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Twelve Theories of Human Nature: Unpacking the Enigma of Ourselves
What makes us human? This fundamental question has plagued philosophers, scientists, and theologians for millennia. Understanding human nature is the key to unlocking a deeper comprehension of our behaviors, motivations, and societal structures. This comprehensive guide delves into twelve influential theories of human nature, offering a multifaceted perspective on this enduring enigma. We'll explore diverse viewpoints, from ancient philosophical musings to modern psychological frameworks, giving you a robust understanding of the complexities of being human. Prepare to challenge your assumptions and broaden your perspective on what it means to be you.
Twelve Theories of Human Nature: A Diverse Landscape of Thought
Let's embark on a journey through twelve significant theories that attempt to define and explain the essence of human nature:
1. Plato's Theory of Forms:
Plato believed our souls possessed innate knowledge of perfect "Forms," including Justice, Beauty, and Goodness. Our earthly experiences are imperfect reflections of these Forms, and our pursuit of knowledge is a journey to recollect these inherent truths. This theory emphasizes the inherent goodness of human nature, corrupted only by worldly influences.
2. Aristotle's Virtue Ethics:
Aristotle argued that humans are inherently rational beings striving for eudaimonia – flourishing or living a good life. This is achieved through the development of virtues, such as courage, honesty, and generosity, which are cultivated through practice and habit. This theory emphasizes the importance of ethical development in shaping human nature.
3. Hobbes' Social Contract Theory:
Thomas Hobbes, writing in a tumultuous era, posited that human nature is inherently selfish and driven by a relentless pursuit of power. Without a strong governing body, society would descend into a "war of all against all." His theory highlights the role of societal structures in managing our inherently self-serving tendencies.
4. Locke's Tabula Rasa:
John Locke countered Hobbes, arguing that humans are born as "blank slates" (tabula rasa). Our experiences shape our personalities and beliefs, emphasizing the power of nurture over nature. This theory highlights the malleability of human nature and the significant influence of our environment.
5. Rousseau's Noble Savage:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposed that humans are inherently good, but society corrupts them. The "noble savage," unburdened by societal constraints, possesses an innate sense of compassion and morality. This romantic ideal contrasts sharply with Hobbes' pessimistic view.
6. Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:
Sigmund Freud's theory suggests a complex interplay between the id (instinctual drives), ego (reason and self-preservation), and superego (moral conscience). He believed that unconscious desires and conflicts shape our behavior, suggesting a darker, more complex aspect of human nature.
7. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of human needs, from basic physiological requirements to self-actualization. This theory suggests that human nature is driven by a fundamental need for growth and fulfillment, progressing towards higher-level needs once basic needs are met.
8. Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development:
Erik Erikson's theory outlines eight stages of psychosocial development, each presenting a unique challenge that shapes our personality. Successful navigation of these stages contributes to a healthy sense of self and positive relationships, influencing our overall human experience.
9. Behaviorism:
Behaviorism, pioneered by figures like B.F. Skinner, emphasizes the role of environmental conditioning in shaping behavior. This approach suggests that human nature is largely a product of learned responses, minimizing the importance of innate factors.
10. Evolutionary Psychology:
Evolutionary psychology views human behavior through the lens of natural selection. It suggests that our behaviors and traits are shaped by evolutionary pressures, maximizing reproductive success and survival. This theory offers a biological perspective on human nature.
11. Humanistic Psychology:
Humanistic psychology emphasizes human potential, free will, and self-actualization. It posits that humans are inherently good and strive for personal growth and meaning, focusing on subjective experiences and personal growth.
12. Positive Psychology:
Positive psychology builds upon humanistic principles, focusing on strengths, virtues, and positive emotions. It aims to understand and foster human flourishing, emphasizing the importance of happiness, resilience, and meaning in life.
Conclusion
Exploring these twelve theories offers a rich tapestry of perspectives on human nature. There's no single, universally accepted answer. Rather, understanding these diverse viewpoints allows us to appreciate the complexity and multifaceted nature of our species, acknowledging the interplay of biology, environment, and personal experiences in shaping who we are. The ongoing exploration of human nature remains a vital and fascinating intellectual pursuit.
FAQs
1. Which theory of human nature is "correct"? There's no single "correct" theory. Each offers valuable insights into specific aspects of human behavior and experience. The most useful approach is often to integrate aspects from different theories to gain a more comprehensive understanding.
2. How do these theories relate to current social issues? Understanding these theories can shed light on social issues like inequality, conflict, and the challenges of building a just and equitable society. For example, Hobbes' theory informs our understanding of the need for strong governance, while Rousseau's highlights the importance of social justice and individual freedoms.
3. Can these theories be applied practically? Absolutely. These theories provide frameworks for understanding human behavior in various contexts, from education and therapy to leadership and social policy. For instance, Maslow's hierarchy can inform educational strategies, and Freud's theories contribute to therapeutic approaches.
4. What are the limitations of these theories? Many theories are based on specific historical contexts or limited datasets. Some prioritize certain aspects of human experience while neglecting others. A critical and nuanced approach is crucial when applying these frameworks.
