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Virtual Evolution Stickleback Lab Answers: A Comprehensive Guide
Are you struggling with the virtual stickleback evolution lab? Feeling overwhelmed by the data and unsure how to interpret the results? This comprehensive guide provides detailed answers and explanations for the virtual evolution stickleback lab, helping you understand the complex interplay of natural selection, adaptation, and genetic variation. We'll break down the key concepts, walk you through the process, and offer insights to help you ace this engaging exercise. This isn't just about finding the "right" answers; it's about grasping the underlying principles of evolutionary biology.
Understanding the Virtual Stickleback Evolution Lab
The virtual stickleback evolution lab is a powerful tool for exploring evolutionary principles in a controlled environment. It allows students to manipulate various factors and observe their impact on a population of three-spined stickleback fish over generations. The lab typically presents scenarios involving different environmental pressures, such as the presence or absence of predators, and different selective pressures related to morphology (physical traits). You are tasked with analyzing the resulting changes in the stickleback population's genetic makeup and physical characteristics.
Key Concepts to Master Before You Begin
Before diving into the lab answers, it's crucial to understand some fundamental concepts:
Natural Selection: The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. This lab beautifully illustrates how natural selection shapes populations over time.
Adaptation: A trait that enhances an organism's survival and reproduction in a specific environment. In the stickleback lab, you'll see how different adaptations (like body armor or jaw shape) become more or less prevalent based on environmental conditions.
Genetic Variation: The diversity of genes within a population. This variation is the raw material upon which natural selection acts. Without genetic variation, evolution cannot occur.
Allele Frequency: The relative frequency of a particular allele (variant of a gene) within a population. The lab allows you to track changes in allele frequencies as a result of selective pressures.
Analyzing the Data: A Step-by-Step Approach
The virtual stickleback evolution lab typically involves several scenarios. Each scenario presents a unique environmental setting and challenges you to predict and analyze the evolutionary trajectory of the stickleback population. There’s no single set of “answers,” as the results depend on the specific parameters you set and the random elements inherent in the simulation. However, a systematic approach is crucial:
#### 1. Understanding the Initial Conditions: Begin by carefully examining the starting parameters of each scenario. What is the initial environment like? What are the initial allele frequencies? This sets the stage for the evolutionary changes you'll observe.
#### 2. Predicting Outcomes: Before running the simulation, formulate hypotheses about how the stickleback population will change in response to the environmental pressures. This will enhance your understanding and critical thinking skills.
#### 3. Running the Simulation and Gathering Data: Execute the simulation and meticulously record the changes in allele frequencies and phenotypic traits (observable characteristics) over each generation. Pay close attention to the graphs and charts provided.
#### 4. Interpreting the Results: Compare the observed changes to your initial predictions. Did the population evolve as you expected? If not, why? Consider factors like the strength of selection, the amount of genetic variation, and the interplay of different selective pressures.
#### 5. Drawing Conclusions: Based on your analysis, draw clear conclusions about the role of natural selection and adaptation in shaping the stickleback population. Explain how specific environmental factors influenced the evolution of the fish.
Common Challenges and Pitfalls
Many students struggle with interpreting the complex data generated by the virtual stickleback lab. Here are some common challenges and how to overcome them:
Overlooking Randomness: Remember that chance events play a role in evolution. Minor fluctuations in allele frequencies can occur even in the absence of strong selective pressures.
Misinterpreting Graphs: Ensure you thoroughly understand how the graphs and charts represent the data. Pay attention to the axes, labels, and scales.
Failing to Consider Multiple Factors: Evolution is rarely driven by a single factor. Consider the interactions between different environmental pressures and their combined effects.
Conclusion
The virtual stickleback evolution lab offers a powerful way to explore the intricate processes of evolution. By systematically analyzing the data and understanding the underlying principles of natural selection, adaptation, and genetic variation, you can gain a deeper appreciation for the dynamic nature of life on Earth. Remember, the key is not just finding the "right" answers but understanding why certain evolutionary pathways are favored under specific conditions.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What if my results differ from those of my classmates? This is perfectly normal! The simulation incorporates random elements, so variations in results are expected. Focus on the underlying principles and the general trends rather than the exact numerical values.
2. Can I use this guide for any version of the virtual stickleback lab? While the core principles remain consistent across different versions, specific details may vary. Adapt the general approach outlined in this guide to the specific instructions and data provided in your lab.
