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The War on the Frontier: A History of Conflict in the Borderlands
The phrase "war on the frontier" conjures images of relentless skirmishes, desperate survival, and the clash of cultures. It’s a concept that transcends specific geographical locations and historical periods, representing a persistent struggle for land, resources, and dominance in the contested spaces between established civilizations. This in-depth exploration dives into the multifaceted nature of frontier warfare, examining its defining characteristics, historical examples, and lasting legacies. We'll journey through various conflicts, analyze their driving forces, and understand the profound impact they had—and continue to have—on the shaping of nations and societies.
H2: Defining the Frontier and its inherent conflict
The "frontier," in its broadest sense, represents a zone of transition—a boundary area between distinct political entities, cultures, or ecosystems. It's a space characterized by ambiguity, fluidity, and often, intense competition. This inherent instability fosters conflict. The very nature of the frontier—uncertain territorial claims, diverse populations vying for resources, and a lack of centralized authority—creates fertile ground for warfare. This wasn't simply about organized armies; frontier conflicts often involved smaller-scale engagements, raids, and guerilla tactics, making them difficult to control and even more brutal.
H2: Historical Examples of Frontier Warfare
The history of warfare is replete with examples of conflict on the frontier.
#### H3: The American West: A Crucible of Frontier Conflict
The westward expansion of the United States in the 19th century provides a prime example of a "war on the frontier." The conflict wasn't solely between the U.S. Army and Native American tribes; it involved complex interactions between settlers, miners, ranchers, and various indigenous groups, all fighting for control of land and resources. Battles like Little Bighorn and Wounded Knee represent just the tip of the iceberg, highlighting the immense bloodshed and displacement that marked this era.
#### H3: The Wild West wasn't just about cowboys
The romanticized image of the American West often overshadows the brutality and complexity of the conflicts that shaped it. The violence wasn't always organized warfare; it frequently manifested in smaller-scale conflicts between individuals and groups, fueled by land disputes, economic competition, and racial tensions. The "Wild West" was anything but tame; it was a lawless landscape rife with conflict, where survival often depended on one's ability to defend oneself and one's property.
#### H3: The Roman Frontier and beyond: A persistent theme
The Roman Empire's frontier, stretching across vast swathes of Europe and North Africa, witnessed centuries of warfare. The Romans constantly battled Germanic tribes, Celtic peoples, and other groups pushing against their borders. This persistent pressure contributed to the ultimate decline of the empire. Similarly, the expansion of various empires throughout history—from the Mongols to the British—resulted in continuous border skirmishes and full-blown wars as they encountered resistance from existing populations. The "war on the frontier" is a recurring theme throughout human history.
H2: The Nature of Frontier Warfare
Frontier warfare often differs significantly from traditional, large-scale conflicts between established armies.
#### H3: Guerrilla Tactics and Asymmetric Warfare
Frontier warfare frequently involves asymmetric conflicts, where one side utilizes unconventional tactics like ambushes, raids, and guerilla warfare against a larger, more conventionally equipped force. This makes such conflicts difficult to resolve, leading to protracted struggles and significant civilian casualties.
#### H3: The Role of Technology and Logistics
Access to resources and technology played a crucial role in the outcome of frontier wars. The side with superior weaponry, logistical capabilities, and communication networks often held a significant advantage. However, knowledge of the terrain and guerilla tactics could often compensate for technological inferiority.
#### H3: The Human Cost of Frontier Conflicts
The human cost of frontier warfare is immense, often involving widespread displacement, famine, disease, and cultural disruption. The long-term consequences can be devastating, shaping political landscapes and social structures for generations.
H2: The Lasting Legacy of Frontier Conflicts
The wars fought on the frontiers of history have had profound and enduring effects. They shaped national identities, created lasting political divisions, and profoundly impacted the cultural landscape. The psychological scars of these conflicts continue to resonate, impacting social dynamics and political discourse even today. Understanding this legacy is essential to comprehend the complexities of contemporary conflicts and strive for peace.
Conclusion
The "war on the frontier" is a persistent theme throughout human history, a testament to the inherent instability and competition that define borderlands. From the American West to the Roman Empire, the defining characteristics of these conflicts – asymmetric warfare, intense resource competition, and significant human cost – remain consistent. By studying these historical examples, we can gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of conflict and the enduring impact of struggles for land and power in the contested zones between civilizations. Understanding this history is critical to fostering peace and cooperation in our own increasingly interconnected world.
FAQs
1. What makes frontier warfare different from traditional warfare? Frontier warfare often involves asymmetric conflicts, guerrilla tactics, and a greater reliance on local knowledge and resources compared to traditional, large-scale battles between standing armies.
2. How did technology impact frontier conflicts? Access to superior weaponry, logistics, and communication systems often provided a significant advantage, but knowledge of the terrain and guerilla tactics could offset this.
3. What were the long-term consequences of frontier wars? Frontier wars often led to lasting political divisions, cultural disruption, widespread displacement, and enduring psychological scars on affected populations.
4. Are there any modern examples of "war on the frontier"? Conflicts in border regions around the world, such as those involving drug cartels, insurgent groups, and competing national interests, often exhibit characteristics similar to historical frontier wars.
5. What can we learn from studying historical frontier conflicts? By analyzing past conflicts, we can gain insights into the dynamics of border disputes, the effectiveness of different military strategies, and the long-term consequences of violence and instability in contested areas, helping us to build a more peaceful future.