5. Are there any emerging theories of human nature? The field is constantly evolving. Emerging areas of research, such as neuroscience and epigenetics, are offering new insights into the biological and environmental factors that shape human behavior. These new findings will undoubtedly refine and reshape our understanding of human nature in the years to come.
| twelve theories of human nature: Twelve Theories of Human Nature Leslie Stevenson, David L. Haberman, Peter Matthews Wright, 2012-10-18 Lucid and accessible, Twelve Theories of Human Nature compresses into a manageable space the essence of religious traditions such as Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, the Jewish Scriptures, the Christian New Testament, and Islam, as well as the philosophical theories of Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Sartre, and the would-be scientific accounts of human nature by Marx, Freud, and Darwin and his successors. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Thirteen Theories of Human Nature Leslie Stevenson, David L. Haberman, Peter Matthews Wright, 2017 Over six previous editions, Twelve Theories of Human Nature has been a remarkably popular introduction to some of the most influential developments in Western and Eastern thought. Now titled Thirteen Theories of Human Nature, this text continues to be an ideal introduction to human nature andintellectual history. This unique volume will engage and motivate students to consider how we can understand and improve both ourselves and human society. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Ten Theories of Human Nature Leslie Stevenson, David L. Haberman, 1998 A superb introduction to the timeless struggle to understand human nature, this book compresses into a small volume the essence of such thinkers as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Jean Paul Sartre, B.F. Skinner, and Plato. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Theories of Human Communication Stephen W. Littlejohn, Karen A. Foss, John G. Oetzel, 2021-05-07 For over forty years, Theories of Human Communication has facilitated the understanding of the theories that define the discipline of communication. The authors present a comprehensive summary of major communication theories, current research, extensions, and applications in a thoughtfully organized and engaging style. Part I of the extensively updated twelfth edition sets the stage for how to think about and study communication. The first chapter establishes the foundations of communication theory. The next chapter reviews four frameworks for organizing the theories and their contributions to the nature of inquiry. Part II covers theories centered around the communicator, message, medium, and communication with the nonhuman. Part III addresses theories related to communication contexts—relationship, group, organization, health, culture, and society. “From the Source” contributions from theorists provide insight into the inspirations, motivations, and goals behind the theories. Online instructor’s resource materials include sample syllabi, key terms, exam questions, and text graphics. The theories include those important for their continuing influence in the field as well as emerging theories that encourage thinking about issues in new ways. For a reasonable price, readers are able to explore the patterns, trends, trajectories, and intricacies of the landscape of communication theory and will have an invaluable resource for future reference. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Human Odyssey Thomas Armstrong, PhD, 2019-03-20 This is truly a major contribution — brilliant, beguiling, and as broad in concept as it is deep. — Jean Houston, PhD, author of The Possible Human Thomas Armstrong, Ph.D., an award-winning educator and expert on human development, offers a cross-cultural view of life's entire journey, from before birth to death to the possibilities of an afterlife. Dr. Armstrong cites both clinical research and anecdotal evidence in a comprehensive view of the challenges and opportunities we face at every stage of our development. His accessible narrative incorporates elements of history, literature, psychology, spirituality, and science in a fascinating guide to understanding our past as well as our future. I loved the tone, the pacing, the sense of audience, and especially the richness of the associations . . . It's a book that one would like to keep around — a guidebook even. — John Kotre Ph.D., co-author of Seasons of Life: The Dramatic Journey from Birth to Death The Human Odyssey is superb, magnificent, astonishing, unique, engrossing, eminently readable, informative, enjoyable, entertaining, profound. What else? I could go on. I hadn't expected anything like so remarkable a book. — Joseph Chilton Pearce, author of The Crack in the Cosmic Egg and Magical Child I have read through The Human Odyssey. It is in many ways impressive. I also think that it has great commercial potential. Many people will find attractive your dual focus on the scientific and the soul/spiritual dimensions. — Howard Gardner, Ph.D., The John H. and Elizabeth A. Hobbs Professor in Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, author of Frames of Mind I extend my congratulations to you for this monumental undertaking and wish you the very best for your impressive efforts. — Marian Diamond, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley; co-author of Magic Trees of the Mind; pioneer researcher into the effect of the environment on brain development; dissected Einstein's brain I very much enjoyed The Human Odyssey. Your breadth of sources is remarkable, and you have put them all together in a smooth and integrative way. I think it will be informative for people, and also inspiring for them to make their stages of life more meaningful. Overall, this is an impressive tour de force. — Arthur Hastings, Ph.D., Professor and Director, William James Center for Consciousness Studies, Institute of Transpersonal Psychology; Past President, Association of Transpersonal Psychology Extraordinary. I hope that it is read by many people. — Laura Huxley, widow of Aldous Huxley, founder of Children: Our Ultimate Investment, and author of This Timeless Moment, and The Child of Your Dreams A wonderful and encyclopedic summary of human development. — Allan B. Chinen, M.D., Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; author of Once Upon a Mid-Life: Classic Stories and Mythic Tales to Illuminate the Middle Years and In the Ever After: Fairy Tales and the Second Half of Life Absolutely remarkable. The Human Odyssey is written with lively scholarship and contains great depth and breadth, a wide range of fascinating materials, and