Before And After Fgm

Before and After FGM: Understanding the Physical and Psychological Impacts

Female genital mutilation (FGM), a deeply rooted harmful practice, has devastating consequences for millions of women and girls worldwide. This post provides a comprehensive overview of the profound differences between the lives of women before and after undergoing FGM, exploring the physical and psychological impacts, both immediate and long-term. We will delve into the challenges faced by survivors and highlight the importance of prevention and support. Understanding the "before and after" is crucial to combatting this harmful practice effectively.

Before FGM: A Life Unburdened

Before FGM, young girls typically experience a life free from the physical and psychological trauma associated with the procedure. Their bodies function normally, and their development progresses naturally.

Physical Well-being Before FGM:

Intact Genitalia: Their reproductive organs are complete and function as intended. This ensures healthy sexual development and reproductive health later in life.
Normal Bodily Functions: Urination, menstruation, and sexual function are all unaffected by the absence of this harmful procedure. They experience normal bodily sensations and experiences.
Potential for Childbearing: Their chances of experiencing healthy pregnancies and childbirth are significantly higher without the physical complications often caused by FGM.

Psychological Well-being Before FGM:

Unburdened Childhood: Girls typically enjoy a childhood free from the fear, pain, and stigma associated with FGM. They develop a strong sense of self and body positivity.
Healthy Self-Image: Without the trauma of FGM, girls generally have a more positive body image and a stronger sense of self-worth.
Unimpeded Social Interactions: They are able to participate freely in social activities and relationships without the limitations imposed by FGM.

After FGM: A Life Marked by Trauma

The "after" picture is significantly different, showcasing the devastating and long-lasting effects of FGM on women's lives. The impacts extend far beyond the immediate physical pain.

Immediate Physical Impacts After FGM:

Severe Pain and Bleeding: The procedure itself often causes excruciating pain, profuse bleeding, and potential complications such as infection.
Infections and Scarring: Infections are extremely common, leading to long-term health problems. Scar tissue can cause significant physical discomfort and dysfunction.
Complications During Childbirth: FGM significantly increases the risk of complications during childbirth, including obstructed labor, tearing, and even death.

Long-Term Physical Impacts After FGM:

Chronic Pain: Many women experience chronic pain, particularly during menstruation and sexual activity.
Urinary and Menstrual Problems: Difficulties with urination and menstruation are common due to scarring and damage to the urinary and reproductive tracts.
Sexual Dysfunction: FGM frequently leads to sexual dysfunction, causing significant distress and impacting relationships.
Reproductive Health Issues: Infertility and other reproductive health problems are significant risks.

Psychological Impacts After FGM:

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Many women develop PTSD as a result of the trauma experienced during and after the procedure.
Depression and Anxiety: FGM is strongly linked to increased rates of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues.
Social Isolation: The stigma associated with FGM can lead to social isolation and difficulty forming intimate relationships.
Low Self-Esteem: The experience can severely damage a woman's self-esteem and body image.

Combating FGM: Prevention and Support

Combating FGM requires a multi-pronged approach focusing on prevention, education, and support for survivors. This includes raising awareness, challenging harmful cultural norms, providing access to healthcare, and offering psychological support to those affected. International collaborations and community-based initiatives are crucial for achieving lasting change.

Conclusion

The contrast between the lives of women before and after FGM is stark and heartbreaking. The procedure robs women of their physical and psychological well-being, leaving lasting scars that impact every aspect of their lives. By understanding these devastating consequences, we can work together to eradicate this harmful practice and support the healing and empowerment of survivors.

FAQs

1. Is FGM reversible? While some procedures can alleviate some of the complications, complete reversal is often not possible. Reconstructive surgery may be an option in some cases, but it doesn't entirely eliminate the long-term physical and psychological effects.

2. What are the legal consequences of FGM? FGM is illegal in many countries, and those who perform or facilitate the procedure face severe penalties.

3. Where can I find support if I or someone I know has experienced FGM? Many organizations offer support and resources for survivors of FGM. Search online for organizations specializing in FGM support in your region.

4. How can I help prevent FGM? Support organizations working to eradicate FGM, educate others about the dangers of the practice, and advocate for policies that protect girls and women.

5. What are the long-term psychological effects of FGM on children? Children who undergo FGM often experience long-term psychological trauma, including PTSD, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem, affecting their development and well-being into adulthood. This can manifest in difficulties forming relationships, experiencing intimacy, and managing everyday stressors.

