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A Brief History of Time: Exploring Stephen Hawking's Masterpiece
Introduction:
Have you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered about the universe's origins, its vastness, and its ultimate fate? Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time, published in 1988, ignited a global fascination with cosmology and theoretical physics. This post delves into the history of this groundbreaking book, exploring its impact, its core concepts, and its enduring legacy. We’ll journey from its conception to its lasting influence on popular science, examining why this seemingly complex subject captivated millions worldwide. Get ready for a brief history of A Brief History of Time itself!
The Genesis of a Scientific Phenomenon
The idea for A Brief History of Time stemmed from Hawking's desire to make complex scientific ideas accessible to a wider audience. He recognized a gap between cutting-edge research and public understanding, aiming to bridge that chasm with a book that would explain the universe's most profound mysteries without sacrificing scientific rigor. This ambition, coupled with Hawking's own captivating narrative style despite his physical limitations, proved to be a winning combination.
Hawking's Personal Journey and Scientific Breakthroughs
Hawking's personal story added another layer to the book's appeal. Diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at a young age, he faced immense physical challenges, yet his intellectual curiosity and determination remained unwavering. His battle against adversity resonated deeply with readers, transforming A Brief History of Time into more than just a scientific treatise; it became a story of human resilience and intellectual triumph. This biographical element, intertwined seamlessly with the scientific content, contributed significantly to the book's widespread success.
Key Concepts Explored in A Brief History of Time
The book tackles a vast array of cosmological concepts, explained with remarkable clarity considering the subject matter. Here are some key areas covered:
The Big Bang Theory and the Expanding Universe
Hawking masterfully explains the Big Bang theory, the prevailing cosmological model for the universe's origin and evolution. He elucidates the concept of an expanding universe, supported by observational evidence like redshift and cosmic microwave background radiation. The book simplifies complex mathematical equations and models, presenting them in an accessible way for a general audience.
Black Holes and Wormholes
Hawking dedicates significant portions to black holes, regions of spacetime with such intense gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape. He explores their formation, properties, and potential implications for the structure of spacetime. The book also touches upon the theoretical possibility of wormholes, shortcuts through spacetime that could connect vastly distant regions of the universe. These captivating concepts fueled readers' imaginations and sparked further interest in theoretical physics.
Quantum Mechanics and the Uncertainty Principle
The book grapples with the principles of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic levels. Hawking explains the concept of the uncertainty principle, which dictates that we cannot simultaneously know both the position and momentum of a particle with perfect accuracy. This seemingly paradoxical concept plays a crucial role in understanding the universe at its most fundamental levels.
The Search for a Unified Theory
Throughout the book, Hawking expresses his pursuit of a unified theory—a single theoretical framework capable of describing all fundamental forces and interactions in the universe. He explores various attempts at unification, highlighting the challenges and triumphs in the ongoing quest for a complete understanding of the cosmos. This pursuit of a singular explanation for the universe's workings resonates with the reader's inherent desire for a cohesive worldview.
The Lasting Impact of A Brief History of Time
A Brief History of Time transcended its status as a mere scientific book. It became a cultural phenomenon, selling millions of copies worldwide and inspiring countless individuals to explore the wonders of science and cosmology. Its influence extended far beyond the scientific community, transforming popular perceptions of physics and astronomy.
A Catalyst for Scientific Literacy
The book sparked a renewed interest in science education and popular science writing. Its success demonstrated the potential for making complex scientific ideas accessible and engaging for a broad audience, inspiring countless authors and scientists to follow suit. It spurred the creation of similar accessible works, helping to demystify scientific concepts and promote critical thinking.
Conclusion
A Brief History of Time remains a landmark achievement in science communication. Stephen Hawking's ability to convey profound scientific concepts in a clear and engaging manner revolutionized how complex scientific topics are presented to the public. Its enduring legacy lies not only in its scientific insights but also in its inspirational power, proving that even the most intricate mysteries of the universe can be made accessible and captivating to anyone willing to explore.
FAQs
1. Is A Brief History of Time suitable for beginners? While it tackles complex topics, Hawking's clear writing style and avoidance of overly technical jargon make it surprisingly accessible to readers with little scientific background.
2. Are there any updated versions of A Brief History of Time? While there aren't updated versions in the same sense as a new edition, Hawking later published The Universe in a Nutshell which delves deeper into some of the topics covered in A Brief History of Time and incorporates newer scientific discoveries.
3. What is the central argument of A Brief History of Time? The book's central argument is to present our current understanding of the universe, its origins, structure, and evolution, using the best available scientific theories and data. It highlights the quest for a unified theory that can explain everything.
4. What are some criticisms of A Brief History of Time? Some critics argue that certain simplifications or omissions in the book may mislead readers, and that some of the conclusions presented were speculative at the time of publication. However, these criticisms don't diminish the overall impact or the book's accessibility.
5. Where can I find A Brief History of Time? You can find A Brief History of Time in most bookstores, both physical and online, as well as libraries. It's widely available in various formats, including paperback, hardcover, and ebook.
