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Simile, Metaphor, Poem: Mastering Figurative Language for Poetic Impact
Are you ready to unlock the power of figurative language and elevate your poetry to new heights? This comprehensive guide dives deep into the world of similes, metaphors, and their potent combination within poetic structures. We'll explore their definitions, examine compelling examples, and offer practical tips on how to effectively integrate these tools to create truly memorable and impactful poems. Get ready to transform your writing from ordinary to extraordinary!
What are Similes and Metaphors? A Quick Refresher
Before we explore their use in poetry, let's solidify our understanding of similes and metaphors. Both are figures of speech that enhance meaning by comparing dissimilar things. However, they achieve this comparison in distinct ways:
Simile: A simile directly compares two unlike things using words like "like" or "as." For example: "The snow was as white as a dove." Notice the explicit comparison, clearly identifying the similarity between the snow and the dove's whiteness.
Metaphor: A metaphor implies a comparison by stating that one thing is another thing. It doesn't use "like" or "as." For example: "The snow was a white blanket." Here, snow isn't literally a blanket, but the metaphor conveys its covering quality.
Weaving Similes and Metaphors into Poetry: Examples and Analysis
The beauty of similes and metaphors in poetry lies in their ability to create vivid imagery and evoke powerful emotions. Let's examine some examples to illustrate this:
Example 1 (Simile):
> "Hope is the thing with feathers
> That perches in the soul,
> And sings the tune without the words,
> And never stops at all,"
This excerpt from Emily Dickinson's poem uses a simile ("Hope is the thing with feathers") to personify hope, giving it tangible qualities that resonate with the reader. The comparison to a bird creates a sense of lightness, persistence, and resilience.
Example 2 (Metaphor):
> "The fog comes
> on little cat feet."
Carl Sandburg’s iconic metaphor in “Fog” cleverly depicts the quiet and stealthy arrival of fog by comparing it to a cat. This simple yet profound comparison creates a specific image in the reader's mind, emphasizing the fog's gentle and silent approach.
Combining Similes and Metaphors for Enhanced Poetic Effect
Masterful poets often blend similes and metaphors seamlessly within a single poem or even a single line. This layering of figurative language adds depth and complexity, enriching the overall poetic experience.
Consider this hypothetical example:
> "Her laughter, like a cascading waterfall, was a torrent of pure joy, washing away all sorrow."
This line uses a simile ("like a cascading waterfall") to describe the sound of laughter, and then transitions to a metaphor ("was a torrent of pure joy") to further elaborate on its impact. This combination creates a richer and more evocative image than either figure of speech used alone.
Tips for Effective Use of Similes and Metaphors in Your Poems
Be Original: Avoid clichés. Strive for fresh and unexpected comparisons that will surprise and delight your readers.
Show, Don't Tell: Use figurative language to convey meaning indirectly, rather than stating it plainly.
Consider the Tone and Mood: The type of figurative language you employ should align with the overall tone and mood of your poem.
Maintain Consistency: Don't overuse similes and metaphors. Strategic use is more impactful than overwhelming your readers with too many comparisons.
Revise and Refine: Take time to edit and polish your work, ensuring your similes and metaphors are clear, concise, and effective.
Beyond Simile and Metaphor: Exploring Extended Metaphors and Other Figurative Language
While similes and metaphors are fundamental, exploring other forms of figurative language enhances poetic expression. Extended metaphors, for instance, develop a comparison over several lines or even an entire poem, building a powerful and sustained image. Other devices, like personification, hyperbole, and symbolism, further enrich the texture and depth of your work.
Conclusion
Mastering similes and metaphors is a crucial step in developing your poetic voice. By understanding their nuances and employing them strategically, you can elevate your writing from simple descriptions to powerful evocations of emotion and imagery. Remember to experiment, be creative, and let your unique perspective shine through your chosen figures of speech. The journey of poetic expression is a continuous learning process, so embrace the challenge and enjoy the creative process.
FAQs
1. Can I mix similes and metaphors in the same line?
Yes, absolutely! Combining both can create a layered and richer effect, as demonstrated in the examples above.
2. How do I avoid clichés when using similes and metaphors?
Consider unusual comparisons. Think outside the box and brainstorm unexpected pairings to create fresh and original imagery.
3. What if my simile or metaphor is confusing to the reader?
Review and revise your work. If the comparison isn't clear, consider simplifying it or choosing a different approach.
4. Are there any resources to help me improve my use of figurative language?
Yes, many books and websites offer guidance on figurative language and poetic techniques. Explore resources on poetry writing and analysis.
5. Is it okay to use similes and metaphors frequently in my poems?
While not every line needs a figure of speech, strategic use can dramatically enhance your writing. Overuse can become distracting, so find a balance that enhances your style.