before and after fgm: Vulvar Reconstruction Following Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) and other Acquired Deformities Dan mon O ́Dey, 2018-12-06 This book describes essential operative techniques that can be used to anatomically reconstruct the outer female genital in acquired deformities derived from ritual genital mutilation/cutting, and diseases causing similar deforming defects. Following an introduction with general insights on the topic, the main chapters deal with basic considerations and special anatomical information. With the help of high-quality videos and images, the reader receives detailed instructions on clitoral and vulvar reconstruction with techniques invented by the author, named the NMCS-procedure, the OD-flap and the aOAP-flap procedures. The book is rounded out with chapters describing postoperative care and how to manage complications. The integrity of their outer genitals is important for patients’ physical and psychological wellbeing. As such, the vulva is now receiving increasing attention and will likely continue to grow in importance in plastic surgery. The author, who has developed outstanding procedures for vulvar and clitoral reconstruction over the years, shares his considerable experience and hopes to highlight the importance of these methods to overcome the burden of female genital mutilation/cutting.
before and after fgm: Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States Sarah B. Rodriguez, 2014 In 'Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States', Sarah Rodriguez presents an engaging and surprising history of surgeries on the clitoris, revealing how medical views of the female body and female sexuality have changed, and in some cases not changed, throughout the last century and a half.
before and after fgm: Cut: One Woman's Fight Against FGM in Britain Today Hibo Wardere, 2016-04-07 Imagine for a moment that you are 6-years-old and you are woken in the early hours, bathed and then dressed in rags before being led down to an ominous looking tent at the end of your garden. And there, you are subjected to the cruellest cut, ordered by your own mother. Forced down on a bed, her legs held apart, Hibo Warderewas made to undergo female genital cutting, a process so brutal, she nearly died. As a teenager she moved to London in the shadow of the Somalian Civil War where she quickly learnt the procedure she had undergone in her home country was not 'normal' in the west. She embarked on a journey to understand FGM and its roots, whilst raising her own family and dealing with the devastating consequences of the cutting in her own life. Today Hibo finds herself working in London as an FGM campaigner, helping young girls whose families plan to take them abroad for the procedure. She has vowed to devote herself to the campaign against FGM. Eloquent and searingly honest, this is Hibo's memoir which promises not only to tell her remarkable story but also to shed light on a medieval practice that's being carried out in the 21stcentury, right on our doorstep. FGM in the UK has gone undocumented for too long and now that's going to change. Devastating, empowering and informative, this book brings to life a clash of cultures at the heart of contemporary society and shows how female genital mutilation is a very British problem.
before and after fgm: The Fourth Trimester Susan Brink, 2013-02-02 The first three months of a baby’s life is an outside-the-uterus period of intense development, a biological bridge from fetal life to preparation for the real world. The fourth trimester has more in common with the nine months that came before than with the lifetime that follows. This comprehensive, intimate, and much-needed “operating manual” for newborns presents a new paradigm of a baby's early life that shifts our focus and alters our priorities. Combining the latest scientific findings with real-life stories and experiences, Susan Brink examines critical dimensions of newborn development such as eating and nutrition, bonding and attachment, sleep patterns, sensory development, pain and pleasure, and the creation of foundations for future advancement. Brink offers well-informed, practical information and the reasons behind her advice so that parents and caretakers can make their own decisions about how to care for a newborn during this crucial period. The Fourth Trimester assures readers that infants are as biologically capable as they are physically helpless. They thrive on what is readily available in every household: consistent, loving attention.
before and after fgm: The Female Circumcision Controversy Ellen Gruenbaum, 2015-03-17 To the Western eye, there is something jarringly incongruous, even shocking, about the image of a six-year-old girl being held down by loving relatives so that her genitals can be cut. Yet two million girls experience this each year. Most Westerners, upon learning of the practice of female circumcision, have responded with outrage; those committed to improving the status of women have gone beyond outrage to action by creating various programs for eradicating the practice. But few understand the real life complexities families face in deciding whether to follow the traditional practices or to take the risk of change. In The Female Circumcision Controversy, Ellen Gruenbaum points out that Western outrage and Western efforts to stop genital mutilation often provoke a strong backlash from people in the countries where the practice is common. She looks at the validity of Western arguments against the practice. In doing so, she explores both outsider and insider perspectives on female circumcision, concentrating particularly on the complex attitudes of the individuals and groups who practice it and on indigenous efforts to end it. Gruenbaum finds that the criticisms of outsiders are frequently simplistic and fail to appreciate the diversity of cultural contexts, the complex meanings, and the conflicting responses to change. Drawing on over five years of fieldwork in Sudan, where the most severe forms of genital surgery are common, Gruenbaum shows that the practices of female circumcision are deeply embedded in Sudanese cultural traditions—in religious, moral, and aesthetic values, and in ideas about class, ethnicity, and gender. Her research illuminates both the resistance to and the acceptance of change. She shows that change is occurring as the result of economic and social developments, the influences of Islamic activists, the work of Sudanese health educators, and the efforts of educated African women. That does not mean that there is no role for outsiders, Gruenbaum asserts, and she offers suggestions for those who wish to help facilitate change. By presenting specific cultural contexts and human experiences with a deep knowledge of the tremendous variation of the practice and meaning of female circumcision, Gruenbaum provides an insightful analysis of the process of changing this complex, highly debated practice.
before and after fgm: Sexual Mutilations George C. Denniston, Marilyn Fayre Milos, 1997-04-30 Condemning the circumcision of boys in industrialized societies as well as traditional practices elsewhere, the 23 essays look at medical, legal, ethical, sociological, anthropological, historical, religious, and political dimensions. They discuss its physical and psychological consequences for the victim, its role in tradition, the medical industry's investment, current legislative efforts, methods being implemented to safeguard children, and other topics. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
before and after fgm: Divine Fertility Sada Mire, 2020-02-05 This book uniquely explores the impact of indigenous ideology and thought on everyday life in Northeast Africa. Furthermore, in highlighting the diversity in pre-Christian, pre-Islamic regional beliefs and practices that extend beyond the simplistic political arguments of the current dominant narratives, the study shows that for millennia complex indigenous institutions have bound people together beyond the labels of Christianity and Islam; they have sustained peace through cultural exchange and tolerance (if not always complete acceptance). Through recent archaeological and ethnographic research, the concepts, landscapes, materials and rituals believed to be associated with the indigenous and shared culture of the Sky-God belief are examined. The author makes sense, for the first time, of the relationship between the notion of sacred fertility and a number of regional archaeological features and on-going ancient practices including FGM, spirit possessions, and other physically invasive practices and the ritual hunt. The book explores one of the most important pilgrimage centres in Somaliland and Somalia, the sacred landscape of Saint Aw-Barkhadle, founded ca. 12th century AD. It is believed to be the burial place of the rulers of the first Muslim Ifat and Awdal dynasties in this region, and potentially the lost first capital of Awdal kingdom before Harar. This ritual centre is seen as a ‘microcosm’ of the ancient Horn of Africa with its exceptional multi-religious heritage, through which the author lays out a locally appropriate archaeological interpretational framework, the Ritual Set, also applied here to the Ethiopian sites of Tiya, Sheikh Hussein Bale, Aksum and Lalibela, setting these places against a wider historical background of indigenous Sky-God belief. This archaeological study of sacred landscapes, stelae traditions, ancient Christian and medieval Muslim centres of Northeast Africa is the first to put forward a theoretical and analytical framework for the interpretation of the shared regional heritage and the indigenous archaeology of the region. It will be invaluable to archaeologists, anthropologists, historians and policymakers interested in Africa and beyond.
before and after fgm: Female Genital Mutilation Nahid Toubia, Susan Izett, World Health Organization, 1998 2. Prevalence and epidemiology
before and after fgm: Female Genital Mutilation Center for Reproductive Law & Policy, 2000-06 1. Background and history
