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Semiconductor Device Fundamentals: A Deep Dive into the Heart of Modern Electronics
The modern world runs on semiconductors. From the smartphone in your pocket to the servers powering the internet, these tiny marvels are the backbone of our digital age. Understanding semiconductor device fundamentals is crucial for anyone interested in electronics, computer engineering, or even just the technology surrounding us. This comprehensive guide will delve into the core principles of semiconductor devices, providing a solid foundation for further exploration. We'll explore the underlying physics, key device types, and their applications, making complex concepts accessible to a broad audience.
H2: Understanding Semiconductors: The Material Magic
Before diving into devices, let's grasp the essence of semiconductors themselves. Unlike conductors (like copper) that freely allow electron flow and insulators (like rubber) that block it completely, semiconductors exhibit an intermediate behavior. Their conductivity can be precisely controlled through doping – introducing impurities to alter the material's atomic structure.
H3: Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Semiconductors
Intrinsic Semiconductors: Pure semiconductors like silicon (Si) or germanium (Ge) have an equal number of electrons and holes (positive charge carriers) at room temperature. Their conductivity is relatively low.
Extrinsic Semiconductors: Adding impurities (dopants) significantly changes conductivity.
N-type Semiconductors: Adding elements with extra valence electrons (e.g., phosphorus to silicon) creates an excess of electrons, making the material negatively charged.
P-type Semiconductors: Adding elements with fewer valence electrons (e.g., boron to silicon) creates an excess of holes, making the material positively charged.
H2: Key Semiconductor Devices: Building Blocks of Modern Electronics
Semiconductor devices exploit the controlled conductivity of semiconductors to perform various functions. Here are some crucial examples:
H3: Diodes: One-Way Traffic for Electrons
Diodes are perhaps the simplest semiconductor devices. They allow current flow in only one direction, acting as electronic one-way valves. This rectification property is fundamental in power supplies and signal processing. The p-n junction, the boundary between p-type and n-type semiconductors, is the heart of a diode's operation.
H3: Transistors: The Tiny Switches and Amplifiers
Transistors are the workhorses of modern electronics. These three-terminal devices can amplify signals, switch currents on and off, and perform logic operations. Their miniaturization has fueled the exponential growth of computing power. There are two main types:
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs): Rely on the current flow controlled by the injection of minority carriers across the p-n junctions.
Field-Effect Transistors (FETs): Control current flow by modulating a channel's conductivity using an electric field. MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FETs) are a common type of FET used extensively in integrated circuits.
H3: Integrated Circuits (ICs): The Power of Miniaturization
ICs, also known as microchips, pack millions or even billions of transistors onto a single silicon chip. This incredibly high density allows for complex functionalities, making everything from smartphones to supercomputers possible. The miniaturization process, governed by Moore's Law (though its future is debated), has continually driven technological advancements.
H2: Applications: Everywhere You Look
The applications of semiconductor devices are virtually limitless. They are the core components in:
Computers and Smartphones: Processing units, memory chips, and other essential components rely on semiconductors.
Consumer Electronics: TVs, audio players, and countless other devices depend on semiconductor technology.
Automotive Industry: Modern vehicles use numerous semiconductor-based sensors, controllers, and communication systems.
Medical Devices: From pacemakers to imaging equipment, semiconductors play a critical role.
Renewable Energy: Solar cells and power electronics for wind turbines rely heavily on semiconductors.
H2: The Future of Semiconductor Devices: Ongoing Advancements
Research and development continue to push the boundaries of semiconductor technology. Areas of active development include:
More Efficient Energy Use: Reducing power consumption is crucial for sustainability and extending battery life.
Increased Performance: Faster switching speeds and higher processing power are always in demand.
New Materials: Exploring materials beyond silicon, like gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC), to improve performance and efficiency.
Quantum Computing: Harnessing quantum mechanics for unprecedented computing power.
Conclusion
Understanding semiconductor device fundamentals is key to understanding the technological world around us. From the basic principles of semiconductors and their doping to the intricate workings of transistors and integrated circuits, the field is vast and constantly evolving. This exploration offers a solid foundation for further learning and appreciation of the incredible power of these tiny components that shape our modern world.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between a P-type and an N-type semiconductor? A P-type semiconductor has an excess of holes (positive charge carriers), while an N-type has an excess of electrons (negative charge carriers). These are created by doping with different types of impurities.
