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What President Has the Lowest IQ in History? Unpacking the Unanswerable
The question of which U.S. president possessed the lowest IQ is a tantalizing one, sparking endless debate and speculation. It's a question that, frankly, cannot be definitively answered. Presidential intelligence, a complex interplay of cognitive abilities, emotional intelligence, and practical wisdom, isn't something easily measured by a simple IQ score, especially retrospectively. This post delves into the difficulties of assessing historical figures' intelligence, explores some common misconceptions, and ultimately offers a more nuanced understanding of presidential competency.
The Impossibility of Accurate IQ Measurement for Past Presidents
The very premise of determining the "lowest IQ" among past presidents is fundamentally flawed. Why? Several crucial factors make it impossible:
Lack of Standardized Testing: Modern IQ tests, while imperfect, are standardized and rigorously developed. Such tools simply didn't exist for most of U.S. history. Any attempt to retrospectively assign an IQ score relies on highly subjective interpretations of historical records, speeches, and actions. This introduces significant biases and inaccuracies.
The Limitations of IQ Tests Themselves: IQ tests measure a specific subset of cognitive abilities. They don't capture creativity, leadership skills, emotional intelligence, or the ability to adapt to unforeseen circumstances – all crucial aspects of effective presidential leadership. A high IQ score doesn't automatically translate to successful governance.
The Subjectivity of Historical Interpretation: Historians and analysts often interpret past events through their own lenses, leading to differing opinions on a president's intelligence and competence. What one person views as a sign of brilliance, another might see as a mark of foolishness. This subjectivity inherently contaminates any attempt to rank presidents by intelligence.
Debunking Common Myths and Misconceptions
The internet is rife with speculative lists ranking presidents by perceived intelligence, often based on anecdotal evidence and unsubstantiated claims. These lists often perpetuate harmful stereotypes and lack rigorous scholarly backing. It's crucial to approach such rankings with extreme skepticism. For example, claims about specific presidents having unusually low IQs frequently lack factual foundation and rely on hearsay or biased interpretations of their actions.
Focusing on Presidential Competence: A More Useful Metric
Instead of focusing on the unattainable goal of ranking presidents by IQ, it's far more productive to assess their presidential competence. This involves considering a broader range of factors, including:
Policy Achievements: Did the president successfully implement significant legislation or achieve impactful policy changes?
Economic Performance: How did the economy perform during their tenure?
Foreign Policy Successes and Failures: How effectively did the president navigate international relations and address foreign policy challenges?
Leadership Style and Effectiveness: How effectively did the president inspire and motivate their team and the public?
Ethical Conduct: Did the president maintain a high level of ethical conduct during their term?
By considering these multifaceted aspects of presidential performance, we gain a far richer and more accurate understanding of a president's overall effectiveness than any speculative IQ score could provide.
The Dangers of Ranking Presidents by Perceived Intelligence
Beyond the practical impossibilities, attempting to rank presidents by IQ fosters unproductive comparisons and risks perpetuating harmful stereotypes. It distracts from a more nuanced understanding of the complexities of presidential leadership and the diverse skills required for success in the Oval Office.
Conclusion
The quest to identify the "president with the lowest IQ" is ultimately a fruitless one. The lack of standardized testing, limitations of IQ tests, and subjective nature of historical interpretation render such a ranking impossible and potentially misleading. Instead of focusing on this unanswerable question, a more fruitful approach is to analyze presidential competence across a range of criteria, offering a far more insightful and valuable assessment of their performance in office.
FAQs
1. Are there any reliable sources that attempt to measure historical figures' IQs? No, there are no reliable sources that can accurately measure the IQs of historical figures, especially past presidents. Any claims to the contrary should be treated with extreme skepticism.
2. What are some alternative ways to assess a president's intellectual capabilities? Instead of relying on IQ scores, we can assess a president's intellectual capabilities through their writings, speeches, policy decisions, and overall leadership style.
3. Why is focusing on IQ detrimental to understanding presidential performance? Focusing solely on IQ ignores other critical factors like emotional intelligence, leadership skills, and adaptability, which are all vital for effective presidential leadership.
4. Could future technology allow us to retroactively determine the IQs of past presidents? While future technological advancements might improve our understanding of the brain and cognitive abilities, it's highly unlikely that we will ever be able to accurately determine the IQs of past presidents with any degree of certainty.
5. What is the most important quality for a successful president? There's no single "most important" quality, but a combination of effective leadership, strong decision-making skills, emotional intelligence, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances are crucial for presidential success.
