Slavery And Islam

Slavery and Islam: A Complex and Often Misunderstood History

The relationship between slavery and Islam is a complex and sensitive topic, often shrouded in misinformation and misunderstanding. This comprehensive exploration delves into the historical realities of slavery within Islamic societies, dispelling common myths and providing a nuanced perspective on a deeply troubling aspect of the past. We will examine the Islamic texts' perspectives on slavery, the historical practices of enslavement within Muslim communities, and the eventual abolition movements within these societies. Understanding this history is crucial for a complete understanding of both Islamic history and the global history of slavery.

H2: Islamic Texts and the Institution of Slavery

The Quran, the central religious text of Islam, does not explicitly endorse or condemn slavery. Instead, it regulates the institution, outlining rules and guidelines for the treatment of slaves. These regulations, while far from eliminating the inherent injustice of slavery, did aim to mitigate some of its harshest aspects. For instance, the Quran emphasizes the importance of fair treatment, encourages manumission (the freeing of slaves), and outlines specific legal frameworks concerning slave ownership. However, it's crucial to understand that these regulations existed within a broader societal context where slavery was already deeply entrenched. The Quran's approach, therefore, can be interpreted as an attempt to regulate an existing social ill rather than advocating for its complete abolition.

#### H3: Interpretations and Divergent Practices

The interpretation and application of these Quranic verses varied widely across different Islamic societies and historical periods. Some scholars and rulers actively promoted the manumission of slaves, while others maintained robust systems of slavery. This diversity reflects the influence of pre-Islamic customs, local legal traditions, and varying interpretations of religious texts. The historical reality is therefore multifaceted, avoiding simplistic narratives of universal practice. Furthermore, the level of cruelty and exploitation varied drastically, influenced by regional cultural norms and economic conditions.

H2: Historical Context of Slavery in Muslim Societies

Slavery existed in various forms throughout the history of Muslim societies, mirroring patterns observed in other cultures across the globe. While the transatlantic slave trade is often associated with European powers, the Arab slave trade, predating and overlapping with the transatlantic trade, significantly contributed to the widespread enslavement of Africans. However, it's critical to differentiate between the motivations and characteristics of these different slave trades. The Arab slave trade involved various routes and diverse forms of enslavement, often connected to warfare, raiding, and economic exploitation.

#### H3: The Diversity of Enslaved Populations

It is crucial to recognize the diversity of enslaved populations within Islamic societies. Slaves came from various ethnic and religious backgrounds, including Africans, Europeans, and Asians. Their experiences differed based on their origins, skills, and the specific context of their enslavement. The widespread misconception that slavery in Islamic societies primarily involved Africans ignores the complexities of the historical record.

H2: Abolition Movements and the Decline of Slavery in Muslim Societies

While slavery persisted for centuries within Muslim societies, movements towards abolition emerged gradually over time. These movements were often influenced by religious reformers, social activists, and changing economic conditions. The Ottoman Empire, for instance, witnessed a gradual decline in the scale and acceptance of slavery, though complete abolition came later than in other parts of the world. Various factors, including the rise of abolitionist movements in the West and shifting economic landscapes, contributed to the eventual demise of slavery within predominantly Muslim nations.

#### H3: The Legacy of Slavery

The legacy of slavery in Muslim societies remains a complex and sensitive issue. It continues to impact social structures, cultural identities, and political narratives. Addressing this legacy requires acknowledging the historical realities, engaging in open dialogue, and promoting reconciliation and understanding.

Conclusion

The relationship between slavery and Islam is a multifaceted historical reality that resists simple categorization. While the Quran contains regulations concerning the treatment of slaves, it didn't lead to the immediate abolition of the practice. The historical experiences of enslaved people within Muslim societies were diverse and varied widely across time and geography. Understanding this complex history requires critical engagement with the historical record, acknowledging both the mitigating factors outlined in religious texts and the brutal realities of slavery’s practice. Open and honest discussion is essential to confronting this troubling aspect of the past and working towards a more just future.

FAQs

1. Did the Quran justify slavery? The Quran didn't explicitly justify slavery, but it regulated it, outlining rules for slave treatment and encouraging manumission. Its approach is complex and open to interpretation.

2. How did the Arab slave trade compare to the transatlantic slave trade? Both were devastating, but the Arab slave trade operated on different routes and for various reasons, spanning centuries before the transatlantic trade and continuing concurrently.

3. When was slavery abolished in Muslim countries? The abolition of slavery varied greatly across different Muslim societies, with some countries abolishing it earlier than others. It wasn't a single event but a gradual process occurring over different periods.

4. What role did religious scholars play in the abolition of slavery in Muslim societies? Some religious scholars played a crucial role in advocating for the abolition or reform of slavery, interpreting religious texts to support arguments for freedom and equality.

5. What is the ongoing impact of the history of slavery in Muslim communities? The legacy of slavery continues to shape social structures, cultural identities, and political dynamics in many Muslim communities today. Addressing this legacy requires ongoing work towards reconciliation and understanding.


