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AP Biology Lab: Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees – Answers and Deep Dive
Are you wrestling with the AP Biology lab on cladograms and phylogenetic trees? Feeling overwhelmed by the terminology and the task of constructing these evolutionary diagrams? You’re not alone! This comprehensive guide will not only provide you with the answers you seek but will also equip you with a deeper understanding of how to interpret and create cladograms and phylogenetic trees. We'll walk you through the key concepts, demystify the process, and help you confidently navigate this crucial AP Biology lab. Forget simply finding answers; let's master the concepts behind them.
Understanding Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees: The Fundamentals
Before we dive into specific answers, let's solidify our understanding of the core principles. Both cladograms and phylogenetic trees visually represent the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups of organisms. However, there's a subtle but important distinction:
Cladograms: These diagrams show branching patterns of evolutionary relationships. They illustrate the order in which lineages split, but they don't necessarily indicate the time elapsed between splits or the degree of evolutionary change. Branch lengths are not proportional to time.
Phylogenetic Trees: These are more detailed than cladograms. They show both the branching patterns and the estimated time since divergence of lineages. Branch lengths often represent evolutionary time or genetic change.
Both use shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies) – traits that are unique to a particular group of organisms and their descendants – to group organisms. These shared characteristics help us infer common ancestry.
Interpreting Data: The Key to Constructing Accurate Diagrams
The AP Biology lab likely presents you with data – perhaps morphological characteristics (physical traits), molecular data (DNA sequences), or a combination of both. Successfully constructing a cladogram or phylogenetic tree hinges on your ability to analyze this data effectively.
Steps to Interpretation:
1. Identify Shared Derived Characteristics: Carefully examine the provided data. Look for traits that are shared by certain groups of organisms but not by others. These are your synapomorphies.
2. Outgroup Selection: An outgroup is a species or group that is known to be distantly related to the other organisms in your analysis. It serves as a reference point to root your tree and distinguish ancestral from derived traits.
3. Building the Tree: Start with the outgroup. Then, successively add organisms based on their shared derived characteristics. Organisms sharing more recent synapomorphies are placed closer together on the tree.
4. Parsimony: The principle of parsimony suggests that the simplest explanation is usually the best. When constructing a tree, aim for the arrangement that requires the fewest evolutionary changes to explain the observed data.
Analyzing Specific Examples: Practical Application
While I cannot provide specific answers to your lab’s unique data set (as that would be unethical and defeat the purpose of the assignment), I can offer a framework for approaching different scenarios:
Scenario 1: Morphological Data: If you are given a table of morphological characteristics (e.g., presence of feathers, fur, scales, etc.), analyze which traits are shared by specific subsets of organisms. For example, if several organisms share feathers, this suggests a close evolutionary relationship.
Scenario 2: Molecular Data: Molecular data often involves comparing DNA or protein sequences. The more similar the sequences, the more closely related the organisms are likely to be. Use tools like phylogenetic software (e.g., MEGA, PAUP) to analyze these sequences and construct a tree. (Note: Your lab may not require the use of such software).
Scenario 3: Combined Data: Often, the most robust phylogenetic analyses combine both morphological and molecular data, giving a more complete picture of evolutionary relationships.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Misinterpreting data: Carefully read the description of each characteristic and avoid making assumptions.
Ignoring the outgroup: The outgroup is essential for rooting the tree and understanding evolutionary direction.
Overlooking parsimony: The simplest explanation is often the best. Don’t overcomplicate your tree.
Neglecting proper labeling: Clearly label your cladogram or phylogenetic tree with species names and synapomorphies.
Conclusion
Mastering cladograms and phylogenetic trees is crucial for success in AP Biology. This guide offers a deeper understanding beyond simply finding "answers." By understanding the principles, interpreting data effectively, and avoiding common pitfalls, you can confidently approach this lab and gain a solid grasp of evolutionary biology. Remember, the goal is not just to get the “right” answer but to understand the process and the evolutionary relationships it reveals.
FAQs
1. Where can I find practice datasets for constructing cladograms and phylogenetic trees? Many online resources, including educational websites and textbooks, offer practice datasets. Search for "phylogenetic tree practice data" to find suitable examples.
2. What software can I use to construct phylogenetic trees from molecular data? Software packages such as MEGA, PAUP, and PhyML are commonly used for phylogenetic analysis. However, your AP Biology lab may not require the use of specialized software.
3. What if my constructed tree differs from the "answer key"? It’s possible to have multiple equally valid trees depending on the data interpretation. Discuss your reasoning and interpretation with your teacher if you have significant differences.
4. How important is the accuracy of my cladogram/phylogenetic tree in the context of my grade? The accuracy of your diagram will likely be a significant factor in your grade. However, demonstrating a clear understanding of the concepts and methods is just as important as achieving the "correct" answer.
5. Can I use online tools to create my cladogram or phylogenetic tree? Several websites offer tools for constructing cladograms and phylogenetic trees. These tools can be helpful for visualization, but ensure you understand the underlying principles before using them. Your teacher may have specific requirements regarding the creation of your diagram.