3. How important are the initial conditions? The initial conditions significantly influence the outcome of the simulation. Different starting allele frequencies and environmental parameters will lead to different evolutionary trajectories.
4. What if I don't understand a specific concept in the lab? Review the relevant concepts in your textbook or consult with your instructor or a classmate. Many online resources also offer explanations of evolutionary biology principles.
5. Is there a specific answer key for the virtual stickleback lab? No, there's no single "answer key" because the results depend on the simulation's random elements and the specific parameters chosen. The goal is to understand the process and draw valid conclusions based on your observations.
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Water and Biomolecules Kunihiro Kuwajima, Yuji Goto, Fumio Hirata, Masahide Terazima, Mikio Kataoka, 2009-03-18 Life is produced by the interplay of water and biomolecules. This book deals with the physicochemical aspects of such life phenomena produced by water and biomolecules, and addresses topics including Protein Dynamics and Functions, Protein and DNA Folding, and Protein Amyloidosis. All sections have been written by internationally recognized front-line researchers. The idea for this book was born at the 5th International Symposium Water and Biomolecules, held in Nara city, Japan, in 2008. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree Jonathan B. Losos, 2011-02-09 In a book both beautifully illustrated and deeply informative, Jonathan Losos, a leader in evolutionary ecology, celebrates and analyzes the diversity of the natural world that the fascinating anoline lizards epitomize. Readers who are drawn to nature by its beauty or its intellectual challenges—or both—will find his book rewarding.—Douglas J. Futuyma, State University of New York, Stony Brook This book is destined to become a classic. It is scholarly, informative, stimulating, and highly readable, and will inspire a generation of students.—Peter R. Grant, author of How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's Finches Anoline lizards experienced a spectacular adaptive radiation in the dynamic landscape of the Caribbean islands. The radiation has extended over a long period of time and has featured separate radiations on the larger islands. Losos, the leading active student of these lizards, presents an integrated and synthetic overview, summarizing the enormous and multidimensional research literature. This engaging book makes a wonderful example of an adaptive radiation accessible to all, and the lavish illustrations, especially the photographs, make the anoles come alive in one's mind.—David Wake, University of California, Berkeley This magnificent book is a celebration and synthesis of one of the most eventful adaptive radiations known. With disarming prose and personal narrative Jonathan Losos shows how an obsession, beginning at age ten, became a methodology and a research plan that, together with studies by colleagues and predecessors, culminated in many of the principles we now regard as true about the origins and maintenance of biodiversity. This work combines rigorous analysis and glorious natural history in a unique volume that stands with books by the Grants on Darwin's finches among the most informed and engaging accounts ever written on the evolution of a group of organisms in nature.—Dolph Schluter, author of The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: The Oxford Handbook of Close Relationships Jeffry A. Simpson, Lorne Campbell, 2013-05-02 This book provides an in-depth and comprehensive summary of the psychology of close relationships, and showcases classic and contemporary theories, models, and empirical research that have been conducted in the field. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Sociality: The Behaviour of Group-Living Animals Ashley Ward, Mike Webster, 2016-04-20 The last decade has seen a surge of interest among biologists in a range of social animal phenomena, including collective behaviour and social networks. In ‘Animal Social Behaviour’, authors Ashley Ward and Michael Webster integrate the most up-to-date empirical and theoretical research to provide a new synthesis of the field, which is aimed at fellow researchers and postgraduate students on the topic. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior Lance Workman, Will Reader, Jerome H. Barkow, 2020-03-19 The transformative wave of Darwinian insight continues to expand throughout the human sciences. While still centered on evolution-focused fields such as evolutionary psychology, ethology, and human behavioral ecology, this insight has also influenced cognitive science, neuroscience, feminist discourse, sociocultural anthropology, media studies, and clinical psychology. This handbook's goal is to amplify the wave by bringing together world-leading experts to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of evolution-oriented and influenced fields. While evolutionary psychology remains at the core of the collection, it also covers the history, current standing, debates, and future directions of the panoply of fields entering the Darwinian fold. As such, The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior is a valuable reference not just for evolutionary psychologists but also for scholars and students from many fields who wish to see how the evolutionary perspective is relevant to their own work. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Ecology Charles J. Krebs, 2001 This best-selling majors ecology book continues to present ecology as a series of problems for readers to critically analyze. No other text presents analytical, quantitative, and statistical ecological information in an equally accessible style. Reflecting the way ecologists actually practice, the book emphasizes the role of experiments in testing ecological ideas and discusses many contemporary and controversial problems related to distribution and abundance. Throughout the book, Krebs thoroughly explains the application of mathematical concepts in ecology while reinforcing these concepts with research references, examples, and interesting end-of-chapter review questions. Thoroughly updated with new examples and references, the book now features a new full-color design and is accompanied by an art CD-ROM for instructors. The field package also includes The Ecology Action Guide, a guide that encourages readers to be environmentally responsible citizens, and a subscription to The Ecology Place (www.ecologyplace.com), a web site and CD-ROM that enables users to become virtual field ecologists by performing experiments such as estimating the number of mice on an imaginary island or restoring prairie land in Iowa. For college instructors and students. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: The Making of the Fittest: DNA and the Ultimate Forensic Record of Evolution Sean B. Carroll, 2007-08-28 A geneticist discusses the role of DNA in the evolution of life on Earth, explaining how an analysis of DNA reveals a complete record of the events that have shaped each species and how it provides evidence of the validity of the theory of evolution. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research Samuel Cartner, Judith S. Eisen, Susan F. Farmer, Karen J. Guillemin, Michael L. Kent, George E. Sanders, 2019-11-22 The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research: Biology, Husbandry, Diseases, and Research Applications is a comprehensive work that fulfills a critical need for a thorough compilation of information on this species. The text provides significant updates for working vivarium professionals maintaining zebrafish colonies, veterinarians responsible for their care and well-being, zoologists and ethologists studying the species, and investigators using the species to gain critical insights into human physiology and disease. As the zebrafish has become an important model organism for the study of vertebrate development and disease, organ function, behavior, toxicology, cancer, and drug discovery, this book presents an important resource for future research. - Presents a complete view of the zebrafish, covering their biology, husbandry, diseases and research applications - Includes the work of world-renowned authors - Provides the first authoritative and comprehensive treatment of zebrafish in biomedical research as part of the ACLAM series |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Principles of Ecology Rory Putman, 2012-12-06 As Ecology teachers ourselves we have become increasingly aware of the lack of a single comprehensive textbook of Ecvlogy which we can recommend unreservedly to our students. While general, review texts are readily available in other fields, recent publications in Ecology have tended for the most part to be small, specialised works on single aspects of the subject. Such general texts as are available are often rather too detailed and, in addition, tend to be somewhat biased towards one aspect of the discipline or another and are thus not truly balanced syntheses of current knowledge. Ecology is, in addition, a rapidly developing subject: new information is being gathered all the time on a variety of key questions; new approaches and techniques open up whole new areas of research and establish new principles. Already things have changed radically since the early '70s and we feel there is a need for an up to date student text that will include some of this newer material. We have tried, therefore, to create a text that will review all the major principles and tenets within the whole field of Ecology, presenting the generally accepted theories and fundamentals and reviewing carefully the evidence on which such principles have been founded. While recent developments in ecological thought are emphasised, we hope that these will not dominate the material to the extent where the older-established principles are ignored or overlooked. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Encyclopedia of Evolution Stanley A. Rice, 2009 Evolutionary science is not only one of the greatest breakthroughs of modern science, but also one of the most controversial. Perhaps more than any other scientific area, evolutionary science has caused us all to question what we are, where we came from, and how we relate to the rest of the universe. Encyclopedia of Evolution contains more than 200 entries that span modern evolutionary science and the history of its development. This comprehensive volume clarifies many common misconceptions about evolution. For example, many people have grown up being told that the fossil record does not demonstrate an evolutionary pattern, and that there are many missing links. In fact, most of these missing links have been found, and their modern representatives are often still alive today. The biographical entries represent evolutionary scientists within the United States who have had and continue to have a major impact on the broad outline of evolutionary science. The biographies chosen reflect the viewpoints of scientists working within the United States. Five essays that explore interesting questions resulting from studies in evolutionary science are included as well. The appendix consists of a summary of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, which is widely considered to be the foundational work of evolutionary science and one of the most important books in human history. The five essays include: How much do genes control human behavior?What are the ghosts of evolution?Can an evolutionary scientist be religious?Why do humans die?Are humans alone in the universe |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: The Beak of the Finch Jonathan Weiner, 2014-05-14 PULITZER PRIZE WINNER • A dramatic story of groundbreaking scientific research of Darwin's discovery of evolution that spark[s] not just the intellect, but the imagination (Washington Post Book World). “Admirable and much-needed.... Weiner’s triumph is to reveal how evolution and science work, and to let them speak clearly for themselves.”