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking, 2011-05-04 #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER A landmark volume in science writing by one of the great minds of our time, Stephen Hawking’s book explores such profound questions as: How did the universe begin—and what made its start possible? Does time always flow forward? Is the universe unending—or are there boundaries? Are there other dimensions in space? What will happen when it all ends? Told in language we all can understand, A Brief History of Time plunges into the exotic realms of black holes and quarks, of antimatter and “arrows of time,” of the big bang and a bigger God—where the possibilities are wondrous and unexpected. With exciting images and profound imagination, Stephen Hawking brings us closer to the ultimate secrets at the very heart of creation. |
| a brief history of time: The Illustrated A Brief History of Time Stephen W. Hawking, 1996 This is Stephen Hawking's updated, expanded and illustrated edition of his celebrated work which includes the most recent developments in the field, many of which were forecast by him. At the same time, he explains his complex theories through a fresh visual dimension. Over one hunded and fifty stunning colour illustrations have been specially commissioned for this purpose to help the reader understand what have become popular mythic images of our century, but which nonetheless remain difficult, abstract ideas to grasp. It includes a new introduction written specially for this edition. |
| a brief history of time: A Briefer History of Time Stephen Hawking, Leonard Mlodinow, 2008-05-13 #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLING AUTHORS The science classic made more accessible • More concise • Illustrated FROM ONE OF THE MOST BRILLIANT MINDS OF OUR TIME COMES A BOOK THAT CLARIFIES HIS MOST IMPORTANT IDEAS Stephen Hawking’s worldwide bestseller A Brief History of Time remains a landmark volume in scientific writing. But for years readers have asked for a more accessible formulation of its key concepts—the nature of space and time, the role of God in creation, and the history and future of the universe. A Briefer History of Time is Professor Hawking’s response. Although “briefer,” this book is much more than a mere explanation of Hawking’s earlier work. A Briefer History of Time both clarifies and expands on the great subjects of the original, and records the latest developments in the field—from string theory to the search for a unified theory of all the forces of physics. Thirty-seven full-color illustrations enhance the text and make A Briefer History of Time an exhilarating and must-have addition in its own right to the great literature of science and ideas. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Timekeeping Chad Orzel, 2022-01-25 2022 NATIONAL INDIE EXCELLENCE AWARDS WINNER — HISTORY: GENERAL . . . inherently interesting, unique, and highly recommended addition to personal, professional, community, college, and academic library Physics of Time & Scientific Measurement history collections, and supplemental curriculum studies lists.” —Midwest Book Review A wonderful look into understanding and recording time, Orzel’s latest is appropriate for all readers who are curious about those ticks and tocks that mark nearly every aspect of our lives. —Booklist “A thorough, enjoyable exploration of the history and science behind measuring time.” —Foreword Reviews It’s all a matter of time—literally. From the movements of the spheres to the slipperiness of relativity, the story of science unfolds through the fascinating history of humanity’s efforts to keep time. Our modern lives are ruled by clocks and watches, smartphone apps and calendar programs. While our gadgets may be new, however, the drive to measure and master time is anything but—and in A Brief History of Timekeeping, Chad Orzel traces the path from Stonehenge to your smartphone. Predating written language and marching on through human history, the desire for ever-better timekeeping has spurred technological innovation and sparked theories that radically reshaped our understanding of the universe and our place in it. Orzel, a physicist and the bestselling author of Breakfast with Einstein and How to Teach Quantum Physics to Your Dog continues his tradition of demystifying thorny scientific concepts by using the clocks and calendars central to our everyday activities as a jumping-off point to explore the science underlying the ways we keep track of our time. Ancient solstice markers (which still work perfectly 5,000 years later) depend on the basic astrophysics of our solar system; mechanical clocks owe their development to Newtonian physics; and the ultra-precise atomic timekeeping that enables GPS hinges on the predictable oddities of quantum mechanics. Along the way, Orzel visits the delicate negotiations involved in Gregorian calendar reform, the intricate and entirely unique system employed by the Maya, and how the problem of synchronizing clocks at different locations ultimately required us to abandon the idea of time as an absolute and universal quantity. Sharp and engaging, A Brief History of Timekeeping is a story not just about the science of sundials, sandglasses, and mechanical clocks, but also the politics of calendars and time zones, the philosophy of measurement, and the nature of space and time itself. For those interested in science, technology, or history, or anyone who’s ever wondered about the instruments that divide our days into moments: the time you spend reading this book may fly, and it is certain to be well spent. |
| a brief history of time: To Paradise Hanya Yanagihara, 2022-01-11 From the author of the classic A LITTLE LIFE, a bold, brilliant novel spanning three centuries and three different versions of the American experiment, about lovers, family, loss and the elusive promise of utopia. In an alternate version of 1893 America, New York is part of the Free States, where people may live and love whomever they please (or so it seems). The fragile young scion of a distinguished family resists betrothal to a worthy suitor, drawn to a charming music teacher of no means. In a 1993 Manhattan besieged by the AIDS epidemic, a young Hawaiian man lives with his much older, wealthier partner, hiding his troubled childhood and the fate of his father. And in 2093, in a world riven by plagues and governed by totalitarian rule, a powerful scientist’s damaged granddaughter tries to navigate life without him—and solve the mystery of her husband’s disappearances. These three sections are joined in an enthralling and ingenious symphony, as recurring notes and themes deepen and enrich one another: A townhouse in Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village; illness, and treatments that come at a terrible cost; wealth and squalor; the weak and the strong; race; the definition of family, and of nationhood; the dangerous righteousness of the powerful, and of revolutionaries; the longing to find a place in an earthly paradise, and the gradual realization that it can’t exist. What unites not just the characters, but these Americas, are their reckonings with the qualities that make us human: Fear. Love. Shame. Need. Loneliness. TO PARADISE is a fin de siecle novel of marvelous literary effect, but above all it is a work of emotional genius. The great power of this remarkable novel is driven by Yanagihara’s understanding of the aching desire to protect those we love—partners, lovers, children, friends, family and even our fellow citizens—and the pain that ensues when we cannot. |
| a brief history of time: A Briefer History of Time Stephen Hawking, Leonard Mlodinow, 2005-09-27 FROM ONE OF THE MOST BRILLIANT MINDS OF OUR TIME COMES A BOOK THAT CLARIFIES HIS MOST IMPORTANT IDEAS Stephen Hawking’s worldwide bestseller A Brief History of Time remains a landmark volume in scientific writing. But for readers who have asked for a more accessible formulation of its key concepts—the nature of space and time, the role of God in creation, and the history and future of the universe—A Briefer History of Time is Professor Hawking’s response. Although “briefer,” this book is much more than a mere explanation of Hawking’s earlier work. A Briefer History of Time both clarifies and expands on the great subjects of the original, and records the latest developments in the field—from string theory to the search for a unified theory of all the forces of physics. Thirty-seven full-color illustrations enhance the text and make A Briefer History of Time an exhilarating and must-have addition in its own right to the great literature of science and ideas. |