  slavery and islam: Slavery and Islam Jonathan A.C. Brown, 2020-03-05 What happens when authorities you venerate condone something you know is wrong? Every major religion and philosophy once condoned or approved of slavery, but in modern times nothing is seen as more evil. Americans confront this crisis of authority when they erect statues of Founding Fathers who slept with their slaves. And Muslims faced it when ISIS revived sex slavery, justifying it with verses from the Quran and the practice of Muhammad. Exploring the moral and ultimately theological problem of slavery, Jonathan A.C. Brown traces how the Christian, Jewish and Islamic traditions have tried to reconcile modern moral certainties with the infallibility of God’s message. He lays out how Islam viewed slavery in theory, and the reality of how it was practiced across Islamic civilization. Finally, Brown carefully examines arguments put forward by Muslims for the abolition of slavery.
  slavery and islam: Islam and the Abolition of Slavery William Clarence-Smith, 2020-02-19 In this important book, Clarence-Smith provides the first general survey of the Islamic debate on slavery. Sweeping away entrenched myths, he hopes to stimulate more research on this neglected topic. He draws on examples from the 'abode of Islam', from the Philippines to Senegal and from the Caucasus to South Africa, paying particular attention to the period from the late eighteenth century to the present. Once slavery had disappeared, it was the Sufi mystics who did most to integrate former slaves socially and religiously, avoiding the deep social divisions that have plagued the Western societies in the aftermath of abolition.
  slavery and islam: Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam Kecia Ali, 2010-10-30 A remarkable research accomplishment. Ali leads us through three strands of early Islamic jurisprudence with careful attention to the nuances and details of the arguments.
  slavery and islam: Slavery, Terrorism and Islam - The Historical Roots and Contemporary Threat Peter Hammond, 2021-06-10 Dr. Peter Hammond's bestselling book: SLAVERY, TERRORISM & ISLAM - The Historical Roots and Contemporary Threat is a fascinating, well illustrated and thoroughly documented response to the relentless anti-Christian propaganda that has been generated by Muslim and Marxist groups and by Hollywood film makers. As Karl Marx declared: The first battlefield is the re-writing of History! Slavery, Terrorism and Islam was first published in 2005 and quickly sold out. It earned Dr. Peter Hammond a death threat Fatwa from some Islamic radicals. We have included the story of that in an appendix of this book. Slavery, Terrorism & Islam sets the record straight with chapters on Muhammad, the Caliphas and Jihad, The Oppression of Women in Islam, The Sources of Islam and Slavery the Rest of the Story. With over 200 pictures, maps and charts, this book is richly illustrated. It consists of 16 chapters and 13 very helpful appendixes including demographic maps of the spread of Islam, a Glossary of Islamic Terms, a comparison of Muslim nations' military spending vs. their national prosperity, a chart on how Jihad works depending on the percentage of Muslims in the population and guidelines for Muslim evangelism.
  slavery and islam: Race and Slavery in the Middle East Bernard Lewis, 1990 From the days before Moses up through the 1960s, slavery was a fact of life in the Middle East. But if the Middle East was one of the last regions to renounce slavery, how do we account for its--and especially Islam's--image of racial harmony? How did these long years of slavery affect racial relations? In Race and Slavery in the Middle East, Bernard Lewis explores these questions and others, examining the history of slavery in law, social thought, practice, and literature and art over the last two millennia.
  slavery and islam: Slavery, the State, and Islam Mohammed Ennaji, 2013-04-22 Slavery, the State, and Islam looks at slavery as the foundation of power and the state in the Muslim world. Closely examining major theological and literary Islamic texts, it challenges traditional approaches to the subject. Servitude was a foundation for the construction of the new state on the Arabian peninsula. It constituted the essence of a relationship of authority as found in the Koran. The dominant stereotypes and traditions of equality as promoted by Islam, of its leniency toward slaves, is questioned. This original, pioneering book overturns the mythical view of caliphal power in Islam. It examines authority as it functions in the Arab world today and helps to explain the difficulty of attempting to instill freedom and democracy there.
  slavery and islam: Slavery in the Islamic World Mary Ann Fay, 2018-11-17 This edited volume determines where slavery in the Islamic world fits within the global history of slavery and the various models that have been developed to analyze it. To that end, the authors focus on a question about Islamic slavery that has frequently been asked but not answered satisfactorily, namely, what is Islamic about slavery in the Islamic world. Through the fields of history, sociology, literature, women's studies, African studies, and comparative slavery studies, this book is an important contribution to the scholarly research on slavery in the Islamic lands, which continues to be understudied and under-represented in global slavery studies.
  slavery and islam: Black Morocco Chouki El Hamel, 2014-02-27 Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam chronicles the experiences, identity and achievements of enslaved black people in Morocco from the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. Chouki El Hamel argues that we cannot rely solely on Islamic ideology as the key to explain social relations and particularly the history of black slavery in the Muslim world, for this viewpoint yields an inaccurate historical record of the people, institutions and social practices of slavery in Northwest Africa. El Hamel focuses on black Moroccans' collective experience beginning with their enslavement to serve as the loyal army of the Sultan Isma'il. By the time the Sultan died in 1727, they had become a political force, making and unmaking rulers well into the nineteenth century. The emphasis on the political history of the black army is augmented by a close examination of the continuity of black Moroccan identity through the musical and cultural practices of the Gnawa.
  slavery and islam: Slavery in the Islamic Middle East Shaun Elizabeth Marmon, 1999 Slavery, recognized and regulated by Islamic law, was an integral part of Muslim societies in the Middle East well into modern times. Recruited from the Abode of War by means of trade or warfare, slaves began their lives in the Islamic world as deracinated outsiders, described by Muslim jurists as being in a state like death, awaiting resurrection and rebirth through manumission. Many of these slaves were manumitted and some rose to prominence as soldiers and political leaders. Others were not so fortunate. Slaves of African origin, in particular, were often condemned to lives of menial labor. Despite the importance of slavery in Islamic history, this institution has received scant attention from scholars. This volume examines the institution of slavery in Islam in a range of cultural settings.
  slavery and islam: Slave Soldiers and Islam Daniel Pipes, 1981 De islamiske religiøse idealer medførte, at muslimerne ikke gerne engagerede sig i krig eller regeringsanliggender, hvorfor de gennem tiderne systematisk skaffede sig udenlandske slaver, som blev uddannet og anvendt som professionelle soldater, første gang omkring 815-820, f.eks. er det berømte tyrkiske janitscharkorps, der bestod af osmanniske elitesoldater, skabt i det sene 1300 tal af kristne krigsfanger.