| war on the frontier: The First Way of War John Grenier, 2005-01-31 This 2005 book explores the evolution of Americans' first way of war, to show how war waged against Indian noncombatant population and agricultural resources became the method early Americans employed and, ultimately, defined their military heritage. The sanguinary story of the American conquest of the Indian peoples east of the Mississippi River helps demonstrate how early Americans embraced warfare shaped by extravagant violence and focused on conquest. Grenier provides a major revision in understanding the place of warfare directed on noncombatants in the American military tradition, and his conclusions are relevant to understand US 'special operations' in the War on Terror. |
| war on the frontier: The Great Frontier War William R. Nester, 2000 |
| war on the frontier: A War of Frontier and Empire David J. Silbey, 2008-03-04 First-rate military history, A War of Frontier and Empire retells an often forgotten chapter in America's past, infusing it with commanding contemporary relevance. It has been termed an insurgency, a revolution, a guerrilla war, and a conventional war. As David J. Silbey demonstrates in this taut, compelling history, the 1899 Philippine-American War was in fact all of these. Played out over three distinct conflicts—one fought between the Spanish and the allied United States and Filipino forces; one fought between the United States and the Philippine Army of Liberation; and one fought between occupying American troops and an insurgent alliance of often divided Filipinos—the war marked America's first steps as a global power and produced a wealth of lessons learned and forgotten. |
| war on the frontier: The Frontier of Patriotism Jeff Keshen, Adriana A. Davies, 2016 Canada's First National Internment Operations and the Search for Sanctuary in the Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association -- Conscientious Objectors in Alberta in the First World War -- SECTION FOUR: Aftermath -- War, Public Health, and the 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic in Alberta -- Applying Modernity: Local Government and the 1919 Federal Housing Scheme in Alberta -- Soldier Settlement in Alberta, 1917-1931 -- First World War Centennial Commemoration in Alberta Museums -- APPENDIX -- CONTRIBUTORS -- INDEX -- Back Cover |
| war on the frontier: Forgotten War Henry Reynolds, 2022-07-01 ‘We are at war with them,’ wrote a Tasmanian settler in 1831. ‘What we call their crime is what in a white man we should call patriotism.’ Australia is dotted with memorials to soldiers who fought in wars overseas. So why are there no official memorials or commemorations of the wars that were fought on Australian soil between First Nations people and white colonists? Why is it more controversial to talk about the frontier wars now than it was one hundred years ago? In this updated edition of Forgotten War, winner of the 2014 Victorian Premier’s Award for non-fiction, influential historian Henry Reynolds makes it clear that there can be no reconciliation without acknowledging the wars fought on our own soil. ‘Impressive … In terse, uncompromising sentences, Reynolds lays out a new road map towards true reconciliation.’ — Raymond Evans, The Age ‘A brilliant light shone into a dark forgetfulness: ground-breaking, authoritative, compelling.’ — Kate Grenville ‘Forgotten War invites us to recognise and applaud the courage and tenacity of those Aborigines who defended their lands against impossible odds and to recognise the cost to them and to their descendants.’ — Franklin Richards ‘Forgotten War is a work of passion by one of Australia’s greatest living historians, a scholar who has helped to redefine the relationships between white and black Australians … His measured prose and scholarly authority should be heeded.’ — Peter Stanley, Sydney Morning Herald ‘Henry Reynolds’ Forgotten War calls for the principle of ‘lest we forget’ to include all Australians who died in defending their country, including Indigenous people. Timely historical analysis of newly collated and discovered evidence shows that the coming of European settlers to Aboriginal territories was firmly defined as a frontier war … Reynolds makes a compelling and measured case that we should officially honour and acknowledge the tens of thousands of people who died in our frontier wars.’ — Judges’ Report, The Victorian Premier’s Literary Awards |
| war on the frontier: Frontier Country Patrick Spero, 2016-09-26 In Frontier Country, Patrick Spero addresses one of the most important and controversial subjects in American history: the frontier. Countering the modern conception of the American frontier as an area of expansion, Spero employs the eighteenth-century meaning of the term to show how colonists understood it as a vulnerable, militarized boundary. The Pennsylvania frontier, Spero argues, was constituted through conflicts not only between colonists and Native Americans but also among neighboring British colonies. These violent encounters created what Spero describes as a distinctive frontier society on the eve of the American Revolution that transformed the once-peaceful colony of Pennsylvania into a frontier country. Spero narrates Pennsylvania's story through a sequence of formative but until now largely overlooked confrontations: an eight-year-long border war between Maryland and Pennsylvania in the 1730s; the Seven Years' War and conflicts with Native Americans in the 1750s; a series of frontier rebellions in the 1760s that rocked the colony and its governing elite; and wars Pennsylvania fought with Virginia and Connecticut in the 1770s over its western and northern borders. Deploying innovative data-mining and GIS-mapping techniques to produce a series of customized maps, he illustrates the growth and shifting locations of frontiers over time. Synthesizing the tensions between high and low politics and between eastern and western regions in Pennsylvania before the Revolution, Spero recasts the importance of frontiers to the development of colonial America and the origins of American Independence. |
| war on the frontier: Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Frontier, 1756–63 J. Oliphant, 2001-02-02 While the Seven Years War pushed London towards a protective Native American policy, outcomes were determined by men on the spot. The savage Anglo-Cherokee war was resolved by Cherokee headmen willing to accept a dignified peace; and by the sympathy of the very man sent to crush them. Colonel James Grant forced his treaty upon South Carolina, demonstrated the value of imperial frontier management and started some Carolinians on the road to revolution. |
| war on the frontier: War on the West William Perry Pendley, 1995 War on the West reveals, for the first time, the startling and shocking details behind one of the nation's top news stories: the brewing Western revolt against the federal government. The federal government, following the lead of environmental extremists, is increasingly using strong-arm tactics against Western land-owners and resource providers. Government agents have jailed ranchers for fencing their own land, placed the welfare of wildlife above the lives of humans, used federal laws and government lawyers to intimidate property owners into submission, and condemned much of the West to the devastation of a nature's way approach to land management. War on the West lays out, issue by issue, the attack now underway on timber, mining, ranching, oil and gas exploration, tourism, and even the West's most important resource: water. With the dramatic stories of the brave men and women who have banded together in a grassroots movement to fight back, Pendley shows how the West's most threatened species - working men and women and their communities - are making a dramatic comeback. |