| a brief history of time: The 100 Best Nonfiction Books of All Time Robert McCrum, 2018 Beginning in 1611 with the King James Bible and ending in 2014 with Elizabeth Kolbert's 'The Sixth Extinction', this extraordinary voyage through the written treasures of our culture examines universally-acclaimed classics such as Pepys' 'Diaries', Charles Darwin's 'The Origin of Species', Stephen Hawking's 'A Brief History of Time' and a whole host of additional works -- |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time, Second Edition Adrian Bardon, 2024-04-12 This thoroughly revised and updated edition of Adrian Bardon's A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time is a short introduction to the history, philosophy, and science of the study of time--from the pre-Socratic philosophers through Einstein and beyond. Bardon covers subjects such as time and change, the experience of time, physical and metaphysical approaches to the nature of time, the direction of time, time travel, time and freedom of the will, and scientific and philosophical approaches to cosmology and the beginning of time. He employs helpful illustrations and keeps technical language to a minimum in bringing the resources of over 2500 years of philosophy and science to bear on some of humanity's most fundamental and enduring questions. |
| a brief history of time: My Brief History Stephen Hawking, 2013-09-10 NATIONAL BESTSELLER Stephen Hawking has dazzled readers worldwide with a string of bestsellers exploring the mysteries of the universe. Now, for the first time, perhaps the most brilliant cosmologist of our age turns his gaze inward for a revealing look at his own life and intellectual evolution. My Brief History recounts Stephen Hawking’s improbable journey, from his postwar London boyhood to his years of international acclaim and celebrity. Lavishly illustrated with rarely seen photographs, this concise, witty, and candid account introduces readers to a Hawking rarely glimpsed in previous books: the inquisitive schoolboy whose classmates nicknamed him Einstein; the jokester who once placed a bet with a colleague over the existence of a particular black hole; and the young husband and father struggling to gain a foothold in the world of physics and cosmology. Writing with characteristic humility and humor, Hawking opens up about the challenges that confronted him following his diagnosis of ALS at age twenty-one. Tracing his development as a thinker, he explains how the prospect of an early death urged him onward through numerous intellectual breakthroughs, and talks about the genesis of his masterpiece A Brief History of Time—one of the iconic books of the twentieth century. Clear-eyed, intimate, and wise, My Brief History opens a window for the rest of us into Hawking’s personal cosmos. |
| a brief history of time: A Briefer History of Time Eric Schulman, 1999 From the Big Bang to the evolution of humans and the resignation of Richard Nixon, A Brief History of Time is a highly irreverent, historically entertaining, and scientifically correct overview of the most important cosmic milestones since the beginning of time. From learning how to make a star with Martha Stewart (I love stars because they provide an opportunity to be so wonderfully creative with such simple ingredients) to a classic potboiler account of the first instance of molecular reproduction (It was a dark and stormy tide pool), to the unhappily-ever-after fairy tale of Shelly Shrew and her dinosaur friends (Once upon a time, on a warm June day about 65 million years ago, while Shelley Shrew was sleeping under a big green leaf on an island near the Yucatan Peninsula in what is now Mexico, a comet hit her on the head and killed her instantly), Eric Schulman offers readers a whizbang collection of the universe's greatest hits. Unique, funny, and educational, A Brief(er) History of Time is the perfect book for readers who want to know what's been going on for the past 15 billion years, but don't have a lot of time. |
| a brief history of time: Doctor Who: A Brief History of Time Lords Steve Tribe, 2017-05-18 The Time Lords are an immensely civilised, and immensely powerful, race. Yet we know very little about them, save that they can live forever (barring accidents) and possess the secrets of space and time travel. Their history has been shrouded in myth and mystery. Until now. A Brief History of Time Lords unlocks the secrets of this ancient, legendary alien race - a civilisation that inflicted some of its most notorious renegades and criminals on the universe, but was also the benevolent power that rid the cosmos of its most fearsome enemies. Drawn from the ancient records of Gallifrey, and handed down from generation to generation, this remarkable book reveals the Time Lords in all of their guises: pioneers and power-mad conspirators, time-travellers and tyrants, creators and destroyers. Be careful who you share it with. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Eternity Roy E. Peacock, 1990 This book has a twofold purpose: the first is to trace the development of cosmology, the study of the universe, and the second is to demonstrate the limitation of science. Dr. Peacock questions the idea that the universe is infinite, showing that science can answer the hows of the universe, but not the whys. |
| a brief history of time: Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking, 1992 A collection of comments made by scientists about Stephen Hawking and his book A brief history of time. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Living Forever Jaroslav Kalfar, 2023-03-28 In this “ingenious, funny, and chilling” novel (Publishers Weekly, starred review) from the author of Spaceman of Bohemia, two long-lost siblings risk everything to save their mother from oblivion in an authoritarian near-future America obsessed with digital consciousness and eternal life—a story that “packs a walloping punch” (Esquire). When Adéla discovers she has a terminal illness, she leaves behind her native Czech village for a chance at reuniting in America with Tereza, the daughter she gave up at birth, decades earlier. But the country Adéla experienced as a young woman, when she eloped with a filmmaker and starred in his cult sci-fi movie, has changed entirely. In 2030, America is ruled by an authoritarian government increasingly closed off to the rest of the world. Tereza, the star researcher for VITA, a biotech company hellbent on discovering the key to immortality, is overjoyed to meet her mother, with whom she forms an instant, profound connection. But when their time together is cut short by shocking events, Tereza must uncover VITA’s alarming activity in the wastelands of what was once Florida, and persuade the Czech brother she’s never met to join her in this odds-defying adventure. Narrated from the beyond by Adéla’s restless spirit, A Brief History of Living Forever is a high-wire act of storytelling from a writer “booming with vitality and originality,” whose “voice is distinct enough to leave tread marks” (New York Times). By turns insightful, moving, and funny, the novel not only confirms Jaroslav Kalfař’s boundless powers of invention but also exults in the love between a mother and her daughter, which neither space nor time can sever. “Kalfař is a wise, rapturous, and original writer . . . Eloquent, heart-stunning, and rich in awe-inspiring prose.” —San Francisco Chronicle “Relentlessly inventive . . . His writing has the same hyperactivity and fidgety contempt for generic boundaries as that of the young Safran Foer.” —The Guardian |