  slavery and islam: A Muslim American Slave Omar Ibn Said, 2011-07-20 Born to a wealthy family in West Africa around 1770, Omar Ibn Said was abducted and sold into slavery in the United States, where he came to the attention of a prominent North Carolina family after filling “the walls of his room with piteous petitions to be released, all written in the Arabic language,” as one local newspaper reported. Ibn Said soon became a local celebrity, and in 1831 he was asked to write his life story, producing the only known surviving American slave narrative written in Arabic. In A Muslim American Slave, scholar and translator Ala Alryyes offers both a definitive translation and an authoritative edition of this singularly important work, lending new insights into the early history of Islam in America and exploring the multiple, shifting interpretations of Ibn Said’s narrative by the nineteenth-century missionaries, ethnographers, and intellectuals who championed it. This edition presents the English translation on pages facing facsimile pages of Ibn Said’s Arabic narrative, augmented by Alryyes’s comprehensive introduction, contextual essays and historical commentary by leading literary critics and scholars of Islam and the African diaspora, photographs, maps, and other writings by Omar Ibn Said. The result is an invaluable addition to our understanding of writings by enslaved Americans and a timely reminder that “Islam” and “America” are not mutually exclusive terms. This edition presents the English translation on pages facing facsimile pages of Ibn Said’s Arabic narrative, augmented by Alryyes’s comprehensive introduction and by photographs, maps, and other writings by Omar Ibn Said. The volume also includes contextual essays and historical commentary by literary critics and scholars of Islam and the African diaspora: Michael A. Gomez, Allan D. Austin, Robert J. Allison, Sylviane A. Diouf, Ghada Osman, and Camille F. Forbes. The result is an invaluable addition to our understanding of writings by enslaved Americans and a timely reminder that “Islam” and “America” are not mutually exclusive terms. Best Books for General Audiences, selected by the American Association of School Librarians
  slavery and islam: Slavery, Terrorism & Islam Peter Hammond, 2005 This book is a fascinating, well illustrated and thoroughly documented response to the relentless anti-Christian propaganda that has been generated by Muslim and marxist groups and by Hollywood film makers. As Karl Marx declared: The first battlefield is the re-writing of history! Slavery, Terrorsim and Islam is an eye opening, positive and practical handbook to empower you to respond effectively to the challenge of Islam today.
  slavery and islam: Servants of Allah Sylviane A. Diouf, 1998-11 Explores the stories of African Muslim slaves in the New World. The author argues that although Islam as brought by the Africans did not outlive the last slaves, what they wrote on the sands of the plantations is a successful story of strength, resilience, courage, pride, and dignity. She discusses Christian Europeans, African Muslims, the Atlantic slave trade, literacy, revolts, and the Muslim legacy. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
  slavery and islam: The Forgotten Slave Trade Simon Webb, 2020-12-28 “A solid introduction and useful survey of slaving activity by the Muslims of North Africa over the course of several centuries.” —Chronicles Everybody knows about the transatlantic slave trade, which saw black Africans snatched from their homes, taken across the Atlantic Ocean and then sold into slavery. However, a century before Britain became involved in this terrible business, whole villages and towns in England, Ireland, Italy, Spain and other European countries were being depopulated by slavers, who transported the men, women and children to Africa where they were sold to the highest bidder. This is the forgotten slave trade; one which saw over a million Christians forced into captivity in the Muslim world. Starting with the practice of slavery in the ancient world, Simon Webb traces the history of slavery in Europe, showing that the numbers involved were vast and that the victims were often treated far more cruelly than black slaves in America and the Caribbean. Castration, used very occasionally against black slaves taken across the Atlantic, was routinely carried out on an industrial scale on European boys who were exported to Africa and the Middle East. Most people are aware that the English city of Bristol was a major center for the transatlantic slave trade in the eighteenth century, but hardly anyone knows that 1,000 years earlier it had been an important staging-post for the transfer of English slaves to Africa. Reading this book will forever change how you view the slave trade and show that many commonly held beliefs about this controversial subject are almost wholly inaccurate and mistaken.
  slavery and islam: Slavery Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, 2001-08-17 This book has been re-published to coincide the occasion of the third World Conference against Racism, Xenophobia, and intolerance, held in Durban, South Africa, 2001. The prevailing opinion is that slavery has been committed to the dustbins of history, yet the effect of this odious barbarism primarily against the African people manifest itself well into the 21st century. Since it's formal abolition in 1863, it has assumed a more devious face, in the form of refurbished slavery. Globalisation through the domination of the forces of production by Multi National cartels is a new form of slavery. Allamah Rizvi re-visits this contentious issue of the slave and defines it within its rightful context.
  slavery and islam: Islam's Black Slaves Ronald Segal, 2002-02-09 Traces the history of the Islamic slave trade from its inception in the seventh century through its history in China, India, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Libya, and Spain.
  slavery and islam: Islam and the Abolition of Slavery William Clarence-Smith, 2020-02-19 In this important book, Clarence-Smith provides the first general survey of the Islamic debate on slavery. Sweeping away entrenched myths, he hopes to stimulate more research on this neglected topic. He draws on examples from the 'abode of Islam', from the Philippines to Senegal and from the Caucasus to South Africa, paying particular attention to the period from the late eighteenth century to the present. Once slavery had disappeared, it was the Sufi mystics who did most to integrate former slaves socially and religiously, avoiding the deep social divisions that have plagued the Western societies in the aftermath of abolition.
  slavery and islam: The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420-AD 1804 David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, Keith R. Bradley, Paul Cartledge, Seymour Drescher, 2011-07-25 The various manifestations of coerced labour between the opening up of the Atlantic world and the formal creation of Haiti.
  slavery and islam: Slavery, Islam and Diaspora Behnaz A. Mirzai, Ismael Musah Montana, Paul E. Lovejoy, 2009 An exploration of the history of African slaves in the Muslim world. Written by a cast of experts in the field, Slavery, Islam and Diaspora identifies the distinct cultural identity and social stratum of slaves in Islamic society and shows how Islam has been used alternately to justify enslavement, liberate slaves and defend the autonomy of certain communities. Local perceptions of Islam are also taken into account in this rich and remarkable volume of scholarly approaches to the history and concept of slavery.
  slavery and islam: Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters R. Davis, 2003-09-16 This is a study that digs deeply into this 'other' slavery, the bondage of Europeans by North-African Muslims that flourished during the same centuries as the heyday of the trans-Atlantic trade from sub-Saharan Africa to the Americas. Here are explored the actual extent of Barbary Coast slavery, the dynamic relationship between master and slave, and the effects of this slaving on Italy, one of the slave takers' primary targets and victims.