| war on the frontier: Gudyarra Stephen Gapps, 2021-11 'In May 1824, what can only be described as a period of all-out, total gudyarra ('war' in the Wiradyuri language) had begun west of the Blue Mountains. Relations between Wiradyuri people and the colonists in the country around Bathurst had completely broken down, and the number of raids and killings occurring across isolated stock stations in the district had intensified.' In Gudyarra, Stephen Gapps - award-winning author of The Sydney Wars - unearths what led to this furious and bloody war, beginning with the occupation of Wiradyuri lands by Europeans following Governor Macquarie's push to expand the colony west over the Blue Mountains to generate wealth from sheep and cattle. Gudyarra traces the co-ordinated resistance warfare by the Wiradyuri under the leadership of Windradyne, and others such as Blucher and Jingler, that occurred in a vast area across the central west of New South Wales. Detailing the drastic counterattacks by the colonists and the punitive expeditions led by armed parties of colonists and convicts that often ended in massacres of Wiradyuri women and children, Gapps provides an important new historical account of the fierce Wiradyuri resistance. 'This isn't just a war for Wiradjuri country, this is a war for Australia: the country we are still to be. Our nation begins here.' -- Stan Grant 'The untold story of the Wiradyuri War of resistance against a World Empire' -- Uncle Bill Allen Junior, Wiradyuri Elder 'In Gudyarra, Stephen Gapps plots in meticulous detail the brutal war between the British and the Wiradyuri for possession of the Western Plains of New South Wales. A masterly account of both sides of the conflict, Gudyarra offers new understandings of the complexity of frontier history and the need for all Australians to reconcile with the past.' -- Lyndall Ryan 'This is an important book, indeed essential reading for anyone wanting to understand the new direction in the history of the frontier wars.' -- Henry Reynolds |
| war on the frontier: The Frontier War for American Independence William R. Nester, 2004 The vicious war on the frontier significantly altered the course of the Revolution. Regular troops, volunteers, and Indians clashed in large-scale campaigns. Bloody fights for land, home, and family. Although the American Revolution is commonly associated with specific locations such as the heights above Boston or the frozen Delaware River, important events took place in the wooded, mountainous lands of the frontier. |
| war on the frontier: War Comes to Garmser Carter Malkasian, 2013 If you want to understand Afghanistan, writes Carter Malkasian, you need to understand what has happened on the ground, in the villages and countryside that were on the frontline. These small places are the heart of the war. Modeled on the classic Vietnam War book, War Comes to Long An, Malkasian's War Comes to Garmser promises to be a landmark account of the war in Afghanistan. The author, who spent nearly two years in Garmser, a community in war-torn Helmand province, tells the story of this one small place through the jihad, the rise and fall of Taliban regimes, and American and British surge. Based on his conversations with hundreds of Afghans, including government officials, tribal leaders, religious leaders, and over forty Taliban, and drawing on extensive primary source material, Malkasian takes readers into the world of the Afghans. Through their feuds, grievances, beliefs, and way of life, Malkasian shows how the people of Garmser have struggled for three decades through brutal wars and short-lived regimes. Beginning with the victorious but destabilizing jihad against the Soviets and the ensuing civil war, he explains how the Taliban movement formed; how, after being routed in 2001, they returned stronger than ever in 2006; and how Afghans, British, and Americans fought with them thereafter. Above all, he describes the lives of Afghans who endured and tried to build some kind of order out of war. While Americans and British came and went, Afghans carried on, year after year. Afghanistan started out as the good war, the war we fought for the right reasons. Now for many it seems a futile military endeavor, costly and unwinnable. War Comes to Garmser offers a fresh, original perspective on this war, one that will redefine how we look at Afghanistan and at modern war in general. |
| war on the frontier: Surviving New England Callum Clayton-Dixon, 2020-09-15 Our people had thrived here on the so-called New England Tableland since the first sunrise. But in the 1830s, squatters began invading the region with their plagues of livestock. Colonization plunged Aboriginal society into utter chaos, driving us off our lands and decimating the traditional way of life. The traumas of the early colonial period remain carved deeply into the country and its people. But because of our ancestors' struggles, their fierce resistance, their unyielding determination to survive, we are still here. Clouded by the great conspiracy of silence, the dominant myth of peaceful settlement, and the proliferation of Eurocentric narratives touting the achievements of explorers and pastoral pioneers, our people's remarkable history of resistance and survival during the first few decades of the occupation has faded into obscurity. It is their story which this book sets out to reclaim, co-opting the colonial archive and subverting the colonial narrative, deconstructing their story in order to uncover our own. |
| war on the frontier: The Other Side of the Frontier H. Reynolds, 2006 The publication of this book in 1981 profoundly changed the way in which we understand the history of relations between indigenous Australians and European settlers. Describes in meticulous and compelling detail the ways in which Aborigines responded to the arrival of Europeans. |
| war on the frontier: Riding for the Lone Star Nathan A. Jennings, 2016-02-15 The idea of Texas was forged in the crucible of frontier warfare between 1822 and 1865, when Anglo-Americans adapted to mounted combat north of the Rio Grande. This cavalry-centric arena, which had long been the domain of Plains Indians and the Spanish Empire, compelled an adaptive martial tradition that shaped early Lone Star society. Beginning with initial tactical innovation in Spanish Tejas and culminating with massive mobilization for the Civil War, Texas society developed a distinctive way of war defined by armed horsemanship, volunteer militancy, and short-term mobilization as it grappled with both tribal and international opponents. Drawing upon military reports, participants' memoirs, and government documents, cavalry officer Nathan A. Jennings analyzes the evolution of Texan militarism from tribal clashes of colonial Tejas, territorial wars of the Texas Republic, the Mexican-American War, border conflicts of antebellum Texas, and the cataclysmic Civil War. In each conflict Texan volunteers answered the call to arms with marked enthusiasm for mounted combat. Riding for the Lone Star explores this societal passion--with emphasis on the historic rise of the Texas Rangers--through unflinching examination of territorial competition with Comanches, Mexicans, and Unionists. Even as statesmen Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston emerged as influential strategic leaders, captains like Edward Burleson, John Coffee Hays, and John Salmon Ford attained fame for tactical success. |