simile metaphor poem: Quick As a Cricket Audrey Wood, 2020-09-15 A child describes the feelings and emotions which are the mark of his individual self. |
simile metaphor poem: Draw with Rob at Christmas Rob Biddulph, 2020-10-15 Merry Christmas! The internet phenomenon #DrawWithRob is now a fantastically festive art activity book for you to draw with Rob at home... The second book based on the viral videos seen everywhere on YouTube, Facebook, TikTok, TV, and more, from the creative genius and bestselling author Rob Biddulph! Christmas is different this year, with more families at home and wondering what to do! Pick up your pencils and join thousands of children around the world and #DrawWithRob - celebrating Christmas has never been so much fun! The first DRAW WITH ROB activity book went to Number One in the charts and was named 'Book of the Year' at the 2020 Sainsbury's Children's Book Awards! Now every family can share this fantastically festive new art activity book for Christmas. Join Rob and learn to draw your favourite Christmas characters - from Polar Bears to Elves and from Father Christmas to a Snowman, this perfect present is packed with arts, crafts and festive fun. The bestselling and award-winning author/illustrator Rob Biddulph is the genius behind the phenomenal, viral sensation that is DRAW WITH ROB and the accompanying activity book, and now the sensational DRAW WITH ROB AT CHRISTMAS - bringing joy to families everywhere with his easy to follow instructions and warm-hearted humour. So whether you're in home education, home-schooling, learning to draw or just having fun, let Rob show you that anyone can learn to #DrawWithRob! *WITH PERFORATED PAGES SO YOU CAN EASILY TEAR OUT AND DISPLAY YOUR ART!* Rob's original hit videos are also available at www.robbiddulph.com, and on Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram, with Rob appearing on TV to talk about them too. Perfect stay-at-home fun for boys, girls, and everyone aged three to one hundred and three, and a wonderful introduction to Rob Biddulph's bestselling picture book range - including the Waterstones Children's Book Prize-winning Blown Away, Odd Dog Out, and many more! Available in all good bookstores and online retailers, and perfect for children who are learning to read - or just love to! |
simile metaphor poem: And Still I Rise Maya Angelou, 2013-04-04 A beautiful and inspiring collection of poetry by Maya Angelou, author of I KNOW WHY THE CAGED BIRD SINGS and 'a brilliant writer, a fierce friend and a truly phenomenal woman' (BARACK OBAMA). 'I write about being a Black American woman, however, I am always talking about what it's like to be a human being. This is how we are, what makes us laugh, and this is how we fall and how we somehow, amazingly, stand up again' Maya Angelou Maya Angelou's poetry - lyrical and dramatic, exuberant and playful - speaks of love, longing, partings; of Saturday night partying, and the smells and sounds of Southern cities; of freedom and shattered dreams. 'Her poetry is just as much a part of her autobiography as I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and the volumes that follow.' Kirkus 'It is true poetry she is writing . . . it has an innate purity about it, unquenchable dignity' M. F. K. Fisher |
simile metaphor poem: The Poet X Elizabeth Acevedo, 2023-12-06 A 2018 National Book Award Finalist! A young girl in Harlem discovers slam poetry as a way to understand her mother's religion and her own relationship to the world in this debut novel by renowned slam poet Acevedo. |
simile metaphor poem: Simile and Identity in Ovid's Metamorphoses Marie Louise von Glinski, 2012-02-09 Nulli sua forma manebat. The world of Ovid's Metamorphoses is marked by constant flux in which nothing keeps its original form. This book argues that Ovid uses the epic simile to capture states of unresolved identity - in the transition between human, animal and divine identity, as well as in the poem's textual ambivalence between genres and the negotiation of fiction and reality. In conjuring up a likeness, the mental image of the simile enters a dialectic of appearances in a visually complex and treacherous universe. Original and subtle close readings of episodes in the poem, from Narcissus to Adonis, from Diana's blush to the freeform dreams in the House of Sleep, trace the simile's potential for exploiting indeterminacy and immateriality. In its protean permutations the simile touches on the most profound issues of the poem - the nature of humanity and divinity and the essence of poetic creation. |
simile metaphor poem: Hope Is the Thing with Feathers Emily Dickinson, 2019-02-12 Part of a new collection of literary voices from Gibbs Smith, written by, and for, extraordinary women—to encourage, challenge, and inspire. One of American’s most distinctive poets, Emily Dickinson scorned the conventions of her day in her approach to writing, religion, and society. Hope Is the Thing with Feathers is a collection from her vast archive of poetry to inspire the writers, creatives, and leaders of today. Continue your journey in the Women’s Voices series with Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte and The Feminist Papers by Mary Wollstonecraft. |
simile metaphor poem: My Dog Is As Smelly As Dirty Socks Hanoch Piven, 2013-06-26 How do you draw your smelly dog? Your playful daddy? Your yummy mommy? See how one girl does it in this simple, clever picture book that's comprised of family portraits made out of objects. For example, her baby brother is so noisy—he's as loud as a whistle, a horn, and even a fire truck!—that she creates a picture of him with whistles for eyes, a horn mouth, and holding a fire truck. After the girl has described everyone in her family (including herself, in great detail), she asks, What does your special family look like? encouraging readers to create their own portraits. With a list of objects at the end of the book to use as a guide, this is the ideal choice for budding artists everywhere. Here's a wonderful exploration of simile and metaphor for young readers. And don't miss the companion book My Best Friend is as Sharp as a Pencil! |
simile metaphor poem: The Highwayman Alfred Noyes, 2013-12-12 The road was a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor, And the highwayman came riding- Riding-riding- The highwayman came riding, up to the old inn-door. In Alfred Noyes's thrilling poem, charged with drama and tension, we ride with the highwayman and recoil from the terrible fate that befalls him and his sweetheart Bess, the landlord's daughter. The vivid imagery of the writing is matched by Charles Keeping's haunting illustrations which won him the Kate Greenaway Medal. This new edition features rescanned artwork to capture the breath-taking detail of Keeping's illustrations and a striking new cover. |
simile metaphor poem: Brown Girl Dreaming Jacqueline Woodson, 2023-04-27 A mesmerising story about a young girl growing up in America, finding a home and discovering her voice - a multi-award winning New York Times bestseller and President Obama's 'O' Book Club pick. Brown Girl Dreaming is the unforgettable story of Jacqueline Woodson's childhood, sharing what it was like to grow up as an African-American in the wake of the Civil Rights movement, and discovering the first sparks of an incredible, lifelong gift for writing. It's packed with wonderful reflections on family and on place, in a way that will appeal to readers from 11 to adult. Emotionally charged and touching, each line tells the tale of one girl's search to find her voice, her identity and her place in the world. This book has been a bestseller in the US for almost a decade, winning every accolade and prize including the prestigious Newbery Honor Award, and is now made available to readers in the UK for the first time. |