| a brief history of time: The Universe in a Nutshell Stephen W. Hawking, 2005-01 Stephen Hawking s A Brief History of Time was a publishing phenomenon. Translated into thirty languages, it has sold over nine million copies worldwide. It continues to captivate and inspire new readers every year. When it was first published in 1988 the ideas discussed in it were at the cutting edge of what was then known about the universe. In the intervening years there have been extraordinary advances in our understanding of the space and time. The technology for observing the micro- and macro-cosmic world has developed in leaps and bounds. During the same period cosmology and the theoretical sciences have entered a new golden age. Professor Stephen Hawking has been at the heart of this new scientific renaissance. Now, in The Universe in a Nutshell, Stephen Hawking brings us fully up-to-date with the advances in scientific thinking. We are now nearer than we have ever been to a full understanding of the universe. In a fascinating and accessible discussion that ranges from quantum mechanics, to time travel, black holes to uncertainty theory, to the search for science s Holy Grail the unified field theory (or in layman s terms the theory of absolutely everything ) Professor Hawking once more takes us to the cutting edge of modern thinking. Beautifully illustrated throughout, with original artwork commissioned for this project, The Universe in a Nutshell is guaranteed to be the biggest science book of 2001. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Everything Ken Wilber, 2007 Told in an accessible and entertaining question-and-answer format, this account examines the course of evolution as the unfolding manifestation of Spirit, from matter to life to mind, including the higher stages of spiritual development where Spirit becomes conscious of itself. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Everything (20th Anniversary Edition) Ken Wilber, 2017-05-02 “A clarion call for seeing the world as a whole,” this philosophical bestseller takes readers through history, from the Big Bang through the 21st century—now featuring an afterword with the writer-director of the Matrix franchise (San Francisco Chronicle) Join one of the greatest contemporary philosophers on a breathtaking tour of time and the Cosmos—from the Big Bang right up to the eve of the twenty-first century. This accessible and entertaining summary of Ken Wilber’s great ideas has been expanding minds now for two decades, providing a unified field theory of the universe. Along the way, Wilber talks on a host of issues related to that universe, from gender roles, to multiculturalism, environmentalism, and even the meaning of the Internet. This special anniversary edition contains an afterword, a dialogue between the author and Lana Wachowski—the award-winning writer-director of the Matrix film trilogy—in which we’re offered an intimate glimpse into the evolution of Ken’s thinking and where he stands today. A Brief History of Everything may well be the best introduction to the thought of this man who has been called the “Einstein of Consciousness” (John White). |
| a brief history of time: Black Holes and the Universe Igorʹ Dmitrievich Novikov, 1995-09-28 A popular account of the properties and significance of black holes. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Time Stephen W. Hawking, 1989-01-01 Was there a beginning of time? Could time run backwards? Is the universe infinite or does it have boundaries? These are just some of the questions considered in an internationally acclaimed masterpiece by one of the world's greatest thinkers. It begins by reviewing the great theories of the cosmos from Newton to Einstein, before delving into the secrets which still lie at the heart of space and time, from the Big Bang to black holes, via spiral galaxies and strong theory. To this day A Brief History of Time remains a staple of the scientific canon, and its succinct and clear language continues to introduce millions to the universe and its wonders. |
| a brief history of time: Black Holes: The Reith Lectures Stephen Hawking, 2016-05-05 “It is said that fact is sometimes stranger than fiction, and nowhere is that more true than in the case of black holes. Black holes are stranger than anything dreamed up by science fiction writers.” In 2016 Professor Stephen Hawking delivered the BBC Reith Lectures on a subject that fascinated him for decades – black holes. In these flagship lectures the legendary physicist argued that if we could only understand black holes and how they challenge the very nature of space and time, we could unlock the secrets of the universe. |
| a brief history of time: Superforce Paul Davies, 1985-09-17 From Simon & Schuster, Superforce is Paul Davies' latest work that searches for a grand unified theory of nature. Superforce explains how recent discoveries in physics and the new cosmology have transformed concepts of the physical world by linking space, time, matter, force, creation, order, and mind into the ultimate scientific theory. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of the Future Jacques Attali, 2011-07-01 What will planet Earth be like in twenty years? At mid-century? In the year 2100? Prescient and convincing, this book is a must-read for anyone concerned about the future. Never has the world offered more promise for the future and been more fraught with dangers. Attali anticipates an unraveling of American hegemony as transnational corporations sever the ties linking free enterprise to democracy. World tensions will be primed for horrific warfare for resources and dominance. The ultimate question is: Will we leave our children and grandchildren a world that is not only viable but better, or in this nuclear world bequeath to them a planet that will be a living hell? Either way, he warns, the time to act is now. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Infinity Brian Clegg, 2013-02-07 'Space is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the street to the chemist, but that's just peanuts to space.' Douglas Adams, Hitch-hiker's Guide to the Galaxy We human beings have trouble with infinity - yet infinity is a surprisingly human subject. Philosophers and mathematicians have gone mad contemplating its nature and complexity - yet it is a concept routinely used by schoolchildren. Exploring the infinite is a journey into paradox. Here is a quantity that turns arithmetic on its head, making it feasible that 1 = 0. Here is a concept that enables us to cram as many extra guests as we like into an already full hotel. Most bizarrely of all, it is quite easy to show that there must be something bigger than infinity - when it surely should be the biggest thing that could possibly be. Brian Clegg takes us on a fascinating tour of that borderland between the extremely large and the ultimate that takes us from Archimedes, counting the grains of sand that would fill the universe, to the latest theories on the physical reality of the infinite. Full of unexpected delights, whether St Augustine contemplating the nature of creation, Newton and Leibniz battling over ownership of calculus, or Cantor struggling to publicise his vision of the transfinite, infinity's fascination is in the way it brings together the everyday and the extraordinary, prosaic daily life and the esoteric. Whether your interest in infinity is mathematical, philosophical, spiritual or just plain curious, this accessible book offers a stimulating and entertaining read. |
| a brief history of time: About Time David Rooney, 2022-08-09 One of Smithsonian Magazine's Ten Best History Books of 2021 A captivating, surprising history of timekeeping and how it has shaped our world. For thousands of years, people of all cultures have made and used clocks, from the city sundials of ancient Rome to the medieval water clocks of imperial China, hourglasses fomenting revolution in the Middle Ages, the Stock Exchange clock of Amsterdam in 1611, Enlightenment observatories in India, and the high-precision clocks circling the Earth on a fleet of GPS satellites that have been launched since 1978. Clocks have helped us navigate the world and build empires, and have even taken us to the brink of destruction. Elites have used them to wield power, make money, govern citizens, and control lives—and sometimes the people have used them to fight back. Through the stories of twelve clocks, About Time brings pivotal moments from the past vividly to life. Historian and lifelong clock enthusiast David Rooney takes us from the unveiling of al-Jazari’s castle clock in 1206, in present-day Turkey; to the Cape of Good Hope observatory at the southern tip of Africa, where nineteenth-century British government astronomers moved the gears of empire with a time ball and a gun; to the burial of a plutonium clock now sealed beneath a public park in Osaka, where it will keep time for 5,000 years. Rooney shows, through these artifacts, how time has been imagined, politicized, and weaponized over the centuries—and how it might bring peace. Ultimately, he writes, the technical history of horology is only the start of the story. A history of clocks is a history of civilization. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time Adrian Bardon, 2013-08-15 A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time is a concise and accessible survey of the history of philosophical and scientific developments in understanding time and our experience of time. It discusses prominent ideas about the nature of time, plus many subsidiary puzzles about time, from the classical period through the present. |