  slavery and islam: The Walking Qurʼan Rudolph T. Ware, 2014 Walking Qur'an: Islamic Education, Embodied Knowledge, and History in West Africa
  slavery and islam: Holy War and Human Bondage Robert C. Davis, 2009-07-01 Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Early-Modern Mediterranean tells a story unfamiliar to most modern readers—how this pervasive servitude involved, connected, and divided those on both sides of the Mediterranean. The work explores how men and women, Christians and Muslims, Jews and sub-Saharan Africans experienced their capture and bondage, while comparing what they went through with what black Africans endured in the Americas. Drawing heavily on archival sources not previously available in English, Holy War and Human Bondage teems with personal and highly felt stories of Muslims and Christians who personally fell into captivity and slavery, or who struggled to free relatives and co-religionists in bondage. In these pages, readers will discover how much race slavery and faith slavery once resembled one other and how much they overlapped in the Early-Modern mind. Each produced its share of personal suffering and social devastation—yet the whims of history have made the one virtually synonymous with human bondage while confining the other to almost complete oblivion.
  slavery and islam: Slavery on the Frontiers of Islam Paul E. Lovejoy, 2004 The African Diaspora was a consequence of the enslavement in the interior of West Africa. This work examines the conditions of slavery facing Muslims and converts to Islam both in the central Sudan and in the broader diaspora of Africans. It considers the consequences of European colonization.
  slavery and islam: Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa Elisabeth McMahon, 2013-04-30 This book demonstrates the links between emancipation and the redefinition of honour among all classes of people on the island of Pemba.
  slavery and islam: Concubines and Courtesans Matthew Gordon, Kathryn A. Hain, 2017 Concubines and Courtesans contains sixteen essays on enslaved and freed women across medieval and pre-modern Islamic social history. The essays consider questions of slavery, gender, social networking, cultural production, sexuality, Islamic family law, and religion in the shaping of Near Eastern and Islamic society over time.
  slavery and islam: Slavery in the Arab World Murray Gordon, 1989 ...a comprehensive portrait of slavery in the Islamic world from earliest times until today...D>--Arab Book World
  slavery and islam: Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate John Ralph Willis, 1985 First Published in 1986. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
  slavery and islam: Slaves and Slavery in Africa John Ralph Willis, 1986-12-31 First Published in 1986. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
  slavery and islam: The Curse of Ham David M. Goldenberg, 2009-04-11 How old is prejudice against black people? Were the racist attitudes that fueled the Atlantic slave trade firmly in place 700 years before the European discovery of sub-Saharan Africa? In this groundbreaking book, David Goldenberg seeks to discover how dark-skinned peoples, especially black Africans, were portrayed in the Bible and by those who interpreted the Bible--Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Unprecedented in rigor and breadth, his investigation covers a 1,500-year period, from ancient Israel (around 800 B.C.E.) to the eighth century C.E., after the birth of Islam. By tracing the development of anti-Black sentiment during this time, Goldenberg uncovers views about race, color, and slavery that took shape over the centuries--most centrally, the belief that the biblical Ham and his descendants, the black Africans, had been cursed by God with eternal slavery. Goldenberg begins by examining a host of references to black Africans in biblical and postbiblical Jewish literature. From there he moves the inquiry from Black as an ethnic group to black as color, and early Jewish attitudes toward dark skin color. He goes on to ask when the black African first became identified as slave in the Near East, and, in a powerful culmination, discusses the resounding influence of this identification on Jewish, Christian, and Islamic thinking, noting each tradition's exegetical treatment of pertinent biblical passages. Authoritative, fluidly written, and situated at a richly illuminating nexus of images, attitudes, and history, The Curse of Ham is sure to have a profound and lasting impact on the perennial debate over the roots of racism and slavery, and on the study of early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
  slavery and islam: Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism Benedikt Koehler, 2014-06-17 Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism proposes a strikingly original thesis—that capitalism first emerged in Arabia, not in late medieval Italian city states as is commonly assumed. Early Islam made a seminal but largely unrecognized contribution to the history of economic thought; it is the only religion founded by an entrepreneur. Descending from an elite dynasty of religious, civil, and commercial leaders, Muhammad was a successful businessman before founding Islam. As such, the new religion had much to say on trade, consumer protection, business ethics, and property. As Islam rapidly spread across the region so did the economic teachings of early Islam, which eventually made their way to Europe. Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism demonstrates how Islamic institutions and business practices were adopted and adapted in Venice and Genoa. These financial innovations include the invention of the corporation, business management techniques, commercial arithmetic, and monetary reform. There were other Islamic institutions assimilated in Europe: charities, the waqf, inspired trusts, and institutions of higher learning; the madrasas were models for the oldest colleges of Oxford and Cambridge. As such, it can be rightfully said that these essential aspects of capitalist thought all have Islamic roots.
  slavery and islam: Misquoting Muhammad Jonathan A.C. Brown, 2014-08-07 AN INDEPENDENT BEST BOOKS ON RELIGION 2014 PICK Few things provoke controversy in the modern world like the religion brought by Prophet Muhammad. Modern media are replete with alarm over jihad, underage marriage and the threat of amputation or stoning under Shariah law. Sometimes rumor, sometimes based on fact and often misunderstood, the tenets of Islamic law and dogma were not set in the religion’s founding moments. They were developed, like in other world religions, over centuries by the clerical class of Muslim scholars. Misquoting Muhammad takes the reader back in time through Islamic civilization and traces how and why such controversies developed, offering an inside view into how key and controversial aspects of Islam took shape. From the protests of the Arab Spring to Istanbul at the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and from the ochre red walls of Delhi’s great mosques to the trade routes of the Indian Ocean world, Misquoting Muhammad lays out how Muslim intellectuals have sought to balance reason and revelation, weigh science and religion, and negotiate the eternal truths of scripture amid shifting values.
  slavery and islam: Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction Jonathan A.C. Brown, 2011-03-24 Drawing on traditional Muslim sources, Michael Cook describes Muhammad's life and teaching. He also attempts to stand back from this traditional picture to show how far it is historically justified.