simile metaphor poem: The Popcorn Astronauts Deborah Ruddell, 2015-03-24 Take a bite out of the calendar with this cheerful collection of delicious seasonal poems, each one an ode to a favorite food! The daring popcorn astronauts are brave beyond compare— they scramble into puffy suits and hurtle through the air. And when they land, we say hooray and crowd around the spot to salt the little astronauts and eat them while they’re hot. Dive into a watermelon lake and sing the praises of mac and cheese in this playful and poetic celebration of food. In spring, bow to the “Strawberry Queen” and eat “Only Guacamole.” In summer you’ll meet Bob the Ogre, who only eats corn on the cob, and in fall, you can learn “21 Things to Do with an Apple.” And then in winter, retreat from the cold at “The Cocoa Cabana!” Stellar team Deborah Ruddell and Joan Rankin deliver a whimsical celebration of the tastiest treats of life in this palatable poetry collection. |
simile metaphor poem: My Many Colored Days Dr. Seuss, 1998-09-08 Dr. Seuss's youngest concept book is now available in a sturdy board book for his youngest fans! All of the stunning illustrations and imaginative type designs of Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher are here, as are the intriguing die-cut squares in the cover. A brighter, more playful cover design makes this board book edition all the more appropriate as a color concept book to use with babies or a feelings and moods book to discuss with toddlers. |
simile metaphor poem: Lord of the Flies William Golding, 2012-09-20 A plane crashes on a desert island and the only survivors, a group of schoolboys, assemble on the beach and wait to be rescued. By day they inhabit a land of bright fantastic birds and dark blue seas, but at night their dreams are haunted by the image of a terrifying beast. As the boys' delicate sense of order fades, so their childish dreams are transformed into something more primitive, and their behaviour starts to take on a murderous, savage significance. First published in 1954, Lord of the Flies is one of the most celebrated and widely read of modern classics. Now fully revised and updated, this educational edition includes chapter summaries, comprehension questions, discussion points, classroom activities, a biographical profile of Golding, historical context relevant to the novel and an essay on Lord of the Flies by William Golding entitled 'Fable'. Aimed at Key Stage 3 and 4 students, it also includes a section on literary theory for advanced or A-level students. The educational edition encourages original and independent thinking while guiding the student through the text - ideal for use in the classroom and at home. |
simile metaphor poem: Anthem For Doomed Youth Wilfred Owen, 2015-02-26 'Tonight he noticed how the women's eyes Passed from him to the strong men that were whole.' The true horror of the trenches is brought to life in this selection of poetry from the front line. Introducing Little Black Classics: 80 books for Penguin's 80th birthday. Little Black Classics celebrate the huge range and diversity of Penguin Classics, with books from around the world and across many centuries. They take us from a balloon ride over Victorian London to a garden of blossom in Japan, from Tierra del Fuego to 16th-century California and the Russian steppe. Here are stories lyrical and savage; poems epic and intimate; essays satirical and inspirational; and ideas that have shaped the lives of millions. Wilfred Owen (1893-1918). Owen is available in Penguin Classics in Three Poets of the First World War: Ivor Gurney, Isaac Rosenberg, Wilfred Owen. |
simile metaphor poem: The Nerve Of It Lynn Emanuel, 2015-08-18 Emanuel's version of a new and selected poems turns convention on its head. She ignores chronology, placing new poems beside old, mixing middle and early poems with recent work, and liberating all her poems from the restraints of their particular histories, both aesthetic and autobiographical. Whether writing in the comedic drag of the cartoon strip, or investigating the Mobius strip relationship between reader and writer, or exposing the humor and hurt that accompany visitations from Frank O'Hara and Gertrude Stein, The Nerve of It both stings and pleases with its intelligence, wit and vivacity. It breaks through, in ways that are bold, sexy, haunting and wry, the die-hard opposition of new and old, personal narrative and linguistic play, sincerity and irony, misery and hilarity. Open the book. Something new is happening here. |
simile metaphor poem: Calling a Wolf a Wolf Kaveh Akbar, 2018-02-01 A POETRY BOOK SOCIETY RECOMMENDATION I could not be held responsible for desire he could not be held at all Tracking the joys and pains of the path through addiction, and wrestling with desire, inheritance and faith, Calling a Wolf a Wolf is the darkly sumptuous debut from award-winning poet Kaveh Akbar. These are powerful, intimate poems of thirst: for alcohol, for other bodies, for knowledge and for life. 'The struggle from late youth on, with and without God, agony, narcotics and love, is a torment rarely recorded with such sustained eloquence and passion as you will find in this collection' FANNY HOWE 'Compelling . . . strange . . . always beautiful' ROXANE GAY, AUTHOR OF BAD FEMINIST AND HUNGER 'Truly brilliant' JOHN GREEN, AUTHOR OF THE FAULT IN OUR STARS 'A breathtaking addition to the canon of addiction literature' PUBLISHERS WEEKLY (STARRED REVIEW) |
simile metaphor poem: Miss Rumphius Barbara Cooney, 1985-11-06 A beloved classic—written by a beloved Caldecott winner—is lovelier than ever! Barbara Cooney's story of Alice Rumphius, who longed to travel the world, live in a house by the sea, and do something to make the world more beautiful, has a timeless quality that resonates with each new generation. The countless lupines that bloom along the coast of Maine are the legacy of the real Miss Rumphius, the Lupine Lady, who scattered lupine seeds everywhere she went. Miss Rumphius received the American Book Award in the year of publication. To celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of two-time Caldecott winner Barbara Cooney's best-loved book, the illustrations have been reoriginated, going back to the original art to ensure state-of-the-art reproduction of Cooney's exquisite artwork. The art for Miss Rumphius has a permanent home in the Bowdoin College Museum of Art. |
simile metaphor poem: Smash Poetry Journal Robert Lee Brewer, 2019-03-19 A Poetry Journal to Poem Your Days Away! Don't wait for inspiration to strike! Whether you're an aspiring or published poet, this book will help you get in a frame of mind to make creative writing a consistent part of your life. With prompts from Robert Lee Brewer's popular Writer's Digest blog, Poetic Asides, you'll find 125 ideas for writing poems along with the journaling space you need to respond to the prompt. • 125 unexpected poetry prompts such as from the perspective of an insect, about a struggle, or including the word change • Plenty of blank space to compose your own poems • Tips on unique poetic forms and other poetry resources Perfectly sized to carry in a backpack or purse, you can jot down ideas for poems as you're waiting in line for a morning coffee or take it to the park for a breezy afternoon writing session. Wherever you are, your next poem is never more than a page-turn away. |