| a brief history of time: Stephen Hawking Time and Universe Stephen Hawking, 2007-06-01 |
| a brief history of time: Thursday's Universe Marcia Bartusiak, 1988 From the history of the science to the cutting edge of knowledge and technology, the story of modern astrophysics is told through interviews with and profiles of leading scientists and theoreticians. |
| a brief history of time: Penetration Testing Georgia Weidman, 2014-06-14 Penetration testers simulate cyber attacks to find security weaknesses in networks, operating systems, and applications. Information security experts worldwide use penetration techniques to evaluate enterprise defenses. In Penetration Testing, security expert, researcher, and trainer Georgia Weidman introduces you to the core skills and techniques that every pentester needs. Using a virtual machine–based lab that includes Kali Linux and vulnerable operating systems, you’ll run through a series of practical lessons with tools like Wireshark, Nmap, and Burp Suite. As you follow along with the labs and launch attacks, you’ll experience the key stages of an actual assessment—including information gathering, finding exploitable vulnerabilities, gaining access to systems, post exploitation, and more. Learn how to: –Crack passwords and wireless network keys with brute-forcing and wordlists –Test web applications for vulnerabilities –Use the Metasploit Framework to launch exploits and write your own Metasploit modules –Automate social-engineering attacks –Bypass antivirus software –Turn access to one machine into total control of the enterprise in the post exploitation phase You’ll even explore writing your own exploits. Then it’s on to mobile hacking—Weidman’s particular area of research—with her tool, the Smartphone Pentest Framework. With its collection of hands-on lessons that cover key tools and strategies, Penetration Testing is the introduction that every aspiring hacker needs. |
| a brief history of time: Sapiens Yuval Noah Harari, 2014-10-28 NATIONAL BESTSELLER NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER Destined to become a modern classic in the vein of Guns, Germs, and Steel, Sapiens is a lively, groundbreaking history of humankind told from a unique perspective. 100,000 years ago, at least six species of human inhabited the earth. Today there is just one. Us. Homo Sapiens. How did our species succeed in the battle for dominance? Why did our foraging ancestors come together to create cities and kingdoms? How did we come to believe in gods, nations, and human rights; to trust money, books, and laws; and to be enslaved by bureaucracy, timetables, and consumerism? And what will our world be like in the millennia to come? In Sapiens, Dr. Yuval Noah Harari spans the whole of human history, from the very first humans to walk the earth to the radical — and sometimes devastating — breakthroughs of the Cognitive, Agricultural, and Scientific Revolutions. Drawing on insights from biology, anthropology, palaeontology, and economics, he explores how the currents of history have shaped our human societies, the animals and plants around us, and even our personalities. Have we become happier as history has unfolded? Can we ever free our behaviour from the heritage of our ancestors? And what, if anything, can we do to influence the course of the centuries to come? Bold, wide-ranging and provocative, Sapiens challenges everything we thought we knew about being human: our thoughts, our actions, our power...and our future. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Earth Andrew H. Knoll, 2021-04-27 Harvard’s acclaimed geologist “charts Earth’s history in accessible style” (AP) “A sublime chronicle of our planet. –Booklist, STARRED review How well do you know the ground beneath your feet? Odds are, where you’re standing was once cooking under a roiling sea of lava, crushed by a towering sheet of ice, rocked by a nearby meteor strike, or perhaps choked by poison gases, drowned beneath ocean, perched atop a mountain range, or roamed by fearsome monsters. Probably most or even all of the above. The story of our home planet and the organisms spread across its surface is far more spectacular than any Hollywood blockbuster, filled with enough plot twists to rival a bestselling thriller. But only recently have we begun to piece together the whole mystery into a coherent narrative. Drawing on his decades of field research and up-to-the-minute understanding of the latest science, renowned geologist Andrew H. Knoll delivers a rigorous yet accessible biography of Earth, charting our home planet's epic 4.6 billion-year story. Placing twenty first-century climate change in deep context, A Brief History of Earth is an indispensable look at where we’ve been and where we’re going. Features original illustrations depicting Earth history and nearly 50 figures (maps, tables, photographs, graphs). |
| a brief history of time: Understanding Physics Isaac Asimov, 1988 Motion, Sound, and Heat. |
| a brief history of time: Our Cosmic Habitat Martin Rees, 2017-11-21 Our universe seems strangely ''biophilic,'' or hospitable to life. Is this happenstance, providence, or coincidence? According to cosmologist Martin Rees, the answer depends on the answer to another question, the one posed by Einstein's famous remark: ''What interests me most is whether God could have made the world differently.'' This highly engaging book explores the fascinating consequences of the answer being ''yes.'' Rees explores the notion that our universe is just a part of a vast ''multiverse,'' or ensemble of universes, in which most of the other universes are lifeless. What we call the laws of nature would then be no more than local bylaws, imposed in the aftermath of our own Big Bang. In this scenario, our cosmic habitat would be a special, possibly unique universe where the prevailing laws of physics allowed life to emerge. Rees begins by exploring the nature of our solar system and examining a range of related issues such as whether our universe is or isn't infinite. He asks, for example: How likely is life? How credible is the Big Bang theory? Rees then peers into the long-range cosmic future before tracing the causal chain backward to the beginning. He concludes by trying to untangle the paradoxical notion that our entire universe, stretching 10 billion light-years in all directions, emerged from an infinitesimal speck. As Rees argues, we may already have intimations of other universes. But the fate of the multiverse concept depends on the still-unknown bedrock nature of space and time on scales a trillion trillion times smaller than atoms, in the realm governed by the quantum physics of gravity. Expanding our comprehension of the cosmos, Our Cosmic Habitat will be read and enjoyed by all those--scientists and nonscientists alike--who are as fascinated by the universe we inhabit as is the author himself. |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Time , 1995 |
| a brief history of time: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Time Sam Baron, Kristie Miller, 2018-12-12 Time is central to our lived experience of the world. Yet, as this book reveals, it is startlingly difficult to reconcile the way we seem to experience time with many of the theories presented to us in physics and metaphysics. This comprehensive and accessible introduction guides the unfamiliar reader through difficult questions at the intersection of the metaphysics and physics of time. It starts with the assumption that physics and metaphysics are inextricably connected, and that each can, and should, shed light on the other. The authors explore a range of views about the nature of time, showing how different these are from the way we typically think about time and our place in it. They consider such questions as: whether time travel is possible, and, if it is, whether we can change the past; whether there is a single moment that is objectively present; whether time flows or is static; and whether, ultimately, time exists at all. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Time will appeal to students of physics and philosophy who want both a comprehensive overview of the area and enough depth to allow for rigorous discussion. The book’s detailed readings and exercises will challenge students and provide a clear roadmap for further study. |