| war on the frontier: The Australian Frontier Wars, 1788-1838 John Connor, 2002 This text is a comprehensive military history of frontier conflict in Australia. Covering the first 50 years of British occupation in Australia, the book examines in detail how both sides fought on the frontier and examines how Aborigines developed a form of warfare differing from tradition. |
| war on the frontier: Warrior Libby Connors, 2015-05-01 'Connors lays down the hard truth. Not all our warriors were Anzacs. Not all our wars were just.' - John Birmingham, author and columnist In the 1840s, white settlement in the north was under attack. European settlers were in awe of Aboriginal physical fitness and fighting prowess, and a series of deadly raids on homesteads made even the townspeople of Brisbane anxious. Young warrior Dundalli was renowned for his size and strength, and his elders gave him the task of leading the resistance against the Europeans' ever increasing incursions on their traditional lands. Their response was embedded in Aboriginal law and Dundalli became one of their greatest lawmen. With his band of warriors, he had the settlers in thrall for twelve years, evading capture again and again, until he was finally arrested and publicly executed. Warrior is the extraordinary story of one of Australia's little-known heroes, one of many Aboriginal men to die protecting their country. It is also a fresh and compelling portrait of life in the early days of white settlement of Brisbane and south east Queensland. 'An enduring record of one of our greatest heroes.' - Sam Watson, activist and writer 'Deeply considered and powerfully told, this book recovers the entangled history of Aboriginal people and settlers in colonial Queensland, a history which is also Australia's story writ large.' - Associate Professor Grace Karskens, University of NSW |
| war on the frontier: War and Peace on the Rio Grande Frontier, 1830–1880 Miguel Ángel González-Quiroga, 2020-03-05 The historical record of the Rio Grande valley through much of the nineteenth century reveals well-documented violence fueled by racial hatred, national rivalries, lack of governmental authority, competition for resources, and an international border that offered refuge to lawless men. Less noted is the region’s other everyday reality, one based on coexistence and cooperation among Mexicans, Anglo-Americans, and the Native Americans, African Americans, and Europeans who also inhabited the borderlands. War and Peace on the Rio Grande Frontier, 1830–1880 is a history of these parallel worlds focusing on a border that gave rise not only to violent conflict but also cooperation and economic and social advancement. Meeting here are the Anglo-Americans who came to the border region to trade, spread Christianity, and settle; Mexicans seeking opportunity in el norte; Native Americans who raided American and Mexican settlements alike for plunder and captives; and Europeans who crisscrossed the borderlands seeking new futures in a fluid frontier space. Historian Miguel Ángel González-Quiroga draws on national archives, letters, consular records, periodicals, and a host of other sources to give voice to borderlanders’ perspectives as he weaves their many, varied stories into one sweeping narrative. The tale he tells is one of economic connections and territorial disputes, of refugees and bounty hunters, speculation and stakeholding, smuggling and theft and other activities in which economic considerations often carried more weight than racial prejudice. Spanning the Anglo settlement of Texas in the 1830s, the Texas Revolution, the Republic of Texas , the US-Mexican War, various Indian wars, the US Civil War, the French intervention into Mexico, and the final subjugation of borderlands Indians by the combined forces of the US and Mexican armies, this is a magisterial work that forever alters, complicates, and enriches borderlands history. Published in association with the William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas |
| war on the frontier: Civil War & Revolution on the Rio Grande Frontier Jerry D. Thompson, Lawrence T. Jones, 2004 Civil War and Revolution on the Rio Grande Frontier contains more than 125 of the best images taken by De Planque and other photographers, the vast majority having never been published. From numerous archives and private collections, these images include everything from the destruction following the killer hurricane of 1867 to gripping views of the heart-wrenching hanging of an American army deserter and three unfortunate followers of Cortina, who happened to get caught on the wrong side of the river. |
| war on the frontier: Frontier Rebels: The Fight for Independence in the American West, 1765-1776 Patrick Spero, 2018-09-18 The untold story of the “Black Boys,” a rebellion on the American frontier in 1765 that sparked the American Revolution. In 1763, the Seven Years’ War ended in a spectacular victory for the British. The French army agreed to leave North America, but many Native Americans, fearing that the British Empire would expand onto their lands and conquer them, refused to lay down their weapons. Under the leadership of a shrewd Ottawa warrior named Pontiac, they kept fighting for their freedom, capturing several British forts and devastating many of the westernmost colonial settlements. The British, battered from the costly war, needed to stop the violent attacks on their borderlands. Peace with Pontiac was their only option—if they could convince him to negotiate. Enter George Croghan, a wily trader-turned-diplomat with close ties to Native Americans. Under the wary eye of the British commander-in-chief, Croghan organized one of the largest peace offerings ever assembled and began a daring voyage into the interior of North America in search of Pontiac. Meanwhile, a ragtag group of frontiersmen set about stopping this peace deal in its tracks. Furious at the Empire for capitulating to Native groups, whom they considered their sworn enemies, and suspicious of Croghan’s intentions, these colonists turned Native American tactics of warfare on the British Empire. Dressing as Native Americans and smearing their faces in charcoal, these frontiersmen, known as the Black Boys, launched targeted assaults to destroy Croghan’s peace offering before it could be delivered. The outcome of these interwoven struggles would determine whose independence would prevail on the American frontier—whether freedom would be defined by the British, Native Americans, or colonial settlers. Drawing on largely forgotten manuscript sources from archives across North America, Patrick Spero recasts the familiar narrative of the American Revolution, moving the action from the Eastern Seaboard to the treacherous western frontier. In spellbinding detail, Frontier Rebels reveals an often-overlooked truth: the West played a crucial role in igniting the flame of American independence. |