simile metaphor poem: A Red, Red Rose Robert Burns, 2001 |
simile metaphor poem: You're Toast and Other Metaphors We Adore Nancy Loewen, 2011 Here's a BRIGHT IDEA: read this book. It's a PIECE OF CAKE. And trust us; no one will call you A TURKEY. For more metaphors, look inside. |
simile metaphor poem: Be The Change Liz Brownlee, Roger Stevens, Matt Goodfellow, 2019-09-10 From National Poetry Day Ambassadors Liz Brownlee, Matt Goodfellow and Roger Stevens comes an incredible anthology of poetry identifying ways we can Be the Change. These positive and upbeat poems will explore sustainability and the positive efforts being made to protect the planet and are perfect for starting conversations about looking after each other an our environment. |
simile metaphor poem: Politics and the English Language George Orwell, 2021-01-01 George Orwell set out ‘to make political writing into an art’, and to a wide extent this aim shaped the future of English literature – his descriptions of authoritarian regimes helped to form a new vocabulary that is fundamental to understanding totalitarianism. While 1984 and Animal Farm are amongst the most popular classic novels in the English language, this new series of Orwell’s essays seeks to bring a wider selection of his writing on politics and literature to a new readership. In Politics and the English Language, the second in the Orwell’s Essays series, Orwell takes aim at the language used in politics, which, he says, ‘is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind’. In an age where the language used in politics is constantly under the microscope, Orwell’s Politics and the English Language is just as relevant today, and gives the reader a vital understanding of the tactics at play. 'A writer who can – and must – be rediscovered with every age.' — Irish Times |
simile metaphor poem: I Don't Like Poetry Joshua Seigal, 2016-09-22 Shortlisted for the Laugh Out Loud Awards - the UK's only prize for funny children's books A brilliant collection of poems by an exciting young poet, this book is perfect, whether you like poetry or not! 'When you read this book, the windows will burp and the grass will turn blue. That's how magic these poems are.' Michael Rosen Packed full of silly, funny, or downright hilarious poems (with a few serious ones mixed in) this brilliant collection from exciting young poet, Joshua Seigal is perfect for fans of Michael Rosen and anyone else who needs a giggle. If you like poetry, you'll like this book. And if you don't like poetry you'll LOVE it! With poems on every topic from the power of books to the joys of fried chicken, this collection is a fabulous mix of Joshua Seigal's subversive humour and insight into the world of children. With hilarious doodle style illustrations by Chris Piascik, if you don't like poetry after reading this, there's probably something wrong with you! Book band: Grey - Ideal for Age 8 - 9 |
simile metaphor poem: Sunrise on the Hills Alfred Tennyson Baron Tennyson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, 1887 |
simile metaphor poem: The Mystic and The Pig Thief Fran Lock, 2014-09-04 The Mystic and The Pig Thief is, in part, an elegy. It is also a book about the pain of being imperfectly assimilated, a book about being torn between the culture you come from and the society you’re obliged to live in; a book about being pulled both ways while belonging to neither camp.The poems cross back and forth between bleak rural isolation and claustrophobic urban squalor, in Ireland, in England and in Europe. Mystic and Pig Thief are travellers, but more than being literally itinerant, they are spiritually homeless, and this to a terrible cost. The central sequence charts their inevitable transition from nomadic life, to a scattered, so-called settled existence on working-class sink estates. They stumble and struggle, picking up scraps of tradition and folklore; flirting on the fringes of the new-age ‘crusty’ scene, but always marginal, peripheral, only ever truly real to each other.Although portions of the sequence take Ireland as their back-drop, The Mystic and The Pig Thief is not about Irishness, or even about “Travellerness” per se. It is about loss, about the fall-out from, and the strategies for, dealing with an identity in rapid dissolution. |
simile metaphor poem: Similes and Metaphors Ann Heinrichs, 2019-08 The key to making literacy more exciting is finding ways to liven up the written word. Students will be amazed to see how certain figures of speech can add creativity to the simplest of sentences. Discover how similes and metaphors can paint vivid pictures that are sure to make both reading and writing more pleasurable. Additional features to aid comprehension include colorful photos, a table of contents, sources for further research including websites, information about the author, activities for further learning, and an index. |
simile metaphor poem: Metaphors, Similes, and Other Word Pictures Jennifer Fandel, 2005-07 Describes the importance of using descriptions, details, metaphors, and similes to bring poems, even about everyday objects, to life. |
simile metaphor poem: My Best Friend Is As Sharp As a Pencil: And Other Funny Classroom Portraits Hanoch Piven, 2011-02-23 Here's the perfect back-to-school gift for budding artists. Like the creator's previous picture book, My Dog Is as Smelly as Dirty Socks, this picture book encourages children to be creative and make their own object portraits. It's a fun activity for home or for the classroom. You can even check out portraits made by other readers in the kids' gallery of author Hanoch Piven's Web site, www.pivenworld.com—and while you're at it, send in your own! Learn how to create a funny librarian, a colorful art teacher, or your best friend by seeing how one girl does it in this simple, playful picture book that's comprised of portraits made of objects. Once the girl has talked about—and drawn—the key figures in her school, she ends with the pièce de résistance—a class portrait! |
simile metaphor poem: The Best Part of Me , 2002 An award-winning photographer captures children's thoughts about their bodies in striking b&w photos and disarmingly honest words. |
simile metaphor poem: Solving the World's Problems Robert Lee Brewer, 2013-09-01 The World in Robert Lee Brewer's Solving the World's Problems is a slippery world ... where chaos always hovers near, where we are (and should be) splashing around in dark puddles. And one feels a bit dizzy reading these poems because (while always clear, always full of meaning) they come at reality slantwise so that nothing is quite the same and the reader comes away with a new way of looking at the ordinary objects and events of life. The poems are brim-full of surprises and delights, twists in the language, double-meanings of words, leaps of thought and imagination, interesting line-breaks. There are love and relationship poems, dream poems, poems of life in the modern world. And always the sense (as he writes) of pulling the world closer to me/leaves falling to the ground/ birds flying south. I read these once, twice with great enjoyment. I will go back to them often. -Patricia Fargnoli, former Poet Laureate of New Hampshire and author of Then, Something |
