone” (Putnam 1995), in which I called attention to the fact that …
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Jun 25, 2020 · BOWLING ALONE THE COLLAPSE AND REVIVAL OF AMERICAN COMMUNITY Robert D. Putnam. 2. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 …
Putnam R, 2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and reviv…
Putnam R, 2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster. Schwartz M F and Southern S, 2000. Compulsive cybersex: The new …
Bowling Alone (2024) - netsec.csuci.edu
community. We'll examine the implications of "bowling alone" and provide actionable steps to foster a more connected and engaged life. The Core Argument of "Bowling Alone": A …
Bowling Alone The Collapse And Revival Of American Com…
Bowling Alone: Revised and Updated Robert D. Putnam,2020-10-13 Updated to include a new chapter about the influence of social media and the Internet—the 20th anniversary edition of Bowling Alone …
Making Democracy Traditions in - Princeton University
Robert Putnam, with Robert Leonardi and Rafaella Y. Nanetti Harvard political sci-entist Robert Put-nam is well known for his contention, first pre-sented in an article enti-tled “Bowling Alone,”that …
Populism and civil associations - thesis.eur.nl
Another strand of literature argues that economic factors alone do not fully explain the rise of populism, and that cultural aspects also play a role. Margalit (2019), reviewing the ... In Bowling …
Some Notes on the Concept of Social Capital: A Review of
1988, Ronald Burt in 1992, and Robert Putnam in 1990s (Woolcock, 1998). In Salisbury’s work, social capital was a critical component of ‘interest group’ formation. ... Coleman in 1988 and …
The business of apocalypse: Robert Putnam and diversit…
views and public presentations, Putnam maintains a tone of concerned optimism, frequently reiterating that he does not like to be seen as a ‘cultural grouch’, all of which is in striking contrast to Bloom’s …
A guild culture of ‘casual raiding’ enhances its ... - Rese…
In a side note in his now classic work, Bowling Alone, Putnam (2000) proposed that new media technologies such as online social networking sites contribute to the degradation