before and after fgm: What Was Never Said Emma Craigie, 2015-05-07 15-year-old Zahra has lived in England most of her life, but she is haunted by memories of her early childhood in Africa: the warm sun, the loud gunfire, and happy days playing with her older sister before the visitors came. It is hard for Zahra to make sense of everything that happened, and the terrible events are impossible to talk about, but when three familiar women arrive unexpectedly for tea, Zahra realises that the dangers of the past could still destroy her. What Was Never Said is the powerful story of a girl navigating the demands of two very different and conflicting worlds; a tale of surviving loss and overcoming fears.
before and after fgm: Transcultural Bodies Ylva Hernlund, Bettina Shell-Duncan, 2007-06-07 Female circumcision or, more precisely, female genital cutting (FGC), remains an important cultural practice in many African countries, often serving as a coming-of-age ritual. It is also a practice that has generated international dispute and continues to be at the center of debates over women's rights, the limits of cultural pluralism, the balance of power between local cultures, international human rights, and feminist activism. In our increasingly globalized world, these practices have also begun immigrating to other nations, where transnational complexities vex debates about how to resolve the issue. Bringing together thirteen essays, Transcultural Bodies provides an ethnographically rich exploration of FGC among African diasporas in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Australia. Contributors analyze changes in ideologies of gender and sexuality in immigrant communities, the frequent marginalization of African women's voices in debates over FGC, and controversies over legislation restricting the practice in immigrant populations.
before and after fgm: Female "circumcision" in Africa Bettina Shell-Duncan, Ylva Hernlund, 2000 To ban excision in Meru, Kenya, Lynn Thomas
before and after fgm: #MakeoverMonday Andy Kriebel, Eva Murray, 2018-10-02 Explore different perspectives and approaches to create more effective visualizations #MakeoverMonday offers inspiration and a giant dose of perspective for those who communicate data. Originally a small project in the data visualization community, #MakeoverMonday features a weekly chart or graph and a dataset that community members reimagine in order to make it more effective. The results have been astounding; hundreds of people have contributed thousands of makeovers, perfectly illustrating the highly variable nature of data visualization. Different takes on the same data showed a wide variation of theme, focus, content, and design, with side-by-side comparisons throwing more- and less-effective techniques into sharp relief. This book is an extension of that project, featuring a variety of makeovers that showcase various approaches to data communication and a focus on the analytical, design and storytelling skills that have been developed through #MakeoverMonday. Paging through the makeovers ignites immediate inspiration for your own work, provides insight into different perspectives, and highlights the techniques that truly make an impact. Explore the many approaches to visual data communication Think beyond the data and consider audience, stakeholders, and message Design your graphs to be intuitive and more communicative Assess the impact of layout, color, font, chart type, and other design choices Creating visual representation of complex datasets is tricky. There’s the mandate to include all relevant data in a clean, readable format that best illustrates what the data is saying—but there is also the designer’s impetus to showcase a command of the complexity and create multidimensional visualizations that “look cool.” #MakeoverMonday shows you the many ways to walk the line between simple reporting and design artistry to create exactly the visualization the situation requires.
before and after fgm: Female Genital Mutilation Charlotte Proudman, 2022-02-03 Female genital mutilation (FGM) has garnered significant media, political and legal attention in the UK. Despite criminalising the practice in 1985, FGM continues undetected and often underground. This monograph provides a unique insight into survivor's attitudes towards FGM as well as the criminalisation of a culturally embedded practice. Some of the narratives might be deeply uncomfortable as women sympathise and even uphold the practice, whilst others viscerally describe the trauma and pain that they endured. Digging deeper into efforts to eliminate FGM, professionals at the coalface of the end FGM movement provide their views on whether the practice can ever be eradicated. This volume explores the key themes that emerged from the well-publicised criminal trials in the UK and the barriers that prevent the law from working effectively. One of the obstacles that are examined further is the legal double standard in criminalising FGM whilst permitting female genital cosmetic surgery, which incites hostility and anger amongst FGM-performing communities. Whilst ending FGM is imperative, this enlightening work reflects on the unintended consequences that stem from punitive efforts to criminalise a practice performed by often Black, migrant communities. Women describe their experiences of racism and Islamophobia in a context of police surveillance and hyperbolic media narratives. In an effort of encouraging the abandonment of FGM, this publication highlights the need for the law to be accompanied by education initiatives at a grass-root level.
before and after fgm: The Hosken Report Fran P. Hosken, 1979
before and after fgm: Female Genital Mutilation World Health Organization, UNICEF., United Nations Population Fund, 1997 This document contains the joint statement of the World Health Organization (WHO), UN Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) on female genital mutilation. The introduction to the statement notes that the purpose of the statement is not to criticize or condemn but to allow people to understand the hazards and indignity of harmful practices and to realize that it is possible to give up harmful practices without giving up meaningful aspects of their culture.
before and after fgm: Do They Hear You When You Cry Fauziya Kassindja, 1999-01-12 For Fauziya Kassindja, an idyllic childhood in Togo, West Africa, sheltered from the tribal practices of polygamy and genital mutilation, ended with her beloved father's sudden death. Forced into an arranged marriage at age seventeen, Fauziya was told to prepare for kakia, the ritual also known as female genital mutilation. It is a ritual no woman can refuse. But Fauziya dared to try. This is her story--told in her own words--of fleeing Africa just hours before the ritual kakia was to take place, of seeking asylum in America only to be locked up in U.S. prisons, and of meeting Layli Miller Bashir, a law student who became Fauziya's friend and advocate during her horrifying sixteen months behind bars. Layli enlisted help from Karen Musalo, an expert in refugee law and acting director of the American University International Human Rights Clinic. In addition to devoting her own considerable efforts to the case, Musalo assembled a team to fight with her on Fauziya's behalf. Ultimately, in a landmark decision in immigration history, Fauziya Kassindja was granted asylum on June 13, 1996. Do They Hear You When You Cry is her unforgettable chronicle of triumph.
before and after fgm: Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery Sarah M. Creighton, Lih-Mei Liao, 2019-02-21 A cross-disciplinary take on the rising phenomenon of female genital cosmetic surgery, from world-leading experts, in a single volume.
before and after fgm: "They Took Me and Told Me Nothing" Nadya Khalife, Human Rights Watch (Organization), 2010 Recommendations -- Background -- Female genital mutilation around the world -- Female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan -- Female genital mutilation : a human rights issue -- Official action on FGM.
before and after fgm: Forensic Gynaecology Maureen Dalton, 2014-10-09 Details the provision of good-quality care to the victims of sexual and domestic violence. Content suitable for postgraduate examinations.
before and after fgm: Blossoms of the Savannah Henry R. ole Kulet, 2008 Blossoms of the Savannah is the story of two sisters, Taiyo and Resian, who are on the verge of womanhood and torn between their personal ambitions and the humiliating duty to the Nasila tradition. Relocation to their rural home heralds a cultural alienation born of their refusal to succumb to female genital mutilation and early marriages. In pursuit of the delicate and elusive socio-economic cultural balance in Nasila, Ole. Kaelo, the girls' father is ensnared by a corrupt extortionist. To extricate himself he sends his daughters into a flat-spin labyrinth from which they have to struggle to escape.
before and after fgm: Migration And Health In The European Union Rechel, Bernd, Mladovsky, Philipa, Devill?, Walter, 2011-12-01 This book can be read by anyone with an interest in migration and health, whether as an advocate for migrants health, as a student in a health profession, researcher or policy maker. It provides an ample orientation to the field in the European context. Among other important raised issues, it underlines an all too often neglected fact; health is a human right. By involving broad issues and problem areas from a variety of perspectives, the volume illustrates that migration and health is a field that can not be allocated to a single discipline. Carin Bjrngren Cuadra, Senior Lecturer, Malm University, Sweden Migrants make up a growing share of European populations. However, all too often their situation is compounded by problems with accessing health and other basic services. There is a need for tailored health policies, but robust data on the health needs of migrants and how best these needs can be met are scarce. Written by a collaboration of authors from three key international organisations (the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, the EUPHA Section on Migrant and Ethnic Minority Health, and the International Organization for Migration), as well as leading researchers from across Europe, the book thoroughly explores the different aspects of migration and health in the EU and how they can be addressed by health systems. Structured into five easy-to-follow sections, the volume includes: Contributions from experts from across Europe Key topics such as: access to human rights and health care; health issues faced by migrants; and the national and European policy response so far Conclusions drawn from the latest available evidence Comprehensive information on different aspects of health and migration and how they can best be addressed by health systems is still not easy to find. This book addresses this shortfall and will be of major value to researchers, students, policy-makers and practitioners concerned with migration and health in an increasingly diverse Europe.