simile metaphor poem: The Story Of An Hour Kate Chopin, 2014-04-22 Mrs. Louise Mallard, afflicted with a heart condition, reflects on the death of her husband from the safety of her locked room. Originally published in Vogue magazine, “The Story of an Hour” was retitled as “The Dream of an Hour,” when it was published amid much controversy under its new title a year later in St. Louis Life. “The Story of an Hour” was adapted to film in The Joy That Kills by director Tina Rathbone, which was part of a PBS anthology called American Playhouse. HarperPerennial Classics brings great works of literature to life in digital format, upholding the highest standards in ebook production and celebrating reading in all its forms. Look for more titles in the HarperPerennial Classics collection to build your digital library. |
simile metaphor poem: Writing Pie Corbett, 1997-07 This is a bank of ideas designed to help teachers to develop the writing of primary-school pupils. It is concerned mainly with the compositional aspects of writing, rather than spelling, handwriting and punctuation, and consists of five main sections, dealing with writing stories and poems, writing for information, writing from reading, writing from personal experience, and redrafting and proof-reading. |
simile metaphor poem: The Allegory of the Cave Plato, 2021-01-08 The Allegory of the Cave, or Plato's Cave, was presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work Republic (514a–520a) to compare the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature. It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother Glaucon and his mentor Socrates, narrated by the latter. The allegory is presented after the analogy of the sun (508b–509c) and the analogy of the divided line (509d–511e). All three are characterized in relation to dialectic at the end of Books VII and VIII (531d–534e). Plato has Socrates describe a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them, and give names to these shadows. The shadows are the prisoners' reality. |
simile metaphor poem: The Cherry Tree Ruskin Bond, 2012-11-15 Rakesh plants a cherry seedling in his garden and watches it grow. As seasons go by, the small tree survives heavy monsoon showers, a hungry goat that eats most of the leaves and a grass cutter who splits it into two with one sweep. At last, on his ninth birthday, Rakesh is rewarded with a miraculous sight—the first pink blossoms of his precious cherry tree! This beautifully illustrated edition brings alive the magical charm of one of Ruskin Bond’s most unforgettable tales. |
simile metaphor poem: Reading and Writing Poetry with Teenagers Fredric Lown, Judith W. Steinbergh, 1996 This versatile volume combines examples of poetry from historical and contemporary masters with high school writing. Each chapter contains poems for reading aloud, poems for discussion, models for writing exercises, samples of student poems, and a bibliography for extended reading. Many teachers use Reading and Writing Poetry with Teenagers across disciplines. Writing exercises include: Animals as Symbols Family Portraits in Words Of War and Peace Writing Song Lyrics as an Expression of Social Protest |
simile metaphor poem: The Best Ever Book of Funny Poems Brian Moses, 2021-05-25 The Best Ever Book of Funny Poems is a brilliantly funny anthology of the most giggle-worthy children's poems from one of the nations most celebrated children's poets, Brian Moses. Perfect for gifting and for reading aloud, you'll be chortling along with Brian as he shows you the funniest poems in the world! Explore chucklesome poems about pets, funny creatures, school, family, fantasy and fairy-tales, dinosaurs and dragons, space, and just plain SILLY poems. With poets such as Brian Bilston, Sue Hardy-Dawson, Pie Corbett and Paul Cookson next to Liz Brownlee, Mike Jubb, James Carter and Rachel Rooney, this is the ultimate hysterical collection of rib-tickling poems guaranteed to make you laugh out loud. |
simile metaphor poem: How to Read a Poem Tania Runyan, 2014-01-01 How to read a poem. A lot of books want to teach you just that. How is this one different? Think of it less as an instructional book and more as an invitation. For the reader new to poetry, this guide will open your senses to the combined craft and magic known as poems. For the well versed, if you will, this book might make you fall in love again. How to Read a Poem uses images like the mouse, the hive, the switch (from the Billy Collins poem Introduction to Poetry)-to guide readers into new ways of understanding poems. Excellent teaching tool. Anthology included. |
simile metaphor poem: Basho Bashō Matsuo, 2008 Matsuo Basho stands today as Japan's most renowned writer, and one of the most revered. Yet despite his stature, Basho's complete haiku have never been collected under one cover. Until now. To render the writer's full body of work in English, Jane Reichhold, an American haiku poet and translator, dedicated over ten years to the present compilation. In Barbo: The Complete Haiku she accomplishes the feat with distinction. Dividing the poet's creative output into seven periods of development, Reichhold frames each period with a decisive biographical sketch of the poet's travels, creative influences, and personal triumphs and defeats. Supplementary material includes two hundred pages of scrupulously researched notes, which also contain a literal translation of the poem, the original Japanese, and a Romanized reading. A glossary, chronology, index of first lines, and explanation of Basho's haiku techniques provide additional background information. Finally in the spirit of Basho, elegant semi-e ink drawings by well-known Japanese artist Shiro Tsujimura front each chapter. |
simile metaphor poem: How to Write Poems Joseph Coelho, 2017-09-21 How to Write Poems is packed with exciting activities to get your pen flowing! Make poems out of leaves, carve out a mud poem, go on an outdoors simile hunt, and play poetry games in the playground. Whether you already write poems, you've never written before, or you're not even sure what a poem is - this is the book for you. Full of useful tips and starting points, How to Write Poems will make you chuckle, make you think, and inspire you to write your own poetry. Join popular poet Joseph Coelho as he explores a mind-boggling selection of poetry: from laughable limericks to poetic puns, and from ridiculous rhymes to silly sibilance. Pick up this book, grab a pen, and get going! |
simile metaphor poem: A Poet's Glossary Edward Hirsch, 2014-04-08 A major addition to the literature of poetry, Edward Hirsch’s sparkling new work is a compilation of forms, devices, groups, movements, isms, aesthetics, rhetorical terms, and folklore—a book that all readers, writers, teachers, and students of poetry will return to over and over. Hirsch has delved deeply into the poetic traditions of the world, returning with an inclusive, international compendium. Moving gracefully from the bards of ancient Greece to the revolutionaries of Latin America, from small formal elements to large mysteries, he provides thoughtful definitions for the most important poetic vocabulary, imbuing his work with a lifetime of scholarship and the warmth of a man devoted to his art. Knowing how a poem works is essential to unlocking its meaning. Hirsch’s entries will deepen readers’ relationships with their favorite poems and open greater levels of understanding in each new poem they encounter. Shot through with the enthusiasm, authority, and sheer delight that made How to Read a Poem so beloved, A Poet’s Glossary is a new classic. |