—The New York Times Book Review On a desert island in the heart of the Galapagos archipelago, where Darwin received his first inklings of the theory of evolution, two scientists, Peter and Rosemary Grant, have spent twenty years proving that Darwin did not know the strength of his own theory. For among the finches of Daphne Major, natural selection is neither rare nor slow: it is taking place by the hour, and we can watch. In this remarkable story, Jonathan Weiner follows these scientists as they watch Darwin's finches and come up with a new understanding of life itself. The Beak of the Finch is an elegantly written and compelling masterpiece of theory and explication in the tradition of Stephen Jay Gould. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Introduction to Artificial Life Christoph Adami, 1998 For students, researchers and professional scientist eager to gain insight into the emerging frontiers of Artifical Life, Chris Adami's work provides the basic underpinnings for properly understanding this interdisciplinary research area. The CD-ROM accompanying the book invites readers to actively experience artificial evolution in real time by using a proprietary simulation software program, AVIDA, which is contained on the CD. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Discovering Evolutionary Ecology Peter J. Mayhew, 2006-01-05 Why are some kinds of organism species-rich and others species-poor? How do new species arise and why do some go extinct? Why do organisms grow and behave the way they do? This book provides an introduction to evolutionary ecology, the science that brings ecology and evolution together to help understand biological diversity. Ideal as an introduction for undergraduates, this book will also interest established researchers, providing a broad and up-to-date context for their work. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: The Evolution of Social Behaviour Michael Taborsky, Michael A. Cant, Jan Komdeur, 2021-08-26 How can the stunning diversity of social systems and behaviours seen in nature be explained? Drawing on social evolution theory, experimental evidence and studies conducted in the field, this book outlines the fundamental principles of social evolution underlying this phenomenal richness.To succeed in the competition for resources, organisms may either 'race' to be quicker than others, 'fight' for privileged access, or 'share' their efforts and gains. The authors show how the ecology and intrinsic attributes of organisms select for each of these strategies, and how a handful of straightforward concepts explain the evolution of successful decision rules in behavioural interactions, whether among members of the same or different species. With a broad focus ranging from microorganisms to humans, this is the first book to provide students and researchers with a comprehensive account of the evolution of sociality by natural selection. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Large Asian Lakes in a Changing World Steffen Mischke, 2020-05-11 Describing the natural state of eight important lakes in Asia and the human impact on these lake ecosystems, this book offers a valuable reference guide. Over the past several decades the Aral Sea, Dead Sea, Lake Balkhash and other major lakes in Asia have undergone significant changes with regard to their size, water level, chemical composition, and flora and fauna. Most of these changes resulted from the loss of water from tributaries (now used for irrigation farming) or increasing consumption in local industries and households. However, significant human impacts may have begun as early as 2000 years ago. In addition to the three lakes mentioned above, Lake Sevan (Armenia), the Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan), Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan), and Lake Lop Nur (China) are discussed as the most prominent examples of changing lake ecosystems. In contrast, an example of an almost pristine lake ecosystem is included with the report on Lake Uvs Nuur (Mongolia). For each lake, the book summarizes its origin and early geological history, and reconstructs its natural state and variability on the basis of proxy records from drilled or exposed lake sediments that have accumulated since the last ice age. The frequently observed reductions in lake level and size during most recent decades led often to significant environmental impacts in the respective lake catchments including vegetation deterioration, soil erosion and badland formation, soil salinization or the formation of sinkholes. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Foraging Behavior A.C. Kamil, J.R. Drebs, H.R. Pulliam, 1987-05 Foraging behavior has always been a central concern of ecology. Understanding what animals eat is clearly an essential component of under standing many ecological issues including energy flow, competition and adaptation. Theoretical and empirical developments in the late 1960's and 1970's led to a new emphasis in the study of foraging behavior, the study of individual animals in both field and laboratory. This development, in turn, led to an explosion of interest in foraging. Part of the reason for this explosion is that when foraging is studied at the individual level, it is relevant to many disciplines. Behaviorists, including ethologists and psychologists, are interested in any attempt to understand behavior. Ecologists know that a better understanding of foraging will contribute to resolving a number of important ecological issues. Anthropologists and others are applying the ideas coming out of the study of foraging behavior to problems within their disciplines. These developments led to a multidisciplinary symposium on foraging behavior, held as part of the 1978 Animal Behavior Society meetings in Seattle, Washington. Many ecologists, ethologists and psychologists participated or attended. The symposium was very successful. generating a high level of excitement. As a result, the participants decided to publish the proceedings of the symposium (Kami1 & Sargent 1981). |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: On the Origin of Species Illustrated Charles Darwin, 2020-12-04 On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),[3] published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.