before and after fgm: Female Genital Mutilation Comfort Momoh, 1999-05-01 This unique book will assist those who care for women and girls who have had, or are at risk of having female genital mutilation. It focuses on caring for both physical and mental needs of the vulnerable or suffering and maintains an understanding, holistic and objective approach to the current situation. It contains colour plates, illustrations, p
before and after fgm: Female Circumcision Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf, 2006 Bolokoli, khifad, tahara, tahoor, qudiin, irua, bondo, kuruna, negekorsigin, and kene-kene are a few of the terms used in local African languages to denote a set of cultural practices collectively known as female circumcision. Practiced in many countries across Africa and Asia, this ritual is hotly debated. Supporters regard it as a central coming-of-age ritual that ensures chastity and promotes fertility. Human rights groups denounce the procedure as barbaric. It is estimated that between 100 million and 130 million girls and women today have undergone forms of this genital surgery. Female Circumcision gathers together African activists to examine the issue within its various cultural and historical contexts, the debates on circumcision regarding African refugee and immigrant populations in the United States, and the human rights efforts to eradicate the practice. This work brings African women's voices into the discussion, foregrounds indigenous processes of social and cultural change, and demonstrates the manifold linkages between respect for women's bodily integrity, the empowerment of women, and democratic modes of economic development. This volume does not focus narrowly on female circumcision as a set of ritualized surgeries sanctioned by society. Instead, the contributors explore a chain of connecting issues and processes through which the practice is being transformed in local and transnational contexts. The authors document shifts in local views to highlight processes of change and chronicle the efforts of diverse communities as agents in the process of cultural and social transformation.
before and after fgm: Body, Migration, Re/constructive Surgeries Gabriele Griffin, Malin Jordal, 2018-10-03 Bringing together an international range of case studies and interviews with individuals who have had genital re/construction, Body, Migration, Re/constructive Surgeries explores the socio-cultural meanings of clitoral re/construction following female genital cutting (FGC), hymen reconstruction, trans and intersex bodily interventions; and cosmetic surgery. Drawing critical attention to how decisions around such surgeries are affected by social, economic and regulatory contexts that change over time and across spaces, it raises questions such as: How are bodies genderized through surgical interventions? How do such interventions express cultural context? How do women who have experienced female genital cutting respond to opportunities for clitoral reconstruction? How do female-to-male (FtM) trans people decide on how and where to undertake body modifications? What roles do cultural expectations and official regulations play in how people decide to have their bodies modified? Suggesting that conventional gender binaries are no longer adequate to understanding the quest for bodily interventions, this insightful volume seeks to give a greater voice to those engaged in gender body modification. It will appeal to students and postdoctoral researchers interested in fields such as Gender Studies, Social Studies, Sexuality Studies and Cultural Studies.
before and after fgm: Vulvar Disease Jacob Bornstein, 2019-04-13 This book offers comprehensive information on modern approaches to vulvar lesions, taking into account recent management recommendations and employing the consensus terminology of the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD). Further, it breaks with past misconceptions and myths, and explains in detail the modern approach. The aim is to help clinicians perform the differential diagnosis of vulvar conditions and implement the new recommended treatments. The core chapters of the book are arranged in accordance with lesion presentation: red lesions, white lesions, patches and plaques, papules and nodules, erosions and ulcers, blisters, etc. For each lesion, the multidisciplinary management is fully explained, including clarifications of the role of gynecologists, dermatologists, physical therapists, pain specialists, sex therapists, and others. Clinical case presentations and numerous illustrations of treatment procedures are included, supplemented by informative online videos. A separate chapter is devoted to vulvar pain, which is increasingly becoming recognized as a growing problem. Here, again the past approaches are replaced with new paradigms. All of the authors are acknowledged experts in the field and the editor is a past president of the ISSVD. The book will be of value for all vulvar specialists and a wide range of other clinicians.
before and after fgm: The Girls in the Wild Fig Tree Nice Leng'ete, 2021-09-14 An elegant and inspiring memoir by the human rights activist who changed the minds of her elders, reformed traditions from the inside, and is creating a better future for girls and women throughout Africa (Sonia Faleiro, New York Times). Nice Leng`ete was raised in a Maasai village in Kenya. In 1998, when Nice was six, her parents fell sick and died, and Nice and her sister Soila were taken in by their father’s brother, who had little interest in the girls beyond what their dowries might fetch. Fearing “the cut” (female genital mutilation, a painful and sometimes deadly ritualistic surgery), which was the fate of all Maasai women, Nice and Soila climbed a tree to hide. Nice hoped to find a way to avoid the cut forever, but Soila understood it would be impossible. But maybe if one of the sisters submitted, the other would be spared. After Soila chose to undergo the surgery, sacrificing herself to save Nice, their lives diverged. Soila married, dropped out of school, and had children–all in her teenage years–while Nice postponed receiving the cut, continued her education, and became the first in her family to attend college. Supported by Amref, Nice used visits home to set an example for what an uncut Maasai woman can achieve. Other women listened, and the elders finally saw the value of intact, educated girls as the way of the future. The village has since ended FGM entirely, and Nice continues the fight to end FGM throughout Africa, and the world. Nice’s journey from “heartbroken child and community outcast, to leader of the Maasai” is an inspiration and a reminder that one person can change the world–and every girl is worth saving.
before and after fgm: Desert Dawn Waris Dirie, Jeanne D'Haem, 2004 Fashion model, UN ambassador and courageous spirit, Waris Dirie is a remarkable woman, born into a traditional family of tribal desert nomads in Somalia. She told her story - enduring, at five years old, the ancient and savage custom of female circumcision; running away at twelve on foot through the desert in order to escape an arranged marriage; being discovered by Terence Donovan as she worked as a cleaner in London; and becoming a top fashion model - in her book, the worldwide bestseller, Desert Flower. Although Waris Dirie fled her homeland, she never forgot the country and culture that moulded her. The world of famine and violence, where women have no voice and no place - the very world that nearly destroyed her also gave her the tools to survive. She traces the roots of her courage, resilience and humour back to her motherland, and most particularly to her mother. Desert Dawn is the story of that return and a testimony to the stubborn fact that you can love something dearly and yet not love all that it represents. Desert Dawn is about coming home.
before and after fgm: Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation Hilary Burrage, 2015-11-28 This ground-breaking handbook details the present situation with regard to female genital mutilation (FGM) in Britain, referring also to other western nations where FGM occurs. It scrutinizes current pathways to eradicating this often dangerous, sometimes lethal, form of child abuse and gender-related violence. This book makes the case urgently for developing a shared, coherent model - a multi-disciplinary paradigm - as the basis to achieve the eradication of FGM. The text will be required reading for health, legal, educational and social services professionals, as well as researchers, policy makers, school governors, journalists and other concerned citizens.
before and after fgm: Cutting the Rose: Female Genital Mutilation - The Practice and Its Prevention Efua Dorkenoo, 1994-01-01 Only from such models is it fully possible to explore such issues as the rights of women and of children, of the part which the well-being of women plays in the health of a nation, and also the strengths and weaknesses of the various international campaigns on the subject.