  slavery and islam: The Story of Rufino João José Reis, Flávio dos Santos Gomes, Marcus J. M. de Carvalho, 2019-12-09 Winner of the Casa de las América Prize for Brazilian Literature, The Story of Rufino reconstructs the lively biography of Rufino José Maria, set against the historical context of Brazil and Africa in the nineteenth century. The book tells the story of Rufino or Abuncare, a Yoruba Muslim from the kingdom of Oyo, in present-day Nigeria. Enslaved as an adolescent by a rival ethnic group, he was captured by Brazilian slave traders and taken to Brazil as a slave sometime in the early 1820s. In 1835, after being enslaved in Salvador and Rio Grande do Sul, Rufino bought his freedom with money he made as a hired-out slave and perhaps from making Islamic amulets. He found work in Rio de Janeiro as a cook on a slave ship bound for Luanda in Angola, despite the trans-Atlantic slave trade having been illegal in Brazil since 1831. Rufino himself became a petty slave trader. He made a few voyages before his ship was captured by the British and taken to Sierra Leone in 1841 for trial by the Anglo-Brazilian Mixed Commission to determine if it was equipped for the slave trade, since there were no slaves on board. During the three months awaiting the court's decision, Rufino lived among Yoruba Muslims, his people, and attended Quranic and Arabic classes. He later returned to Sierra Leone as a witness in a court case and attended classes with Muslim masters for almost two years. Once back in Brazil, he established himself as a diviner -- serving whites and blacks, free and slaves, Brazilians and Africans, Muslim and non-Muslims -- as well as a spiritual leader, an Alufa, in the local Afro-Muslim community. In 1853 Rufino was arrested due to rumors of an imminent African slave revolt. The police used as evidence for his arrest the large number of Arabic manuscripts in his possession, the same kind of material the police had found with Muslim rebels in Bahia thirty years earlier. During his interrogation, Rufino told his life story, which is used to reconstruct the world in which he lived under slavery and in freedom on African shores, aboard slave ships, and in Brazil. An extraordinary Atlantic history carefully pieced together from the archives, The Story of Rufino illuminates the complexities of slavery and freedom in Africa and Brazil and the resilience of ethnic and religious identities.
  slavery and islam: Hadith Jonathan A.C. Brown, 2017-12-07 Contrary to popular opinion, the bulk of Islamic law does not come from the Quran but from hadith, first-hand reports of the Prophet Muhammad’s words and deeds, passed from generation to generation. However, with varying accounts often only committed to paper a century after the death of Muhammad, Islamic scholars, past and present, have been faced with complex questions of historical authenticity. In this wide-ranging introduction, Jonathan A. C. Brown explores the collection and criticism of hadith, and the controversy surrounding its role in modern Islam. This edition, revised and updated with additional case studies and attention to the very latest scholarship, also features a new chapter on how hadiths have been used politically, both historically and in the Arab Spring and its aftermath. Informative and accessible, it is perfectly suited to students, scholars and general readers interested in this critical element of Islam.
  slavery and islam: The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia Ismael M. Montana, 2013-08-06 In this groundbreaking work, Ismael Montana fully explicates the complexity of Tunisian society and culture and reveals how abolition was able to occur in an environment hostile to such change. Moving beyond typical slave trade studies, he departs from the traditional regional paradigms that isolate slavery in North Africa from its global dynamics to examine the trans-Saharan slave trade in a broader historical context. The result is a study that reveals how European capitalism, political pressure, and evolving social dynamics throughout the western Mediterranean region helped shape this seismic cultural event.
  slavery and islam: Conquered Populations in Early Islam Elizabeth Urban, 2020-01-10 This book traces the journey of new Muslims as they joined the early Islamic community and articulated their identities within it. It focuses on Muslims of slave origins, who belonged to the society in which they lived but whose slave background rendered them somehow alien. How did these Muslims at the crossroads of insider and outsider find their place in early Islamic society? How did Islamic society itself change to accommodate these new members? By analysing how these liminal Muslims resolved the tension between belonging and otherness, Conquered Populations in Early Islam reveals the shifting boundaries of the early Islamic community and celebrates the dynamism of Islamic history.
  slavery and islam: Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 , 2021-11-29 Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 explores the Black Sea region as an encounter zone of cultures, legal regimes, religions, and enslavement practices. The topics discussed in the chapters include Byzantine slavery, late medieval slave trade patterns, slavery in Christian societies, Tatar and cossack raids, the position of Circassians in the slave trade, and comparisons with the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. This volume aims to stimulate a broader discussion on the patterns of unfreedom in the Black Sea area and to draw attention to the importance of this region in the broader debates on global slavery. Contributors are: Viorel Achim, Michel Balard, Hannah Barker, Andrzej Gliwa, Colin Heywood, Sergei Pavlovich Karpov, Mikhail Kizilov, Dariusz Kołodziejczyk, Maryna Kravets, Natalia Królikowska-Jedlińska, Sandra Origone, Victor Ostapchuk, Daphne Penna, Felicia Roșu, and Ehud R. Toledano.
  slavery and islam: The Doctrine of Slavery Bill Warner, 2010-09 The modern historical theory of slavery is that white men brought Africans to the Western hemisphere, where they were sold for profit and put to work as slaves. The modern theory is true as far as it goes, but it does not go nearly far enough. Slavery goes far beyond the 300-year period when whites bought slaves from the Muslim wholesalers on the West coast of Africa. For 1400 years Islam waged jihad in Africa, India and Europe to enslave non-Muslims. Islam ran the slave markets, not only on the West coast of Africa, but in North Africa and East Africa. The foundation for this business was the Islamic doctrine that makes slavery a moral virtue. Mohammed's example established the way to be the perfect slave trader and slave owner. He sold slaves he captured to finance jihad. Islam has a highly detailed doctrine of slavery. This book is a fascinating study of the ideology that supported the world's largest slave culture and still sells slaves today.
  slavery and islam: African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1, The Sources Alice Bellagamba, Sandra E. Greene, Martin A. Klein, 2013-05-13 Though the history of slavery is a central topic for African, Atlantic world and world history, most of the sources presenting research in this area are European in origin. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (such as European travel accounts, colonial documents, court cases, and missionary records) and less-explored sources of information (such as folklore, oral traditions, songs and proverbs, life histories collected by missionaries and colonial officials, correspondence in Arabic, and consular and admiralty interviews with runaway slaves). Each source has a short introduction highlighting its significance and orienting the reader. This first of two volumes provides students and scholars with a trove of African sources for studying African slavery and the slave trade.
  slavery and islam: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law James Crawford, Ian Brownlie, 2019 Serving as a single volume introduction to the field as a whole, this ninth edition of Brownlie's Principles of International Law seeks to present international law as a system that is based on, and helps structure, relations among states and other entities at the international level.
Slavery and Islam Part One - Yaqeen Institute for Islamic …
Slavery and Islam Part One – The Problem of Slavery. Jonathan Brown Abdullah Hamid Ali. This is the first in three …