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States United States. President, 2000 Containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the President, 1956-1992. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton), 1994 |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 2000-2001 Clinton, William J., 2000-01-01 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Twenty Interviews With Psychometric Society Presidents Lisa D. Wijsen, 2023-12-18 Twenty Interviews with Psychometric Society Presidents tells the stories of the people who are the driving forces of psychometric research, teaching and practice. In semi-structured interviews, twenty presidents of the Psychometric Society share how they moved into the psychometric field, what inspired them to pursue this path, and what still drives them to do their research. They also reflect on the current status, history, and future of their own field, considering psychometrics' most significant historical achievements, as well as the major challenges that lie ahead. This curated collection provides a wealth of historical knowledge that is relevant for every practicing psychometrician. Introspective and insightful, it exhibits the wide array of opinions and visions in the field. Readers are invited to critically reflect on what holds this diverse field together, and what challenges and opportunities are on the horizon. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The King and His Empire 'AmericaApos Dogsky Booskyéé Booskulini, 2008-09 During his reign, George I and his Administration Maintained the Status of America The Empire as the Number One Super Power, and the Greatest Civilization in World History II. The least thing known to man is his own being. Man knows more about automobiles, glaciers, and weapons, than his own Soul. III. Learn to control your thoughts, and then you will be able to control your a itude and your behavior. IV. George I is not responsible for the escalating, on-going and re-occurring High School, African- American male drop-out rate . V. The Soul should supervise the Mind, not vice versa. VI. Reagan kicked down the wall, but George H. W. Bush (The King's Father) is the one who secured the peace and ended the cold war with Russia. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Macroscope Piers Anthony, 2003 Throughout history, man has been searching for better ways to gather information about his universe. But although they may have longed for it, not even the most brilliant minds could conceive of a device as infinitely powerful or as immeasurably precise as the Macroscope, until the twenty-first century. This is a story of mans desperate search for a compromise between his mind and his heart, between knowledge and humanity. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Character Assassination throughout the Ages M. Icks, E. Shiraev, 2014-07-17 Using a variety of cases from history and today's life, the book examines character attackers targeting the private lives, behavior, values, and identity of their victims. Numerous historical examples show that character assassination has always been a very effective weapon to win political battles or settle personal scores. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Bushes Peter Schweizer, Rochelle Schweizer, 2005-01-04 Based on hours of unprecedented interviews with members of the Bush family, The Bushes tells the inside story of the unique dynasty at the heart of American power. As well as laying out the secretive family’s inner workings, this intimate and fascinating group portrait probes into such sensitive matters as their dealings in the oil business, George W.’s turbulent youth, and Jeb’s likely run for the presidency in 2008. In this first full-scale biography, Peter and Rochelle Schweizer insightfully explore the secrets of the Bushes’ rise from obscurity to unprecedented influence. The family’s free-flowing, pragmatic, and opportunistic style consciously distinguishes them from previous political dynasties; they consider themselves the “un-Kennedys.” But with their abiding emphasis on loyalty and networking, the Bushes’ continuing success seems assured–making this book essential reading for anyone who cares about America’s future. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Fire and Fury Michael Wolff, 2018-01-05 SUNDAY TIMES NUMBER ONE BESTSELLER NEW YORK TIMES NUMBER ONE BESTSELLER With extraordinary access to the Trump White House, Michael Wolff tells the inside story of the most controversial presidency of our time. The first nine months of Donald Trump's term were stormy, outrageous - and absolutely mesmerising. Now, thanks to his deep access to the West Wing, bestselling author Michael Wolff tells the riveting story of how Trump launched a tenure as volatile and fiery as the man himself. In this explosive book, Wolff provides a wealth of new details about the chaos in the Oval Office. Among the revelations: - What President Trump's staff really thinks of him - What inspired Trump to claim he was wire-tapped by President Obama - Why FBI director James Comey was really fired - Why chief strategist Steve Bannon and Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner couldn't be in the same room - Who is really directing the Trump administration's strategy in the wake of Bannon's firing - What the secret to communicating with Trump is - What the Trump administration has in common with the movie The Producers Never before has a presidency so divided the American people. Brilliantly reported and astoundingly fresh, Michael Wolff's Fire and Fury shows us how and why Donald Trump has become the king of discord and disunion. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Last Liberal Republican John Roy Price, 2023-11-17 The Last Liberal Republican is a memoir from one of Nixon’s senior domestic policy advisors. John Roy Price—a member of the moderate wing of the Republican Party, a cofounder of the Ripon Society, and an employee on Nelson Rockefeller’s campaigns—joined Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and later John D. Ehrlichman, in the Nixon White House to develop domestic policies, especially on welfare, hunger, and health. Based on those policies, and the internal White House struggles around them, Price places Nixon firmly in the liberal Republican tradition of President Theodore Roosevelt, New York governor Thomas E. Dewey, and President Dwight Eisenhower. Price makes a valuable contribution to our evolving scholarship and understanding of the Nixon presidency. Nixon himself lamented that he would be remembered only for Watergate and China. The Last Liberal Republican provides firsthand insight into key moments regarding Nixon’s political and policy challenges in the domestic social policy arena. Price offers rich detail on the extent to which Nixon and his staff straddled a precarious balance between a Democratic-controlled Congress and an increasingly powerful conservative tide in Republican politics. The Last Liberal Republican provides a blow-by-blow inside view of how Nixon surprised the Democrats and shocked conservatives with his ambitious proposal for a guaranteed family income. Beyond Nixon’s surprising embrace of what we today call universal basic income, the thirty-seventh president reordered and vastly expanded the patchy food stamp program he inherited and built nutrition education and children’s food services into schools. Richard Nixon even almost achieved a national health insurance program: fifty years ago, with a private sector framework as part of his generous benefits insurance coverage for all, Nixon included coverage of preexisting conditions, prescription drug coverage for all, and federal subsidies for those who could not afford the premiums. The Last Liberal Republican will be a valuable resource for presidency scholars who are studying Nixon, his policies, the state of the Republican Party, and how the Nixon years relate to the rise of the modern conservative movement. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Development of the American Presidency Richard Ellis, 2022-05-02 A full understanding of the institution of the American presidency requires us to examine how it developed from the founding to the present. This developmental lens, analyzing how historical turns have shaped the modern institution, allows for a richer, more nuanced understanding. The Development of the American Presidency pays great attention to that historical weight but is organized by the topics and concepts relevant to political science, with the constitutional origins and political development of the presidency its central focus. Through comprehensive and in-depth coverage, Richard J. Ellis looks at how the presidency has evolved in relation to the public, to Congress, to the executive branch, and to the law, showing at every step how different aspects of the presidency have followed distinct trajectories of change. Each chapter promotes active learning, beginning with a narrative account of some illustrative puzzle that brings to life a central concept. A wealth of photos, figures, and tables allow for the visual presentations of concepts. New to the Fourth Edition Explicit and expanded attention to the role of norms in shaping and constraining presidential power, with special focus on Trump’s norm-breaking and Biden’s efforts to shore up norms; Enhanced focus on the prospects for institutional reform, including in the electoral college, presidential relations with Congress, war powers, and the selection of Supreme Court justices; A full reckoning with the Trump presidency and its significance for the future of American democracy, presidential rhetoric, the unilateral executive, and the administrative state; Coverage of the first year of Biden’s presidency, including presidential rhetoric, relations with Congress and the bureaucracy, use of the war powers, and unilateral directives; Comprehensive updating of debates about the removal power, including the Supreme Court cases of Seila Law v. CFPB and Collins v. Yellen; In-depth exploration of the impact of partisan polarization on the legislative presidency and effective governance; Analysis of the 2020 election and its aftermath; Expanded discussion of impeachment to incorporate Trump’s two impeachments; Examination of presidential emergency powers, with special attention to Trump’s border wall declaration; Review of Biden’s and Trump’s impact on the judiciary; Assessment of Biden’s and Trump’s place in political time. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Intelligence, Genes, and Success Bernie Devlin, Stephen E. Fienberg, Daniel P. Resnick, Kathryn Roeder, 1997-08-07 A scientific response to the best-selling The Bell Curve which set off a hailstorm of controversy upon its publication in 1994. Much of the public reaction to the book was polemic and failed to analyse the details of the science and validity of the statistical arguments underlying the books conclusion. Here, at last, social scientists and statisticians reply to The Bell Curve and its conclusions about IQ, genetics and social outcomes. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Bitter Tweet Alan Cashman, 2021-03-03 He rose as a populist and fell as an insurrectionist. The presidency of Donald J. Trump was built on collusion, bribery, scandal, and lies. Trump is famed for his use of Twitter, a digital machine gun he relished in firing. Over a five-year period, he fully integrated Twitter into the very fabric of his administration, ultimately re-shaping the presidency and the power that came with it. In a presidency like no other, Trump woke up to Twitter, went to bed with it, and took comfort in how much it revolved around him. Bitter Tweet is a chronological story that explores the fascinating presidency of Donald J. Trump, inspired by his own words. A captivating tale of corruption, bribery, collusion, and fascism. By exploring the contexts and consequences of his most infamous tweets, we gain an insight into just how the American political system works…… or in some cases does not. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Tweets of President Donald J. Trump Forefront Books, 2020-07-28 Love them or hate them, the tweets of President Donald J. Trump rule the Twitterverse. Until our last presidential campaign, television, particularly campaign ads, dominated the political landscape. But with the rise of Donald J. Trump came a new political tool: the internet. Trump used this to communicate instantly and very effectively with the American people. And it worked. Establishing his political positions by tweeting numerous times a day, Trump pulled a major upset by defeating Hillary Rodham Clinton to become the 45th president of the United States. Once in office, Trump did not abandon his penchant for using Twitter as his populist platform. Instead, he doubled down on it, making it his primary means of communicating with the American people. Knowing how effective a tweet can be, Trump once wrote, “Boom. I press it and within two seconds we have breaking news.” With a massive Twitter following of 78 million by the spring of 2020, Trump’s direct impact upon Americans cannot be dismissed, nor can the value of his tweets as an essential part of the historical record be denied. To put the enormous impact of his tweets into perspective, Trump won the White House with 63 million votes—a number significantly lower than his massive Twitter following. Now you can read the collected tweets from President Donald J. Trump, from his inauguaration through February 2020 in this historically significant collection. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump Bandy X. Lee, 2019-03-19 As this bestseller predicted, Trump has only grown more erratic and dangerous as the pressures on him mount. This new edition includes new essays bringing the book up to date—because this is still not normal. Originally released in fall 2017, The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump was a runaway bestseller. Alarmed Americans and international onlookers wanted to know: What is wrong with him? That question still plagues us. The Trump administration has proven as chaotic and destructive as its opponents feared, and the man at the center of it all remains a cipher. Constrained by the APA’s “Goldwater rule,” which inhibits mental health professionals from diagnosing public figures they have not personally examined, many of those qualified to weigh in on the issue have shied away from discussing it at all. The public has thus been left to wonder whether he is mad, bad, or both. The prestigious mental health experts who have contributed to the revised and updated version of The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump argue that their moral and civic duty to warn supersedes professional neutrality. Whatever affects him, affects the nation: From the trauma people have experienced under the Trump administration to the cult-like characteristics of his followers, he has created unprecedented mental health consequences across our nation and beyond. With eight new essays (about one hundred pages of new material), this edition will cover the dangerous ramifications of Trump's unnatural state. It’s not all in our heads. It’s in his. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Communities in Action National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States, 2017-04-27 In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Senate, 1789-1989: Addresses on the history of the United States Senate Robert C. Byrd, 1988 Consists of 42 addresses to the Senate delivered between 1981 and 1987. These speeches have been compiled, revised, and edited to present the United States Senate's history and traditions of the past 200 years. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: McNamara's Folly Hamilton Gregory, 2015-05-21 |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Ubiquitous Presidency Joshua M. Scacco, Kevin Coe, 2021-03-12 American democracy is in a period of striking tumult. The clash of a rapidly changing socio-technological environment and the traditional presidency has led to an upheaval in the scope and standards of executive leadership. Yet research on the presidency, although abundant, has been slow to adjust to changing realities associated with digital technologies, diverse audiences, and new elite practices. Meanwhile, journalists and the public continue to encounter and shape emerging presidential efforts in deeply consequential ways. Joshua Scacco and Kevin Coe bring needed insight to this complex situation by offering the first comprehensive framework for understanding contemporary presidential communication in relation to the current socio-technological environment. They call this framework the ubiquitous presidency. Scacco and Coe argue that presidents harness new opportunities in the media environment to create a nearly constant and highly visible presence in political and nonpolitical arenas. They do this by trying to achieve longstanding presidential goals, namely visibility, adaptation, and control. However, in an environment where accessibility, personalization, and pluralism are omnipresent considerations, the strategies presidents use to achieve these goals are very different from what we once knew. Using this novel framework as a conceptual anchor, The Ubiquitous Presidency undertakes one of the most expansive analyses of presidential communication to date. Scacco and Coe employ a wide variety of approaches--ranging from surveys and survey-experiments, to large-scale automated content and network analyses, to qualitative textual analysis--to uncover new aspects of the intricate relationship between the president, news media, and the public. Focusing on the presidency since Ronald Reagan, and devoting particular attention to the cases of Barack Obama and Donald Trump, the book uncovers remarkable shifts in communication that test the institution of the presidency and, consequently, democratic governance itself. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Strange Case of Donald J. Trump Dan P. McAdams, 2020 The Strange Case of Donald J. Trump provides a coherent and nuanced psychological portrait of the 45th president of the United States. Drawing on biographical events in Trump's life and on contemporary research and theory in personality, social, and developmental psychology, the book explores the personality traits and psychological dynamics that have shaped Trump's life, with an emphasis on the strangeness of the case - how Trump again and again defies psychological expectations regarding what it means to be a human being. The book's central thesis is that Donald Trump is the episodic man. He lives in the moment, outside of time, without an internal story to connect the discrete scenes in his life. As such, Trump perceives himself to be more like a superhero or a primal force, supernatural and timeless, rather than a flesh-and-blood human being with an inner life, a remembered past, and an imagined future. Trump's psychological status as the episodic man helps us understand both Trump's appeal (in the minds of millions) and his failings. The book's interpretation of Trump sheds new light on Trump's charisma, his deal making, his volatile temperament, his approach to personal relationships, his narcissism, and his emergence as a new kind of authoritarian leader in American history.