simile metaphor poem: The Tale of Custard the Dragon Ogden Nash, Amy Blackwell, 2014 |
ELA - Metaphor & Simile Lesson Plan - WordPress.com
The focus of the lesson is to re-introduce the concepts of metaphors and similes in preparation for the poetry unit. Students will be able to define the terms “simile” and “metaphor”. Students will …
Simile Metaphor 2 - Poetry Class
the sea. The sea is lofty, ancient and steepled, Beautifully carved in stone. Its bells clang and shimmer. Its windows cast their multicoloured Patterns on the floor. The sea’s doorways are …
Time out (simile, metaphor, alliteration poem)
Identifying Similes and Metaphors
Identifying Similes and Metaphors . Poetry Worksheet #1. Decide whether each sentence contains a simile or a metaphor. Underneath, write the word SIMILE if the sentence contains a simile or …
A Module on the Three Common Figures of Speech: Simile, …
Metaphor and Simile Poems - englishgondringer.weebly.com
Simile Poem Handout - American English
SIMILE POEM HANDOUT. A simile (pronounced SIM-‐uh-‐lee) makes a comparison between two different things using the words “like” or “as.”. Complete the following similes and explain your …
Figurative Language: Understanding the Concept - Central …
Metaphor When you use a metaphor, you make a statement that doesn’t make sense literally, like “time is a thief.” It only makes sense when the similarities between the two things become …
Extended Metaphor Poem Project - Ms. Astore's ELA Classes
Figurative Language Worksheets - Schoolwires
Evaluate this poem and write a paragraph that discusses these questions. • What type of figurative language is being used? Justify your answer. • What is the overall effect of the …
a WaY iNto metaphor - Poetry Class
This is more subtle and stretching, but can transform a mundane metaphor into an un-clichéd and exciting poem. To complete a poem based on these metaphors, list the metaphors without …
Rhythm, rhyme, simile and metaphor - cpb-ap …
Once you have some written ideas to edit, you might like to consider ways in which rhythm and rhyme feature in your poetry, as well as similes and metaphors. Attention to such devices can …
ELEMENTS OF POETRY - Year 45
Similes and Metaphors in Poems
Similes and Metaphors in Poems. Directions: Read the poems and answer the questions that follow each poem. A Tempest. An awful tempest mashed the air, The clouds were gaunt and …
Elements of Poetry - University of New Mexico
Two figures of speech that are particularly important for poetry are simile and metaphor. A simile involves a comparison between unlike things using like or as. For instance, “My love is like a …
Simile, Metaphor, and Personification - mccneb.edu
Use simile, metaphor, and personification in your writing to enhance descriptions of people, places, objects, settings, and moods, etc. Simile= a comparison using like or as Examples: …
Poetry Prompts: Week 9 Turning similes into metaphors
metaphors in the poem, where Joseph Coelho uses metaphors to describe an aspect of the lion as being the same as something else. • Look carefully at the metaphors you’ve found.
A STUDY ON FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE COVERING SIMILE, …
simile, metaphor, personification and symbol in poems is categorized as “average to good”. And second, the research found out that the student’s ability to mention the function of figurative …
Simile Metaphor Poem (Download Only) - netsec.csuci.edu
Are you ready to unlock the power of figurative language and elevate your poetry to new heights? This comprehensive guide dives deep into the world of similes, metaphors, and their potent …
A STUDY ON FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE COVERING SIMILE, …
a study on figurative language covering simile, metaphor, personification and symbol in poem a research article ... tanjungpura university pontianak 2017. a study on figurative language covering simile, metaphor, personification and symbol in poem a research article written by: metha raisa f12112008 approved by: supervisor i drs. h. sudarsono ...
Poetry Elements Pre-Test - Weebly
Read this poem. Then, underline examples of three different poetry elements (rhyme, alliteration, onomatopoeia, simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, imagery) and label them in the space next to the poem. “The Tree” by Eben Court In spring your leaves start to come back and the forest grows with color. In summer
My Longest Journey Metaphor and Simile Translation
Metaphor and Simile Translation Imagine you are explaining this poem to someone who does not understand metaphors and similes. You are going to write a plain English translation for each line so that the person can understand what is happening in the poem. The first one has been done for you. Line of the Poem Plain English Translation
Warren Pryor When every pencil meant a sacrifice
Simile: a direct comparison of dissimilar objects, usually using “like” or “as” Ex: “I wandered lonely as a cloud” or “He eats like a pig” Metaphor: An implied comparison between dissimilar objects. This is different from a simile in that a metaphor does not use “like” or “as”.
LINGUISTICS ANALYSIS: FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN …
Robert Frost’s poem are The Road not Taken, Fire and Ice, and Stopping bywoods on a snowy evening.The result of this study found that symbol can be seen in the poem, asin the poem the road not taken, the writer found that this poem describes aperson has two choices in life, and in the second poem Fire and Ice poem canbe note that the poem
Year 7 NAPLAN Style Resources - Red Room Poetry
• Use your simile/metaphor to compose a free verse poem with your partner. You must either begin or end your poem with this comparison. Teaching Strategies Look Class discussion: What do you notice about the structure of the poem? Look at the layout of the words and the lines. Discuss lineation with the students and the qualities of a free ...
Student’s Name: Teacher’s Name: (First and last name)
Extra: Simile and Metaphor color activity. Accommodations: Each worksheet has 3 parts. You may only do 1 part unless you choose to do all 3. Have your parents or siblings read the poem and worksheets to you. y y-y. Monday . Tuesday . Wednesday . Thursday . Friday. Extra . Social Studies *Using the paragraph above, think about another item that ...
9th Grade English Poetry Unit - Weebly
is tie the poem to a chair with rope and torture a confession out of it. They begin beating it with a hose to find out what it really means. Discussion Questions 1. What words and images stand out to you? 2. Read the poem a second time and identify any figurative language (e.g., simile, metaphor, hyperbole) you encounter. 3.
Packet for Figurative Language Review Activities - d131.org
write what the simile or metaphor means. 1.The giant’s steps were thunder as he ran toward Jack. 1.The pillow was a cloud when I put my head upon it. 1.The bar of soap was a slippery eel during the dog’s bath. 1.I felt like a cheetah when I ran the race. 1.Those boys are like two peas in a pod. Write your own simile. Write your own metaphor.
Baby, You’re a Firework: Making Meaning through Metaphor …
Theme: Breaking down metaphor and simile as tools for meaning-making in poetry and song lyrics Pedagogical Goals: • Students look at songs they already know as a way to locate metaphors • Learn about metaphor and simile • Create their own metaphors and similes and work their way toward a song chorus or verse.