| war on the frontier: The For the War Yet to Come Hiba Bou Akar, 2018-09-11 “Through elegant ethnography and nuanced theorization . . . gives us a new way of thinking about violence, development, modernity, and ultimately, the city.” —Ananya Roy, University of California, Los Angeles Beirut is a city divided. Following the Green Line of the civil war, dividing the Christian east and the Muslim west, today hundreds of such lines dissect the city. For the residents of Beirut, urban planning could hold promise: a new spatial order could bring a peaceful future. But with unclear state structures and outsourced public processes, urban planning has instead become a contest between religious-political organizations and profit-seeking developers. Neighborhoods reproduce poverty, displacement, and urban violence. For the War Yet to Come examines urban planning in three neighborhoods of Beirut’s southeastern peripheries, revealing how these areas have been developed into frontiers of a continuing sectarian order. Hiba Bou Akar argues these neighborhoods are arranged, not in the expectation of a bright future, but according to the logic of “the war yet to come”: urban planning plays on fears and differences, rumors of war, and paramilitary strategies to organize everyday life. As she shows, war in times of peace is not fought with tanks, artillery, and rifles, but involves a more mundane territorial contest for land and apartment sales, zoning and planning regulations, and infrastructure projects. Winner of the Anthony Leeds Prize “Upends our conventional notions of center and periphery, of local and transnational, even of war and peace.” —AbdouMaliq Simone, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity “Fascinating, theoretically astute, and empirically rich.” —Asef Bayat, University of Illinois — Urbana-Champaign “An important contribution.” —Christine Mady, International Journal of Middle East Studies |
| war on the frontier: The Edges of War John Milton, 1983 |
| war on the frontier: Ben Mcculloch and the Frontier Military Tradition Thomas W. Cutrer, 2000-11-09 [A] well-written, comprehensively researched biography.--Publishers Weekly Will both edify the scholar while captivating and entertaining the general reader. . . . Cutrer's research is impeccable, his prose vigorous, and his life of McCulloch likely to remain the standard for many years.--Civil War A well-crafted work that makes an important contribution to understanding the frontier military tradition and the early stages of the Civil War in the West.--Civil War History A penetrating study of a man who was one of the last citizen soldiers to wear a general's stars.--Blue and Gray A brisk narrative filled with colorful quotations by and about the central figure. . . . Will become the standard biography of Ben McCulloch.--Journal of Southern History A fast-paced, clearly written narrative that does full justice to its heroically oversized subject.--American Historical Review |
| war on the frontier: The Archaeology of French and Indian War Frontier Forts Lawrence E. Babits, Stephanie Gandulla, 2015-03-30 Explores how European forts were adapted for the special needs of the North American frontier. |
| war on the frontier: Freedom's Frontier Stacey L. Smith, 2013-08-12 Most histories of the Civil War era portray the struggle over slavery as a conflict that exclusively pitted North against South, free labor against slave labor, and black against white. In Freedom's Frontier, Stacey L. Smith examines the battle over slavery as it unfolded on the multiracial Pacific Coast. Despite its antislavery constitution, California was home to a dizzying array of bound and semibound labor systems: African American slavery, American Indian indenture, Latino and Chinese contract labor, and a brutal sex traffic in bound Indian and Chinese women. Using untapped legislative and court records, Smith reconstructs the lives of California's unfree workers and documents the political and legal struggles over their destiny as the nation moved through the Civil War, emancipation, and Reconstruction. Smith reveals that the state's anti-Chinese movement, forged in its struggle over unfree labor, reached eastward to transform federal Reconstruction policy and national race relations for decades to come. Throughout, she illuminates the startling ways in which the contest over slavery's fate included a western struggle that encompassed diverse labor systems and workers not easily classified as free or slave, black or white. |
| war on the frontier: Queensland’s Frontier Wars Jack Drake, 2021-06-11 Queensland’s Frontier Wars is an attempt to document the known confrontations between either white settlers or white and native police and First Nations people where deaths were reported. It is now an accepted premise that these confrontations were wars to gain access to the land, because, if not wars, then it was mass murder. No one in Queensland was charged with the murder of First Nations during these confrontations. The book shows the invasion from New South Wales into southern Queensland and the advances from the sea in central and north Queensland. The ‘dispersement’ of the First Nations people from their land was violent and efficient using far superior weaponry. This book adds significantly to the true and uncomfortable history of Queensland. |
| war on the frontier: The Frontier Effect Teo Ballvé, 2020 This book disputes the commonly held view that Colombia's armed conflict is a result of state absence or failure, providing broader lessons about the real drivers of political violence in war-torn areas-- |
| war on the frontier: The Cold War American West, 1945-1989 Kevin J. Fernlund, 1998 The first comprehensive survey of the Cold War's enormous impact on the environment, society, politics, culture, and economy of the American West. |
| war on the frontier: Science, the Endless Frontier Vannevar Bush, 2021-02-02 The classic case for why government must support science—with a new essay by physicist and former congressman Rush Holt on what democracy needs from science today Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government’s responsibility to support scientific endeavors. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nation’s health, security, and prosperity. Bush’s vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the world’s most productive scientific enterprise. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science’s very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government. This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. Reflecting on the report’s legacy and relevance along with its limitations, Holt contends that the public’s ability to cope with today’s issues—such as public health, the changing climate and environment, and challenging technologies in modern society—requires a more capacious understanding of what science can contribute. Holt considers how scientists should think of their obligation to society and what the public should demand from science, and he calls for a renewed understanding of science’s value for democracy and society at large. A touchstone for concerned citizens, scientists, and policymakers, Science, the Endless Frontier endures as a passionate articulation of the power and potential of science. |