AP Biology Lab: Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees – Answers & Deep Dive
Are you wrestling with the complexities of cladograms and phylogenetic trees in your AP Biology lab? Feeling lost in a sea of branches and nodes? You're not alone! This comprehensive guide provides a detailed exploration of cladograms and phylogenetic trees, offering not only answers to common lab questions but also a deeper understanding of the concepts behind this crucial area of evolutionary biology. We'll break down the fundamentals, providing clarity and confidence to tackle your AP Biology assignments with ease. This post will act as your ultimate resource for understanding and mastering cladograms and phylogenetic trees.
Understanding the Basics: Cladograms vs. Phylogenetic Trees
Before we dive into specific answers, let's clarify the key differences and similarities between cladograms and phylogenetic trees. Both represent evolutionary relationships, but they differ in what they explicitly show:
Cladogram: A cladogram is a branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships among organisms. It focuses solely on the branching pattern, reflecting shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies). Branch lengths are not proportional to time or evolutionary distance. Think of it as a simplified visual representation of relationships.
Phylogenetic Tree (or Phylogram): A phylogenetic tree, also known as a phylogram, is a more detailed representation. Like a cladogram, it shows evolutionary relationships, but it also incorporates information about the evolutionary distance or time since divergence. Branch lengths are proportional to the amount of evolutionary change or time elapsed.
Deciphering Your AP Biology Lab: Analyzing Cladograms
Your AP Biology lab likely involves constructing or interpreting cladograms based on provided data. Here's a step-by-step approach:
#### 1. Identifying Shared Characteristics:
The foundation of cladistics lies in shared derived characteristics. These are traits that evolved in a common ancestor and are passed down to its descendants. Identifying these traits is critical. Look for unique features that distinguish groups of organisms. For example, the presence of feathers is a shared derived characteristic of birds.
#### 2. Constructing the Cladogram:
Start with an outgroup – an organism that is distantly related to the others in your study. This provides a baseline for comparison. Then, add organisms one by one, based on their shared derived characteristics. Each branch point (node) represents a common ancestor, and each branch leads to a group sharing those characteristics that developed since diverging from their last common ancestor.
#### 3. Interpreting the Cladogram:
Once constructed, analyze the cladogram. Closely related organisms will be clustered together, while more distantly related organisms will be further apart. The closer two organisms are on the tree, the more recent their last common ancestor.
#### 4. Potential Lab Challenges & Solutions:
Conflicting Data: Sometimes, data may seem contradictory. Carefully re-examine your data and ensure you're correctly identifying shared derived characteristics, not ancestral ones. Ancestral characteristics were present in a distant ancestor and may not accurately reflect the relationships between more recently diverged organisms.
Incomplete Data: Missing data can make cladogram construction challenging. Use the available data to the best of your ability, acknowledging any limitations in your interpretation.
Navigating Phylogenetic Trees: Adding Time and Distance
Phylogenetic trees add another layer of complexity by incorporating time or evolutionary distance. This is reflected in the branch lengths. A longer branch implies more evolutionary change or a longer period since divergence than a shorter branch. Analyzing a phylogenetic tree often involves interpreting evolutionary timelines and rates of change.
#### Interpreting Branch Lengths:
Focus on the relative lengths of branches. A long branch suggests significant evolutionary divergence, potentially involving substantial genetic changes or a considerable amount of time. Conversely, short branches indicate less divergence. Remember that these lengths are representative rather than literal measurements of time or genetic change.
#### Understanding Rooted vs. Unrooted Trees:
Phylogenetic trees can be rooted or unrooted:
Rooted Tree: A rooted tree shows the evolutionary history of the organisms, indicating a common ancestor.
Unrooted Tree: An unrooted tree simply shows the relationships among the organisms without identifying a specific common ancestor.
Addressing Common Questions and Pitfalls
Homologous vs. Analogous Traits: It is crucial to distinguish between homologous traits (shared due to common ancestry) and analogous traits (shared due to convergent evolution). Only homologous traits are useful for constructing accurate cladograms and phylogenetic trees.
Parsimony: The principle of parsimony states that the simplest explanation is often the best. When constructing cladograms, choose the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary changes to explain the observed data.
Conclusion
Mastering cladograms and phylogenetic trees is crucial for understanding evolutionary biology. By carefully analyzing shared derived characteristics, interpreting branch lengths, and understanding the differences between cladograms and phylogenetic trees, you can confidently tackle your AP Biology lab and gain a deeper appreciation for the intricacies of evolutionary relationships. This guide serves as a starting point – further research and practice will solidify your understanding.
FAQs
1. What are some common mistakes students make when constructing cladograms? Common errors include misinterpreting shared characteristics, confusing homologous and analogous traits, and failing to use an outgroup.
2. How can I tell the difference between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree? Cladograms only show branching patterns, while phylogenetic trees incorporate information about evolutionary distance or time.
3. What software can be used to create cladograms and phylogenetic trees? Several software packages exist, including MEGA X, PhyML, and MrBayes. Many free online tools also allow for basic cladogram construction.
4. How important are outgroups in cladistics? Outgroups provide a basis for comparison, helping to root the cladogram and distinguish ancestral from derived traits.
5. What if my data doesn't perfectly support a single cladogram? It’s not uncommon. Consider alternative interpretations and acknowledge the uncertainties in your analysis. Discuss potential limitations in your data or methodology.