before and after fgm: Prisoners of Ritual Hanny Lightfoot-Klein, 1989 This unique volume focuses on the psychosexual and social effects of female genital mutilation, an ancient, deeply entrenched custom saturating the larger part of Africa. Over a period of six years, Author Hanny Lightfoot-Klein trekked through outlying areas of Sudan, Kenya, and Egypt, where she lived with a number of African families. What she learned by way of in-depth personal interviews and firsthand observation has enabled her to add a previously unknown and often astonishing dimension to our knowledge of ritual practices and human sexuality. This valuable book will be extremely helpful to professionals and scholars in women's studies, social psychology, psychotherapy, psychiatry, gynecology, sexology, as well as cross-cultural and African studies. It should also interest anyone who is concerned with male circumcision in the United States.
before and after fgm: Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation , 2008
before and after fgm: Female Genital Mutilation Haseena Lockhat, 2004 Female Genital Mutilation describes how the UK has no effective procedure either to identity girls 'at risk' or those who have been taken away to be circumcised. In addition, there is no blanket training, information, or guidance to health professionals, and few support mechanisms for girls who have suffered from their experience. Dr. Lockhat argues that there is a great opportunity for their work to be co-ordinated, for good practice to be shared, and a real difference to be made. From extensive interviews with circumcised women she details their experiences and recommends ways forward for all those who may be involved in their care.--BOOK JACKET.
before and after fgm: Possessing the Secret of Joy Alice Walker, 2011-09-20 An American woman struggles with the genital mutilation she endured as a child in Africa in a New York Times bestseller “as compelling as The Color Purple” (San Francisco Chronicle). In Tashi’s tribe, the Olinka, young girls undergo female genital mutilation as an initiation into the community. Tashi manages to avoid this fate at first, but when pressed by tribal leaders, she submits. Years later, married and living in America as Evelyn Johnson, Tashi’s inner pain emerges. As she questions why such a terrifying, disfiguring sacrifice was required, she sorts through the many levels of subjugation with which she’s been burdened over the years. In Possessing the Secret of Joy, Alice Walker exposes the abhorrent practice of female genital mutilation in an unforgettable, moving novel. This ebook features an illustrated biography of Alice Walker including rare photos from the author’s personal collection. Possessing the Secret of Joy is the 3rd book in the Color Purple Collection, which also includes The Color Purple and The Temple of My Familiar.
before and after fgm: Female Mutilation Hilary Burrage, 2016 This book comprises a collection of narratives by people whose lives have been touched by female genital mutilation (FMG), across five continents.
before and after fgm: Female Genital Mutilation and Social Media Christina Julios, 2018-09-26 This book explores the phenomenon of anti-femail genital mutilation (FGM) social media activism. Against a backdrop of over 200 million girls and women worldwide affected by FGM, this volume examines key global online campaigns to end the practice, involving leading virtual platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Drawing from twenty-one fieldwork interviews with anti-FGM activists, frontline practitioners and survivors, the volume investigates opportunities and challenges inherent to cyberspace. These include online FGM bans as well as practices such as ‘cyber-misogyny’ and ‘clicktivism’. Global campaigns featured include the UN’s International Day of Zero Tolerance for FGM, the WHO’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme, The Girl Generation, The Guardian’s End FGM Global Media Campaign and the Massai Cricket Warriors. Furthermore, ten case-studies document prominent anti-FGM campaigners. Firstly, five African-led narratives from celebrated activists: Efua Dorkenoo OBE, Waris Dirie, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Jaha Mapenzi Dukureh and Leyla Hussein. Second, five accounts from FGM survivors interviewed for the book: Mama Sylla, Masooma Ranalvi, Farzana Doctor, Fatou Baldeh and Mariya Taher. By exploring anti-FGM online activism, this book fills a gap in the literature which has largely overlooked FGM’s presence in cyberspace as a virtual social movement. Female Genital Mutilation and Social Media will be of interest to activists, survivors, frontline professionals, students, academics and the wider public.
before and after fgm: Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision George C. Denniston, Pia Grassivaro Gallo, Frederick M. Hodges, Marilyn Fayre Milos, Franco Viviani, 2006-09-14 Every year 13.3 millions boys and 2 million girls are subjected to circumcision, the involuntary removal of part or all of their external sex organs. Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision illuminates the vulnerability of human society to medical, economic, and historical pressures. It provides a much-needed, thoughtful, and detailed analysis of the devastating impact of circumcision on bodily integrity and human rights, and it provides hope for change.
before and after fgm: Seven Farzana Doctor, 2020-09-05 FINALIST FOR THE 2021 TRILLIUM AWARD • FINALIST FOR THE 2021 EVERGREEN AWARD • AN INDIGO BEST BOOK OF 2020 • A GLOBE AND MAIL BEST INDEPENDENT READ FOR FALL 2020 • AN APPLE BOOKS BEST BOOK OF 2020 • A CBC BOOKS BEST CANADIAN FICTION BOOK OF 2020 • A NOW MAGAZINE TOP TEN BOOK OF 2020 Be prepared for this novel to stay with you for a long time, especially its ending.—GLOBE AND MAIL [An] extraordinary book... packed with discovery and jarring emotional arcs.—TORONTO STAR Penetrating and subtle ... [An] immersive, absorbing portrait.—EDEN ROBINSON Explores with courage and storytelling finesse the harsh truths within the ideals of kinship and community. —DAVID CHARIANDY An urgent and passionate read. —VIVEK SHRAYA Visceral and emotional... a courageous feat.—QUILL & QUIRE (starred review) A brave, soulfully written feminist novel about inheritance and resistance that tests the balance between kinship and the fight against customs that harm us. When Sharifa accompanies her husband on a marriage-saving trip to India in 2016, she thinks that she’s going to research her great-great-grandfather, a wealthy business leader and philanthropist. What captures her imagination is not his rags-to-riches story, but the mystery of his four wives, missing from the family lore. She ends up excavating much more than she had imagined. Sharifa’s trip coincides with a time of unrest within her insular and conservative religious community, and there is no escaping its politics. A group of feminists is speaking out against khatna, an age-old ritual they insist is female genital cutting. Sharifa’s two favourite cousins are on opposite sides of the debate and she seeks a middle ground. As the issue heats up, Sharifa discovers an unexpected truth and is forced to take a position.
before and after fgm: Female Genital Cutting in Industrialized Countries Mary Nyangweso, 2014-10-20 This book comprehensively examines the practice of female genital mutilation and proposes new intervention programs and community-based initiatives that protect the rights of children and women who live with the serious risks and long-term consequences of the practice. Why is FGM on the increase in industrialized countries in spite of existing policies against the practice? How is political correctness contributing to this increase? And how does religion contribute implicitly or explicitly to the persistence of FGM? This work is authored by a Kenyan immigrant to the United States who recognizes the necessity of better protection of women's rights regarding FGM in first-world nations and the need for these countries to recognize this issue as a serious challenge to values and health services. The book provides complete information about the practice of female genital cutting, explaining its origin, identifying the countries where this practice is common, and documenting the rise of FGM in industrialized nations. The second half of the book examines existing intervention programs with the goal of improving the situation by way of transforming policies, addressing the legal aspects of the issue, and improving health care services. A powerful resource for college and university level students in the humanities, social science, and medical fields, this book will also serve general readers with interest in examining challenges women grapple with internationally.
before and after fgm: Functionally Graded Materials VIII O. van der Biest, Michael Gasik, Jozef Vleugels, 2005 Multifunctional materials are composite systems that exhibit useful responses to electrical, optical, magnetic and/or mechanical stimuli. They allow the compact and economic integration of two or more functions; which can be mechanical, biological, acoustic, thermal, electrical, magnetic, optical or sensory in nature. Functionally graded materials (FGM) are also multi-functional materials, which exhibit spatial variations in composition and/or microstructure; created with the specific purpose of controlling variations in thermal, structural or functional properties. In spite of large differences in the type and size scale of the materials considered, many common features exist, thus furnishing a rationale for grouping these materials together in one book. The topics covered include: structural applications, materials for information technology, energy conversion materials and devices, biomedical materials and their applications, multifunctional materials for sensors and actuators, eco-materials, thin films and coatings, modeling and simulations, testing and characterization, processing of materials.Overall, the book provides an excellent overview of the latest scientific and technological results in the field of FGMs, Multi-FGMs and related fields.
FGM IN YEMEN: SHORT REPORT - fgmcri.org
Women who have undergone FGM are mostly cut during infancy; approximately 83.8% in the first week after birth and a further 10.5% before the age of one.9 Although the most common type of &'M reported in Yemen is ‘cut, flesh removed’, local variations of the practice have also been documented. In coastal regions a type of FGM known as al-takmeed