| war on the frontier: March Into the Endless Mountains Ray Ward, 2006-11 Ray Ward¿s dramatic March Into The Endless Mountains ¿ 1778: The Beginnings of War on the Frontier of America, reconstructs the turbulent story of two cultures in clash and the adventures of a double spy who almost changed American history. Ward describes in vivid detail the battles spreading amid the mountains and along the Susquehanna River, westernmost boundary of Colonial settlement. Herein, much as are interwoven the strands of a tapestry, the author weaves a tapestry of unfolding events, narrating the loves, tragedies, espionage and, yes, terror that prevailed. The war is seen from several perspectives, Indian, Tory, frontiersman, and those with divided loyalty. All major characters are drawn from real life, including the beautiful Seneca Queen Esther Montour of French and Indian descent, and Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant, college educated, who led the warring Indian nations. The plot advances around Samuel Wallis, respected Philadelphian known as the `land king of Pennsylvania¿ because of his vast holdings on the frontier. To preserve his investment he would play both sides, serving Sir William Howe more faithfully that his other master General George Washington. He would become paymaster of Philadelphia¿s notorious spy-ring. About him swirls the military forays, pitched battles, wilderness ambushes, Indian confabs, Loyalist intrigue which makes this fast paced chronicle a compelling account of the bloody years 1778-79. Helpful to the reader is preface material and end notes. Sleep deprivation is a byproduct experienced by those opening the covers of this historical treatise. |
| war on the frontier: Black War Nicholas Clements, 2014-04-23 Between 1825 and 1831 close to 200 Britons and 1000 Aborigines died violently in Tasmania’s Black War. It was by far the most intense frontier conflict in Australia’s history, yet many Australians know little about it. The Black War takes a unique approach to this historic event, looking chiefly at the experiences and attitudes of those who took part in the conflict. By contrasting the perspectives of colonists and Aborigines, Nicholas Clements takes a deeply human look at the events that led to the shocking violence and tragedy of the war, detailing raw personal accounts that shed light on the tribes, families and individuals involved as they struggled to survive in their turbulent world. The Black War presents a compelling and challenging view of our early contact history, the legacy of which reverberates strongly to the present day. |
| war on the frontier: Peckuwe 1780 John F. Winkler, 2018-10-23 As the Revolutionary War raged on fields near the Atlantic, Native Americans and British rangers fought American settlers on the Ohio River frontier in warfare of unsurpassed ferocity. When their attacks threatened to drive the Americans from their settlements in Kentucky, Daniel Boone, Simon Kenton, and other frontiersmen guided an army of 970 Kentuckians into what is now Ohio to attack the principal Native American bases from which the raids emanated. This superbly illustrated book traces Colonel George Rogers Clark's lightning expedition to destroy Chalawgatha and Peckuwe, and describes how on August 8, 1780, his Kentuckians clashed with an army of 450 Native Americans, under Black Hoof, Buckongahelas, and Girty, at the battle of Peckuwe. It would be the largest Revolutionary War battle on the Ohio River frontier. |
| war on the frontier: Literature and Film in Cold War South Korea Theodore Hughes, 2012-03-20 Korean writers and filmmakers crossed literary and visual cultures in multilayered ways under Japanese colonial rule (1910–1945). Taking advantage of new modes and media that emerged in the early twentieth century, these artists sought subtle strategies for representing the realities of colonialism and global modernity. Theodore Hughes begins by unpacking the relations among literature, film, and art in Korea's colonial period, paying particular attention to the emerging proletarian movement, literary modernism, nativism, and wartime mobilization. He then demonstrates how these developments informed the efforts of post-1945 writers and filmmakers as they confronted the aftershocks of colonialism and the formation of separate regimes in North and South Korea. Hughes puts neglected Korean literary texts, art, and film into conversation with studies on Japanese imperialism and Korea's colonial history. At the same time, he locates post-1945 South Korean cultural production within the transnational circulation of texts, ideas, and images that took place in the first three decades of the Cold War. The incorporation of the Korean Peninsula into the global Cold War order, Hughes argues, must be understood through the politics of the visual. In Literature and Film in Cold War South Korea, he identifies ways of seeing that are central to the organization of a postcolonial culture of division, authoritarianism, and modernization. |
| war on the frontier: Frontier Peter Maxwell, 2011 |
| war on the frontier: War on the Run John F. Ross, 2011-04-26 Often hailed as the godfather of today’s elite special forces, Robert Rogers trained and led an unorthodox unit of green provincials, raw woodsmen, farmers, and Indian scouts on “impossible” missions in colonial America that are still the stuff of soldiers’ legend. The child of marginalized Scots-Irish immigrants, Rogers learned to survive in New England’s dark and deadly forests, grasping, as did few others, that a new world required new forms of warfare. John F. Ross not only re-creates Rogers’s life and his spectacular battles with breathtaking immediacy and meticulous accuracy, but brings a new and provocative perspective on Rogers’s unique vision of a unified continent, one that would influence Thomas Jefferson and inspire the Lewis and Clark expedition. Rogers’s principles of unconventional war-making would lay the groundwork for the colonial strategy later used in the War of Independence—and prove so compelling that army rangers still study them today. Robert Rogers, a backwoods founding father, was heroic, admirable, brutal, canny, ambitious, duplicitous, visionary, and much more—like America itself. |
| war on the frontier: Whitefella Comin' David Samuel Trigger, 1992-02-28 A 1992 examination of the structures and processes of power relations between Aborigines and Whites. |
| war on the frontier: Beyond the Imperial Frontier Vincent O'Malley, 2014-09-15 Beyond the Imperial Frontier is an exploration of the different ways Māori and Pākehā ‘fronted’ one another – the zones of contact and encounter – across the nineteenth century. Beginning with a pre-1840 era marked by significant cooperation, Vincent O’Malley details the emergence of a more competitive and conflicted post-Treaty world. As a collected work, these essays also chart the development of a leading New Zealand historian. |
| war on the frontier: Frontier Simon Haynes, After messing up a live fire exercise, Sam Willet is hauled before the squadron leader for punishment. Her career as a fighter pilot appears to be over before it really began. Then, without warning, the enemy launches a major attack. Against this overwhelming force, every pilot is needed... Sam included. Now is her chance to redeem herself. Now is her chance to fight back. But the enemy's ambitions go far beyond the destruction of a second-string training base. If their bold plan succeeds, it could change the entire course of the war. |