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Preparing for the Biology AP Exam Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Fred W. Holtzclaw, Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw, 2009-11-03 Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw bring over 40 years of AP Biology teaching experience to this student manual. Drawing on their rich experience as readers and faculty consultants to the College Board and their participation on the AP Test Development Committee, the Holtzclaws have designed their resource to help your students prepare for the AP Exam. Completely revised to match the new 8th edition of Biology by Campbell and Reece. New Must Know sections in each chapter focus student attention on major concepts. Study tips, information organization ideas and misconception warnings are interwoven throughout. New section reviewing the 12 required AP labs. Sample practice exams. The secret to success on the AP Biology exam is to understand what you must know and these experienced AP teachers will guide your students toward top scores! |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Phylogenetics E. O. Wiley, Bruce S. Lieberman, 2011-10-11 The long-awaited revision of the industry standard on phylogenetics Since the publication of the first edition of this landmark volume more than twenty-five years ago, phylogenetic systematics has taken its place as the dominant paradigm of systematic biology. It has profoundly influenced the way scientists study evolution, and has seen many theoretical and technical advances as the field has continued to grow. It goes almost without saying that the next twenty-five years of phylogenetic research will prove as fascinating as the first, with many exciting developments yet to come. This new edition of Phylogenetics captures the very essence of this rapidly evolving discipline. Written for the practicing systematist and phylogeneticist, it addresses both the philosophical and technical issues of the field, as well as surveys general practices in taxonomy. Major sections of the book deal with the nature of species and higher taxa, homology and characters, trees and tree graphs, and biogeography—the purpose being to develop biologically relevant species, character, tree, and biogeographic concepts that can be applied fruitfully to phylogenetics. The book then turns its focus to phylogenetic trees, including an in-depth guide to tree-building algorithms. Additional coverage includes: Parsimony and parsimony analysis Parametric phylogenetics including maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches Phylogenetic classification Critiques of evolutionary taxonomy, phenetics, and transformed cladistics Specimen selection, field collecting, and curating Systematic publication and the rules of nomenclature Providing a thorough synthesis of the field, this important update to Phylogenetics is essential for students and researchers in the areas of evolutionary biology, molecular evolution, genetics and evolutionary genetics, paleontology, physical anthropology, and zoology. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Tree Thinking: An Introduction to Phylogenetic Biology David A. Baum, Stacey D. Smith, 2012-08-10 Baum and Smith, both professors evolutionary biology and researchers in the field of systematics, present this highly accessible introduction to phylogenetics and its importance in modern biology. Ever since Darwin, the evolutionary histories of organisms have been portrayed in the form of branching trees or “phylogenies.” However, the broad significance of the phylogenetic trees has come to be appreciated only quite recently. Phylogenetics has myriad applications in biology, from discovering the features present in ancestral organisms, to finding the sources of invasive species and infectious diseases, to identifying our closest living (and extinct) hominid relatives. Taking a conceptual approach, Tree Thinking introduces readers to the interpretation of phylogenetic trees, how these trees can be reconstructed, and how they can be used to answer biological questions. Examples and vivid metaphors are incorporated throughout, and each chapter concludes with a set of problems, valuable for both students and teachers. Tree Thinking is must-have textbook for any student seeking a solid foundation in this fundamental area of evolutionary biology. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: America's Lab Report National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Center for Education, Board on Science Education, Committee on High School Laboratories: Role and Vision, 2006-01-20 Laboratory experiences as a part of most U.S. high school science curricula have been taken for granted for decades, but they have rarely been carefully examined. What do they contribute to science learning? What can they contribute to science learning? What is the current status of labs in our nation�s high schools as a context for learning science? This book looks at a range of questions about how laboratory experiences fit into U.S. high schools: What is effective laboratory teaching? What does research tell us about learning in high school science labs? How should student learning in laboratory experiences be assessed? Do all student have access to laboratory experiences? What changes need to be made to improve laboratory experiences for high school students? How can school organization contribute to effective laboratory teaching? With increased attention to the U.S. education system and student outcomes, no part of the high school curriculum should escape scrutiny. This timely book investigates factors that influence a high school laboratory experience, looking closely at what currently takes place and what the goals of those experiences are and should be. Science educators, school administrators, policy makers, and parents will all benefit from a better understanding of the need for laboratory experiences to be an integral part of the science curriculum-and how that can be accomplished. |