Slavery and Islam - OPENMAKTABA
the problem of defining slavery (the core of Chapter One of this book) and had a second one ready to go (it became …

Islam and Slavery - London School of Economics and Poli…
Islam and Slavery. William Gervase Clarence-Smith . Tens of millions of people were placed under the Muslim …

Introduction: What Is Islamic About Slavery in the Islamic …
Slavery in the Islamic World provides models and methodologies which we hope will inspire more interdisciplinary …

Slavery And Islam Copy - netsec.csuci.edu
It is crucial to recognize the diversity of enslaved populations within Islamic societies. Slaves came from various …

SLAVE SOLDIERS AND ISLAM - Daniel Pipes
Chapter 3 ties slave soldiers specifically to Islam; the following pages discuss generally how Islam extended its …

Slavery in Islam: From the 7th Century to the Present
Since the founding of Islam, shari’a law sought to reform the slavery that was universal but specifically inherited first …

Slavery, the State, and Islam - Cambridge University Press …
exploration of the place of slavery in the history of Islam a global ques-tion. Ennaji s intention is to foster intercultural …

HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM (PART 3 OF 3): SLAVERY AND …
held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.€ More than 1400 years ago Islam also tackled the issue of slavery. In the 7th century CE, slavery was entrenched in Arabian society, just as it was in other societies and systems of law.€ Slaves were acquired easily via, warfare, debt,

Bernard Lewis on Slavery in Islam (An Analytical Study)
Bernard Lewis and Slavery in Islam: An Analytical Study Bernard Lewis mentions that Muslims were allowed to take slaves as war booty. A slave could be a slave only under the following conditions.

Slavery in Africa and the Slave Trades from Africa - JSTOR
about Islam, the slave trade, and slavery in Africa. Rather, I limit my discussion to seven recently published books about slavery in Africa and slave trades from Africa. The range of approaches to Africa's slave trade to the external Islamic world and slavery in Islamic Africa is not represented in these books.9 Instead,

Fordham International Law Journal - Fordham University
views of chattel slavery, should be taken seriously and actually have a great deal of support in Islamic legal history. It argues that, despite the long presence of slavery and slave-trading in Islamic legal and imperial history, there is now a firm jurisprudential basis for declaring that slavery in Islam can and should be abolished, even

Muslime, Verhalten nach Bevölkerungsanteil - UNSER …
Quelle: Aus dem Buch von Peter Hammond, Sklaverei, Terrorismus und Islam (Englischer Originaltitel (2010): Slavery, Terrorism and Islam). Dr. Peter Hammond, Kapstadt Südafrika, ist als Direktor der „Mission Frontline Fellowship“ weltweit tätig. Der Islam ist weder eine Religion noch ein Kult. In voller Ausprägung ist er ein vollständiges,

Transformations in Slavery - Cambridge Unive rsit y Pre ss …
Transformations in Slavery This history of African slavery from the fi fteenth to the early twentieth centuries examines how indigenous African slavery developed within an international context. Paul E. Lovejoy discusses the medieval Islamic ... (2010) and Slavery, Islam and Diaspora (2009). He is the editor of the

Islam, Slavery, and Racism: The Use of Strategy in the Pursuit …
Muslims towards slavery and slaves. The attitude of Islam towards race, color, and slavery in the context of the trans-Saharan slave trade are two issues that this paper will deal with since they have a direct bearing on the question of slavery in Islam. Historical Background It might not be an overstatement to say that slavery is as old as ...

Slavery in Islam - sufi.ir
Slavery in Islam. 1. Haj Dr. Nour Ali Tabandeh . Slavery traces back to human history long before Islam and there are many books published about its history. It can be seen throughout history that how slaves launched revolutions and caused revolts and the most noticeable ones are of Spartacus and the divine revolution of Moses (AS).

Developments in Dar al-Islam - Weebly
DEVELOPMENTS IN DAR AL-ISLAM 15 1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam Allah will admit those who embrace the true faith and do good works to gardens watered by running streams. —The Quran, Chapter 47 ... enabled females in slavery to accumulate enough to buy their freedom. Free Women in Islam

SLAVE SOLDIERS AND ISLAM - Daniel Pipes
AnExplanation ofMilitary Slavery AConnectionto Islam? WhyMuslimSubjects RelinquishedPower MarginalAreaSoldiers TheBenefitsofMilitary Slavery NonmilitaryFactors Conclusion PARTI1: ORIGINS ChapterFour The Unfree in MuslimWarfare, 2-205/624-820 Before64/684 TheMarwanids,64-132/684-750 TheFirstAbbasids, 129-205/747-820 xi Xlll xxix 5 6 12 24 25 35 ...