Metaphor and Simile Poems - englishgondringer.weebly.com
Metaphor and Simile Poems Your task will be to write TWO poems. One will be a metaphor poem and the other will be a simile poem. Metaphor Poem Guidelines and Example A. Create a metaphor poem. You will be comparing and contrasting an object and an animal. You need to be thinking about what visuals you would use with this poem to help others
What are the three different parts of a simile and a …
Tip 2. Read the poem three times. What is it about? The poem is about an owl. The owl is dangerous and scary. It is flying around in a wood in winter. Tip 3. Focus on the parts you understand. Find metaphors and similes that will help you explore the poem.
METAPHOR AND SIMILE IN WILLIAM SHAKES PEARE’S …
2.1 Metaphor Metaphor is a kind of figurative language which is used as means of comparing things that essentially unlike. If in simile the comparison uses word: like, as, etc. in metaphor, the comparison is implied. The figurative terms is subtitude for, or identified with literal term. Metaphor may take one of four forms.
convey his opinion about war. - St Cuthbert's Catholic High …
Simile to compare wire’s movement to the way it moves when a person falls into it –links physical enemy with natural one. Metaphor –links natural world to their man-made defence – suggests nature is just as harsh as warfare is to these men. Simile to reflect idea that the war is happening but it is far away – seems unreal to them ...
METAPHOR AND SIMILE IN WILLIAM SHAKES PEARE’S …
2.1 Metaphor Metaphor is a kind of figurative language which is used as means of comparing things that essentially unlike. If in simile the comparison uses word: like, as, etc. in metaphor, the comparison is implied. The figurative terms is subtitude for, or identified with literal term. Metaphor may take one of four forms.
Reading Worksheet Writing Worksheet Work Sheets Human …
Metaphor _____ Simile, Metaphor, Personification, or Hyperbole How do you figure? The leaves are compared to fish without using "like" or "as." (write a sentence explaining your answer) 8. The old clock down in the parlor / Like a sleepless mourner grieves, Which technique is being used? Simile _____ Simile, Metaphor, Personification, or Hyperbole
Making a Poem Hum: Combining Alliteration with …
Then the students will compose a short poem with three to four alliterations scattered throughout the poem, and one to two onomatopoeic sounds: one the animal makes or what it might hear. Add one simile about what the animal looks like, or what action it may have. Note: A student may include more than one animal in a poem that focuses on place.
Marvellous Metaphors - TeachingEnglish
translation of the poem at the end of this lesson plan. • Explain to students that extracts a. and b. come from the same poem, Sonnet 73. In both extracts Shakespeare paints a picture of himself as an old man, but using different metaphors. • Ask students to read a. and b.in groups and answer the questions. • Elicit feedback.
Figurative Language in David Campbell’s Poem “Night …
languages: metaphor, simile, hyperbole, personification, sarcasm, irony, idiomatic expression, metonymy, etc. Each type of figurative language has different characteristics and has a different meaning, too. By understanding the figurative language, we can get the meaning and message, even in the poem.
Types of Figurative Language - Mrs. Calvert's Language
Decide whether each sentence contains a simile or a metaphor. If it is a simile, underline the simile in one color and write “simile” after it. If it is a metaphor, underline the metaphor in ... Use the lists below to write a poem about nature. Choose a word from List A (or a different word that names something in nature.)
Poem With Alliteration Simile Metaphor Onomatopoeia
Poem With Alliteration Simile Metaphor Onomatopoeia Poetic Devices Edited by: Kisak,2015-09-25 Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language-such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre-to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
Metaphor and Allusion - Springer
Extended metaphor and allegories An entire poem can be a metaphor, in that it can be a vehicle for another idea. On the surface, a whole poem can appear to be ‘about’ one sub-ject, when in fact it is ‘about’ another. In this case, only the vehicle is presented and it is the audience’s task to identify the tenor and interpret
Figurative Language in Poetry
A metaphor is a more direct comparison, but it is still to be ... qualities to something not human. “The flowers danced in the breeze.” Exercise Each of the quotations contains a simile or metaphor. In each of these, what two things is the poet ... untitled poem 4. “A new electric fence,/Its five barbed wires tight/As a steel-stringed ...
Reading: Stage 3 - Literary devices - NSW Department of …
building block for future work with simile and metaphor. 2. Demonstrate the relationships between words in analogies written in the following form: doctor is to hospital as teacher is to school. Students work in teams to determine the missing element from the analogy table (Appendix 3 - Analogy match-up). 3. Visualising:
Interpreting figurative language - K5 Learning
- A metaphor compares two things in a creative way without using the words “like” or “as.” Metaphors are thought of as artistic ways to describe things. - An idiom is a simile or a metaphor that many people often use to describe something. . ~~~~~ Here are some short descriptions.
Using popular songs to teach similes - Westmont Hilltop High …
Mar 30, 2018 · in many countries — demonstrates the enduring power of a well-crafted simile. Students should not confuse a simile with another figure of speech called a metaphor. The difference between the two is that only a simile uses the words "like" and "as" in making a direct comparison. Metaphors make indirect comparisons.
NAME: DATE: PERIOD: SIFT Literary Analysis Strategy
metaphor, simile, repetition, omission, unusual word order, slang, etc. Tone and Theme 1) Discuss the tone taken by the author. 2) Message or moral: ... the Poem Analysis sheet also located in the Appendix. 6. Partner Poems . Partner Poems is a strategy where two or more voices read aloud a poem to one
Controlling Metaphor - Lightbox Poetry
A controlling metaphor is a comparison between two things that a writer develops over the course of an entire poem. This is a different than a traditional metaphor, which makes one specific comparison in a specific place, because the complexity and multi-facetedness of the comparison helps the poem develop new insights about its subjects.