| a brief history of time: A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME - Summarized for Busy People Goldmine Reads, 2018-07-27 This book summary and analysis was created for individuals who want to extract the essential contents and are too busy to go through the full version. This book is not intended to replace the original book. Instead, we highly encourage you to buy the full version. In our quest to understanding the most profound questions about the universe, one of the greatest thinkers of our time, Stephen Hawking presents the question about how the universe began and what made it possible, the possibility of time flowing in reverse instead of forward, whether the universe is boundless, the possibility of multiple dimensions, and what happens when everything ends. Woven like a story for readers, A Brief History of Time presents the most complicated topics of quarks, black holes, antimatter, and “arrows of time,” the possibilities in understanding the universe is at its peak. Through this book, Stephen Hawking draws us closer to understanding the universe in its entirety. Wait no more, take action and get this book now! |
| a brief history of time: A Brief History of Seven Killings Marlon James, 2015-09-08 A tale inspired by the 1976 attempted assassination of Bob Marley spans decades and continents to explore the experiences of journalists, drug dealers, killers, and ghosts against a backdrop of social and political turmoil. |
| a brief history of time: End of History and the Last Man Francis Fukuyama, 2006-03-01 Ever since its first publication in 1992, the New York Times bestselling The End of History and the Last Man has provoked controversy and debate. Profoundly realistic and important...supremely timely and cogent...the first book to fully fathom the depth and range of the changes now sweeping through the world. —The Washington Post Book World Francis Fukuyama's prescient analysis of religious fundamentalism, politics, scientific progress, ethical codes, and war is as essential for a world fighting fundamentalist terrorists as it was for the end of the Cold War. Now updated with a new afterword, The End of History and the Last Man is a modern classic. |
| a brief history of time: From Here to Infinity Martin Rees, 2011-04-28 The BBC Radio 4 Reith Lectures were given in 2010 by the Astronomer Royal, Professor Martin Rees. In this expanded version of the lectures (doubled in length with new material) Martin Rees shows how important science will be to the global economies of the 21st century, to solving some of our apparently intractable problems and to understanding the risks that the world faces.Science is often seen as difficult or obscure, but some great scientists (like the author) are so clear that we can all understand it and participate in the great debates that should concern us all whether they are about swine flu, global warming, oil running out, or even space travel. In four dazzling chapters (plus introduction and conclusion) Martin Rees shows the pleasures and importance of science, warns all of us (including governments intent on cutting funding) why we must take science deadly seriously and why it apart from everything else it is so satisfying - one of humankind's greatest achievements. |
| a brief history of time: Science is Fiction Andy Masaki Bellows, Jean Painlevé, Marina McDougall, Brigitte Berg, 2001 Essays examining the work of maverick scientific documentary filmmaker Jean Painleve. |
| a brief history of time: Stephen Hawking Deluxe Set Stephen Hawking, 2002-10 |
A Brief History of Time - Wikipedia
In A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking explains a range of subjects in cosmology, including the Big Bang, black holes and light cones, to the non-specialist reader. His main goal is to give an overview of the subject, but he also attempts to explain some complex mathematics.
A Brief History of Time - amazon.com
Sep 1, 1998 · A Brief History of Time, published in 1988, was a landmark volume in science writing and in world-wide acclaim and popularity, with more than 9 million copies in print globally. The original edition was on the cutting edge of what was then known about the origins and nature of the universe.
A Brief History of Time - Stephen Hawking - Fisica
and time travel. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity seems to offer the possibility that we could create and maintain wormholes, little tubes that connect different regions of space-time. If so, we might be able to use them for rapid travel around the galaxy or travel back in time. Of course, we have not seen anyone from the
A brief history of time : from the big bang to black holes
Jan 5, 2020 · A Brief History of Time, published in 1988, was a landmark volume in science writing and in world-wide acclaim and popularity, with more than 9 million copies in print globally. The original edition was on the cutting edge of what was then known about the origins and nature of the universe.
A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking - Goodreads
Sep 1, 1988 · A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes is a popular-science book on cosmology (the study of the universe) by British physicist Stephen Hawking. It was first published in 1988. Hawking wrote the book for nonspecialist readers with no prior knowledge of scientific theories.
A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes
Sep 1, 1998 · Told in language we all can understand, A Brief History of Time plunges into the exotic realms of black holes and quarks, of antimatter and “arrows of time,” of the big bang and a bigger God—where the possibilities are wondrous and unexpected.
A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes
Mar 1, 1988 · From Galileo and Newton to modern astrophysics, from the breathtakingly cast to the extraordinarily tiny, Professor Hawking leads us on an exhilarating journey to distant galaxies, black holes, alternate dimensions--as close as man has ever ventured to the mind of God.
A Brief History of Time - Stephen Hawking - Google Books
A landmark volume in science writing by one of the great minds of our time, Stephen Hawking’s book explores such profound questions as: How did the universe begin—and what made its start possible?
A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking: 9780553109535 ...
Published more than two decades ago to great critical acclaim and commercial success, A Brief History of Time has become a landmark volume in science writing. Stephen Hawking, one of the great minds of our time, explores such profound questions as: How did the universe begin—and what made its start possible?
A Brief History of Time - amazon.com
Jan 1, 1990 · Stephen Hawking’s "A Brief History of Time" stands as a beacon of scientific literacy, bringing the wonders of the universe to readers who may have little to no background in science. This groundbreaking book captivates with its clear, accessible explanations of complex concepts such as black holes, the big bang, and relativity.
A BRIEFER HISTORY OF TIME - دانشگاه صنعتی شریف
significant event in the history of the universe. The first page of each chapter lets you know where and when the event occurred. Time points early in the history of the universe give the time elapsed since the Big Bang—these are usually written in scientific notation. You can look at the glossary entry on “scientific
Brief History of Art Education in the United States - The …
BRIEF HISTORY OF ART EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES W. G. WHITFORD University of Chicago A review of the history of art education in the public schools ... time there was improvement in paper, paints, crayons, pencils, brushes, and all materials and methods. As a result, we find art making great strides in the schools. However, the introduction
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) History Brief
Post-War Strategy Brief to POTUS-Designates DOD as lead agency for Post-War effort and outlines strategic concept for Post-War. 29 Oct 02 CJCS issues "National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism." 31 Oct 02 CDRUSCENTCOM publishes 1 003V. 8 Nov 02 United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR 1441 ). 15 Nov 02
Agriculture: A Brief History - Springer
Some progress has occurred. The February 5, 2018, issue of Time magazine reported that in 1981, 44% of the world’s people lived in extreme poverty. 4 In 2019, Time reported (February 4–11) that in 1990, 36% of the world’s people lived in extreme poverty (1.8 billion on less than US$1.90/day), but in 2015, only 10% did (735 million).