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| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: IB Biology Student Workbook Tracey Greenwood, Lissa Bainbridge-Smith, Kent Pryor, Richard Allan, 2014-10-02 |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Discipline-Based Education Research National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Science Education, Committee on the Status, Contributions, and Future Directions of Discipline-Based Education Research, 2012-08-27 The National Science Foundation funded a synthesis study on the status, contributions, and future direction of discipline-based education research (DBER) in physics, biological sciences, geosciences, and chemistry. DBER combines knowledge of teaching and learning with deep knowledge of discipline-specific science content. It describes the discipline-specific difficulties learners face and the specialized intellectual and instructional resources that can facilitate student understanding. Discipline-Based Education Research is based on a 30-month study built on two workshops held in 2008 to explore evidence on promising practices in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. This book asks questions that are essential to advancing DBER and broadening its impact on undergraduate science teaching and learning. The book provides empirical research on undergraduate teaching and learning in the sciences, explores the extent to which this research currently influences undergraduate instruction, and identifies the intellectual and material resources required to further develop DBER. Discipline-Based Education Research provides guidance for future DBER research. In addition, the findings and recommendations of this report may invite, if not assist, post-secondary institutions to increase interest and research activity in DBER and improve its quality and usefulness across all natural science disciples, as well as guide instruction and assessment across natural science courses to improve student learning. The book brings greater focus to issues of student attrition in the natural sciences that are related to the quality of instruction. Discipline-Based Education Research will be of interest to educators, policy makers, researchers, scholars, decision makers in universities, government agencies, curriculum developers, research sponsors, and education advocacy groups. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Assembling the Tree of Life Joel Cracraft, Michael J. Donoghue, 2004-07-22 This edited volume is provides an authoritative synthesis of knowledge about the history of life. All the major groups of organisms are treated, by the leading workers in their fields. With sections on: The Importance of Knowing the Tree of Life; The Origin and Radiation of Life on Earth; The Relationships of Green Plants; The Relationships of Fungi; and The Relationships of Animals. This book should prove indispensable for evolutionary biologists, taxonomists, ecologists interested in biodiversity, and as a baseline sourcebook for organismic biologists, botanists, and microbiologists. An essential reference in this fundamental area. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: 5 Steps to a 5 AP Biology, 2014-2015 Edition Mark Anestis, Kellie Cox, 2013-07-24 A PERFECT PLAN for the PERFECT SCORE STEP 1 Set up your study plan with three customized study schedules STEP 2 Determine your readiness with an AP-style diagnostic exam STEP 3 Develop the strategies that will give you the edge on test day STEP 4 Review the terms and concepts you need to score high STEP 5 Build your confidence with full-length practice exams |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: DNA Science David A. Micklos, Greg A. Freyer, 2003 This is the second edition of a highly successful textbook (over 50,000 copies sold) in which a highly illustrated, narrative text is combined with easy–to–use thoroughly reliable laboratory protocols. It contains a fully up–to–date collection of 12 rigorously tested and reliable lab experiments in molecular biology, developed at the internationally renowned Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, which culminate in the construction and cloning of a recombinant DNA molecule. Proven through more than 10 years of teaching at research and nonresearch colleges and universities, junior colleges, community colleges, and advanced biology programs in high school, this book has been successfully integrated into introductory biology, general biology, genetics, microbiology, cell biology, molecular genetics, and molecular biology courses. The first eight chapters have been completely revised, extensively rewritten, and updated. The new coverage extends to the completion of the draft sequence of the human genome and the enormous impact these and other sequence data are having on medicine, research, and our view of human evolution. All sections on the concepts and techniques of molecular biology have been updated to reflect the current state of laboratory research. The laboratory experiments cover basic techniques of gene isolation and analysis, honed by over 10 years of classroom use to be thoroughly reliable, even in the hands of teachers and students with no prior experience. Extensive prelab notes at the beginning of each experiment explain how to schedule and prepare, while flow charts and icons make the protocols easy to follow. As in the first edition of this book, the laboratory course is completely supported by quality–assured products from the Carolina Biological Supply Company, from bulk reagents, to useable reagent systems, to single–use kits, thus satisfying a broad range of teaching applications. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Bioinformatics for Beginners Supratim Choudhuri, 2014-05-09 Bioinformatics for Beginners: Genes, Genomes, Molecular Evolution, Databases and Analytical Tools provides a coherent and friendly treatment of bioinformatics for any student or scientist within biology who has not routinely performed bioinformatic analysis. The book discusses the relevant principles needed to understand the theoretical underpinnings of bioinformatic analysis and demonstrates, with examples, targeted analysis using freely available web-based software and publicly available databases. Eschewing non-essential information, the work focuses on principles and hands-on analysis, also pointing to further study options. - Avoids non-essential coverage, yet fully describes the field for beginners - Explains the molecular basis of evolution to place bioinformatic analysis in biological context - Provides useful links to the vast resource of publicly available bioinformatic databases and analysis tools - Contains over 100 figures that aid in concept discovery and illustration |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: How and Why Species Multiply Peter R. Grant, B. Rosemary Grant, 2011-05-29 Trace the evolutionary history of fourteen different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands that were studied by Charles Darwin. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Introduction to Natural Selection Clifford Johnson, 1976 Genetic systems and fitness; Evidence for selection; The balanced polymorphism, or th non-neutral equilibria; Selection coefficients in natural populations; Varying fitness and the unit of selection; Quantitative traits and the selection effect; Selection in retrospect and prospect. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Jellyfish and Polyps Antonella Leone, Gian Luigi Mariottini, Stefano Piraino, 2020-11-20 This Special Issue of Marine Drugs gathers recent investigations on the proteomes, metabolomes, transcriptomes, and the associated microbiomes of marine jellyfish and polyps, including bioactivity studies of their compounds and more generally, on their biotechnological potential, witnessing the increasingly recognized importance of Cnidaria as a largely untapped Blue Growth resource for new drug discovery. These researches evoke the outstanding ecological importance of cnidarians in marine ecosystems worldwide, calling for a global monitoring and conservation of marine biodiversity, so that the biotechnological exploitation of marine living resources will be carried out to conserve and sustainably use the natural capital of the oceans. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Cockroaches William J. Bell, Louis M. Roth, Christine A. Nalepa, 2007-07-27 The essential volume on the biology and behavior of these remarkable insects. “This transformative work will be an inspiration to students of entomology.” —Choice The cockroach is truly an evolutionary wonder. This definitive volume provides a complete overview of suborder Blattaria, highlighting the diversity of these amazing insects in their natural environments. Beginning with a foreword by Edward O. Wilson, the book explores the fascinating natural history and behavior of cockroaches, describing their various colors, sizes, and shapes, as well as how they move on land, in water, and through the air. In addition to habitat use, diet, reproduction, and behavior, Cockroaches covers aspects of cockroach biology, such as the relationship between cockroaches and microbes, termites as social cockroaches, and the ecological impact of the suborder. With over 100 illustrations, an expanded glossary, and an invaluable set of references, this work is destined to become the classic book on the Blattaria. Students and research entomologists can mine each chapter for new ideas, new perspectives, and new directions for future study. “Well-written . . . visually attractive . . . This book is much needed to educate biologists about the fascinating biology and diversity of cockroaches.” —Integrative and Comparative Biology “A must-have for any insect hobbyest.” —Allpet Roaches Forum “This contribution is an important source of information on cockroach natural history and diversity.” —The Quarterly Review of Biology “Suitable for researchers, students, and naturalists, chapters are topical, exploring the diversity of cockroaches.” —Southeastern Naturalist |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Molecular Plant Taxonomy Pascale Besse, 2014-01-11 Plant taxonomy is an ancient discipline facing new challenges with the current availability of a vast array of molecular approaches which allow reliable genealogy-based classifications. Although the primary focus of plant taxonomy is on the delimitation of species, molecular approaches also provide a better understanding of evolutionary processes, a particularly important issue for some taxonomic complex groups. Molecular Plant Taxonomy: Methods and Protocols describes laboratory protocols based on the use of nucleic acids and chromosomes for plant taxonomy, as well as guidelines for phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. Experts in the field also contribute review and application chapters that will encourage the reader to develop an integrative taxonomy approach, combining nucleic acid and cytogenetic data together with other crucial information (taxonomy, morphology, anatomy, ecology, reproductive biology, biogeography, paleobotany), which will help not only to best circumvent species delimitation but also to resolve the evolutionary processes in play. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Molecular Plant Taxonomy: Methods and Protocols seeks to provide conceptual as well as technical guidelines to plant taxonomists and geneticists. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Dinosaur Paleobiology Stephen L. Brusatte, 2012-04-30 The study of dinosaurs has been experiencing a remarkable renaissance over the past few decades. Scientific understanding of dinosaur anatomy, biology, and evolution has advanced to such a degree that paleontologists often know more about 100-million-year-old dinosaurs than many species of living organisms. This book provides a contemporary review of dinosaur science intended for students, researchers, and dinosaur enthusiasts. It reviews the latest knowledge on dinosaur anatomy and phylogeny, how dinosaurs functioned as living animals, and the grand narrative of dinosaur evolution across the Mesozoic. A particular focus is on the fossil evidence and explicit methods that allow paleontologists to study dinosaurs in rigorous detail. Scientific knowledge of dinosaur biology and evolution is shifting fast, and this book aims to summarize current understanding of dinosaur science in a technical, but accessible, style, supplemented with vivid photographs and illustrations. The Topics in Paleobiology Series is published in collaboration with the Palaeontological Association, and is edited by Professor Mike Benton, University of Bristol. Books in the series provide a summary of the current state of knowledge, a trusted route into the primary literature, and will act as pointers for future directions for research. As well as volumes on individual groups, the series will also deal with topics that have a cross-cutting relevance, such as the evolution of significant ecosystems, particular key times and events in the history of life, climate change, and the application of a new techniques such as molecular palaeontology. The books are written by leading international experts and will be pitched at a level suitable for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers in both the paleontological and biological sciences. Additional resources for this book can be found at: http://www.wiley.com/go/brusatte/dinosaurpaleobiology. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Species John S. Wilkins, 2009 In this comprehensive work, John S. Wilkins traces the history of the idea of species from antiquity to today, providing a new perspective on the relationship between philosophical and biological approaches.--[book cover]. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Molecular Identification of Fungi Youssuf Gherbawy, Kerstin Voigt, 2010-03-03 Fungi enjoy great popularity in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and biotechnological applications. Recent advances in the decipherment of whole fungal genomes promise an acceleration of these trends. This timely book links scientists from different parts of the world who are interested in the molecular identification of fungi combined with the exploration of the fungal biodiversity in different ecosystems. It provides a compendium for scientists who rely on a rapid and reliable detection of fungal specimens in environmental as well as clinical resources in order to ensure the benefit of industrial and clinical applications. Chapters focus on the opportunities and limits of the molecular marker-mediated identification of fungi. Various methods, procedures and strategies are outlined. Furthermore, the book offers an update of the current progress in the development of fungal molecular techniques, and draws attention to potential and associated problems, as well as integrating theory and practice. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Evolution Challenges Karl S. Rosengren, Sarah K. Brem, E. Margaret Evans, Gale M. Sinatra, 2012-04-23 A recent poll revealed that one in four Americans believe in both creationism and evolution, while another 41% believe that creationism is true and evolution is false. A minority (only 13%) believe only in evolution. Given the widespread resistance to the idea that humans and other animals have evolved and given the attention to the ongoing debate of what should be taught in public schools, issues related to the teaching and learning of evolution are quite timely. Evolution Challenges: Integrating Research and Practice in Teaching and Learning about Evolution goes beyond the science versus religion dispute to ask why evolution is so often rejected as a legitimate scientific fact, focusing on a wide range of cognitive, socio-cultural, and motivational factors that make concepts such as evolution difficult to grasp. The volume brings together researchers with diverse backgrounds in cognitive development and education to examine children's and adults' thinking, learning, and motivation, and how aspects of representational and symbolic knowledge influence learning about evolution. The book is organized around three main challenges inherent in teaching and learning evolutionary concepts: folk theories and conceptual biases, motivational and epistemological biases, and educational aspects in both formal and informal settings. Commentaries across the three main themes tie the book together thematically, and contributors provide ideas for future research and methods for improving the manner in which evolutionary concepts are conveyed in the classroom and in informal learning experiences. Evolution Challenges is a unique text that extends far beyond the traditional evolution debate and is an invaluable resource to researchers in cognitive development, science education and the philosophy of science, science teachers, and exhibit and curriculum developers. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Software Tools and Algorithms for Biological Systems Hamid Arabnia, Quoc-Nam Tran, 2011-03-23 “Software Tools and Algorithms for Biological Systems is composed of a collection of papers received in response to an announcement that was widely distributed to academicians and practitioners in the broad area of computational biology and software tools. Also, selected authors of accepted papers of BIOCOMP’09 proceedings (International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: July 13-16, 2009; Las Vegas, Nevada, USA) were invited to submit the extended versions of their papers for evaluation. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Ecology and the Environment Russell K. Monson, 2014-10-02 In this book, plant biology is considered from the perspective of plants and their surrounding environment, including both biotic and abiotic interactions. The intended audience is undergraduate students in the middle or final phases of their programs of study. Topics are developed to provide a rudimentary understanding of how plant-environment interactions span multiple spatiotemporal scales, and how this rudimentary knowledge can be applied to understand the causes of ecosystem vulnerabilities in the face of global climate change and expansion of natural resource use by human societies. In all chapters connections are made from smaller to larger scales of ecological organization, providing a foundation for understanding plant ecology. Where relevant, environmental threats to ecological systems are identified and future research needs are discussed. As future generations take on the responsibility for managing ecosystem goods and services, one of the most effective resources that can be passed on is accumulated knowledge of how organisms, populations, species, communities and ecosystems function and interact across scales of organization. This book is intended to provide some of that knowledge, and hopefully provide those generations with the ability to avoid some of the catastrophic environmental mistakes that prior generations have made. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Tropical Forest Community Ecology Walter Carson, Stefan Schnitzer, 2011-08-31 Historically, tropical ecology has been a science often content with descriptive and demographic approaches, which is understandable given the difficulty of studying these ecosystems and the need for basic demographic information. Nonetheless, over the last several years, tropical ecologists have begun to test more sophisticated ecological theory and are now beginning to address a broad array of questions that are of particular importance to tropical systems, and ecology in general. Why are there are so many species in tropical forests and what mechanisms are responsible for the maintenance of that vast species diversity? What factors control species coexistence? Are there common patterns of species abundance and distribution across broad geographic scales? What is the role of trophic interactions in these complex ecosystems? How can these fragile ecosystems be conserved? Containing contributions from some of the world’s leading tropical ecologists, Tropical Forest Community Ecology provides a summary of the key issues in the discipline of tropical ecology: Includes contributions from some of the world’s leading tropical ecologists Covers patterns of species distribution, the maintenance of species diversity, the community ecology of tropical animals, forest regeneration and conservation of tropical ecosystems |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: A Functional Biology of Parasitism G.W. Esch, J.C. Fernandez, 2013-03-07 Series Editor: Peter Calow, Department of Zoology, University of Sheffield, England The main aim of this series will be to illustrate and to explain the way organisms 'make a living' in nature. At the heart of this - their functional biology - is the way organisms acquire and then make use of resources in metabolism, movement, growth, reproduction, and so on. These processes will form the fundamental framework of all the books in the series. Each book will concentrate on a particular taxon (species, family, class or even phylum) and will bring together information on the form, physiology, ecology and evolutionary biology of the group. The aim will be not only to describe how organisms work, but also to consider why they have come to work in that way. By concentration on taxa which are well known, it is hoped that the series will not only illustrate the success of selection, but also show the constraints imposed upon it by the physiological, morphological and developmental limitations of the groups. Another important feature of the series will be its organismic orientation. Each book will emphasize the importance of functional integration in the day to-day lives and the evolution of organisms. This is crucial since, though it may be true that organisms can be considered as collections of gene determined traits, they nevertheless interact with their environment as integrated wholes and it is in this context that individual traits have been subjected to natural selection and have evolved. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Molecular Approaches To Ecology And Evolution R. deSalle, Bernd Schierwater, 1998-09-29 The last ten years have seen an explosion of activity in the application of molecular biological techniques to evolutionary and ecological studies. This volume attempts to summarize advances in the field and place into context the wide variety of methods available to ecologists and evolutionary biologists using molecular techniques. Both the molecular techniques and the variety of methods available for the analysis of such data are presented in the text. The book has three major sections - populations, species and higher taxa. Each of these sections contains chapters by leading scientists working at these levels, where clear and concise discussion of technology and implication of results are presented. The volume is intended for advanced students of ecology and evolution and would be a suitable textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate student seminar courses. -- Publisher. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Molecular Systematics and Evolution: Theory and Practice R. DeSalle, G. Giribet, W. Wheeler, 2013-03-08 Important practical implications are established by case reports and specific examples. The present book is the ideal complement to the practitioner’s manual Techniques in Molecular Systematics and Evolution, recently published by the same editors in the Birkhäuser MTBM book series. The first part of this book deals with important applications of evolutionary and systematic analysis at different taxonomic levels. The second part discusses DNA multiple sequence alignment, species designations using molecular data, evo-devo and other topics that are problematic or controversial. In the last part, novel topics in molecular evolution and systematics, like genomics, comparative methods in molecular evolution and the use of large data bases are described. The final chapter deals with problems in bacterial evolution, considering the increasing access to large numbers of complete genome sequences. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Science as Inquiry in the Secondary Setting Julie Luft, Randy L. Bell, Julie Gess-Newsome, 2008 It can be a tough thing to admit: Despite hearing so much about the importance of inquiry-based science education, you may not be exactly sure what it is, not to mention how to do it. But now this engaging new book takes the intimidation out of inquiry. Science as Inquiry in the Secondary Setting gives you an overview of what inquiry can be like in middle and high school and explores how to incorporate more inquiry-centered practices into your own teaching. In 11 concise chapters, leading researchers raise and resolve such key questions as: What is Inquiry? What does inquiry look like in speccific classes, such as the Earth science lab or the chemitry lab? What are the basic features of inquiry instruction? How do you assess science as inquiry? Science as Inquiry was created to fill a vacuum. No other book serves as such a compact, easy-to-understand orientation to inquiry. It's ideal for guiding discussion, fostering reflection, and helping you enhance your own classroom practices. As chapter author Mark Windschitl writes, The aim of doing more authrntic science in schools is not to mimic scientists, but to develop the depth of content knowledge, the habits of mind, and the critical reasoning skills that are so crucial to basic science literacy. This volume guides you to find new ways of helping students further along the path to science literacy. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Laboratory Manual and Workbook for Biological Anthropology K. Elizabeth Soluri, Sabrina C. Agarwal, 2019-10-10 The most popular and affordable manual, now more hands-on than ever! |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record Michael J. Benton, David A. T. Harper, 2013-04-25 This book presents a comprehensive overview of the science of the history of life. Paleobiologists bring many analytical tools to bear in interpreting the fossil record and the book introduces the latest techniques, from multivariate investigations of biogeography and biostratigraphy to engineering analysis of dinosaur skulls, and from homeobox genes to cladistics. All the well-known fossil groups are included, including microfossils and invertebrates, but an important feature is the thorough coverage of plants, vertebrates and trace fossils together with discussion of the origins of both life and the metazoans. All key related subjects are introduced, such as systematics, ecology, evolution and development, stratigraphy and their roles in understanding where life came from and how it evolved and diversified. Unique features of the book are the numerous case studies from current research that lead students to the primary literature, analytical and mathematical explanations and tools, together with associated problem sets and practical schedules for instructors and students. “..any serious student of geology who does not pick this book off the shelf will be putting themselves at a huge disadvantage. The material may be complex, but the text is extremely accessible and well organized, and the book ought to be essential reading for palaeontologists at undergraduate, postgraduate and more advanced levels—both in Britain as well as in North America.” Falcon-Lang, H., Proc. Geol. Assoc. 2010 “...this is an excellent introduction to palaeontology in general. It is well structured, accessibly written and pleasantly informative .....I would recommend this as a standard reference text to all my students without hesitation.” David Norman Geol Mag 2010 Companion website This book includes a companion website at: www.blackwellpublishing.com/paleobiology The website includes: · An ongoing database of additional Practical’s prepared by the authors · Figures from the text for downloading · Useful links for each chapter · Updates from the authors |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Fossil Horses Bruce J. MacFadden, 1994-06-24 The horse has frequently been used as a classic example of long-term evolution because it possesses an extensive fossil record. This book synthesizes the large body of data and research relevant to an understanding of fossil horses from perspectives such as biology, geology, paleontology. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Glencoe Biology, Student Edition McGraw-Hill Education, 2016-06-06 |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Encyclopedia of Insects Vincent H. Resh, Ring T. Cardé, 2009-07-22 Awarded Best Reference by the New York Public Library (2004), Outstanding Academic Title by CHOICE (2003), and AAP/PSP 2003 Best Single Volume Reference/Sciences by Association of American Publishers' Professional Scholarly Publishing Division, the first edition of Encyclopedia of Insects was acclaimed as the most comprehensive work devoted to insects. Covering all aspects of insect anatomy, physiology, evolution, behavior, reproduction, ecology, and disease, as well as issues of exploitation, conservation, and management, this book sets the standard in entomology. The second edition of this reference will continue the tradition by providing the most comprehensive, useful, and up-to-date resource for professionals. Expanded sections in forensic entomology, biotechnology and Drosphila, reflect the full update of over 300 topics. Articles contributed by over 260 high profile and internationally recognized entomologists provide definitive facts regarding all insects from ants, beetles, and butterflies to yellow jackets, zoraptera, and zygentoma. - 66% NEW and revised content by over 200 international experts - New chapters on Bedbugs, Ekbom Syndrome, Human History, Genomics, Vinegaroons - Expanded sections on insect-human interactions, genomics, biotechnology, and ecology - Each of the 273 articles updated to reflect the advances which have taken place in entomology research since the previous edition - Features 1,000 full-color photographs, figures and tables - A full glossary, 1,700 cross-references, 3,000 bibliographic entries, and online access save research time - Updated with online access |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Botanical Classification and Nomenclature Marc S. M. Sosef, Jérôme Degreef, Henny Engledow, Pierre Meerts, 2020 |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: How to Make Achievement Tests and Assessments Norman Edward Gronlund, 1993 Revised edition of a work formerly published under the titles Constructing Achievement Tests and How to Construct Achievement Tests. Focuses on test planning, item writing, test assembly and administration, and interpretation of results. Includes a new chapter on assigning grades. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Pilosocereus (Cactaceae) Daniela C. Zappi, 1994 |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Study Guide for Campbell Biology Jane Reece, Martha Taylor, Richard Liebaert, Eric Simon, Jean Dickey, 2011-04-26 Students can master key concepts and earn a better grade with the thought-provoking exercises found in this study guide. A wide range of questions and activities helps students test their understanding of biology. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Brief History of the Gymnosperms John Malcolm Anderson, Heidi M. Anderson, Christopher J. Cleal, 2007 This book offers a global synthesis of gymnosperm families, fossil and extant, providing a new and distinctive perspective on the macroevolutionary biodiversity trends within this group through their 375 million-year history. The stratigraphic ranges of the 84 gymnosperm families are plotted according to their first and last appearances in the fossil record. Also included is a systematic coverage of floral kingdoms, biodiversity patterns, insect associations and other fields, traced period by period from the Devonian to Quaternary. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Zoology Stephen A. Miller, John P. Harley, 1993 The new 7th edition of Zoology continues to offer students an introductory general zoology text that is manageable in size and adaptable to a variety of course formats. It is a principles-oriented text written for the non-majors or the combined course, presented at the freshman and sophomore level. Zoology is organized into three parts. Part One covers the common life processes, including cell and tissue structure and function, the genetic basis of evolution, and the evolutionary and ecological principles that unify all life. Part Two is the survey of protists and animals, emphasizing evolutionary and ecological relationships, aspects of animal organization that unite major animal phyla, and animal adaptations. Part Three covers animal form and function using a comparative approach. This approach includes descriptions and full-color artwork that depict evolutionary changes in the structure and function of selected organ systems. |
| ap biology lab cladograms and phylogenetic trees answers key: Holt McDougal Biology Stephen Nowicki, 2008-10 |
Cladogram worksheet key - SharpSchool
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS LAB WORKSHEET 2. (1 pt) SQUIRMIDAE …
AP Biology Phylogeny Review Worksheet Tree 1 - GitHub Pa…
A. Using the data in the table, create a phylogenetic tree on the template …
Ap Biology Lab Cladograms And Phylogenetic Trees Answ…
Mastering cladograms and phylogenetic trees is crucial for understanding …
AP BIOLOGY Investigation #3 - NJCTL
Aug 16, 2014 · In this lab we will: · Create cladograms that depict evolutionary …
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Phylogenetic trees/cladograms illustrate speciation and relatedness of any two …
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interpretation of phylogenetic trees how these trees can be reconstructed and …
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These diagrams look like trees and are called "phylogenetic trees" or …
Cladograms - AP - Mrs. Franklin's Classroom
In a phylogenetic tree (cladogram) contains branches that give information regarding evolutionary time and relationships. Fossil Record, Anatomy, biochemistry and genetics are all of the …
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PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS LAB WORKSHEET 2. (1 pt) SQUIRMIDAE CLADOGRAM ONE: Calculate the number of actual character state changes for each of the seven characters from …
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A. Using the data in the table, create a phylogenetic tree on the template provided to reflect the evolutionary relationships of the organisms. Provide reasoning for the placement on the tree of …
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Phylogenetic trees/cladograms illustrate speciation and relatedness of any two groups (taxa) Sister taxa share an immediate common ancestor . Outgroup is less closely related to the …
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interpretation of phylogenetic trees how these trees can be reconstructed and how they can be used to answer biological questions Examples and vivid metaphors are incorporated …
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12. Phylogenetic trees are based on shared characteristics. These relationships are shown in diagrams called cladograms. Study Figure 20.11 (on p. 388). Draw this cladogram and use it …
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AP® BIOLOGY 2011 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) © 2011 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard. org. Question 4 Phylogeny reflects the …