-- |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Edward M. Kennedy Barbara A. Perry, 2019-01-18 For Kennedy devotees, as well as readers unfamiliar with the lion of the Senate, this book presents the compelling story of Edward Kennedy's unexpected rise to become one of the most consequential legislators in American history and a passionate defender of progressive values, achieving legislative compromises across the partisan divide. What distinguishes Edward Kennedy: An Oral History is the nuanced detail that emerges from the senator's never-before published, complete descriptions of his life and work, placed alongside the observations of his friends, family, and associates. The senator's twenty released interviews reveal, in his own voice, the stories of Kennedy triumph and tragedy from the Oval Office to the waters of Chappaquiddick. Spanning the presidencies of JFK to Barack Obama, Edward Kennedy was an iconic player in American political life, the youngest sibling of America's most powerful dynasty; he candidly addresses this role: his legislative accomplishments and failures, his unsuccessful run for the White House, his impact on the Supreme Court, his observations on Washington gridlock, and his personal faults. The interviews and introductions to them create an unsurpassed and illuminating volume. Gathered as part of the massive Edward Kennedy Oral History Project, conducted by the University of Virginia's Miller Center, the senator's interviews allow readers to see how oral history can evolve over a three-year period, drawing out additional details as the interviewee becomes increasingly comfortable with the process and the interviewer. Yet, given the Kennedys' well-known penchant for image creation, what the senator doesn't say or how he says what he chooses to include, is often more revealing than a simple declarative statement. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Handbook of Intelligence Sam Goldstein, Dana Princiotta, Jack A. Naglieri, 2014-12-08 Numerous functions, cognitive skills, and behaviors are associated with intelligence, yet decades of research has yielded little consensus on its definition. Emerging from often conflicting studies is the provocative idea that intelligence evolved as an adaptation humans needed to keep up with – and survive in – challenging new environments. The Handbook of Intelligence addresses a broad range of issues relating to our cognitive and linguistic past. It is the first full-length volume to place intelligence in an evolutionary/cultural framework, tracing the development of the human mind, exploring differences between humans and other primates, and addressing human thinking and reasoning about its own intelligence and its uses. The works of pioneering thinkers – from Plato to Darwin, Binet to Piaget, Luria to Weachsler – are referenced to illustrate major events in the evolution of theories of intelligence, leading to the current era of multiple intelligences and special education programs. In addition, it examines evolutionary concepts in areas as diverse as creativity, culture, neurocognition, emotional intelligence, and assessment. Featured topics include: The evolution of the human brain from matter to mind Social competition and the evolution of fluid intelligence Multiple intelligences in the new age of thinking Intelligence as a malleable construct From traditional IQ to second-generation intelligence tests The evolution of intelligence, including implications for educational programming and policy. The Handbook of Intelligence is an essential resource for researchers, graduate students, clinicians, and professionals in developmental psychology; assessment, testing and evaluation; language philosophy; personality and social psychology; sociology; and developmental biology. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Report to the President from the President's Commission on Mental Health, 1978: Appendices United States. President's Commission on Mental Health, 1978 |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents , 1965 |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Robert Ryman Suzanne P. Hudson, 2024-02-06 This first book-length study of Robert Ryman argues that his work is a continuous experiment in the possibilities of painting. In this first book-length study of Robert Ryman, Suzanne Hudson traces the artist's production from his first paintings in the early 1950s, many of which have never been exhibited or reproduced, to his recent gallery shows. Ryman's largely white-on-white paintings represent his careful working over of painting's conventions at their most radically reduced. Through close readings of the work, Hudson casts Ryman as a painter for whom painting was conducted as a continuous personal investigation. Ryman's method—an act of “learning by doing”—as well as his conception of painting as “used paint” sets him apart from second-generation abstract expressionists, minimalists, or conceptualists. Ryman (born in 1930) is a self-taught artist who began to paint in earnest while working as a guard at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in the 1950s. Hudson argues that Ryman's approach to painting developed from quotidian contact with the story of modern painting as assembled by MoMA director and curator Alfred Barr and rendered widely accessible by director of the education department Victor D'Amico and colleagues. Ryman's introduction to artistic practice within the (white) walls of MoMA, Hudson contends, was shaped by an institutional ethos of experiential learning. (Others who worked at the MoMA during these years include Lucy Lippard, who married Ryman in 1961; Dan Flavin, another guard; and Sol LeWitt, a desk assistant.) Hudson's chapters—“Primer,” “Paint,” “Support,” “Edge,” and “Wall,” named after the most basic elements of the artist's work—eloquently explore Ryman's ongoing experiment in what makes a painting a painting. Ryman's work, she writes, tests the medium's material and conceptual possibilities. It signals neither the end of painting nor guarantees its continued longevity but keeps the prospect of painting an open question, answerable only through the production of new paintings. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Robert Ryman Suzanne Perling Hudson, 2009 In this first book-length study of Robert Ryman, Suzanne Hudson traces the artist's production from his first paintings in the early 1950s, many of which have never been exhibited or reproduced, to his more recent gallery shows. Ryman's largely white-on-white paintings represent his careful working over of painting's conventions at their most radically reduced. Through close readings of the work, Hudson casts Ryman as a painter for whom painting was conducted as a continuous personal investigation. Ryman's method--an act of learning by doing--as well as his conception of painting as used paint set him apart from second-generation abstract expressionists, minimalists, or conceptualists. Hudson's chapters--Primer, Paint, Support, Edge, and Wall, named after the most basic elements of the artist's work--eloquently explore Ryman's ongoing experiment in what makes a painting a painting. Ryman's work, Hudson argues, tests the medium's material and conceptual possibilities. It neither signals the end of painting nor guarantees its continued longevity but keeps the prospect of painting an open question, answerable only through the production of new paintings.--From publisher description. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Bell Curve Plus Dr. Harry Chang, Shawn Fan, Jelaine VanHelsing, 2024-09-10 The two aspects of cognitive abilities (IQ and wisdom) are leveraged by Dr. Harry Chang et al. in The Bell Curve Plus: Intelligence and the War of Civilizations in analyzing the current situation in the United States. After reviewing different cultures, religions, and Jewish history, the authors deduce that the fight between Democrats and Republicans is caused by the different civilizations, which were created by the cognitive abilities of the people. Jewish civilization has collectivism feature and is the opposite of Western civilization, which is based on individualism. Collectivism leads to American Marxism. Through research and analysis of the current affairs, the authors conclude that democracy only works well with a Western civilization. There are some prerequisites for it to work with other civilizations. Further, freedom of religion is politically flawed. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: What Happened Hillary Rodham Clinton, 2017-09-12 “An engaging, beautifully synthesized page-turner” (Slate). The #1 New York Times bestseller and Time #1 Nonfiction Book of the Year: Hillary Rodham Clinton’s most personal memoir yet, about the 2016 presidential election. In this “candid and blackly funny” (The New York Times) memoir, Hillary Rodham Clinton reveals what she was thinking and feeling during one of the most controversial and unpredictable presidential elections in history. She takes us inside the intense personal experience of becoming the first woman nominated for president by a major party in an election marked by rage, sexism, exhilarating highs and infuriating lows, stranger-than-fiction twists, Russian interference, and an opponent who broke all the rules. “At her most emotionally raw” (People), Hillary describes what it was like to run against Donald Trump, the mistakes she made, how she has coped with a shocking and devastating loss, and how she found the strength to pick herself back up afterward. She tells readers what it took to get back on her feet—the rituals, relationships, and reading that got her through, and what the experience has taught her about life. In this “feminist manifesto” (The New York Times), she speaks to the challenges of being a strong woman in the public eye, the criticism over her voice, age, and appearance, and the double standard confronting women in politics. Offering a “bracing... guide to our political arena” (The Washington Post), What Happened lays out how the 2016 election was marked by an unprecedented assault on our democracy by a foreign adversary. By analyzing the evidence and connecting the dots, Hillary shows just how dangerous the forces are that shaped the outcome, and why Americans need to understand them to protect our values and our democracy in the future. The election of 2016 was unprecedented and historic. What Happened is the story of that campaign, now with a new epilogue showing how Hillary grappled with many of her worst fears coming true in the Trump Era, while finding new hope in a surge of civic activism, women running for office, and young people marching in the streets. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Too Much and Never Enough Mary L. Trump, 2022-01-04 In this revelatory, authoritative portrait of Donald J. Trump and the toxic family that made him, Mary L. Trump, a trained clinical psychologist and Donald’s only niece, shines a bright light on the dark history of their family in order to explain how her uncle became the man who now threatens the world’s health, economic security, and social fabric. Mary Trump spent much of her childhood in her grandparents’ large, imposing house in the heart of Queens, New York, where Donald and his four siblings grew up. She describes a nightmare of traumas, destructive relationships, and a tragic combination of neglect and abuse. She explains how specific events and general family patterns created the damaged man who occupied the Oval Office, including the strange and harmful relationship between Fred Trump and his two oldest sons, Fred Jr. and Donald. A firsthand witness to countless holiday meals and interactions, Mary brings an incisive wit and unexpected humor to sometimes grim, often confounding family events. She recounts in unsparing detail everything from her uncle Donald’s place in the family spotlight and Ivana’s penchant for regifting to her grandmother’s frequent injuries and illnesses and the appalling way Donald, Fred Trump’s favorite son, dismissed and derided him when he began to succumb to Alzheimer’s. Numerous pundits, armchair psychologists, and journalists have sought to parse Donald J. Trump’s lethal flaws. Mary L. Trump has the education, insight, and intimate familiarity needed to reveal what makes Donald, and the rest of her clan, tick. She alone can recount this fascinating, unnerving saga, not just because of her insider’s perspective but also because she is the only Trump willing to tell the truth about one of the world’s most powerful and dysfunctional families. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Congressional Record United States. Congress, 1969 |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: U.S. Democracy in Danger Adebowale Akande, 2023-10-19 Historically, Donald Trump will be remembered as the first American president to be impeached twice and indicted. He fed the grotesque myth that the election was stolen and summoned his supporters to storm Congress on 6 January 2021 in a bid to thwart the certification of Joe Biden's U.S. presidential election victory. This volume vividly recounts the dramatic narrative of the January 6 Coup in America and how close we came to losing U.S. democracy. For anyone seeking a comprehensive and multidisciplinary global overview of democracy, an astute analysis of the forces that drive the dominance of the (neo)liberal paradigm of the last decades should look no further than this volume. Yet the volume takes the issue further by vigorously documenting the decline of the U.S. treaty process (America’s dysfunctional diplomacy and the doctrine of unpredictability). There is an urgent need for a massive infusion of strategic support for democracy in the United States. Because come 2024 or thereafter an unfinished work might drag American democracy to a dangerous inflection point. Trump (who has a complete hold on the Republican party, still has a stranglehold on the MAGA base no matter what he does, was instrumental to the breaking of U.S. diplomacy. Undermining the democratic legitimacy of International Law adversely affected U.S. foreign policy. Some federal and lower courts in the judiciary of the United States pose a real threat to Americans’ democracy as well. To that end, when ‘the principle of truth’ loses its relevance and meaning as benchmarks for appraisals and decisions, and becomes a harmful tool for willful propaganda. Everybody should be worried about U.S. democracy. A real crisis is coming! U.S. Democracy is at a breaking point. Like a giant modern mirror standing behind democracy itself, this book is a citizen's guide to saving U.S. Democracy. Expertly drawn on global and regional examples and current literature, the volume closes a gap in the multidisciplinary field. Quite useful as a valuable resource as it helps us understand the shifting Trump agenda in diverse areas. Essential reference across a range of subjects, bringing together contributions from scholars, and policymakers alike. This extraordinarily well-researched and practically crafted, culture-inclusive text could not be more relevant or timelier. It is a must for everyone. This volume will help to shape the political landscape of the 21st century and will remain a vital source of inspiration for modern-day scholars and political activists. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Global Visions Jeremy Brecher, John Brown Childs, Jill Cutler, 1993 We live in an era of globalization in which pollution, satellite broadcasts, adn products from the global factory stream across national borders. Today's globalization is mostly globalization-from-above - an effort to expand the wealth and power of the wealthy and powerful. In Global Vision scholars and activists from more then twenty countries in all parts of the globe explore a startling alternative: globalization-form-below. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Crime and Justice in the Trump Era Francis Cullen, Amanda Graham, 2020-05-21 Crime and Justice in the Trump Era documents the impact of Trump administration policies on (1) violence against women, (2) the treatment of persons of color, (3) corporate and environmental crime (both domestic and international), and (4) federal crime control policy. First, the book examines how the policies of Donald Trump’s administration have affected the rights and safety of female Americans—in particular, violence against women, including sexual assault. The book then goes on to explore President Trump’s very public stances devaluing people of color—whether they reside within the nation’s borders or are seeking entry into the United States. Next, the collection evaluates the collateral costs attached to the ongoing campaign to reduce regulations that protect consumers, workers, and the environment. Likewise, the valuing America’s narrow self-interests may also have effects internationally, where crime and violence may be tied to Trump’s promotion of White nationalism, toleration of human rights violations, and denial of climate change. Lastly, criminal justice policies are examined, both in the early stages of Trump’s presidency, which were marked by his get-tough rhetoric, along with the more recent support for the First Step Act. The authors represent different perspectives in the discipline—critical/feminist and mainstream criminologists, quantitative and qualitative scholars, and students of both street and white-collar crime. Taken together, this book reflects a variety of criminological voices and advances immeasurably our understanding of the Trump administration’s influence on crime and justice in America. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Victims & Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy, and Practice. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Truth : A Patriots Guide To American History and three Holidays Pat R. Iotmouse, 2019-11-02 Finally an American History book from a conservative point of view. Taking us through the formation of the USA, the revolutionary war, the war of 1812, the formation of the central banks, thoughts from Thomas Paine, Mises, Lincoln this is a book that is not afraid to tell all about what was really behind these events that seemed to not make much sense when told to us by liberals in high school and college. It also includes several sections on American holidays including Columbus Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Trump And The Puritans James Roberts, Martyn Whittock, 2020-01-14 The year 2020 is a hugely significant one for the United States of America, marking as it does the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the Mayflower Pilgrims to the New World and their establishment of a 'godly' colony in (what was for them) the 'American wilderness'. But it is also the year of the next Presidential election, one where the current occupant is expected to stand for re-election. Many millions of Americans will not see this as a random juxtaposition of events, since for them the unlikely person of Donald Trump is the one chosen by God to implement a twenty-first-century programme of godly rule and the restoration of American spiritual exceptionalism that is directly rooted in those far-off times when Puritan settlers (who followed in 1630) first established a semi-theocratic 'New Jerusalem' in the 'New World'. The USA is the home of more Christians than any other nation on earth. In 2014 research revealed that 70.6 per cent of Americans identified as Christians of some form with 25.4% identifying as 'Evangelicals'. Eighty-one per cent of them, around 33.7 million people, voted Trump in 2016. How can it be that self-described Christians of the 'Evangelical Religious Right' see, of all people, Donald Trump as their political representative and thus defender of their cause? Trump and the Puritans argues that while Donald Trump is no Puritan, the long-term influence of these 17th century radicals makes the USA different from any other Western democracy, and that this influence motivates and energizes a key element of his base to an astonishing degree and has played a major part in delivering political power to Trump. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Clash of Issues Samuel Krislov, Raymond Lawrence Lee, 1989 |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: Local Theories of Argument Dale Hample, 2021-03-26 Argumentation is often understood as a coherent set of Western theories, birthed in Athens and developing throughout the Roman period, the Middle Ages, the Enlightenment and Renaissance, and into the present century. Ideas have been nuanced, developed, and revised, but still the outline of argumentation theory has been recognizable for centuries, or so it has seemed to Western scholars. The 2019 Alta Conference on Argumentation (co-sponsored by the National Communication Association and the American Forensic Association) aimed to question the generality of these intellectual traditions. This resulting collection of essays deals with the possibility of having local theories of argument – local to a particular time, a particular kind of issue, a particular place, or a particular culture. Many of the papers argue for reconsidering basic ideas about arguing to represent the uniqueness of some moment or location of discourse. Other scholars are more comfortable with the Western traditions, and find them congenial to the analysis of arguments that originate in discernibly distinct circumstances. The papers represent different methodologies, cover the experiences of different nations at different times, examine varying sorts of argumentative events (speeches, court decisions, food choices, and sound), explore particular personal identities and the issues highlighted by them, and have different overall orientations to doing argumentation scholarship. Considered together, the essays do not generate one simple conclusion, but they stimulate reflection about the particularity or generality of the experience of arguing, and therefore the scope of our theories. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: President Kennedy Richard Reeves, 2011-11-08 President Kennedy is the compelling, dramatic history of JFK's thousand days in office. It illuminates the presidential center of power by providing an indepth look at the day-by-day decisions and dilemmas of the thirty-fifth president as he faced everything from the threat of nuclear war abroad to racial unrest at home. A narrative that leaves us not only with a new understanding of Kennedy as President, but also with a new understanding of what it means to be President (The New York Times). |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Gettysburg Address Abraham Lincoln, 2009-08-27 The Address was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the decisive Battle of Gettysburg. In just over two minutes, Lincoln invoked the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union, but as a new birth of freedom that would bring true equality to all of its citizens, and that would also create a unified nation in which states' rights were no longer dominant. Throughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves - and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives - and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization and helped make us who we are. |
| what president has the lowest iq in history: The Fourth Industrial Revolution Klaus Schwab, 2017-01-03 The founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum on how the impending technological revolution will change our lives We are on the brink of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. And this one will be unlike any other in human history. Characterized by new technologies fusing the physical, digital and biological worlds, the Fourth Industrial Revolution will impact all disciplines, economies and industries - and it will do so at an unprecedented rate. World Economic Forum data predicts that by 2025 we will see: commercial use of nanomaterials 200 times stronger than steel and a million times thinner than human hair; the first transplant of a 3D-printed liver; 10% of all cars on US roads being driverless; and much more besides. In The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Schwab outlines the key technologies driving this revolution, discusses the major impacts on governments, businesses, civil society and individuals, and offers bold ideas for what can be done to shape a better future for all. |
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