[4] Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Your Money and Your Brain Jason Zweig, 2007-09-04 Drawing on the latest scientific research, Jason Zweig shows what happens in your brain when you think about money and tells investors how to take practical, simple steps to avoid common mistakes and become more successful. What happens inside our brains when we think about money? Quite a lot, actually, and some of it isn’t good for our financial health. In Your Money and Your Brain, Jason Zweig explains why smart people make stupid financial decisions—and what they can do to avoid these mistakes. Zweig, a veteran financial journalist, draws on the latest research in neuroeconomics, a fascinating new discipline that combines psychology, neuroscience, and economics to better understand financial decision making. He shows why we often misunderstand risk and why we tend to be overconfident about our investment decisions. Your Money and Your Brain offers some radical new insights into investing and shows investors how to take control of the battlefield between reason and emotion. Your Money and Your Brain is as entertaining as it is enlightening. In the course of his research, Zweig visited leading neuroscience laboratories and subjected himself to numerous experiments. He blends anecdotes from these experiences with stories about investing mistakes, including confessions of stupidity from some highly successful people. Then he draws lessons and offers original practical steps that investors can take to make wiser decisions. Anyone who has ever looked back on a financial decision and said, “How could I have been so stupid?” will benefit from reading this book. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: MATHKNOW Alfio Quarteroni, 2009-12-24 Mathematics forms bridges between knowledge, tradition, and contemporary life. The continuous development and growth of its many branches, both classical and modern, permeates and fertilizes all aspects of applied science and technology, and so has a vital impact on our modern society. The book will focus on these aspects and will benefit from the contribution of several world-famous scientists from mathematics and related sciences, such as: Ralph Abraham, Andrew Crumey, Peter Markowich, Claudio Procesi, Clive Ruggles, Ismail Serageldin, Amin Shokrollahi, Tobias Wallisser. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: The Timetree of Life S. Blair Hedges, Sudhir Kumar, 2009-04-23 The evolutionary history of life includes two primary components: phylogeny and timescale. Phylogeny refers to the branching order (relationships) of species or other taxa within a group and is crucial for understanding the inheritance of traits and for erecting classifications. However, a timescale is equally important because it provides a way to compare phylogeny directly with the evolution of other organisms and with planetary history such as geology, climate, extraterrestrialimpacts, and other features.The Timetree of Life is the first reference book to synthesize the wealth of information relating to the temporal component of phylogenetic trees. In the past, biologists have relied exclusively upon the fossil record to infer an evolutionary timescale. However, recent revolutionary advances in molecular biology have made it possible to not only estimate the relationships of many groups of organisms, but also to estimate their times of divergence with molecular clocks. The routineestimation and utilization of these so-called 'time-trees' could add exciting new dimensions to biology including enhanced opportunities to integrate large molecular data sets with fossil and biogeographic evidence (and thereby foster greater communication between molecular and traditional systematists). Theycould help estimate not only ancestral character states but also evolutionary rates in numerous categories of organismal phenotype; establish more reliable associations between causal historical processes and biological outcomes; develop a universally standardized scheme for biological classifications; and generally promote novel avenues of thought in many arenas of comparative evolutionary biology.This authoritative reference work brings together, for the first time, experts on all major groups of organisms to assemble a timetree of life. The result is a comprehensive resource on evolutionary history which will be an indispensable reference for scientists, educators, and students in the life sciences, earth sciences, and molecular biology. For each major group of organism, a representative is illustrated and a timetree of families and higher taxonomic groups is shown. Basic aspects ofthe evolutionary history of the group, the fossil record, and competing hypotheses of relationships are discussed. Details of the divergence times are presented for each node in the timetree, and primary literature references are included. The book is complemented by an online database(www.timetree.net) which allows researchers to both deposit and retrieve data. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Living Color Nina G. Jablonski, 2012-09-27 Living Color is the first book to investigate the social history of skin color from prehistory to the present, showing how our body’s most visible trait influences our social interactions in profound and complex ways. In a fascinating and wide-ranging discussion, Nina G. Jablonski begins with the biology and evolution of skin pigmentation, explaining how skin color changed as humans moved around the globe. She explores the relationship between melanin pigment and sunlight, and examines the consequences of rapid migrations, vacations, and other lifestyle choices that can create mismatches between our skin color and our environment. Richly illustrated, this book explains why skin color has come to be a biological trait with great social meaning— a product of evolution perceived by culture. It considers how we form impressions of others, how we create and use stereotypes, how negative stereotypes about dark skin developed and have played out through history—including being a basis for the transatlantic slave trade. Offering examples of how attitudes about skin color differ in the U.S., Brazil, India, and South Africa, Jablonski suggests that a knowledge of the evolution and social importance of skin color can help eliminate color-based discrimination and racism. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Lectures on Evolution Thomas Henry Huxley, 2015-06-12 We live in and form part of a system of things of immense diversity and perplexity, which we call Nature; and it is a matter of the deepest interest to all of us that we should form just conceptions of the constitution of that system and of its past history. With relation to this universe, man is, in extent, little more than a mathematical point; in duration but a fleeting shadow; he is a mere reed shaken in the winds of force. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Rigorous State-Based Methods Alexander Raschke, Dominique Méry, 2021-05-22 This book constitutes the proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Rigorous State-Based Methods, ABZ 2021, which was planned to take place in Ulm, Germany, during June 6-11, 2021. The conference changed to an online format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 6 full and 8 short papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 18 submissions. The proceedings also include 3 PhD symposium contributions. They deal with state-based and machine-based formal methods, mainly Abstract State Machines (ASM), Alloy, B, TLA+, VDM, and Z. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations R.C. Chambers, Edward Trippel, 1997-07-31 Many of the processes influencing recruitment to an adult fish population or entry into a fishery occur very early in life. The variations in life histories and behaviours of young fish and the selective processes operating on this variation ultimately determine the identities and abundance of survivors. This important volume brings together contributions from many of the world's leading researchers from the field of fish ecology. The book focuses on three major themes of pressing importance in the analysis of the role that the early life history of fishes plays in the number and quality of recruits: the selective processes at play in their early life history; the contributions of early life history to the understanding of recruitment. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment, 2000-02-03 Some investigators have hypothesized that estrogens and other hormonally active agents found in the environment might be involved in breast cancer increases and sperm count declines in humans as well as deformities and reproductive problems seen in wildlife. This book looks in detail at the science behind the ominous prospect of estrogen mimics threatening health and well-being, from the level of ecosystems and populations to individual people and animals. The committee identifies research needs and offers specific recommendations to decision-makers. This authoritative volume: Critically evaluates the literature on hormonally active agents in the environment and identifies known and suspected toxicologic mechanisms and effects of fish, wildlife, and humans. Examines whether and how exposure to hormonally active agents occursâ€in diet, in pharmaceuticals, from industrial releases into the environmentâ€and why the debate centers on estrogens. Identifies significant uncertainties, limitations of knowledge, and weaknesses in the scientific literature. The book presents a wealth of information and investigates a wide range of examples across the spectrum of life that might be related to these agents. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Cinema, Trance and Cybernetics Ute Holl, 2017-03-15 We ve all had the experience of watching a film and feeling like we ve been in a trance. This book takes that experience seriously, explaining cinema as a cultural technique of trance, one that unconsciously transforms our perceptions. Ute Holl moves from anthropological and experimental cinema through nineteenth-century psychological laboratories, which she shows developed technique of testing, measuring, and classifying the mind that can be seen as a prehistory of cinema, one that allows us to see the links among cinema, anthropology, psychology, and cybernetics. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Animal Social Networks Dr. Jens Krause, Richard James, Daniel W. Franks, Darren P. Croft, 2015 This book demonstrates the application of network theory to the social organization of animals. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Cooperation in Primates and Humans Peter M. Kappeler, 2006-10-19 Cooperative behaviour has been one of the enigmas of evolutionary theory. This book examines the many facets of cooperative behaviour in primates and humans. It bridges the gap between parallel research in primatology and studies of humans, and highlights both common principles and aspects of human uniqueness, with respect to cooperative behaviour. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Artificial Life Steven Levy, 1993 This book looks at artificial life science - A-Life, an important new area of scientific research involving the disciplines of microbiology, evolutionary theory, physics, chemistry and computer science. In the 1940s a mathematician named John von Neumann, a man with a claim to being the father of the modern computer, invented a hypothetical mathematical entity called a cellular automaton. His aim was to construct a machine that could reproduce itself. In the years since, with the development of hugely more sophisticated and complex computers, von Neumann's insights have gradually led to a point where scientists have created, within the wiring of these machines, something that so closely simulates life that it may, arguably, be called life. This machine reproduces itself, mutates, evolves through generations and dies. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Toxicological Profile for Perchlorates , 2005 |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Color for Science, Art and Technology Kurt Nassau, 1997-12-18 The aim of this book is to assemble a series of chapters, written by experts in their fields, covering the basics of color - and then some more. In this way, readers are supplied with almost anything they want to know about color outside their own area of expertise. Thus, the color measurement expert, as well as the general reader, can find here information on the perception, causes, and uses of color. For the artist there are details on the causes, measurement, perception, and reproduction of color. Within each chapter, authors were requested to indicate directions of future efforts, where applicable. One might reasonably expect that all would have been learned about color in the more than three hundred years since Newton established the fundamentals of color science. This is not true because:• the measurement of color still has unresolved complexities (Chapter 2)• many of the fine details of color vision remain unknown (Chapter 3)• every few decades a new movement in art discovers original ways to use new pigments, and dyes continue to be discovered (Chapter 5)• the philosophical approach to color has not yet crystallized (Chapter 7)• new pigments and dyes continue to be discovered (Chapters 10 and 11)• the study of the biological and therapeutic effects of color is still in its infancy (Chapter 2).Color continues to develop towards maturity and the editor believes that there is much common ground between the sciences and the arts and that color is a major connecting bridge. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Change Detectives Australian Academy of Science, 2009 Change detectives: stage three - natural and processed materials. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: New Frontiers in Social Neuroscience Jean Decety, Yves Christen, 2013-12-11 Traditionally, neuroscience has considered the nervous system as an isolated entity and largely ignored influences of the social environments in which humans and many animal species live. However, there is mounting evidence that the social environment affects behavior across species, from microbes to humans. This volume brings together scholars who work with animal and human models of social behavior to discuss the challenges and opportunities in this interdisciplinary academic field. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: The Tangled Bank Carl Zimmer, 2019-01-30 Used widely in non-majors biology classes, The Tangled Bank is the first textbook about evolution intended for the general reader. Zimmer, an award-winning science writer, takes readers on a fascinating journey into the latest discoveries about evolution. In the Canadian Arctic, paleontologists unearth fossils documenting the move of our ancestors from sea to land. In the outback of Australia, a zoologist tracks some of the world’s deadliest snakes to decipher the 100-million-year evolution of venom molecules. In Africa, geneticists are gathering DNA to probe the origin of our species. In clear, non-technical language, Zimmer explains the central concepts essential for understanding new advances in evolution, including natural selection, genetic drift, and sexual selection. He demonstrates how vital evolution is to all branches of modern biology—from the fight against deadly antibiotic-resistant bacteria to the analysis of the human genome. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Native Trout of Western North America Robert J. Behnke, 1992 |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Uncovering Student Ideas in Science: 25 formative assessment probes Page Keeley, 2005 V. 1. Physical science assessment probes -- Life, Earth, and space science assessment probes. |
| virtual evolution stickleback lab answers: Translational Medicine Robert A. Meyers, 2018-03-13 This reference work gives a compete overview of the different stages of drug development using a translational approach. The book is structured in different parts, following the different stages in drug development. Almost half of the work is dedicated to core of drug discovery using a translational approach, the identification of appropriate targets and screening methods for the identification of compounds interacting with these targets. The rest of book covers the whole downstream pipeline after the identification of lead compounds, such as bioavailability issues, identification of appropriate drug delivery venues, production and scaling issues and preclinical trials. As has been the case with other works in the encyclopedia, the book is made up of long, comprehensive and authoritative chapters, written by outstanding researchers in the field. |
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