BRIEF HISTORY OF KOREA JJK reformat - KOREA SOCIETY
This is a revised, updated version of my booklet, Brief History of Korea, published in 1994 by the Korean Educational Development Institute in Seoul. It is an outgrowth of my lectures to English-speaking students, teachers and writers who have had little or …
A HISTORY OF THE EARLY CHURCH (05 BC-AD 451) JOHN …
In this light therefore, history can be defined as the event, or incident, inquiry or process and product; or information occurring only once in time and space. History as an event, is absolute while on the other hand, history as inquiry and interpretation is relative, …
A Brief History of Vietnam: Colonialism, War and Renewal: …
history easily digestible for the curious holiday-goer or discerning expatriate and, at the same time, able to stand up to the scrutiny of the stern academic. In the end, it accomplishes as much as can be expected from such a mammoth task. As Hayton readily admits in …
A Brief History of Youth Ministry in the South Pacific
2 Personal and Spiritual Growth / A Brief History of Youth Ministry in the South Pacific Revised October 2020 Note The purpose of this resource is to provide participants with a brief overview of the developments of Youth Ministry in the South Pacific. It is by no means a finished work as several territories have not been included as yet.
Brief History of the Gold Standard in the United States
Jun 23, 2011 · At the same time, tender status can be conferred on the coins or notes of another country. Consequently, the monetary standard and legal tender can be different things. Basically Silver: 1792-1834 ... Brief History of the Gold Standard in the United States . The
A Brief History of the Cayman Islands - cigouk.ky
in the world at the time, improving London’s proficiency as one of the world’s leading ports. Each evinces the important contribution made by this unique institution, and the people of the Caribbean whom they have served for almost three centuries. A Brief History of the Cayman Islands has been produced on behalf of the Government of the
A Brief History of the American Red Cross
A Brief History of the American Red Cross As one of the nation’s premier humanitarian organizations, the ... Barton led the Red Cross for 23 years, during which time we conducted our first domestic and overseas disaster relief efforts, aided the United States military during the Spanish-American War, and campaigned successfully ...
Brief History of the Internet - Internet Society
Brief History of the Internet 1997 Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, ... of this experiment was the realization that the time-shared computers could work well together, running programs and retrieving data as necessary on the
A Brief History of Vietnam: Colonialism, War and Renewal: …
history easily digestible for the curious holiday-goer or discerning expatriate and, at the same time, able to stand up to the scrutiny of the stern academic. In the end, it accomplishes as much as can be expected from such a mammoth task. As Hayton readily admits in …
A History of the English Language - Cambridge University …
A History of the English Language The history and development of English, from the earliest known writings to its status today as a dominant world lan-guage, is a subject of major importance to linguists and his-torians. In this authoritative volume, a team of international experts cover the entire recorded history of the English lan-
A Brief History of Cryptography - Springer
A Brief History of Cryptography The art of cryptography has been around since the human race first communicated in written form. In its earliest form, cryptography, or encryption, involved taking written ... At the time, this cipher was believed to be unbreakable and earned the nickname le chiffre indéchiffrable. The Vigenère cipher is a ...
Timeline of Computing History
the first time and provides service for a Smithsonian Institution Photo No. few days. National Inventors Hall of Fame Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis ... time-keeping accuracy. Center for the History of Electrical Engineering. 1935 — 1937 1936 Konrad Zuse realizes that programs composed of bit combinations can ...
A Brief History of American Literature - Wiley Online Library
A brief history of American literature / Richard Gray. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-9231-6 (alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4051-9230-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. American literature—History and criticism. 2. United States—Literatures—History and criticism. I. Title. PS88.G726 2011 810.9–dc22 2010035339
A Brief History of Television in India - DAV University
A Brief History of Television in India Television in India— a chronology of events Television came to India on September 15, 1959 with experimental transmission from Delhi. It was a modest beginning with a make shift ... one-time investment of Rs 3000 - Rs 3500 on the hardware and pay no monthly subscription fee, unlike the country's fu^st ...
OUTLINE OF U.S. History - TIME
History. U.S. HISTORYOUTLINE OFOUTLINE OF Bureau of International Information Programs U.S. Department of State 2011. ... some time prior to 10,000 B .C . Around that time the mammoth
1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOMETRY - Springer
A BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOMETRY FUTURE historian of geometry, if pressed for space, might devote to the period between Euclid and Einstein a passage somewhat like the following four paragraphs: (I) The Greeks began the systematic study of objects such as points, lines, planes, polygons, conic sections, and spheres. They
A Brief History of Chocolate
To learn more, take a look at this brief but fascinating history of chocolate while you enjoy your latest order from Totally hocolate! 2000 Since its discovery by multiple peoples and cultures over time, chocolate has been made from one key ingredient; ocoa. It is estimated by scientists and classical historians and archaeologists that ocoa ...
A brief history of gene therapy - Nature
A brief history of gene therapy Theodore Friedmann ... it became widely assumed for the first time that the technical, administrative and ethical problems that ...
A Brief History of Time - PDFDrive - Junky Books
A brief history of time / Stephen Hawking. p. cm. Includes index. eISBN: 978-0-55389692-3 1. Cosmology. I. Title. QB981.H377 1998 523.1—dc21 98-21874 Bantam Books are published by Bantam Books, a division of Random House, Inc. Its trademark,
A Brief History of Neoliberalism - Dissent
A Brief History of Neoliberalism by David Harvey, Oxford University Press, 2005, 256. pp. ... Against the most important urban theorists of the time, such as Henri Lefebvre, whose influential book, The Urban Revolution, ... Neoliberalism is therefore not a new turn in the history of capitalism. It is more simply, and more perniciously, its ...
A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence - Wiley Online …
article ends with a brief examination of influential organizations and current issues facing the field. T he history of AI is a history of fantasies, possibilities, demonstrations, and promise. Ever since Homer wrote of me-chanical “tripods” waiting on the gods at din-ner, imagined mechanical assistants have been a part of our culture.
A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics - Springer
At that time, it was believed that the study of black-body radiation could help improve the lighting and heating technology. The physicists at the Reichsanstalt first measured the radiation at high ... 14 2 A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics In 1911, the first Solvay Conference, advocated by Nernst, was held in Brussels.
A Brief History of Indonesia - Archive.org
A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDONESIA and American tourists. Their impressions are often colourful and sometimes funny, but they also provide telling snapshots of the place at a particular point in time. Narrative histories of this sort—not least those about a place as big as Indonesia—always simplify a good deal, and leave out a great deal more.
Brief History of Black Holes - viXra
Brief History of Black Holes Late in 2018, the gravitational wave observatory, LIGO, announced that they had detected the most distant and massive source of ripples of spacetime ever monitored: waves triggered by pairs of black holes colliding in deep space. [21] Answering the question "How did galaxies form and evolve during the 13.8-billion-year
A Brief History of Packaging - University of Florida
A Brief History of Packaging1 Kenneth R. Berger, reviewed by B. Welt2 1. This document is ABE321, one of a series of the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date December 2002.