Fgm Pictures Before And After - 204.48.23.80
Leyla Hussein's Story Fgm Pictures Before And After The first picture shows anatomy of a grown female genital whilte the other pictures show the changes brought about by female circumcision. Harms of Female Circumcision. There aren't any benefits associated with FGM; in fact, female circumcision before and after leads to

LAW FACTSHEET 1: International and Regional Treaties …
FGM, is the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).12 Founded in 1996 with the aim of collaborating on drought and other cross-border environmental issues, it has more . 28 TOO MANY: LAW FACTSHEET 1 recently become a community of countries concerned with the general development of the region. ...

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION- EFFECTS ON WOMEN …
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a term used to describe various traditional practices ... consequences, which occurred before and after the mutilation procedure. In conclusion, female genital mutilation is a criminal offence according to legislation because it causes pain, violates the human rights and the health of women and puts girls ...

USING THE MEDIA TO ADDRESS FGM/C AND CHILD …
before the age of 18, and 15% of girls aged 20 to 24 have already undergone FGM/C.1 However, there is wide variation in prevalence of both practices within ... After FGM/C, girls are given a month to heal, during which time they are encouraged to have sex with the circumcised boys, which frequently results in unintended pregnancies. ...

NIGERIA: THE LAW AND FGM - fgmcri.org
In Nigeria, the prevalence of FGM in women aged 15–49 is 18.4%. 20 million women and girls in Nigeria have undergone FGM. This represents 10% of the global total. The highest prevalence is in South East and South West Zones. 82% of women aged 15–49 who have undergone FGM were cut before the age of five.

A Profile of Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya
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A systematic review of the evidence on clitoral reconstruction …
Group 2: FGM/C type I (n = 30) Group 3: FGM/C type II/III (n = 30) Group 4: FGM/C of any type with associated clitoral cysts (n = 57) Groups 1 and 2: no intervention Group 3: clitoral reconstruction Group 4: clitoral reconstruction and excision of a clitoral cyst (30/57)a Follow-up at 6 months Safety: not reported

FGM IN UGANDA - fgmcri.org
1 COUNTRY PROFILE: FGM IN UGANDA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY July 2013 In Uganda, according to the most recent Demographic Health Survey, from 2011 (DHS 2011), the estimated prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) in women (aged 15–49) is 1.4%.1It should be noted that (due in part to the very low prevalence of FGM in Uganda) changes in the

KENYA - UNICEF DATA
Percentage distribution of girls aged 15 to 19 years who have undergone FGM, by age at which cutting occurred Percentage distribution of girls aged 0 to 14 years who have undergone FGM (as reported by their mothers), by type of FGM performed Among adolescent girls who experienced FGM, about half were cut before age 10 10% - 25% 26% - 50% 51% - 80%

SIERRA LEONE: THE LAW AND FGM - Orchid Project
40.2% of women aged 15–49 who have undergone FGM were cut between the ages of 10 and 14. ‘Cut, flesh removed’ is the most common type of FGM practised. Almost all instances of FGM are performed by traditional cutters (soweis). FGM is closely linked with the Bondo secret society; the practice forms part of the initiation

FGM IN GUINEA - fgmcri.org
Prevalence of FGM The prevalence of FGM among women aged 15–49 in all administrative regions of Guinea remains high. The highest prevalence is in Kindia (98.4%) and Labé (98.2%). ... Article 8 states, ‘All human beings are equal before the law. Men and women have the same rights’, and Article 23 places responsibility on the State to ...