Islam, Slave Agency and Abolitionism in the Middle East and …
Slavery had existed across the Middle East and North Africa from the earliest times. The rise of Islam in the seventh century provided a new legal framework but the actual practice of slavery continued to be heavily influenced by pre-existing patterns. Elite slavery, although absent during the egalitarianism of the early years of Islam, re-

Slavery in Islam: An Islamic Sufi Approach - cribfb.com
Keyword: Slavery, Islam, Mysticism, Sufism, Public International Law Introduction Captivity and slavery is an ancient prevailed tradition in almost all the world’s nations and not only the people whose job were agriculture used to apply slavery but also people living in deserts and tribes also kept slaves. Essentially possession of persons like

Controversies in Islam - Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Islam, such are Karen Armstrong, John Esposito, and Lesley Hazelton, have been banned in Malaysia and Pakistan, only for slightly differing ... discrimination, convert-phobia, femicide, slavery, cruel and inhumane punishment, terrorism, authoritarianism, despotism, and totalitarianism place their lives in peril while those who promote these ...

Islam in the African American Community: Negotiating …
Islam to articulate religious positions as they reflect on the needs of their communities. Their choices are in part informed by the black experience and ... from West Africa were sold into slavery in America.1 We know about some of these Muslim slaves, including those from the ruling classes (for instance, Ibrahima Jallo [d. 1828] from Guinea ...

Slavery in the Ottoman Empire - Springer
tion of slavery was based on juridical, political, and religious criteria along with military circumstances and simple misfortune. 4 . A discrepancy existed between the legal tenets of the “abode of Islam” (dâr al-islâm) and the “abode of war” (dâr al-harb), however. In theory,

Islam and the Race Question - Cambridge Central Mosque
Slavery intervenes as an accident [...] So slavery does not bring about a change in genus.1 1 Abū Bakr al-Sarakhsī, Kitāb al-Mabsūţ (Beirut, 1398/1978), XII, 83-84. ... Islam planted its roots were highly articulated in terms of occupational differentiation. But while we find instances of discriminatory exclusion

Not Yet Dead: The Establishment and Regulation of Slavery by …
Dec 9, 2021 · The Context of Slavery and the Islamic State: legitimization and Condemnation The prohibition of slavery is widely acknowledged. Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees that “No one shall be held in slavery or servi-tude, slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms”.9 Further, a

Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa - JSTOR
Chattel slavery; Dar el Islam; Dar el Mu'haa; Dar el Harb; Bilad es Sudan; Zanj; Jihad. Slavery is a term used so loosely in European languages and Christian societies that only by careful definition can it be used in studying human relationships throughout the world. A correct identification of the word's correspondence with terms in other

An Interdisciplinary Journal - ResearchGate
He also compares Islam’s view of slavery to different religions and societies, offering a comprehensive perspective of the role slavery played not just in Islam, but also in other faith communities.

A critical observation of Aristotle’s theory of Slavery: A …
Dr. Md. Fakrul Islam3 Abstract: Slavery is a great sin in the history of human civilization. It is a condition of having to work very hard without proper remuneration or appreciation. In the ...

An Example of Distortion in Turkish Social Studies and …
We would like to add a few words about slavery in Islam as well. According to Yaka (1995) and Uzun (1998), Islam permits slavery. Islam encourages the salvation of slaves; orders slaves to be treated well but İslam does not prohibit slavery (Bagatur, 2011, Yaka, 1995). According to one view, only war prisoners can be enslaved in Islam. Another

HISTORY WORKSHOP SLAVERY AND ISLAM
Week 2 – Islam and the Reforms of pre-Islamic Slavery Monday, 9/11 – Slavery before Islam W.G. Clarence-Smith, Islam and the Abolition of Slavery, Ch. 1-2, pp. 1-48 Wednesday, 9/13 – What did the Prophet Mohammed think about slavery? Hunwick and Powell, pp. 2-9, 23-32 Week 3 …

Faith in Action to End Slavery - Free the Slaves
Faith in Action to End Slavery Muslims Against Slavery Islam has a long history of commitment to social justice and charitable work dating back to the Prophet Muhammad himself. Today’s most pressing human rights abuses include modern forms of slavery and human trafficking. Here are ways you can join the movement to end slavery.

Title: Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam …
indigenous Muslim blacks of southern Morocco (the “Haratin”) were socially and legally redefined as slaves by the state. Mawlay Isma‘il’s 1705 registry of enslaved Black Moroccans

Modern Slavery Statement Update Islamic Relief Worldwide …
slavery with women and girls being disproportionately affected, in particular being victims of forced labour (especially in the commercial sex industry) and those subjected to forced marriage. We believe in fulfilling the rights and respecting the …

A critical observation of Aristotle’s theory of Slavery: A …
Dr. Md. Fakrul Islam3 Abstract: Slavery is a great sin in the history of human civilization. It is a condition of having to work very hard without proper remuneration or appreciation. In the ...

Slavery & Islam - DergiPark
Slavery & Islam Jonathan A.C. Brown London: Oneworld Academic, 2019, 430 pages ISBN 9781786076359 Jonathan A.C. Brown’s Slavery & Islam is an important and well-re-searched book on the contentious issue of slavery in general and in the Is-lamic civilization in particular. It is an ambitious project in which Brown

EMPIRE, MONOTHEISM AND SLAVERY IN THE GREATER …
Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Princeton, 2003); Benjamin Braude, 'Cham et Noè: race, esclavage et exégèse entre islam, judaïsme et christianisme', Annales: histoire, sciences sociales, lvii (2002). For one of the first attempts to trace the origins of racial prejudice back into Graeco-Roman

Jonathan A. C. Brown. Slavery and Islam de jure Shar
Slavery and Islam is a thoughtful, well-researched, and well-written elucidation of a very difficult problem. Brown’s knowledge of the ḥ ad ī th corpus on slavery serves him well and his

SLAVERY IN ISLAM - schnellmann.org
Islam institutionalized slavery. Muhammad began to take slaves after he moved to Medina, and had power. Slaves were usually taken in raids on nearby Arab tribes, or war, either through offensive or defensive actions. Islam allows the taking of slaves as "booty", or reward for fighting. This has led to numerous "jihads" by Muslim states and

SLAVERY (PART 2 OF 2): SLAVERY IN ISLAMIC LAW ... - The …
Since the earliest times, Islam had opened doors to free slaves and to eventually end slavery.€ The Islamic paradigm did not ignore the realities of the world, nor did it endorse it.€ Islam regulated it.€ As Annemarie Schimmel, a German scholar, noted, "…therefore slavery is theoretically doomed to disappear with the expansion of Islam ...