many useful resources. It's a kind of 'everything book.' — George Leonard, the granddaddy of the consciousness movement (Newsweek) and author of The Transformation and The Ultimate Athlete The Human Odyssey provides readers with a fresh approach to developmental psychology. Dr. Armstrong has included a spiritual dimension of human growth that is lacking from most accounts but which is essential for a complete understanding of the human condition. It is a splendid, brilliant work. — Stanley Krippner, Ph.D., former president of the Association for Humanistic Psychology, author of Personal Mythology: The Psychology of Your Evolving Self, and co-editor of The Psychological Impact of War Trauma on Civilians: An International Perspective An integral approach to human development, from birth to death, that provides practical information for all who see spirit interpenetrating all of life. — Michael Murphy, co-founder of the Esalen Institute and author of The Future of the Body, The Life We Are Given, and God and the Evolving Universe This is a thoroughly researched and beautifully written account of the story of human development. Drawing on the most recent scientific studies, as well as literature and films, mythology and major spiritual traditions, Armstrong shows the way to a truly integrated understanding of the complexities of the human life cycle. — Ralph Metzner, Ph.D., author of Maps of Consciousness and The Unfolding Self, co-author (with Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert) of The Psychedelic Experience, which was the inspiration for the Beatles' song Tomorrow Never Knows I loved this book. What a vast terrain it covers! I enjoyed the way it wove into each developmental stage a rich array of materials from Greek myths, Martin Buber, psychology, rituals, spirituality, and so many wonderful stories. As people read this book, they will be much more aware of the different stages of life and how they impact all of us personally and collectively. — Barbara Findeisen, President, The Association for Pre- & Perinatal Psychology and Health and creator of the documentary film, The Journey to Be Born, featured on Oprah - I'm awestruck! This looks like the most important book of the century. — Jan Hunt, author of The Natural Child: Parenting from the Heart; member of the board of directors of the Canadian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children The Human Odyssey is just that: a tour de force by one of the leading experts in whole person development. I've never before seen such a comprehensive and readable work on the many stages that we humans go through on our journey through this life. — John W. Travis, M.D., founder of the first wellness center in the United States in 1975, co-author of Wellness Workbook, and co-founder of Alliance for Transforming the Lives of Children. - Thomas Armstrong's The Human Odyssey is an extraordinary book; an intellectual feast. Armstrong has amassed and integrated an amazing amount of information from developmental and transpersonal psychology, modern consciousness research, biology, anthropology, mythology, and art, and created an extraordinary guide through all the stages of the adventure of human life. While the rich content of this book will impress professional audiences, it's clear and easy style makes it quite accessible to the general public. — Stanislav Grof, M.D., former Chief of Psychiatric Research, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center; author of Realms of the Human Unconscious, Beyond the Brain: Birth, Death, and Transcendence in Psychotherapy and Adventures in Self-Discovery Thomas Armstrong has written a brilliant, caring and beautiful book on the human lifecycle. Such an all-inclusive book is rare and adds a sense of the wholeness of life, into and beyond death, in the mere reading of it. — Stuart Sovatsky, Ph.D., author of Words From the Soul, Your Perfect Lips and Eros, Consciousness and Kundalini, and co-President of the Association of Transpersonal Psychology. I cannot imagine anyone who will not benefit from this wise, beautifully written description of life's journey. If you are looking for encouragement, understanding, and strength, this is your book. — Larry Dossey, M.D., author of The Extraordinary Power of Ordinary Things and Healing Words A beautiful compilation of world wisdom. Well written and inspiring. — James Fadiman, Ph.D., co-Founder, Institute for Transpersonal Psychology and author of The Other Side of Haight Armstrong synthesizes an enormous amount of material from many fields and wisdom traditions to create a book that is fresh, provocative, and important. His holistic approach presents us with the largest possible map as we navigate across our own lives. Bravo, captain. — Mary Pipher, author of Writing to Change the World and Reviving Ophelia Thomas Armstrong is an original thinker whose perceptions broaden our understanding of children, education and society. In The Human Odyssey, Armstrong provides a comprehensive framework for human development with characteristic depth and optimism. — Peggy O'Mara, Editor and Publisher of Mothering Magazine This is truly a major contribution — brilliant, beguiling, and as broad in concept as it is deep. — Jean Houston, Ph.D. author of The Possible Human |
| twelve theories of human nature: Science And Human Behavior B.F Skinner, 2012-12-18 The psychology classic—a detailed study of scientific theories of human nature and the possible ways in which human behavior can be predicted and controlled—from one of the most influential behaviorists of the twentieth century and the author of Walden Two. “This is an important book, exceptionally well written, and logically consistent with the basic premise of the unitary nature of science. Many students of society and culture would take violent issue with most of the things that Skinner has to say, but even those who disagree most will find this a stimulating book.” —Samuel M. Strong, The American Journal of Sociology “This is a remarkable book—remarkable in that it presents a strong, consistent, and all but exhaustive case for a natural science of human behavior…It ought to be…valuable for those whose preferences lie with, as well as those whose preferences stand against, a behavioristic approach to human activity.” —Harry Prosch, Ethics |