Female Genital Mu la on (FGM) in The Gambia - ARC
incidence (para 120). Incidence of FGM varies by ethnic group and in no ethnic group is the practi ce universal (para 121) and the evidence falls short of demonstrating that intact females in Gambia are, as such, at real risk of FGM. The assessment of risk of FGM is a fact sensitive exercise (para 122).

FGM IN IRAQI KURDISTAN: SHORT REPORT - fgmcri.org
1 Key Findings and Indicators1 Prevalence: In Iraqi Kurdistan, the prevalence of FGM in women aged 15–49 is 42.8% Geography: The highest prevalence is in Erbil Age: Most girls are cut between 0 and 12 years; the average age of cutting is 4–5 years Type: Type 1 is the most common type of FGM practised (76.2% of women who have been cut) Agent: More than half …

Flexterra Flexible Growth Medium (FGM - Pennington
at a rate of 50 lb of FGM per 125 gallons (23 kg/475 liters). Contact Equipment manufacturer to confirm optimum mixing rates. iii. All FGM should be loaded when the tank is approximately 3/4 full. iv. Fertilizer should be added once the tank is nearly full. v. Before applying, mix the slurry for at least 10 minutes after adding the last amount ...

2. Promoting sexual health in women with FGM/C: The …
Analysis showed many documents concerning FGM from a NHS Trust, national and international level focused on the issue of safe-guarding children and women when discussing FGM. Speciﬁc guidelines concerning postpartum care of women with FGM were lacking and often involved only immediate after-birth care. There

EXPLORING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FGM/C AND …
FGM/C and Early/Child Marriage are linked practices prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In Africa, although the age at marriage has been rising, over a third of women are married before age 18. FGM/C and Early/Child Marriage constitute harmful practices affecting not only the health of

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Memory Problems After
ations occur before the end of childhood (mainly between 4 and 10 years). The medical consequences have been broadly investigated. However, there has been hardly any research to qualify and quantify the impact on psycholog-ical health. Case studies mention phobias, depression, and sexual disorders (3). Nonetheless, it has been ignored

Clitoral reconstruction after FGM/C. A review of surgical …
Clitoral reconstruction after FGM/C. A review of surgical techniques and ethical debate Fatima Sharif Mohamed 1, Verina Wild 2, Brian D. Earp 3, Crista Johnson-Agbakwu 1,4, Jasmine Abdulcadir 5 Abstract Background: Clitoral reconstruction is a controversial surgical procedure done for women who have undergone medically unnecessary, often ritualistic genital cutting …

Obstetric outcome of female genital mutilation in the Gambia …
Of the 1,569 participants recruited into the study, 23% had no FGM/C while 77% had FGM/C of varying severity. The risk of postpartum haemorrhage was doubled for women with type I FGM/C, tripled in type II FGM/C and increased by 5-fold for those with type III and IV FGM/C. Caesarean section and perineal tears were also increased.

Criminalizing female genital mutilation (FGM) in Cameroon
million females are living with the effects of FGM worldwide with Africa hosting about 92 million [11]. It is performed at times before the 5th anniversary of the girl child, between 5 and 14 years, before marriage [12], immediately after the death and before burial for her to be accepted by ancestors [13]. More than 2-3 million girls are at

Addressing Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in the …
Reconstructive surgery after FGM/C, besides clitoral recon-struction, includes defibulation [26, 27], reconstruction of the labia and removalofcysts [28–31],and excisionofneuromas ... function, andregainidentity[17†].Before a new surgical pro-cedure is widely implemented, sufficient evidence on safety and efficacy should be established [9 ...

THE GAMBIA: THE LAW AND FGM - fgmcri.org
54.8% of women aged 15–49 were cut before the age of five; 28.1% between the ages of five and nine. ut, flesh removed is the most common type of FGM practised . 95.7% of FGM is carried out by traditional circumcisers [. 65% of women who have …

With an FGM prevalence of 87.2% among all women aged 15 …
Where Refer to Country Profile pages 42-44. Place of residence is strongly associated with the likelihood that a girl will experience FGM. Prevalence of FGM is highest in the rural areas of Egypt (92.6% of women aged 15-49; 15.9% of girls aged 1-14) and lowest in the urban areas (77.4% of women; 10.4% of girls).11 There is a markedly higher prevalence among girls living in Upper …

Conceptualizing Sexual Pain in Women with Female Genital
Research on sexual response after FGM/C using the Female Sexual Function Index also showed that in spite of high sexual pain scores, sexual pleasure and satisfaction ... chosexual therapy or psychotherapy before and after surgery, and future research on this topic is needed. Connor et al.’s (2019) model could certainly be used to study and ...

In Nigeria, the estimated prevalence of FGM is 18.4%. 20 …
Girls in Nigeria are most likely to undergo FGM in their first five years, and this practice appears to be growing more common. 90.2% of young women (aged 15 to 19) who have had FGM recall being cut before they were five years old, and only 1.4% recall being cut after the age of 15. Of

Harmful Traditional Practices: Child Marriage, Initiation …
Child Marriage, Initiation Rituals, FGM/C Matthias Schief Qingyang Lin Simon Haenni June 2018 Center for Child Well-being and Development at the University of Zurich, supported by UNICEF Switzerland. ... before they reached ages 15 and 18. Malawi is among the top 20 countries with

A prospective cohort study of the relationship of female …
FGM [7]. After some FGM applications, deinfibulation is required before sexual intercourse or childbirth. According to 2016 data, the frequency of FGM in Somali women between the ages of 15–49 is reported to be 98%, but there is no data between the ages of 0–15 []. Most FGMs are type 2 and type 3 FGM in 4 Somalia[4 ].

FGM Best Practice Guidance for Social Workers - National …
before visiting the family. 2. ‘Gathering Information’ will take you through the questions and activities you can go through ... The ‘Online FGM Assessment’ can be ﬁlled out after your visit, based on the information you have collected. The online Assessment will give you a risk level and guidance on what areas of risk/safety need to ...