2. How does a diode work? A diode allows current to flow in one direction only, due to the built-in potential barrier at the p-n junction. Forward bias (applying a positive voltage to the p-side) allows current flow, while reverse bias blocks it.
3. What is the significance of Moore's Law? Moore's Law, while not a physical law, historically described the doubling of the number of transistors on a microchip roughly every two years. This trend fueled exponential increases in computing power and miniaturization.
4. What are some emerging trends in semiconductor technology? Emerging trends include the development of new materials (GaN, SiC), advancements in quantum computing, and a focus on energy-efficient designs.
5. Where can I learn more about semiconductor device fundamentals? Many excellent textbooks, online courses, and university programs offer in-depth study of semiconductor physics and device engineering. Consider searching for resources on semiconductor physics, electronics, and microelectronics.
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Semiconductor Device Fundamentals Robert F. Pierret, 1996 Although roughly a half-century old, the field of study associated with semiconductor devices continues to be dynamic and exciting. New and improved devices are being developed at an almost frantic pace. While the number of devices in complex integrated circuits increases and the size of chips decreases, semiconductor properties are now being engineered to fit design specifications. Semiconductor Device Fundamentals serves as an excellent introduction to this fascinating field. Based in part on the Modular Series on Solid State Devices, this textbook explains the basic terminology, models, properties, and concepts associated with semiconductors and semiconductor devices. The book provides detailed insight into the internal workings of building block device structures and systematically develops the analytical tools needed to solve practical device problems. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Semiconductor Device Fundamentals Betty Lise Anderson, Richard L. Anderson, 2003-12-01 |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Semiconductor Device Fundamentals , 2005 |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Solutions Manual Robert F. Pierret, 1996 |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Semiconductor Fundamentals Robert F. Pierret, 1988-01-01 This book presents those terms, concepts, equations, and models that are routinely used in describing the operational behavior of solid state devices. The second edition provides many new problems and illustrative examples. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Power Semiconductor Devices B. Jayant Baliga, 2018-09-28 Fundamentals of Power Semiconductor Devices provides an in-depth treatment of the physics of operation of power semiconductor devices that are commonly used by the power electronics industry. Analytical models for explaining the operation of all power semiconductor devices are shown. The treatment here focuses on silicon devices but includes the unique attributes and design requirements for emerging silicon carbide devices. The book will appeal to practicing engineers in the power semiconductor device community. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Semiconductor Manufacturing and Process Control Gary S. May, Costas J. Spanos, 2006-05-26 A practical guide to semiconductor manufacturing from processcontrol to yield modeling and experimental design Fundamentals of Semiconductor Manufacturing and Process Controlcovers all issues involved in manufacturing microelectronic devicesand circuits, including fabrication sequences, process control,experimental design, process modeling, yield modeling, and CIM/CAMsystems. Readers are introduced to both the theory and practice ofall basic manufacturing concepts. Following an overview of manufacturing and technology, the textexplores process monitoring methods, including those that focus onproduct wafers and those that focus on the equipment used toproduce wafers. Next, the text sets forth some fundamentals ofstatistics and yield modeling, which set the foundation for adetailed discussion of how statistical process control is used toanalyze quality and improve yields. The discussion of statistical experimental design offers readers apowerful approach for systematically varying controllable processconditions and determining their impact on output parameters thatmeasure quality. The authors introduce process modeling concepts,including several advanced process control topics such asrun-by-run, supervisory control, and process and equipmentdiagnosis. Critical coverage includes the following: * Combines process control and semiconductor manufacturing * Unique treatment of system and software technology and managementof overall manufacturing systems * Chapters include case studies, sample problems, and suggestedexercises * Instructor support includes electronic copies of the figures andan instructor's manual Graduate-level students and industrial practitioners will benefitfrom the detailed exami?nation of how electronic materials andsupplies are converted into finished integrated circuits andelectronic products in a high-volume manufacturingenvironment. An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all theproblems in the book is available from the Wiley editorialdepartment. An Instructor Support FTP site is also available. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Power Semiconductor Devices B. Jayant Baliga, 2010-04-02 Fundamentals of Power Semiconductor Devices provides an in-depth treatment of the physics of operation of power semiconductor devices that are commonly used by the power electronics industry. Analytical models for explaining the operation of all power semiconductor devices are shown. The treatment here focuses on silicon devices but includes the unique attributes and design requirements for emerging silicon carbide devices. The book will appeal to practicing engineers in the power semiconductor device community. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Semiconductor Theory and Device Physics Shyh Wang, 1989 |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Semiconductors Peter YU, Manuel Cardona, 2007-05-08 Excellent bridge between general solid-state physics textbook and research articles packed with providing detailed explanations of the electronic, vibrational, transport, and optical properties of semiconductors The most striking feature of the book is its modern outlook ... provides a wonderful foundation. The most wonderful feature is its efficient style of exposition ... an excellent book. Physics Today Presents the theoretical derivations carefully and in detail and gives thorough discussions of the experimental results it presents. This makes it an excellent textbook both for learners and for more experienced researchers wishing to check facts. I have enjoyed reading it and strongly recommend it as a text for anyone working with semiconductors ... I know of no better text ... I am sure most semiconductor physicists will find this book useful and I recommend it to them. Contemporary Physics Offers much new material: an extensive appendix about the important and by now well-established, deep center known as the DX center, additional problems and the solutions to over fifty of the problems at the end of the various chapters. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Physics of Semiconductor Devices Massimo Rudan, 2014-12-11 This book describes the basic physics of semiconductors, including the hierarchy of transport models, and connects the theory with the functioning of actual semiconductor devices. Details are worked out carefully and derived from the basic physics, while keeping the internal coherence of the concepts and explaining various levels of approximation. Examples are based on silicon due to its industrial importance. Several chapters are included that provide the reader with the quantum-mechanical concepts necessary for understanding the transport properties of crystals. The behavior of crystals incorporating a position-dependent impurity distribution is described, and the different hierarchical transport models for semiconductor devices are derived (from the Boltzmann transport equation to the hydrodynamic and drift-diffusion models). The transport models are then applied to a detailed description of the main semiconductor-device architectures (bipolar, MOS). The final chapters are devoted to the description of some basic fabrication steps, and to measuring methods for the semiconductor-device parameters. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Semiconductor Physics and Devices Donald A. Neamen, 2003 This text aims to provide the fundamentals necessary to understand semiconductor device characteristics, operations and limitations. Quantum mechanics and quantum theory are explored, and this background helps give students a deeper understanding of the essentials of physics and semiconductors. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Modern Semiconductor Physics and Device Applications Vitalii K Dugaev, Vladimir I Litvinov, 2021-11-15 This textbook provides a theoretical background for contemporary trends in solid-state theory and semiconductor device physics. It discusses advanced methods of quantum mechanics and field theory and is therefore primarily intended for graduate students in theoretical and experimental physics who have already studied electrodynamics, statistical physics, and quantum mechanics. It also relates solid-state physics fundamentals to semiconductor device applications and includes auxiliary results from mathematics and quantum mechanics, making the book useful also for graduate students in electrical engineering and material science. Key Features: Explores concepts common in textbooks on semiconductors, in addition to topics not included in similar books currently available on the market, such as the topology of Hilbert space in crystals Contains the latest research and developments in the field Written in an accessible yet rigorous manner |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Semiconductor Processing Technology Badih El-Kareh, Lou N. Hutter, 2012-12-06 The drive toward new semiconductor technologies is intricately related to market demands for cheaper, smaller, faster, and more reliable circuits with lower power consumption. The development of new processing tools and technologies is aimed at optimizing one or more of these requirements. This goal can, however, only be achieved by a concerted effort between scientists, engineers, technicians, and operators in research, development, and manufac turing. It is therefore important that experts in specific disciplines, such as device and circuit design, understand the principle, capabil ities, and limitations of tools and processing technologies. It is also important that those working on specific unit processes, such as lithography or hot processes, be familiar with other unit processes used to manufacture the product. Several excellent books have been published on the subject of process technologies. These texts, however, cover subjects in too much detail, or do not cover topics important to modem tech nologies. This book is written with the need for a bridge between different disciplines in mind. It is intended to present to engineers and scientists those parts of modem processing technologies that are of greatest importance to the design and manufacture of semi conductor circuits. The material is presented with sufficient detail to understand and analyze interactions between processing and other semiconductor disciplines, such as design of devices and cir cuits, their electrical parameters, reliability, and yield. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Advanced Semiconductor Fundamentals Robert F. Pierret, 1987 This book presents the underlying functional formalism routinely used in describing the operational behavior of solid state devices. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: The Physics of Semiconductors Marius Grundmann, 2021-03-06 The 4th edition of this highly successful textbook features copious material for a complete upper-level undergraduate or graduate course, guiding readers to the point where they can choose a specialized topic and begin supervised research. The textbook provides an integrated approach beginning from the essential principles of solid-state and semiconductor physics to their use in various classic and modern semiconductor devices for applications in electronics and photonics. The text highlights many practical aspects of semiconductors: alloys, strain, heterostructures, nanostructures, amorphous semiconductors, and noise, which are essential aspects of modern semiconductor research but often omitted in other textbooks. This textbook also covers advanced topics, such as Bragg mirrors, resonators, polarized and magnetic semiconductors, nanowires, quantum dots, multi-junction solar cells, thin film transistors, and transparent conductive oxides. The 4th edition includes many updates and chapters on 2D materials and aspects of topology. The text derives explicit formulas for many results to facilitate a better understanding of the topics. Having evolved from a highly regarded two-semester course on the topic, The Physics of Semiconductors requires little or no prior knowledge of solid-state physics. More than 2100 references guide the reader to historic and current literature including original papers, review articles and topical books, providing a go-to point of reference for experienced researchers as well. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices Richard L. Anderson, Betty Lise Anderson, 2004-03-12 Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices provides a realistic and practical treatment of modern semiconductor devices. A solid understanding of the physical processes responsible for the electronic properties of semiconductor materials and devices is emphasized. With this emphasis, the reader will appreciate the underlying physics behind the equations derived and their range of applicability. The author’s clear writing style, comprehensive coverage of the core material, and attention to current topics are key strengths of this book. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Silicon Carbide Technology Tsunenobu Kimoto, James A. Cooper, 2014-11-24 A comprehensive introduction and up-to-date reference to SiC power semiconductor devices covering topics from material properties to applications Based on a number of breakthroughs in SiC material science and fabrication technology in the 1980s and 1990s, the first SiC Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were released as commercial products in 2001. The SiC SBD market has grown significantly since that time, and SBDs are now used in a variety of power systems, particularly switch-mode power supplies and motor controls. SiC power MOSFETs entered commercial production in 2011, providing rugged, high-efficiency switches for high-frequency power systems. In this wide-ranging book, the authors draw on their considerable experience to present both an introduction to SiC materials, devices, and applications and an in-depth reference for scientists and engineers working in this fast-moving field. Fundamentals of Silicon Carbide Technology covers basic properties of SiC materials, processing technology, theory and analysis of practical devices, and an overview of the most important systems applications. Specifically included are: A complete discussion of SiC material properties, bulk crystal growth, epitaxial growth, device fabrication technology, and characterization techniques. Device physics and operating equations for Schottky diodes, pin diodes, JBS/MPS diodes, JFETs, MOSFETs, BJTs, IGBTs, and thyristors. A survey of power electronics applications, including switch-mode power supplies, motor drives, power converters for electric vehicles, and converters for renewable energy sources. Coverage of special applications, including microwave devices, high-temperature electronics, and rugged sensors. Fully illustrated throughout, the text is written by recognized experts with over 45 years of combined experience in SiC research and development. This book is intended for graduate students and researchers in crystal growth, material science, and semiconductor device technology. The book is also useful for design engineers, application engineers, and product managers in areas such as power supplies, converter and inverter design, electric vehicle technology, high-temperature electronics, sensors, and smart grid technology. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Advanced Theory of Semiconductor Devices Karl Hess, 2000 Electrical Engineering Advanced Theory of Semiconductor Devices Semiconductor devices are ubiquitous in today’s world and are found increasingly in cars, kitchens and electronic door locks, attesting to their presence in our daily lives. This comprehensive book provides the fundamentals of semiconductor device theory from basic quantum physics to computer-aided design. Advanced Theory of Semiconductor Devices will improve your understanding of computer simulation of devices through a thorough discussion of basic equations, their validity, and numerical solutions as they are contained in current simulation tools. You will gain state-of-the-art knowledge of devices used in both III–V compounds and silicon technology. Specially featured are novel approaches and explanations of electronic transport, particularly in p—n junction diodes. Close attention is also given to innovative treatments of quantum-well laser diodes and hot electron effects in silicon technology. This in-depth book is written for engineers, graduate students, and research scientists in solid-state electronics who want to gain a better understanding of the principles underlying semiconductor devices. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Semiconductor Device Physics and Design Umesh Mishra, Jasprit Singh, 2007-11-28 Semiconductor Device Physics and Design teaches readers how to approach device design from the point of view of someone who wants to improve devices and can see the opportunity and challenges. It begins with coverage of basic physics concepts, including the physics behind polar heterostructures and strained heterostructures. The book then details the important devices ranging from p-n diodes to bipolar and field effect devices. By relating device design to device performance and then relating device needs to system use the student can see how device design works in the real world. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: III–V Compound Semiconductors and Devices Keh Yung Cheng, 2020-11-08 This textbook gives a complete and fundamental introduction to the properties of III-V compound semiconductor devices, highlighting the theoretical and practical aspects of their device physics. Beginning with an introduction to the basics of semiconductor physics, it presents an overview of the physics and preparation of compound semiconductor materials, as well as a detailed look at the electrical and optical properties of compound semiconductor heterostructures. The book concludes with chapters dedicated to a number of heterostructure electronic and photonic devices, including the high-electron-mobility transistor, the heterojunction bipolar transistor, lasers, unipolar photonic devices, and integrated optoelectronic devices. Featuring chapter-end problems, suggested references for further reading, as well as clear, didactic schematics accompanied by six information-rich appendices, this textbook is ideal for graduate students in the areas of semiconductor physics or electrical engineering. In addition, up-to-date results from published research make this textbook especially well-suited as a self-study and reference guide for engineers and researchers in related industries. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits Chenming Hu, 2010 Modern Semiconductor Devices for Integrated Circuits, First Edition introduces readers to the world of modern semiconductor devices with an emphasis on integrated circuit applications. KEY TOPICS Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors; Motion and Recombination of Electrons and Holes; Device Fabrication Technology; PN and Metal Semiconductor Junctions; MOS Capacitor; MOS Transistor; MOSFETs in ICs Scaling, Leakage, and Other Topics; Bipolar Transistor. MARKET Written by an experienced teacher, researcher, and expert in industry practices, this succinct and forward-looking text is appropriate for anyone interested in semiconductor devices for integrated curcuits, and serves as a suitable reference text for practicing engineers. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures Keith Barnham, Dimitri Vvedensky, 2008-12-11 Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures offers a seamless, atoms-to-devices introduction to the latest quantum heterostructures. It covers their fabrication; electronic, optical, and transport properties; role in exploring new physical phenomena; and utilization in devices. The authors describe the epitaxial growth of semiconductors and the physical behavior of electrons and phonons in low-dimensional structures. They then go on to discuss nonlinear optics in quantum heterostructures. The final chapters deal with semiconductor lasers, mesoscopic devices, and high-speed heterostructure devices. The book contains many exercises and comprehensive references. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Field Effect Devices Robert F. Pierret, 1990 The second edition examines in detail three of the most basic members of the field device family to introduce the reader to relevant terms, concepts, models, and analytical procedures. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: An Introduction to Semiconductor Devices Donald A Neamen, 2006 &Quot;An Introduction to Semiconductor Devices by Donald Neamen is designed to provide a fundamental understanding of the characteristics, operations, and limitations of semiconductor devices. In order to meet this goal, the book brings together explanations of fundamental physics of semiconductor materials and semiconductor device physics.. This new text provides an accessible and modern approach to the material. Aimed at the undergraduate, Neamen keeps coverage of quantum mechanics to a minimum and labels the most advanced material as optional. MOS transistors are covered before bipolar transistors to reflect the dominance of MOS coverage in today's world.--BOOK JACKET. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of III-V Semiconductor MOSFETs Serge Oktyabrsky, Peide Ye, 2010-03-16 Fundamentals of III-V Semiconductor MOSFETs presents the fundamentals and current status of research of compound semiconductor metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) that are envisioned as a future replacement of silicon in digital circuits. The material covered begins with a review of specific properties of III-V semiconductors and available technologies making them attractive to MOSFET technology, such as band-engineered heterostructures, effect of strain, nanoscale control during epitaxial growth. Due to the lack of thermodynamically stable native oxides on III-V's (such as SiO2 on Si), high-k oxides are the natural choice of dielectrics for III-V MOSFETs. The key challenge of the III-V MOSFET technology is a high-quality, thermodynamically stable gate dielectric that passivates the interface states, similar to SiO2 on Si. Several chapters give a detailed description of materials science and electronic behavior of various dielectrics and related interfaces, as well as physics of fabricated devices and MOSFET fabrication technologies. Topics also include recent progress and understanding of various materials systems; specific issues for electrical measurement of gate stacks and FETs with low and wide bandgap channels and high interface trap density; possible paths of integration of different semiconductor materials on Si platform. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Advanced Semiconductor Device Physics and Modeling Juin J. Liou, 1994-01-01 This reference provides detailed information on semiconductor physics and modelling. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Physics of Semiconductor Devices Simon M. Sze, Kwok K. Ng, 2006-12-13 The Third Edition of the standard textbook and reference in the field of semiconductor devices This classic book has set the standard for advanced study and reference in the semiconductor device field. Now completely updated and reorganized to reflect the tremendous advances in device concepts and performance, this Third Edition remains the most detailed and exhaustive single source of information on the most important semiconductor devices. It gives readers immediate access to detailed descriptions of the underlying physics and performance characteristics of all major bipolar, field-effect, microwave, photonic, and sensor devices. Designed for graduate textbook adoptions and reference needs, this new edition includes: A complete update of the latest developments New devices such as three-dimensional MOSFETs, MODFETs, resonant-tunneling diodes, semiconductor sensors, quantum-cascade lasers, single-electron transistors, real-space transfer devices, and more Materials completely reorganized Problem sets at the end of each chapter All figures reproduced at the highest quality Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Third Edition offers engineers, research scientists, faculty, and students a practical basis for understanding the most important devices in use today and for evaluating future device performance and limitations. A Solutions Manual is available from the editorial department. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Introduction to Semiconductor Device Modelling Christopher M. Snowden, 1998 This book deals mainly with physical device models which are developed from the carrier transport physics and device geometry considerations. The text concentrates on silicon and gallium arsenide devices and includes models of silicon bipolar junction transistors, junction field effect transistors (JFETs), MESFETs, silicon and GaAs MESFETs, transferred electron devices, pn junction diodes and Schottky varactor diodes. The modelling techniques of more recent devices such as the heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) and the high electron mobility transistors are discussed. This book contains details of models for both equilibrium and non-equilibrium transport conditions. The modelling Technique of Small-scale devices is discussed and techniques applicable to submicron-dimensioned devices are included. A section on modern quantum transport analysis techniques is included. Details of essential numerical schemes are given and a variety of device models are used to illustrate the application of these techniques in various fields. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Nitride Semiconductor Devices Hadis Morkoç, 2013-05-20 This book gives a clear presentation of the necessary basics of semiconductor and device physics and engineering. It introduces readers to fundamental issues that will enable them to follow the latest technological research. It also covers important applications, including LED and lighting, semiconductor lasers, high power switching devices, and detectors. This balanced and up-to-date treatment makes the text an essential educational tool for both advanced students and professionals in the electronics industry. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Introduction to Semiconductor Devices Kevin F. Brennan, 2005-02-03 From semiconductor fundamentals to semiconductor devices used in the telecommunications and computing industries, this 2005 book provides a solid grounding in the most important devices used in the hottest areas of electronic engineering. The book includes coverage of future approaches to computing hardware and RF power amplifiers, and explains how emerging trends and system demands of computing and telecommunications systems influence the choice, design and operation of semiconductors. Next, the field effect devices are described, including MODFETs and MOSFETs. Short channel effects and the challenges faced by continuing miniaturisation are then addressed. The rest of the book discusses the structure, behaviour, and operating requirements of semiconductor devices used in lightwave and wireless telecommunications systems. This is both an excellent senior/graduate text, and a valuable reference for engineers and researchers in the field. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Modern VLSI Devices Yuan Taur, Tak H. Ning, 2013-05-02 Learn the basic properties and designs of modern VLSI devices, as well as the factors affecting performance, with this thoroughly updated second edition. The first edition has been widely adopted as a standard textbook in microelectronics in many major US universities and worldwide. The internationally renowned authors highlight the intricate interdependencies and subtle trade-offs between various practically important device parameters, and provide an in-depth discussion of device scaling and scaling limits of CMOS and bipolar devices. Equations and parameters provided are checked continuously against the reality of silicon data, making the book equally useful in practical transistor design and in the classroom. Every chapter has been updated to include the latest developments, such as MOSFET scale length theory, high-field transport model and SiGe-base bipolar devices. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Introducing Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) Chinmay K. Maiti, 2017-03-16 This might be the first book that deals mostly with the 3D technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations of major state-of-the-art stress- and strain-engineered advanced semiconductor devices: MOSFETs, BJTs, HBTs, nonclassical MOS devices, finFETs, silicon-germanium hetero-FETs, solar cells, power devices, and memory devices. The book focuses on how to set up 3D TCAD simulation tools, from mask layout to process and device simulation, including design for manufacturing (DFM), and from device modeling to SPICE parameter extraction. The book also offers an innovative and new approach to teaching the fundamentals of semiconductor process and device design using advanced TCAD simulations of various semiconductor structures. The simulation examples chosen are from the most popular devices in use today and provide useful technology and device physics insights. To extend the role of TCAD in today’s advanced technology era, process compact modeling and DFM issues have been included for design–technology interface generation. Unique in approach, this book provides an integrated view of silicon technology and beyond—with emphasis on TCAD simulations. It is the first book to provide a web-based online laboratory for semiconductor device characterization and SPICE parameter extraction. It describes not only the manufacturing practice associated with the technologies used but also the underlying scientific basis for those technologies. Written from an engineering standpoint, this book provides the process design and simulation background needed to understand new and future technology development, process modeling, and design of nanoscale transistors. The book also advances the understanding and knowledge of modern IC design via TCAD, improves the quality in micro- and nanoelectronics R&D, and supports the training of semiconductor specialists. It is intended as a textbook or reference for graduate students in the field of semiconductor fabrication and as a reference for engineers involved in VLSI technology development who have to solve device and process problems. CAD specialists will also find this book useful since it discusses the organization of the simulation system, in addition to presenting many case studies where the user applies TCAD tools in different situations. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Power Semiconductors Stefan Linder, 2006-06-02 The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the various types of power semiconductor devices, to give an insight into how they function, and to explain and analyze the characteristics of the various components. All the important classes of power semiconductors are covered. Of particular interest, the author takes into account the role of plasma formation in the operation of highpower semiconductor devices. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Fundamentals of Solid State Engineering Manijeh Razeghi, 2006-06-12 Provides a multidisciplinary introduction to quantum mechanics, solid state physics, advanced devices, and fabrication Covers wide range of topics in the same style and in the same notation Most up to date developments in semiconductor physics and nano-engineering Mathematical derivations are carried through in detail with emphasis on clarity Timely application areas such as biophotonics , bioelectronics |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Strain Effect in Semiconductors Yongke Sun, Scott E. Thompson, Toshikazu Nishida, 2009-11-14 Strain Effect in Semiconductors: Theory and Device Applications presents the fundamentals and applications of strain in semiconductors and semiconductor devices that is relevant for strain-enhanced advanced CMOS technology and strain-based piezoresistive MEMS transducers. Discusses relevant applications of strain while also focusing on the fundamental physics pertaining to bulk, planar, and scaled nano-devices. Hence, this book is relevant for current strained Si logic technology as well as for understanding the physics and scaling for future strained nano-scale devices. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Semiconductor Lasers I Eli Kapon, 1999-01-12 This book covers the device physics of semiconductor lasers in five chapters written by recognized experts in this field. The volume begins by introducing the basic mechanisms of optical gain in semiconductors and the role of quantum confinement in modern quantum well diode lasers. Subsequent chapters treat the effects of built-in strain, one of the important recent advances in the technology of these lasers, and the physical mechanisms underlying the dynamics and high speed modulation of these devices. The book concludes with chapters addressing the control of photon states in squeezed-light and microcavity structures, and electron states in low dimensional quantum wire and quantum dot lasers. The book offers useful information for both readers unfamiliar with semiconductor lasers, through the introductory parts of each chapter, as well as a state-of-the-art discussion of some of the most advanced semiconductor laser structures, intended for readers engaged in research in this field. This book may also serve as an introduction for the companion volume, Semiconductor Lasers II: Materials and Structures, which presents further details on the different material systems and laser structures used for achieving specific diode laser performance features. - Introduces the reader to the basics of semiconductor lasers - Covers the fundamentals of lasing in semiconductors, including quantum confined and microcavity structures - Beneficial to readers interested in the more general aspects of semiconductor physics and optoelectronic devices, such as quantum confined heterostructures and integrated optics - Each chapter contains a thorough introduction to the topic geared toward the non-expert, followed by an in-depth discussion of current technology and future trends - Useful for professionals engaged in research and development - Contains numerous schematic and data-containing illustrations |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Photonic Devices Jia-ming Liu, 2009-06-11 Photonic devices lie at the heart of the communications revolution, and have become a large and important part of the electronic engineering field, so much so that many colleges now treat this as a subject in its own right. With this in mind, the author has put together a unique textbook covering every major photonic device, and striking a careful balance between theoretical and practical concepts. The book assumes a basic knowledge of optics, semiconductors and electromagnetic waves. Many of the key background concepts are reviewed in the first chapter. Devices covered include optical fibers, couplers, electro-optic devices, magneto-optic devices, lasers and photodetectors. Problems are included at the end of each chapter and a solutions set is available. The book is ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate courses, but being device driven it is also an excellent engineers' reference. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Physics of Semiconductor Devices V. K. Jain, Abhishek Verma, 2013-11-27 The purpose of this workshop is to spread the vast amount of information available on semiconductor physics to every possible field throughout the scientific community. As a result, the latest findings, research and discoveries can be quickly disseminated. This workshop provides all participating research groups with an excellent platform for interaction and collaboration with other members of their respective scientific community. This workshop’s technical sessions include various current and significant topics for applications and scientific developments, including • Optoelectronics • VLSI & ULSI Technology • Photovoltaics • MEMS & Sensors • Device Modeling and Simulation • High Frequency/ Power Devices • Nanotechnology and Emerging Areas • Organic Electronics • Displays and Lighting Many eminent scientists from various national and international organizations are actively participating with their latest research works and also equally supporting this mega event by joining the various organizing committees. |
| semiconductor device fundamentals: Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Electronics A. G. Milnes, 2012-12-06 For some time there has been a need for a semiconductor device book that carries diode and transistor theory beyond an introductory level and yet has space to touch on a wider range of semiconductor device principles and applica tions. Such topics are covered in specialized monographs numbering many hun dreds, but the voluminous nature of this literature limits access for students. This book is the outcome of attempts to develop a broad course on devices and integrated electronics for university students at about senior-year level. The edu cational prerequisites are an introductory course in semiconductor junction and transistor concepts, and a course on analog and digital circuits that has intro duced the concepts of rectification, amplification, oscillators, modulation and logic and SWitching circuits. The book should also be of value to professional engineers and physicists because of both, the information included and the de tailed guide to the literature given by the references. The aim has been to bring some measure of order into the subject area examined and to provide a basic structure from which teachers may develop themes that are of most interest to students and themselves. Semiconductor devices and integrated circuits are reviewed and fundamental factors that control power levels, frequency, speed, size and cost are discussed. The text also briefly mentions how devices are used and presents circuits and comments on representative applications. Thus, the book seeks a balance be tween the extremes of device physics and circuit design. |
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