| twelve theories of human nature: Twelve Great Philosophers Wayne P. Pomerleau, 1997 A collection on the historical introduction to human nature. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Kant's Human Being Robert B. Louden, 2011-07-25 In Kant's Human Being, Robert B. Louden continues and deepens avenues of research first initiated in his highly acclaimed book, Kant's Impure Ethics. Drawing on a wide variety of both published and unpublished works spanning all periods of Kant's extensive writing career, Louden here focuses on Kant's under-appreciated empirical work on human nature, with particular attention to the connections between this body of work and his much-discussed ethical theory. Kant repeatedly claimed that the question, What is the human being is philosophy's most fundamental question, one that encompasses all others. Louden analyzes and evaluates Kant's own answer to his question, showing how it differs from other accounts of human nature. This collection of twelve essays is divided into three parts. In Part One (Human Virtues), Louden explores the nature and role of virtue in Kant's ethical theory, showing how the conception of human nature behind Kant's virtue theory results in a virtue ethics that is decidedly different from more familiar Aristotelian virtue ethics programs. In Part Two (Ethics and Anthropology), he uncovers the dominant moral message in Kant's anthropological investigations, drawing new connections between Kant's work on human nature and his ethics. Finally, in Part Three (Extensions of Anthropology), Louden explores specific aspects of Kant's theory of human nature developed outside of his anthropology lectures, in his works on religion, geography, education ,and aesthetics, and shows how these writings substantially amplify his account of human beings. Kant's Human Being offers a detailed and multifaceted investigation of the question that Kant held to be the most important of all, and will be of interest not only to philosophers but also to all who are concerned with the study of human nature. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Better Angels of Our Nature Steven Pinker, 2011-10-06 'The most inspiring book I've ever read' Bill Gates, 2017 'A brilliant, mind-altering book ... Everyone should read this astonishing book' Guardian 'Will change the way you see the world' Daily Mail Shortlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize 2012 Wasn't the twentieth century the most violent in history? In his extraordinary, epic book Steven Pinker shows us that this is wrong, telling the story of humanity in a completely new and unfamiliar way. From why cities make us safer to how books bring about peace, Pinker weaves together history, philosophy and science to examine why we are less likely to die at another's hand than ever before, how it happened and what it tells us about our very natures. 'May prove to be one of the great books of our time ... he writes like an angel' Economist 'Masterly, a supremely important book ... For anyone interested in human nature, it is engrossing' The New York Times 'Marvellous ... riveting and myth-destroying' New Statesman 'A marvellous synthesis of science, history and storytelling, written in Pinker's distinctively entertaining and clear personal style ... I was astonished by the extent to which violence has declined in every shape, form and scale' Financial Times 'An outstandingly fruitful read, with fascinating nuggets on almost every page' Sunday Times, Books of the Year |
| twelve theories of human nature: Natural Law Theory Tom Angier, 2021-09-16 In Section 1, I outline the history of natural law theory, covering Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics and Aquinas. In Section 2, I explore two alternative traditions of natural law, and explain why these constitute rivals to the Aristotelian tradition. In Section 3, I go on to elaborate a via negativa along which natural law norms can be discovered. On this basis, I unpack what I call three 'experiments in being', each of which illustrates the cogency of this method. In Section 4, I investigate and rebut two seminal challenges to natural law methodology, namely, the fact/value distinction in metaethics and Darwinian evolutionary biology. In Section 5, I then outline and criticise the 'new' natural law theory, which is an attempt to revise natural law thought in light of the two challenges above. I conclude, in Section 6, with a summary and some reflections on the prospects for natural law theory. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Every Twelve Seconds Timothy Pachirat, 2011-11-18 The author relates his experiences working five months undercover at a slaughterhouse, and explores why society encourages this violent labor yet keeps the details of the work hidden. |
| twelve theories of human nature: 12 Rules for Life Jordan B. Peterson, 2018-01-16 The #1 Sunday Times and International Bestseller from 'the most influential public intellectual in the Western world right now' (New York Times) What are the most valuable things that everyone should know? Acclaimed clinical psychologist Jordan Peterson has influenced the modern understanding of personality, and now he has become one of the world's most popular public thinkers, with his lectures on topics from the Bible to romantic relationships to mythology drawing tens of millions of viewers. In an era of unprecedented change and polarizing politics, his frank and refreshing message about the value of individual responsibility and ancient wisdom has resonated around the world. In this book, he provides twelve profound and practical principles for how to live a meaningful life, from setting your house in order before criticising others to comparing yourself to who you were yesterday, not someone else today. Happiness is a pointless goal, he shows us. Instead we must search for meaning, not for its own sake, but as a defence against the suffering that is intrinsic to our existence. Drawing on vivid examples from the author's clinical practice and personal life, cutting edge psychology and philosophy, and lessons from humanity's oldest myths and stories, 12 Rules for Life offers a deeply rewarding antidote to the chaos in our lives: eternal truths applied to our modern problems. |