| war on the frontier: The Deaths of Others John Tirman, 2011-07-01 Americans are greatly concerned about the number of our troops killed in battle--33,000 in the Korean War; 58,000 in Vietnam; 4,500 in Iraq--and rightly so. But why are we so indifferent, often oblivious, to the far greater number of casualties suffered by those we fight and those we fight for? This is the compelling, largely unasked question John Tirman answers in The Deaths of Others. Between six and seven million people died in Korea, Vietnam, and Iraq alone, the majority of them civilians. And yet Americans devote little attention to these deaths. Other countries, however, do pay attention, and Tirman argues that if we want to understand why there is so much anti-Americanism around the world, the first place to look is how we conduct war. We understandably strive to protect our own troops, but our rules of engagement with the enemy are another matter. From atomic weapons and carpet bombing in World War II to napalm and daisy cutters in Vietnam and beyond, our weapons have killed large numbers of civilians and enemy soldiers. Americans, however, are mostly ignorant of these methods, believing that American wars are essentially just, necessary, and good. Trenchant and passionate, The Deaths of Others forces readers to consider the tragic consequences of American military action not just for Americans, but especially for those we fight against. |
| war on the frontier: The First American Frontier Wilma A. Dunaway, 2000-11-09 In The First American Frontier, Wilma Dunaway challenges many assumptions about the development of preindustrial Southern Appalachia's society and economy. Drawing on data from 215 counties in nine states from 1700 to 1860, she argues that capitalist exchange and production came to the region much earlier than has been previously thought. Her innovative book is the first regional history of antebellum Southern Appalachia and the first study to apply world-systems theory to the development of the American frontier. Dunaway demonstrates that Europeans established significant trade relations with Native Americans in the southern mountains and thereby incorporated the region into the world economy as early as the seventeenth century. In addition to the much-studied fur trade, she explores various other forces of change, including government policy, absentee speculation in the region's natural resources, the emergence of towns, and the influence of local elites. Contrary to the myth of a homogeneous society composed mainly of subsistence homesteaders, Dunaway finds that many Appalachian landowners generated market surpluses by exploiting a large landless labor force, including slaves. In delineating these complexities of economy and labor in the region, Dunaway provides a perceptive critique of Appalachian exceptionalism and development. |
| war on the frontier: Policing the Great Plains Andrew R. Graybill, 2007-11-01 In the late nineteenth century, the Texas Rangers and Canada?s North-West Mounted Police were formed to bring the resource-rich hinterlands at either end of the Great Plains under governmental control. Native and rural peoples often found themselves squarely in the path of this westward expansion and the law enforcement agents that led the way. Though separated by nearly two thousand miles, the Rangers and Mounties performed nearly identical functions, including subjugating Indigenous groups; dispossessing peoples of mixed ancestry; defending the property of big cattlemen; and policing industrial disputes. Yet the means by which the two forces achieved these ends sharply diverged;øwhile the Rangers often relied on violence, the Mounties usually exercised restraint, a fact that highlights some of the fundamental differences between the U.S. and Canadian Wests. Policing the Great Plains presents the first comparative history of the two most famous constabularies in the world. |
Displaying frontier violence at the Australian War Memorial
The frontier period, and frontier violence, have been variously defined . and described (e.g. Broome, 1988, p. 120; Reynolds, 2013, pp. 49–50). In this chapter, I use the term ‘frontier …
Inventing the Endless Frontier: The Effects of the World War …
Inventing the Endless Frontier: The E ects of the World War II Research E ort on Post-war Innovation∗ Daniel P. Gross† Harvard Business School and NBER Bhaven N. Sampat‡ …
WAR, RACISM, AND THE TAKING OF HEADS: REVISITING …
1980); B. Maclennan, A Proper Degree of Terror: John Graham and the Cape's Eastern Frontier (Johannesburg, 1986); J. Milton, The Edges of War: A History of the Frontier Wars 1702-1878 …
History Grade 7 Term 4 2017 - South African History Online
The Sixth Frontier War of 183435 was started by Maqoma and Tyhali- because they were so angry about the loss of their land. 6 . Gm 2017GM 2017 . Maqoma fought a very successful . …
U.S. History The New Frontier and the Great Society
The New Frontier and the Great Society 669 Lyndon B. Johnson is elected president. 1964 Congress passes the Economic Opportunity Act and Civil Rights Act. 1964 Richard M. Nixon is …
Amerikastudien American Studies, - JSTOR
Heinz TSCHACHLER "Hitler Nevertheless Won the War": Lewis Mumford's 'Germany' and American Idealism 95 Andreas reichstein Space- the Last Cold War Frontier? 112 peter …
Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights …
methods for historians. He helped start H-NET and coauthored The Civil War on the Web and World War II on the Web, and co-edited the four-volume encyclopedia, America at War. He is …
19th-Century Frontier Ideology in Blood Meridian: Cormac …
renounces the thinking advanced by frontier historian, Frederick Jackson Turner, in his 1893 essay “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”—an essay, which has had huge …
GERMAN-POLISH RELATIONS SINCE WORLD WAR II - JSTOR
loudly demanded the revision of the 1939 frontier. The anti-Hitler plotters during the Second World War had also rejected the 1939 frontier and in their program for a negotiated peace asked for …
Armed Conflicts in Outer Space: Which Law Applies?
Conflict on the Final Frontier: The Law of War in Space, 48 A. IR . F. ORCE . L. AW . R. EVIEW . 1, 44–63. International Law Studies 2021 . 192 . definitions abound15, and that there is no …
POLAND 1939 - Hachette Book Group
called that intervening period the “Phoney War”; the French, the “ Drôle de Guerre”—the “funny war.” But there was nothing funny—or phony—about the war that Poland fought in the autumn …
Life in a Frontier Fort During Indian War. LIFE IN A FEONTIEE …
INDIAN WAR. The following diary of Capt. Jacob Morgan, for the month of April, 1758, while in command of one of the forts in that cordon of blockhouses erected in the Indian war for the …
950 Soldiers Drive 31 Mar 2012 - Army Heritage Center …
"Reading between the Lines: Another Look at Officers' Wives in the Post-Civil War Frontier . Army." Military History of the Southwest (Fall 1989): pp. 137-60. Per. Nacy, Michele J. …
The Pakistan Frontier Corps in the War on Terrorism – Part One
The Pakistan Frontier Corps in the War on Terrorism – Part One By Tariq Mahmud Ashraf Pakistan’s first line of defense against insurgent forces in its loosely-ruled western frontier …
Indian Frontier, 1846-1847 - JSTOR
Indian Frontier, 1846-1847 Richard L. Trotter With the outbreak of the Mexican War in May 1846, soldiers of the Sixth Infantry and First Dragoons stationed at the frontier posts of Fort Smith, …
Telli˙ˆ the story of Tex s throuˆh the ˆes
From Native American sites to frontier forts to common and elegant homes that once housed social and political leaders, these sites enrich people’s lives through history. Please visit and …
Conflict on the Final Frontier: Deficien- Cies in the Law of …
CONFLICT ON THE FINAL FRONTIER: DEFICIEN- CIES IN THE LAW OF SPACE CONFLICT BELOW ARMED ATTACK, AND HOW TO REMEDY THEM . R. OSS . B. ROWN * A. …
Institute of Texan Cultures Send in the Calvary: Conflict on …