5th Grade Figurative Language - Richmond County School …
Simile A comparison between two unlike things that have something in common is called a simile. A simile always uses the words like or as to make a comparison. Examples: Paul Bunyan was as strong as an ox. The forest was as quiet as a falling leaf. Metaphor A metaphor is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things that have something in
Alliteration Repetition Simile Metaphor Caesura Enjambment
stops the poem flowing. No punctuation at the end of a line of poetry. Another word for a verse. The repeated use of the ‘s’ sound, creating a hissing sound. The way in which a poem is laid out. The way that a poet makes the poem rhyme. Example resource: Poetic techniques card sort Supports Lesson 4 in the Write On scheme of work
Activity Sheet in - SAN RAFAEL BBH ENGLISH CLUB
simile and metaphor. Simile is a clear and direct comparison between two things that are not alike. It often uses the words “like” or “as.” “Your teeth are like stars” (an excerpt from a poem written by Denise Rogers) is an example of simile. Metaphor, on the other hand, is a comparison made between two different things
SOMETIMES LIFE BEHIND A FACE - WordPress.com
The first example is a very literal self-portrait poem. The other is one that is more imaginative because it makes use of metaphor and simile. The hardest thing about writing a self-portrait poem is (1) being completely truthful, and (2) trying to find that …
Province of the EASTERN CAPE
Alliteration & metaphor emphasizes their thin wriest -underfed- horrible work conditions & the poor treatment they receive onamatopia wrinkled Simile - The farmer – in charge & drives tractor while the labourers do all the hard work. - The farmer is part of the machine- he does not do the real physical labour/ like a robot, no sympathy
Project for s Day Preview Upper Grades - On Lemon Lane
Possible Poem Variations Simile Poem Example: My grandma is as pretty as a sunflower. Her hair is like freshly, fallen snow. My grandma is as smart as an elephant. Her hugs are like a summer breeze. My grandma is the best. Metaphor Poem Example My mother is the sun. Her hugs can melt you and make you feel warm. My mother is a rose.
WorksheetCloud.com - Question Sheet 1
The title of the attached poem is an example of which figure of speech? A Simile B Metaphor C Personification D Onomatopoeia Page 2 of 6 Get more content at www.worksheetcloud.com ... A Simile B Metaphor C Personification D Onomatopoeia This image refers to question: 9
Poetry and the Imagination - U.S. National Park Service
A. Explain that students will be learning about simile and metaphor and that simile and metaphor are tools that help poets and other writers create wonderful images with their words. Similes and metaphors help readers feel what the poet is feeling. 1. Distribute the
S1 Metaphor - Tutoring Hour
Read each sentence and write if it has a simile or metaphor. 2) My baby sister is an angel. 3) The beads of her necklace sparkled like stars in the dark room. 4) We found a lady who sang like a nightingale. 5) My father’s mind is the fastest calculator. 10) The city is a melting pot of cultures. 7) The velvety recliner sofa felt like a royal ...
Figurative Language Poem 7 A Lady By Amy Lowell
1. Identify two examples of simile: explain which two things are being compared in each simile. 2. Identify two examples of metaphor: explain which two things are being compared in each metaphor. 3. Identify one example of personification: explain what is being personified and how. 4. Identify one example of hyperbole: explain what is being ...
Poets use words and images to communicate about a theme.
poem; read it theme; read it 3rd time to identify techniques used to communicate theme. WE DO: Analyze different poem, steps 1, 2, 3. YOU DO: Picture a poem--show the poet's idea. Make a "key" to your picture-- Theme Images Check for Understanding: Write your own directions: how to interpret a poem. ASSESSMENT S: Independently read another poem.
Dinosaur Simile Poems - jomc.unc.edu
Oct 31, 2024 · 'Simile metaphor idioms personification extended April 25th, 2018 - Simile metaphor idioms personification extended metaphor Required skills and knowledge language features and techniques Skills by mode reading and writing English Skills Year 9 NSW Some figurative language is known as imagery''FIVE HUGE DINOSAURS rhyme numeracy vocabulary
Warm-Up Poetic Form in “I Am Offering This Poem To You”
13 Simile and Metaphor Slide Poetic Form in “I Am Offering This Poem To You” Instruction Part 1 Simile • The child hesitated like a timid rabbit. • We were as busy as bees. Metaphor • The child was a timid rabbit. • We were busy bees. A simile is a comparison that uses the word or as.
Still I Rise - Shawsheen Valley Technical High School
1. Annotated poem 2. Worksheet questions regarding poem 3. TEDTalk response sheet 4. Creative Social Media post regarding past/current racial tensions in USA “STLL RS ” – Maya Angelou FIRST: Read through the poem in its original …
AN ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR IN EDGAR ALLAN POE’S …
This research analyzed the types of metaphor and the meaning of metaphor in Edgar Allan Poe’s poems. Metaphor is part of figurative language that compares one thing to another. According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in the classical view, metaphor can be defined as a figure of speech or trope in which a comparison is made
Similes or metaphors - K5 Learning
Beside each sentence, write S for simile or M for metaphor. A simile compares two things with "like" or "as". A metaphor says one thing is another thing. _____ The swing rocked like a baby learning to walk. _____ The fire roared to life. _____ The train screams down the track. _____ The soap is as slippery as an eel. ...
POETRY - Weebly
visualize (or see) what is happening in a story or poem. Some common types of figurative language are: metaphor, simile, alliteration, onomatopoeia, idiom, puns, and sensory language. Metaphor and Simile Metaphor A metaphor states that one thing is something else. It is a comparison, but it does NOT use like or as to make the comparison.
Ancient China Poems
“words like a picture” -Simile “meditation and relaxation, like sitting by a lake” -Simile ... “Reminds me of Legend of Zelda” –Metaphor “Magical images running through the clouds” – Personification ... –Hyperbole . Group 1 Poem Ancient China the sounds of the past A fairy tale of hope, a dream that will last Joyful, jolly ...
Simile: illow and inkgo - mshowellsays.weebly.com
I ask them to take a poem and hold it up to the light like a color slide or press an ear against its hive. c I say drop a mouse into a poem and watch him probe his way out, or walk inside the poem’s room and feel the walls for a light switch. I want them to waterski across the surface of a poem waving at the author’s name on the shore.
Exploring Figurative Language in Rupi Kaur Selected Poems
personification, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, irony, paradox, metonymy, and symbol. Wibowo and Akbar (2017) explored the figurative language in The Room of Life poem by Anne Sexton and Still, I Rise’s poem by Maya Angelou and found that the dominant figurative language used in the poems are personification, simile, and metaphor. In their
English Made Easy - GreatSchools
Remember: A metaphor is something described as if it were something else. It is like a simile but does not include the words like or as. Rewrite one of the five verses, and change the metaphor to a simile. To do this, you only need to add one word. Pick a verse from the poem, and write a short paragraph explaining what is meant by