| twelve theories of human nature: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding David Hume, 2019-04-04 An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding is a book by David Hume created as a revision of an earlier work, Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature. The argument of the Enquiry proceeds by a series of incremental steps, separated into chapters which logically succeed one another. After expounding his epistemology, Hume explains how to apply his principles to specific topics. This book has proven highly influential, both in the years that would immediately follow and today. Immanuel Kant points to it as the book which woke him from his self-described dogmatic slumber. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Theories of Adolescent Development Barbara M. Newman, Philip R. Newman, 2020-05-05 Adolescence is both universal and culturally constructed, resulting in diverse views about its defining characteristics. Theories of Adolescent Development brings together many theories surrounding this life stage in one comprehensive reference. It begins with an introduction to the nature of theory in the field of adolescence including an analysis of why there are so many theories in this field. The theory chapters are grouped into three sections: biological systems, psychological systems, and societal systems. Each chapter considers a family of theories including scope, assumptions, key concepts, contributions to the study of adolescence, approaches to measurement, applications, and a discussion of strengths and limitations of this family. A concluding chapter offers an integrative analysis, identifying five assumptions drawn from the theories that are essential guides for future research and application. Three questions provide a focus for comparison and contrast: How do the theories characterize the time and timing of adolescence? What do the theories emphasize as domains that are unfolding in movement toward maturity? Building on the perspective of Positive Youth Development, how do the theories differ in their views of developmental resources and conditions that may undermine development in adolescence? |
| twelve theories of human nature: Becoming Human Michael Tomasello, 2019-01-14 Winner of the William James Book Award Winner of the Eleanor Maccoby Book Award “A landmark in our understanding of human development.” —Paul Harris, author of Trusting What You’re Told “Magisterial...Makes an impressive argument that most distinctly human traits are established early in childhood and that the general chronology in which these traits appear can...be identified.” —Wall Street Journal Virtually all theories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focus on evolution. Becoming Human looks instead to development and reveals how those things that make us unique are constructed during the first seven years of a child’s life. In this groundbreaking work, Michael Tomasello draws from three decades of experimental research with chimpanzees, bonobos, and children to propose a new framework for psychological growth between birth and seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that differentiate humans from their primate relatives: social cognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities, but the maturation of humans’ evolved capacities for shared intentionality transform these abilities into uniquely human cognition and sociality. “How does human psychological growth run in the first seven years, in particular how does it instill ‘culture’ in us? ...Most of all, how does the capacity for shared intentionality and self-regulation evolve in people? This is a very thoughtful and also important book.” —Tyler Cowen, Marginal Revolution “Theoretically daring and experimentally ingenious, Becoming Human squarely tackles the abiding question of what makes us human.” —Susan Gelman “Destined to become a classic. Anyone who is interested in cognitive science, child development, human evolution, or comparative psychology should read this book.” —Andrew Meltzoff |
| twelve theories of human nature: Contemporary Sociological Theory Jonathan H. Turner, 2012-09-20 Written by award-winning scholar Jonathan H Turner, this is a comprehensive, in-depth and detailed review of present-day theory in sociology. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Theoretical Sociology Jonathan H. Turner, 2013-07-11 What can sociological theory tell us about the basic forces that shape our world? With clarity and authority, Theoretical Sociology: A Concise Introduction to Twelve Sociological Theories, by leading theorist Jonathan H. Turner, seeks to answer this question through a brief, yet in-depth examination of twelve major sociological theories. Readers are given an opportunity to explore the foundational premise of each theory and key elements that make it distinctive. The book draws on biographical background, analysis of important works, historical influences, and other critical insights to help readers make the important connections between these monumental sociological theories and the social world in which we live. This concise resource is a perfect complement to any course that seeks to examine both classic and contemporary sociological theory. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind Julian Jaynes, 2000-08-15 National Book Award Finalist: “This man’s ideas may be the most influential, not to say controversial, of the second half of the twentieth century.”—Columbus Dispatch At the heart of this classic, seminal book is Julian Jaynes's still-controversial thesis that human consciousness did not begin far back in animal evolution but instead is a learned process that came about only three thousand years ago and is still developing. The implications of this revolutionary scientific paradigm extend into virtually every aspect of our psychology, our history and culture, our religion—and indeed our future. “Don’t be put off by the academic title of Julian Jaynes’s The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Its prose is always lucid and often lyrical…he unfolds his case with the utmost intellectual rigor.”—The New York Times “When Julian Jaynes . . . speculates that until late in the twentieth millennium BC men had no consciousness but were automatically obeying the voices of the gods, we are astounded but compelled to follow this remarkable thesis.”—John Updike, The New Yorker “He is as startling as Freud was in The Interpretation of Dreams, and Jaynes is equally as adept at forcing a new view of known human behavior.”—American Journal of Psychiatry |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Truth and Other Stories Stanislaw Lem, 2021-09-14 Twelve stories by science fiction master Stanisław Lem, nine of them never before published in English. Of these twelve short stories by science fiction master Stanisław Lem, only three have previously appeared in English, making this the first new book of fiction by Lem since the late 1980s. The stories display the full range of Lem's intense curiosity about scientific ideas as well as his sardonic approach to human nature, presenting as multifarious a collection of mad scientists as any reader could wish for. Many of these stories feature artificial intelligences or artificial life forms, long a Lem preoccupation; some feature quite insane theories of cosmology or evolution. All are thought provoking and scathingly funny. Written from 1956 to 1993, the stories are arranged in chronological order. In the title story, The Truth, a scientist in an insane asylum theorizes that the sun is alive; The Journal appears to be an account by an omnipotent being describing the creation of infinite universes--until, in a classic Lem twist, it turns out to be no such thing; in An Enigma, beings debate whether offspring can be created without advanced degrees and design templates. Other stories feature a computer that can predict the future by 137 seconds, matter-destroying spores, a hunt in which the prey is a robot, and an electronic brain eager to go on the lam. These stories are peak Lem, exploring ideas and themes that resonate throughout his writing. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Personality Theories Albert Ellis, Mike Abrams, Lidia Abrams, 2009 'Personality Theories' by Albert Ellis - the founding father of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy - provides a comprehensive review of all major theories of personality including theories of personality pathology. Importantly, it critically reviews each of these theories in light of the competing theories as well as recent research. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Reading Human Nature Joseph Carroll, 2011-03-01 As the founder and leading practitioner of literary Darwinism, Joseph Carroll remains at the forefront of a major movement in literary studies. Signaling key new developments in this approach, Reading Human Nature contains trenchant theoretical essays, innovative empirical research, sweeping surveys of intellectual history, and sophisticated interpretations of specific literary works, including The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wuthering Heights, The Mayor of Casterbridge, and Hamlet. Evolutionists in the social sciences have succeeded in delineating basic motives but have given far too little attention to the imagination. Carroll makes a compelling case that literary Darwinism is not just another school or movement in literary theory. It is the moving force in a fundamental paradigm change in the humanities—a revolution. Psychologists and anthropologists have provided massive evidence that human motives and emotions are rooted in human biology. Since motives and emotions enter into all the products of a human imagination, humanists now urgently need to assimilate a modern scientific understanding of human nature. Integrating evolutionary social science with literary humanism, Carroll offers a more complete and adequate understanding of human nature. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Creatures of Cain Erika Lorraine Milam, 2020-11-03 How Cold War America came to attribute human evolutionary success to our species' unique capacity for murder After World War II, the question of how to define a universal human nature took on new urgency. Creatures of Cain charts the rise and precipitous fall in Cold War America of a theory that attributed man’s evolutionary success to his unique capacity for murder. Drawing on a wealth of archival materials and in-depth interviews, Erika Lorraine Milam reveals how the scientists who advanced this “killer ape” theory capitalized on an expanding postwar market in intellectual paperbacks and widespread faith in the power of science to solve humanity’s problems, even to answer the most fundamental questions of human identity. The killer ape theory spread quickly from colloquial science publications to late-night television, classrooms, political debates, and Hollywood films. Behind the scenes, however, scientists were sharply divided, their disagreements centering squarely on questions of race and gender. Then, in the 1970s, the theory unraveled altogether when primatologists discovered that chimpanzees also kill members of their own species. While the discovery brought an end to definitions of human exceptionalism delineated by violence, Milam shows how some evolutionists began to argue for a shared chimpanzee-human history of aggression even as other scientists discredited such theories as sloppy popularizations. A wide-ranging account of a compelling episode in American science, Creatures of Cain argues that the legacy of the killer ape persists today in the conviction that science can resolve the essential dilemmas of human nature. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Ideas of Human Nature Roger Trigg, 1999-11-11 Ideas of Human Nature (second edition) presents twelve of the most influential Western thinkers on the topic of human nature. Roger Trigg examines the thinkers in their historical context and discusses their relevance to contemporary controversies. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Limits of Free Will Paul Russell, 2017-09-22 The Limits of Free Will presents influential articles by Paul Russell concerning free will and moral responsibility. The problems arising in this field of philosophy, which are deeply rooted in the history of the subject, are also intimately related to a wide range of other fields, such as law and criminology, moral psychology, theology, and, more recently, neuroscience. These articles were written and published over a period of three decades, although most have appeared in the past decade. Among the topics covered: the challenge of skepticism; moral sentiment and moral capacity; necessity and the metaphysics of causation; practical reason; free will and art; fatalism and the limits of agency; moral luck, and our metaphysical attitudes of optimism and pessimism. Some essays are primarily critical in character, presenting critiques and commentary on major works or contributions in the contemporary scene. Others are mainly constructive, aiming to develop and articulate a distinctive account of compatibilism. The general theory advanced by Russell, which he describes as a form of critical compatibilism, rejects any form of unqualified or radical skepticism; but it also insists that a plausible compatibilism has significant and substantive implications about the limits of agency and argues that this licenses a metaphysical attitude of (modest) pessimism on this topic. While each essay is self-standing, there is nevertheless a core set of themes and issues that unite and link them together. The collection is arranged and organized in a format that enables the reader to appreciate and recognize these links and core themes. |