Why was the Texas Frontier an unsafe place to live during the Civil War? _____ _____ _____ When the Civil War ended, the U.S. Army returned to Texas. Many of the regiments that …
Romance and Reality on the American Frontier: Views of …
to our knowledge and understanding of the nineteenth-century frontier and help to dispel many of the romantic myths about western life and the role of women that still exist in western literature. …
HARRY SMITH’S LAST THROW – THE EIGHTH FRONTIER WAR,
period as he focuses on the longest and most intense of the wars, the 8th Frontier War of 1850–1853. The history of this war has been neglected if one considers that only the Anglo …
Pennsylvania Rifle: Revolutionary Weapon in *A Conventional …
In a war where the enemy preferred to follow traditional pre-cepts, backwoods riflemen were confronted by their antithesis. Riflemen fought a mobile style of war, putting a premium on …
Timothy C. Hemmis, Ph.D. - Texas A&M University–Central Texas
“A Scandalous Frontier: Political Corruption and Greed in the Illinois Country, 1765-1775,” Journal of Illinois History, 2019 ... War of Independence” at 6th Annual Graduate History Conference at …
War Comes to Garmser: Thirty Years of Conflict on the Afghan …
whose War Comes to Garmser: Thirty Years of Conflict on the Afghan Frontier (Oxford University Press, 2013) is a modern classic of the genre—has again applied his astute analysis to another …
Creating a Frontier War: Harrison, Prophetstown, and the …
Creating a Frontier War: Harrison, Prophetstown, and the War of 1812. Patrick Bottiger, Ph.D., pbottiger@fgcu.edu Most scholars would agree that the frontier was a violent place. But only …
2 TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION
From Native American sites to frontier forts to common and elegant homes and the social and political leaders who lived in them, these sites enrich people’s lives through history. Please visit …
Town on the Frontier - The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Black Frontier By Linda C. Gray Taft, Oklahoma, is a small rural community nestled near the confluence of the Arkansas and Verdigris rivers. Like other Oklahoma towns, it has …
Fourth Grade Social Studies Curriculum Calendar
War unit Chapter 9 – Suffrage Movement, Abolition Movement, Underground Railroad, Civil War Changing Life in New York unit Chapter 10 – new inventions, immigration and Ellis Island, …
Battle Of The Frontiers
The Cold War represents a unique form of frontier conflict, an ideological battle fought through proxy wars, espionage, and the constant threat of nuclear annihilation. This chapter will focus …
Lunar Colonies and Nuking the Moon: Science Fiction, Cold …
U.S. officials began to perceive the moon as a Cold War frontier and the ultimate proving ground for American military and technological superiority. Similar plans went as far to suggest that …
Space—the Last Cold War Frontier? - JSTOR
Space-the Last Cold War Frontier? Andreas Reichstein ABSTRACT Thirty years ago, the United States landed the first men on the moon. This was a major suc-cess for the National …
Patterns of frontier genocide 1803–1910: the Aboriginal …
In the frontier genocide pattern, two political issues dominate an indigenous people’s decision to go to war: the mistreatment of women and the physical abuse of other members of indigenous …
PSYCHIC WARFARE: EXPLORING THE MIND FRONTIER - The …
title: psychic warfare: exploring the mind frontier subject: psychic warfare: exploring the mind frontier keywords
SAVAGES IN A CIVILIZED WAR: THE NATIVE AMERICANS AS …
The Seven Years’ War was the first truly global war but it will forever be recognized in North America as the French and Indian War because of the extensive use of Native American allies …
Kashmir War & Frontier Militia - Archive.org
Role of Frontier Militia in the First Kashmir War 1947-1948 Major Aamir Mushtaq Cheema( r) 12/19/2017 Frontier Militia of Rifles and Scouts play a key and decisive role in the liberation of …
“The Drive-in Culture of Contemporary America”
form and historical significance in the 1920s and in the years following World War II. The initial locus was America, and the catalyzing technology was the automobile. In Crabgrass Frontier, …
Lessons on the frontier: aspects of Eastern Cape history
a war which began in December 1850 and persisted viciously and inconclusively for 32 months. This was Mlanjeni's War, or the eighth frontier war, described by 2. N. Mostert, Frontiers: The …
Macomb Library for the Blind and Print Disabled @ CMPL
Civil War Frontier Westward Expansion 19th Century 20th Century 21st Century Sports/ Recreation Specify: Travel General How-to International United States True Crime War …
THE FIGHTING COLONEL: RANALD S. MACKENZIE’S …
The Texas frontier during the years following the Civil War was a dangerous place. Comanche constantly harassed and raided white settlements. Despite the efforts of President Ulysses S. …
Staff Ride Handbook for the Niagara Campaigns, 1812-1814
The War of 1812, during which the Niagara frontier saw the majority of ground combat, is often cited as an example of national unpreparedness leading to a series of military defeats and a …
Crossing the Final Frontier: Harriet Ward as Mid-Victorian …
war does not mean they were not considered war journalists.7 Harriet Ward's coverage of the Seventh Frontier War—a war that broke out in her immediate surroundings—shows an …
Walking Tour Guide - U.S. Army Garrisons
In the aftermath of the Civil War, frontier support centers moved west. The post had been little used when Army Lt. Richard Pratt envisioned a vocational school for Native American children. …
Fort Toulouse – Fort Jackson Frontier Days Teacher Packet
were at war and by late 1813 the Creek War was underway. Initially the Creek War started as a civil war within the Creek Nation. Part of the nation wanted to keep their traditional ways and …
FIFTH FRONTIER WAR - the-eye.eu
Fifth Frontier War is playable by itself, but familiarity with the Traveller science-fiction role-playing system will aid in understanding the background history. The game may be played in 4 to 6 …
Armistice and War on the Minnesota Frontier - JSTOR
Armistice and War on the Minnesota Frontier Edited by Theodore C. Blegen "War, War, War, will be carried on between the Sioux & the Chip peways ... as long as there is a Brave of either …
Frontier Fieldwork - ResearchGate
Rodriguez_final_07-29-2022.indd 7 2022-07-29 9:00:39 AM Contents . List of Illustrations / viii 2 Missionary Explorers in the Field: Te West China Border 4 Chinese Anthropologists at War: …
The Cold War geopolitics have made the South Korea and …
Like other islands of the Cold War frontier in East Asia, such as Okinawa, Jinmen, and Matsu, the Five West Sea Islands (FWI) of South Korea have been a highly contested frontier of both …
MILITARY UNITS IN US DAKOTA WAR OF 1862
MILITARY UNITS IN US DAKOTA WAR OF 1862 NAME WHERE FORMED COMMANDER SERVED AT READ ABOUT IN: notes note: First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment, most …
The Lesser Known Frontier Forts & Actions of Backcountry …
spoils of war, but Gowen was able to send his personal servant to summon help prior to his capture. Of those in the fort, 10 were killed (Parker’s Guide, p. 329 ). Location notation to …
Bernard Devoto and the Making of the Year of Decision: 1846
With war on his mind, he returned home to Massachusetts in mid-July and began to write.2 Eighteen months later, DeVoto sent The Year of Decision: 1846 to his pub- ... When DeVoto …