A Brief History of Autism - Springer
1 A Brief History of Autism 5 terms of its onset, clinical features, and associated family history. By the late 1970s it was clear that autism was a distinctive disorder and attempts were made to de-velop better approaches to diagnosis. Rutter’s approach (Rutter 1978) emphasized
A Short History of Nearly Everything - preterhuman.net
encouraging and tactful notes from Ian Tattersal of the American Museum of Natural History pointing out, inter alia, that Perigueux is not a wineproducing region, that it is inventive but a ... The bad news is that atoms are fickle and their time of devotion is fleeting-fleeting indeed. ... brief but dismayingly tenuous. It is a curious feature ...
A Brief History of Ancient Astrology - Archive.org
Brief Histories of the Ancient World This new series offers concise, accessible, and lively accounts of central aspects of the ancient world. Each book is written by an acknowledged expert in the field and provides a compelling overview, for readers new to the subject and specialists alike. Published A Brief History of Ancient Astrology Roger Beck
Cesarian Section -- A Brief History Home Page
"cesarean" has apparently been distorted over time. It is commonly believed to be derived from the surgical birth of ... CESAREAN SECTION -- A BRIEF HISTORY Part 2 of 5 In Western society women for the most part were barred from carrying out cesarean sections until the late nineteenth
A Brief History of the Berlin Crisis of 1961 - National Archives
A Brief History of the Berlin Crisis of 1961 Neil Carmichael National Declassification Center ... access and at the same time deter the Soviet Union from creating such a threat as a result of a peace treaty with the GDR.” (State Dept, Feb. 1970, p. 51) In a final analysis, the Western
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTISEMITISM - ADL
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTISEMITISM Definition of Antisemitism Antisemitism is the marginalization and/or oppression of people who are Jewish based on the belief in ... In the end, more than 6,000,000 Jews—one third of the Jews in …
A Brief History of Islam - IslamHouse.com
A Brief History of Islam (part 3 of 5): The ... was a milestone in the history of the Muslims. Just a short time before, Muhammad left the city of his birth to establish an Islamic state in Medina. Now he was being treated by his former enemies as a leader in …
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AIR MOBILITY COMMAND
60 four-engine transports chartered from the commercial airlines. By the time of the truce on 27 July 1953, MATS had airlifted 214,000 passengers and 80,000 tons of cargo to Japan and transported 43,196 casualties to the US for further treatment. President John F. Kennedy’s adoption of the military strategy of flexible response in 1960 gave
A Brief History of Doing Time: The California Institution for …
268 A Brief History of Doing Time 2001), "hyper-incarceration" (Simon 2000), and a "macho penal economy" (Downes 2001). Commentators continue to debate the broader meanings and sources of these changes. For some they signal the rise of a postmodern or "new penology" rooted in neoliberalism and distinguished by "an abandonment of any pretext of ...
Brief History of Computer Systems, Software, and …
evolved over time. History of Computing The earliest device to keep track of calculations was an abacus. It was used around 50 BC and was very popular in Asia. A popular form of abacus is shown below. Figure 2: An 1abacus. John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, physicist, and astronomer, defined natural logarithms in 1614 to simplify calculations.
History of the Orchestra Revised - Phoenix Symphony
History of the Orchestra People have been putting instruments together in various combinations for millennia, but it wasn't un-til about 400 years ago that musicians started forming combinations that would eventually turn into the modern orchestra. Around 1600 in Italy, the composer Claudio Monteverdi changed that. He knew exactly which instru-
A Brief History of Electromagnetism - University of Illinois …
one of his fluids. This vortex theory remains popular for a long time, enabling Leonhard Euler and two of the Bernoullis to share a prize of the French Academy as late as 1743. 1657: Pierre de Fermat shows that the principle of least time (using variational calculus) is capable of explaining refraction and reflection of light.
History of Semiconductors - Cornell University
to early history of semiconductors, theory of their opera-tion, the actual devices and a short summary. 2. Early History of Semiconductors According to G. Busch [1] the term “semiconducting” was used for the first time by Alessandro Volta in 1782. The first documented observation of a semiconductor effect is
Chapter 1 Introduction: Brief History of Black Hole Physics
Chapter 1 Introduction: Brief History of Black Hole Physics A black hole is, by definition, a region in spacetime in which the gravitational field is so strong that it precludes even light from escaping to infinity. A black hole is formed when a body of mass M contracts to a size less than the so called gravitational radius rg = 2GM/c2 (G is Newton's gravitational constant, and
A brief history of genomics - Cambridge University Press
A brief history of genomics From time to time new scienti fic breakthroughs and technologies arise that forever change scienti fic practice. During the last 50 years, several advances stand out in our minds that – coupled with advances in the computational and computer sciences – have made genomic studies possible. In the brief
Geologic Time and Earth’s - South Carolina Department of …
The geologic time scale divides up the history of the earth based on life-forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of the planet. These divisions are ... geologic time, including present day, belongs to the Phanerozoic Eon. While the units making up the time scale are called geochronologic units, the actual rocks formed ...
A brief history of the internet - p22-leiner
A brief history of the internet - p22-leiner Author: DDC, Bustamante, Feamster Created Date: 3/29/2018 6:26:50 PM ...
A Brief History of Geology - Cambridge University Press
A Brief History of Geology Geology as a science has a fascinating and controversial history. Kieran D. O Hara s book provides a brief and accessible account of the major events in the history of geology over the last 200 years from early theories of Earth s structure during the Reformation,
A Brief History of the Micrometer - Mitutoyo
A Brief History of the Micrometer 2 A Brief History of the Micrometer Over 4.6 billion years ago, Planet Earth was formed. Our distant ancestors debuted only 5 million years ago. Though primitive, they were believed to have used stones as tools. A scant 500 thousand years ago, modern man (homosapiens) roamed the land. Today, their
A Brief History of Industrial Robotics in the 20th Century
A. Gasparetto, L. Scalera DOI: 10.4236/cm.2019.81002 25 Advances in Historical Studies On the other hand, the word “Robotics” was employed for the first time by
A Brief History of Vietnam - Colloquy Downeast
A Brief History of Vietnam Prehistory Inhabited by human beings for hundreds of thousands of years, the area of Southeast Asia now called Vietnam was the site of a civilization that engaged in agriculture and pottery-making as early as 6,000 BC, roughly the same time such activities began in the city-states of ancient Mesopotamia.