| twelve theories of human nature: A Theory of Justice John RAWLS, 2009-06-30 Though the revised edition of A Theory of Justice, published in 1999, is the definitive statement of Rawls's view, so much of the extensive literature on Rawls's theory refers to the first edition. This reissue makes the first edition once again available for scholars and serious students of Rawls's work. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature Robert Pasnau, 2002 A major new study of Aquinas and his central project: the understanding of human nature. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Routledge International Handbook of Philosophies and Theories of Early Childhood Education and Care Tricia David, Kathy Goouch, Sacha Powell, 2015-10-05 The Routledge Handbook of Philosophies and Theories of Early Childhood Education and Care brings together leading writers in the field to provide a much-needed, authoritative guide to the major philosophies and theories which have shaped approaches to Early Childhood Education and Care. Providing a detailed overview of key concepts, debates and practical challenges, the handbook combines theoretical acumen with specific examples to show how philosophies and theories have evolved over the centuries and their impact on policy and society. It examines the ways in which societies define and make sense of childhood and the factors that influence the development of philosophies about young children and their learning. The collection offers an insight into the key theorists and considers how the economics and politics of their time and personal ideology influenced their ideas about childhood. It looks at curricula and provision which have proved inspirational and how these have impacted on policy and practice in different parts of the world. The handbook also explores alternative and perhaps less familiar philosophies and ideas about babies and young children, their place in society and the ways in which it might be appropriate to educate them Bringing together specially commissioned pieces by a range of international authors, this handbook will enable academics, research students, practitioners and policy-makers to reflect on their own understandings and approaches, as well as the assumptions made in their own and other societies. |
| twelve theories of human nature: How Adam Smith Can Change Your Life Russ Roberts, 2014-10-09 'A fun, fascinating, and original book that will challenge you to become a better version of yourself' Daniel H. Pink, author of Drive What does it take to be truly happy? Should we pursue fame and fortune or the respect of our friends and family? How can we make the world a better place? Two hundred and fifty years ago, Adam Smith addressed these fundamental questions in his life-long project, The Theory of Modern Sentiments. Dwarfed by the success of Smith's masterpiece The Wealth of Nations, The Theory of Modern Sentiments has been virtually forgotten. But when Russ Roberts finally picked up the epic tome, he realized he'd stumbled upon the greatest self-help book that almost no one has read. In How Adam Smith Can Change Your Life, Roberts reinvigorates the neglected classic to unearth a treasure trove of timeless, practical wisdom that cuts to the core of what it means to be human. It will challenge you to think about the way you treat others, the decisions you make in pursuit of happiness, and your place in the world. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Ecology of Human Development Urie BRONFENBRENNER, 2009-06-30 Here is a book that challenges the very basis of the way psychologists have studied child development. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, one of the world's foremost developmental psychologists, laboratory studies of the child's behavior sacrifice too much in order to gain experimental control and analytic rigor. Laboratory observations, he argues, too often lead to the science of the strange behavior of children in strange situations with strange adults for the briefest possible periods of time. To understand the way children actually develop, Bronfenbrenner believes that it will be necessary to observe their behavior in natural settings, while they are interacting with familiar adults over prolonged periods of time. This book offers an important blueprint for constructing such a new and ecologically valid psychology of development. The blueprint includes a complete conceptual framework for analysing the layers of the environment that have a formative influence on the child. This framework is applied to a variety of settings in which children commonly develop, ranging from the pediatric ward to daycare, school, and various family configurations. The result is a rich set of hypotheses about the developmental consequences of various types of environments. Where current research bears on these hypotheses, Bronfenbrenner marshals the data to show how an ecological theory can be tested. Where no relevant data exist, he suggests new and interesting ecological experiments that might be undertaken to resolve current unknowns. Bronfenbrenner's groundbreaking program for reform in developmental psychology is certain to be controversial. His argument flies in the face of standard psychological procedures and challenges psychology to become more relevant to the ways in which children actually develop. It is a challenge psychology can ill-afford to ignore. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Human Nature in Politics Graham Wallas, 1920 If he had been pressed, Macaulay would probably have admitted that there are cases in which human acts and impulses to act occur independently of any idea of an end to be gained by them. If I have a piece of grit in my eye and ask some one to take it out with the corner of his handkerchief, I generally close the eye as soon as the handkerchief comes near, and always feel a strong impulse to do so. Nobody supposes that I close my eye because, after due consideration, I think it my interest to do so. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Philosophy of Antiochus David Sedley, 2012-02-02 This book reconstructs and evaluates the philosophy of a thinker who was uniquely influential among Romans of the first century BC. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Theology of Scarecrows Leslie Stevenson, 2014-01 Leslie Stevenson taught Philosophy at St.Andrews University in Scotland from 1968-2000, and is now Honorary Reader (retired). He is co-author of Twelve Theories of Human Nature (6th edition), Oxford University Press 2012, and The Many Faces of Science (2nd edition), Westview Press 2000, and author of Open to New Light: An introduction to Quaker spirituality in historical and philosophical context, Imprint Academic, 2012. He is a keen amateur bassoon-player. This is his first attempt at fiction, and though some of his stories contain philosophical or theological themes, they are meant to be enjoyable just as stories. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Theory of State Johann Caspar Bluntschli, 1892 |