Clitoral reconstruction after FGM/C. A review of surgical …
Clitoral reconstruction after FGM/C. A review of surgical techniques and ethical debate Fatima Sharif Mohamed 1, Verina Wild 2, Brian D. Earp 3, Crista Johnson-Agbakwu 1,4, Jasmine Abdulcadir 5 Abstract Background: Clitoral reconstruction is a controversial surgical procedure done for women who have undergone medically unnecessary, often ritualistic genital cutting …

IRAQ - UNICEF DATA
in union before age 15 28% of women 20-24 years were married or in union before age 18 14% of women 20-24 years have given birth by age 18 ... Approximately half of adolescent girls who underwent FGM were cut after age 5, but for one in five it is unclear at what age the practice occurred Source: MICS 2011 Source: MICS 2011 Source: MICS 2011 7 ...

NIGERIA - UNICEF DATA
in union before age 15 43% of women 20-24 years were married or in union before age 18 28% of women 20-24 years have given birth by age 18 28% of women 15-49 years think that a ... FGM since the question is different from the standard; data from MICS 2006 are used instead. In Liberia, only cut girls and women were asked about their attitudes ...

FGM IN MALI - fgmcri.org
FGM is carried out primarily by traditional cutters. Most women with FGM in Mali were cut before the age of five (73% of women aged 15–49). 14.6% were cut between the ages of five and nine, and 6.7% between the ages of ten and fourteen, and 0.4% after the age of 15 (5.3% did not know when they were cut).5

Egypt’s Fight Against FGM: Is There Hope After All? - Wilson …
The case, like many before it, started when Soheir’s father, angry for the death of his daughter, reported the death and accused the doctor of gross negligence and manslaughter while performing FGM. The father then retracted his testimony when he realized that he was culpable for taking his daughter to undergo the FGM procedure.

CHILD MARRIAGE AND FEMALE GENITAL …
• Child marriage and FGM/C are both human rights violations. • They are both rooted in gender inequality and driven ... alive today were married before the age of 18. Approximately 1 in 5 women aged 20-24 were married before 18, and 1 in 20 before age 15.1 • In 31 countries with available data, 200 million

Clitoral reconstructive surgery after female genital cutting
3. Seifeldin A. Genital reconstructive surgery after female genital mutilation. Obstet Gynecol Int J 2016;4(6):00129. 4. Foldès P, Cuzin B, Andro A. Reconstructive surgery after female genital mutilation: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2012;380(9837):134-41. 5. Foldes P. Reconstructive surgery of the clitoris after ritual excision.

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION - NHS England
of FGM, and safeguarding of girls at risk. The UK Law FGM is against the law in the UK and has been a criminal offence since 1985. It is a serious crime that carries a penalty of 14 years in prison. It is an offence to make arrangements for FGM to be undertaken within the UK or to take, or plan to take a child out of the UK for the purpose of FGM.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) patient information leaflet
deinfibulation was not performed either at or immediately after childbirth, you will be given a gynaecology outpatient or FGM clinic appointment so that you can consider having deinfibulation before planning any future pregnancies. It is important for you to consider how you can protect your daughter(s) and other female children from FGM.

Comparison of FGM prevalence among Nigerian women …
FGM elimination being one of the targets of the SDGs for 2030 (SDG 5, target 5.3), eorts in recent decades led by international and national organisations have succeeded in reducing the global prevalence of FGM among women and girls. Adolescent girls were a third less likely to be subjected to FGM in 2016 than 30 years earlier [5]. 4,

Update Key Findings - fgmcri.org
FGM/C prevalence is significantly higher in the eastern regions of Ethiopia (Somali and Affar) and lowest in the northern region of Tigray. However, taking population density into ... Most cutting is performed before the age of five in Ethiopia, but about a fifth occurs between the ages of five and nine, but this varies between religions, areas ...

The E ects of Social Interactions on Female Genital Mutilation ...
FGM before and after marriage, and hence the possible reliance on traditional circumcisers as certi ers of ‘quality’. Thus, as FGM is increasingly done in government clinics by professional health providers, who are less connected to the marriage market in local communities, it loses its e ectiveness as a signal of ‘quality’.

HEALTH IMPACTS OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING:
FGM/C, monitor progress in the abandonment of FGM/C, and inform policy programming on FGM/C issues. Suggested citation: Kimani Samuel, Jacinta Muteshi and Carolyne Njue. October, 2016. Health Impacts of FGM/C: A Synthesis of the Evidence,” Evidence to End FGM/C Programme: Research to Help Girls and Women Thrive.

BURKINA I - United Nations Population Fund
third African country to legally ban Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C). Even before this, in 1990, a National Committee to Fight the Practice of Excision (CNLPE) was established by Presidential Decree. After the FGM/C prohibition was enacted, the committee was equipped with a Permanent Secretariat to improve operational efficiency.

FGM - Montreal Chargeur
1 Before to start using the FGM Charger, read these instructions carefully. 2 Installation and Service operations can be done by qualified personnel only. 3 To prevent the risk of electric shock, don't touch uninsulated parts of the charger or the battery. 4 Manually stop the charger before to disconnect the battery.

Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma in Clitoral ... - ResearchGate
Reconstructive surgery after FGM/C aims to remove the scar or scar complications (eg, cysts, adhesions, ﬁbrosis, neuromas of the clitoris, clitoral phimosis, etc) and, in the

Spotlight on Honour Based Violence - cescp.org.uk
request an ‘authorised absence’ for just before or just after the summer break. What is FGM? Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the partial or total removal of external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It is also known as female circumcision, cutting or Sunna. Religious, social or cultural reasons are sometimes given for FGM.

Female Genital Mutilation in Senegal: Insights from a ... - UNICEF
Senegal, most FGM is performed before age 5, and rarely after age 10. Thus, in this context, the prevalence can be considered indicative of their final FGM status among girls aged 10 to 14 years is likely to represent the final FGM status for this cohort of girls. 0 to 14 years, 16% 0 to 4 years, 11% 5 to 9 years, 18% 10 to 14 years, 20%

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
This procedure often takes place in the summer, as the recovery period after FGM can be 6 to 9 weeks but any holiday period poses a risk. Schools should be alert to the possibility of FGM as a reason why a ... Although, it is difficult to identify girls before FGM takes place, where girls from these high risk groups return from a long period of ...

Spotlight on Honour Based Violence - CESCP
request an ‘authorised absence’ for just before or just after the summer break. What is FGM? Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the partial or total removal of external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It is also known as female circumcision, cutting or Sunna. Religious, social or cultural reasons are sometimes given for FGM.

Evaluation of Psychological and Sexual Effects of Female …
Sexual dysfunction after FGM is a very important issue (12). In our study, the mean age of the ... procedure may be carried out shortly after birth right up until just before a girl is married (13). Evaluation of Psychological and Sexual Effects of Female Genital Mutilation (Circumcision)

Before And After Fgm