Islam, Gender, and Slavery in West Africa Circa 1500: A …
Islam, Gender, and Slavery in West Africa Circa 1500: A Spatial Archaeology of the Kano Palace, Northern Nigeria Heidi J. Nast The International Studies Program, DePaul University O ne of the most important contribu-tions geography has made to other so-cial sciences since the 1970s has been to question the meaning of the term space.

University of Dundee Tackling modern slavery Islam, …
Despite slavery now being universally condemned, there are more enslaved people today than in any other point throughout ... child labour and human trafficking is pervasive around the world,” says Professor Muhammad Azizul Islam (Aziz) of the University of Aberdeen. “It is especially bad in nations in the global south such as Bangladesh ...

Islam, Slavery, and Racism: The Use of Strategy in the Pursuit …
Muslims towards slavery and slaves. The attitude of Islam towards race, color, and slavery in the context of the trans-Saharan slave trade are two issues that this paper will deal with since they have a direct bearing on the question of slavery in Islam. Historical Background It might not be an overstatement to say that slavery is as old as ...

Islam and American Values: Slavery
States, but authorized under Islam. For an in-depth look at the conflict between Islamic Doctrine and the 13th Amendment, see my book: Islamic Doctrine versus the U.S. Constitution: The Dilemma for Muslim Public Officials. Dr. Kirby is the author of six books on Islam. His books are available on Amazon.com. Islam and American Values: Slavery

Islam And Slavery - ia801000.us.archive.org
ISLAM AND SLAVERY. SLAVERY has been defined as the system in which a 1 human being is held to be the legal property of another and is bound to absolute obedience and submission. A slave , is thus a human chattel who may be retained or sold or other¬ wise dealt with as his master pleases. The system had its origin in war.

gender, violence, and social justice in islam: muslim feminist …
of reading the second edition will be different from that of a person who encounters Ali’s Sexual Ethics and Islam for the rst time via this second edition. (All citations are from the 2016 edition.) 4 Kecia Ali, Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010). gender, violence, and social justice in islam

The First American Muslims - Harvard University
Islam in America. These are just two examples of African-American Muslims from the 19th century, pointing to a rich history. The 19th century was also the time in which one of the first Euro-Americans embraced Islam: a man named Muhammad Alexander Webb. Webb was born in New York in 1846 and raised as a Presbyterian.

Excavating Arabic sources for the history of slavery
Slavery may have increased with the spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa, which had gained a significant number of followers by the beginning of the eleventh century. Some scholars even point to the Muslim conquest as the beginnings of slavery in Western Africa.’ However, slavery or forms of servility were practiced in the region prior to the

Thomas Vernet To cite this version - shs.hal.science
Slavery, Islam and Diaspora 42 the palm groves and the maintenance of the irrigation systems. Before the expansion of Omani agriculture in the late seventeenth century, however, agricultural slavery seems to have been relatively limited.25 Some Por-tuguese authors report that captives imported in Arabia, whether males

Freeing “The Enslaved People of Islam”: The Changing
Mar 2, 2003 · Freeing “The Enslaved People of Islam”: The Changing Meaning of Ottoman Subjecthood for Captives in the Russian Empire ... and Slavery in the Early Modern Mediterranean (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011). As discussed below, Weiss’s story is particularly comparable to the argument here. Two

David M. Goldenberg. The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery 00 O
Mar 25, 2005 · and Slavery in Early Judaism , Christianity, and Islam, Goldenberg seeks to answer how and when the Genesis story became a "curse of Ham" con-demning black Africans to slavery. Of the Jewish, Muslim, and Christian cultures that viewed the Hebrew Bible as scripture, Goldenberg writes that "biblical exegetical traditions

Slavery from Islamic and Christian Perspectives
Slavery was not an institution invented by Christianity or Islam. It was there longbefore these religions came into being. Just to give a glimpse of ancient slavery, letme quote from Justice Ameer Ali: The practice of slavery is coeval with human existence. Historically its traces arevisible in every age and in every nation…

'A Quest for Honour': Slavery, Islam, and the Contributions of …
slavery in Islamic Africa have asked about law and labour, they have done so with reference to Islamic texts (surat, hadith), which tell them what Islam says slavery should be, rather than with refer-ence to documents like fatwa (legal opinions), which, by definition, are interpretations of what slavery was (in practice).6 However,

Slavery and the Slave Trades in the Indian Ocean and Arab …
regard to slavery and its intolerance of racial discrimination.12 Indeed, the example and others like it do in fact show that the experience of the early Muslims—an experience that forms the

Christina Chatzitheodorou on Matthew Gordon, Kathryn A.
female slaves in early Islamic society. Slavery in Islam is a topic well researched in the scholarship. [1] However, this volume concerns the focus on a “specialized” labor of female slaves: concubines and courtesans. The edited volume consists of fif‐ teen chapters (excluding the introduction and the

Five Pillars of Islam: Practice, Survival, Resistance and …
Five Pillars of Islam: Practice, Survival, Resistance and Adaption from Africa to the Americas . Overview . This multi-day lesson will focus on the role of Islam in the Kingdoms of Western Africa, where Islam influenced the area tremendously in the time period prior to the Atlantic slave trade. The geographic focus will be on

Slavery in Islam - sufism.ir
Slavery in Islam. 1. Haj Dr. Nour Ali Tabandeh . Slavery traces back to human history long before Islam and there are many books published about its history. It can be seen throughout history that how slaves launched revolutions and caused revolts and the most noticeable ones are of Spartacus and the divine revolution of Moses (AS).

Women and Gender in Islam - Stanford University
Divorce in Islam •Divorce is allowed in Islam, although it is regarded as a last resort. •Either a man or woman can initiate a divorce. •Divorce: husband pronounces the phrase “ṭalāq” to his wife three times. •A husband who divorces his wife 3 times cannot remarry her until she has married another man and he also has divorced her.