| twelve theories of human nature: The EduProtocol Field Guide Book 2 Jon Corippo, Marlena Hebern, 2019-07-09 Your Guidebook to Creating Lessons That Engage and Inspire Learners In the first book in the EduProtocols Series, Marlena Hebern and Jon Corippo introduced flexible lesson frames to equip teachers to break free from the lesson-and-worksheet cycle. In The EduProtocol Field Guide: Book 2, the authors are back with twelve new lesson frames for even more engagement. Along with their personal experiences with the protocols, Hebern and Corippo share the wisdom and insights of other educators who are using and adapting these powerful tools for their learners. What's New? In addition to including twelve new EduProtocols and nine teacher-reimagined iterations on lesson frames from the first book, The EduProtocol Field Guide: Book 2 takes a deeper dive into the research-supported learning theories behind the protocols. The authors also demonstrate how EduProtocols support a Universal Design for Learning (UDL) environment. You'll also find tips throughout the book for edtech integration and for adapting lessons for English Language Learners. The EduProtocol Field Guide series is your manual for designing personalized learning opportunities in less time. What teacher doesn't want to save time and teach better? In The EduProtocol Field Guide: Book 2, Marlena Hebern and Jon Corippo provide even more low-prep, high-return activities you can use tomorrow. --Mat Miller, author of Ditch That Textbook I strongly recommend EduProtocols become part of your district's arsenal to support twenty-first-century student learning--Michael R. McCormick, superintendent, Val Verde USD Marlena and Jon have done an amazing job compiling protocols that help teachers remove learning barriers and differentiate for all learners. --Meghan Cannon-Johann, teacher These guides are definitely a must-have for teachers who want to burn their bloated teacher guides, want their lives back from hours of meaningless grading, and realize the need to move beyond unfocused classroom technology convenience tools. --Derrall Garrison, instructional coach |
| twelve theories of human nature: Teaching Thinking Skills Joan Boykoff Baron, Robert J. Sternberg, 1987 This book presents essays by ten eminent psychologists, educators, and philosophers that unite classical and modern theories of thought with the latest practical approaches to the learning and teaching of thinking skills. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Development During Middle Childhood Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Child Development Research and Public Policy, Panel to Review the Status of Basic Research on School-Age Children, 1984-01-01 For the first time, a report focuses specifically on middle childhoodâ€a discrete, pivotal period of development. In this review of research, experts examine the physical health and cognitive development of 6- to 12-year-old children as well as their surroundings: school and home environment, ecocultural setting, and family and peer relationships. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Why Nations Fail Daron Acemoglu, James A. Robinson, 2012-03-08 Shortlisted for the Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award 2012. Why are some nations more prosperous than others? Why Nations Fail sets out to answer this question, with a compelling and elegantly argued new theory: that it is not down to climate, geography or culture, but because of institutions. Drawing on an extraordinary range of contemporary and historical examples, from ancient Rome through the Tudors to modern-day China, leading academics Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson show that to invest and prosper, people need to know that if they work hard, they can make money and actually keep it - and this means sound institutions that allow virtuous circles of innovation, expansion and peace. Based on fifteen years of research, and answering the competing arguments of authors ranging from Max Weber to Jeffrey Sachs and Jared Diamond, Acemoglu and Robinson step boldly into the territory of Francis Fukuyama and Ian Morris. They blend economics, politics, history and current affairs to provide a new, powerful and persuasive way of understanding wealth and poverty. |
| twelve theories of human nature: The Philosophy of Childhood Gareth Matthews, 1994 Adult preconceptions about the mental life of children tend to discourage a child’s philosophical bent. By exposing the underpinnings of adult views of childhood, Matthews clears the way for recognizing the philosophy of childhood as a legitimate field of inquiry and conducts us through influential models for understanding what it is to be a child. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Health Behavior Karen Glanz, Barbara K. Rimer, K. Viswanath, 2015-07-27 The essential health behavior text, updated with the latest theories, research, and issues Health Behavior: Theory, Research and Practice provides a thorough introduction to understanding and changing health behavior, core tenets of the public health role. Covering theory, applications, and research, this comprehensive book has become the gold standard of health behavior texts. This new fifth edition has been updated to reflect the most recent changes in the public health field with a focus on health behavior, including coverage of the intersection of health and community, culture, and communication, with detailed explanations of both established and emerging theories. Offering perspective applicable at the individual, interpersonal, group, and community levels, this essential guide provides the most complete coverage of the field to give public health students and practitioners an authoritative reference for both the theoretical and practical aspects of health behavior. A deep understanding of human behaviors is essential for effective public health and health care management. This guide provides the most complete, up-to-date information in the field, to give you a real-world understanding and the background knowledge to apply it successfully. Learn how e-health and social media factor into health communication Explore the link between culture and health, and the importance of community Get up to date on emerging theories of health behavior and their applications Examine the push toward evidence-based interventions, and global applications Written and edited by the leading health and social behavior theorists and researchers, Health Behavior: Theory, Research and Practice provides the information and real-world perspective that builds a solid understanding of how to analyze and improve health behaviors and health. |
| twelve theories of human nature: Seven Theories of Human Nature Leslie Forster Stevenson, 1976 |
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